Chapter 4

Activity 3.1 techniques in crop production

Instruction: Write at least 1 paragraph and maximum of 4 paragraph, each paragraph will contain 3-4
sentences. Failure to follow will be deducted.
Questions:
1. Which techniques of crop production is/are applied integrated pest management? Why? (25 points)

- In its broadest sense, IPM is a pest control program that employs an integrated combination of
techniques to reduce pest populations to acceptable levels. The techniques used include crop rotation,
trap cropping. Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of dissimilar or different types in the
same area in sequenced seasons. It is done so that the soil of farms is not used to only one type of
nutrient. It helps in reducing soil erosion and increases soil fertility and crop yield. Crop rotation is used
in both conventional and organic farming systems. Crop rotation has benefits and those are, pest and
diseases management disrupts disease life cycles and the build-up of insect populations. These
generally depend upon a specific host plant family to live on and reproduce ex cabbage maggot, carrot
wireworm, brassica club root, potato root eel worm/ nematode. Weed control different species
germinate at different times of the year and the variation in crop depth and surface area covered, as
well as bed treatments. Can prevent weeds from getting hold.
2. How important to agriculture industry the techniques in crop production? Why? (25 points)

- Crop production is one of the fundamental branches of agriculture. Crop production is the basis for
providing the livestock industry with feed, and the population with food. Also, crop products are used in
many industries as raw materials of plant origin, such as food, textile, pharmaceutical, fuel and others.
3. Determine the pest and control management in the farm. (25 points)

- Pest control in agricultural crops is generally achieved by chemical pesticides which are effective and
have a 'knock-down' effect on life stages of insects and mites. Recently, plant products have been
experimented on in indoor cultivation and in fields. It provides for the protection of beneficial insects, as
well as prevention of secondary pest outbreaks, pest resurgence, and the spread of disease.

Activity 3.2

Techniques in Crop Production Instruction: Write at least 1 paragraph and maximum of 4 paragraph,
each paragraph will contain 3-4 sentences. Failure to follow will be deducted.
Questions:

1. Make a summary of the lessons that you have studied and state what you have learned on this
chapter (Make your own words). (50 points)

- I have learned that The processes of crop production are monoculture, intercropping, polyculture,
organic farming, intensive farming, milpa, shifting cultivation etc. Monoculture is the practice of growing
a single crop at a time whereas polyculture is the growing of more than one crop at one particular time.
The section serves as a source to understand the major processes related crop production. And also I
have learned that these types of crop production has also a disadvantages like disadvantages of
monoculture In monoculture diseases and pests of the particular crop always have their host present,
and therefore have the opportunity to build up over the years. Monoculture encourages rapid depletion
of soil nutrients and destruction of the soil structures.The risk of crop failure is great and ever present.

2. Identify the techniques in crop production

- Preparation of Soil. Sowing of Seeds. Irrigation. Application of manure, pesticides, and fertilizers to the
crops. Irrigated farm areas mainly grow rice and sugarcane whereas rainfed areas are planted with
coconut, corn and cassava. The Philippines' major agricultural products include rice, coconuts, corn,
sugarcane, bananas, pineapples, and mangoes.

Laboratory Exercises No.3.1

Techniques of Crop Production Table 1. Instructions: List down accordingly, at least 5-10 examples of
Crops observed within your locality or nearby farms and classify the techniques of crop production

Crop plant local Horticultural crop/ Techniques applied What is your

name agronomic in farm observation?

Rice Agronomic (Crop rotation) The I have observed that

various steps in rice farming rice is not
cultivation include easy since there is a
seed selection, seed- lot of things you
bed and land need to consider,
preparation, like how you
transplanting, manage the pest
weeding, fertilizing, and etc.
pest management,
harvesting,
threshing, drying
and marketing

Lubi or coconut Horticultural crop mixed A coconut is a large,

intercropping . nut-like fruit that
 Before planting the grows high in trees.
pits are filled up Coconuts have very
with top soil and hard shells and
powdered cow dung sweet, white flesh
/ compost up to a inside. The white,
depth of 50 to 60 flaked coconut you
cm. Then take a can buy in a bag at
small pit inside this, the grocery store is
so as to a processed form of
accommodate the the coconut fruit. In
nut attached to the my observation
seedling. Plant the coconut farming has
seedling inside this a long process
pit and fill up with before you can earn
soil. Press the soil money since it only
well so as to avoid bears fruit after 6-15
water stagnation years

Banana or saging Horticultural crop Most the Banana is Banana is one of the
grown by planting most common crop
suckers. The in the Philippines
technology since it is easy to
development in manage and also it is
agriculture is very fast in production.
fast, it results in
developing a Tissue
Culture Technique.
The Tissue Culture
Banana is very tasty.

Mais or corn Agronomic Crop rotation In my observation

corn is also easy to
manage since after
you plant it, all you
need to worry about
are the insects so
you need to prepare
pesticides

Balanghoy or Horticultural crop The soil that you're Cassava is the third
Cassava going to use in largest source of
planting cassava food carbohydrates
must be cultivated in the tropics, after
and also water them rice and maize.
every day so that i Cassava is a major
will grow easily. staple food in the
developing world,
 providing a basic
diet for over half a
billion people. It is
one of the most
drought-tolerant
crops, capable of
growing on marginal
soils.

Laboratory Exercises No.3.3 Techniques of Crop production Table 3. Elaborate your farm plan that you
have made Instructions: Write at least 1 paragraph and maximum of 4 paragraph, each paragraph will
contain 3-4 sentences. Failure to follow will be deducted.

- The technique that i have used in my drawing in producting my crop is crop rotation since crop rotation
is the practice of growing a series of different types of crops in the same area across a sequence of
growing seasons. It reduces reliance on one set of nutrients, pest and weed pressure, and the
probability of developing resistant pests and weeds.

Chapter 5

Activity 4.1

Agricultural Productivity Instruction: Write at least 1 paragraph and maximum of 4 paragraph, each
paragraph will contain 3-4 sentences. Failure to follow will be deducted.
Questions:
1. Discuss how important the soil biota in the agriculture productivity? (25 points)

Soil biota consists of the micro-organisms (bacteria, fungi, and algae), soil animals (protozoa,
nematodes, mites, springtails, spiders, insects, and earthworms) and plants living all or part of their lives
in or on the soil or pedosphere. The role of soil biota is essential to soil components and characteristics.
They dissect soil particles to determine the function and quality of the soil. Their stems, leaves, and
other surface organs are crucial for preserving soil characteristics and increasing soil organic matter.

2. List the organisms involved in Soil biota and their benefits to agricultural productivity? (20 points)

There are five different types of soil microbes: bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, protozoa and nematodes.
Each of these microbe types has a different job to boost soil and plant health.
3. Discuss the role of rhizobia, mycorrhizae, fungi and rhizo bacteria, for enhanced soil fertility.
(15points)

These microorganisms can directly facilitate plant growth and promote plant health by helping to
acquire nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and essential minerals) and/or modulating root growth and
architecture through the release of plant phytohormones, A bacteria called rhizobium is found in soil
and aids in the nitrogen fixation process in leguminous plants. It grows nodules and affixes to the
leguminous plant's roots. These nodules capture nitrogen from the atmosphere and transform it into
ammonia, which the plant can use to thrive and expand. A mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association
between a fungus and a plant. The term mycorrhiza refers to the role of the fungus in the plant's
rhizosphere, its root system. Mycorrhizae play important roles in plant nutrition, soil biology, and soil
chemistry. Fungi can be used as a cell factory and for production of mycelium materials.
4. Discuss the significance of biological control agents in the soil or environment. (15 points)

Today, biological control is used primarily for controlling pests in crop cultivation. Advantages of
biological control are that no artificial substances are added, and that pathogens / animals that develop
resistance against biological control agents are rare. Biological control refers to the employment of living
creatures to reduce the damage that pest populations might otherwise cause. The populations of
potential pests are significantly reduced by natural enemies of insects. These predators, parasitoids, and
diseases are examples of natural enemies.

Activity 4.2 Agricultural Productivity Instruction: Write at least 1 paragraph and maximum of 4
paragraph, each paragraph will contain 3-4 sentences. Failure to follow will be deducted.
Questions:

1. Discuss the functions of N, P, K in plants. (15 points)

2. What are the nitrogen fixing plants (give at least 5 plants)? And briefly discuss how they convert
atmospheric nitrogen into available form?(10)
3. Distinguish the nitrification and denitrification in the nitrogen cycle. (15 points)
4. Discuss how does nitrogen become available to plants. (15 points)
5. How significance the green revolution to the agriculture? (15 points)

Chapter 5.1 Analysis

Right now, let us try to wrap up your experiences with the activity. Let us try to answer the following
questions:
1. What is sustainable agriculture?

The main components of both sustainable farming and conventional farming are exactly the same: soil
management, crop management, water management, disease/pest management and waste
management. Sustainable agriculture is farming in sustainable ways meeting society's present food and
textile needs, without compromising the ability for current or future generations to meet their needs. It
can be based on an understanding of ecosystem services

2.. What is the importance of sustainable agriculture?

Sustainable agriculture methods aim to preserve and enhance soil fertility while also protecting the
environment and increasing the Earth's natural resource base. Sustainable agriculture has several
objectives, including: Increasing profitable agricultural income. Encourage environmental responsibility.

3. How can you improve the crop production?

Crop development is necessary to meet needs in a world that is changing (eg, increased population,
climate change, and decreasing land base). Crop quality, production, and disease and insect resistance
are all continually being improved through plant breeding efforts, reduced tillage and the use of
adequate tools and equipment can contribute to this common goal. The tasks of land preparation and
weeding can be made less labour intensive through the use of improved hoes, row planting, draught
animal powered rippers, harrows and planters.