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Current Affairs (Relations)

1st Lecture

Introduction:
Current affairs subject is divided into three parts;
1. Relation = 40 marks
2. Global affairs = 40 marks
3. Local affairs = 20 marks
Relation with immediate neighboring countries China, India, Afghanistan and Iran
Relation with Islamic Countries Saudia Arabia, Indonesia, Turkey and Malaysia
Relation with major powers of the region USA and Russia
What is the Current Affair?
It is a day-to-day affair, day-to-day development but according to the Federal Public Service
Commission, it is the development of the last two years – any development that happened in
the last two years is considered a part of the syllabus.
How will we study it? Does it relate to current affairs or history?
We cannot understand the current affair or the development in it until we investigate the history.
It takes years for the development/history formation. Though, by name, it is current affairs
however the majority of developments lie in the past and it influences the current affairs. In
this context, current affairs are the baby of history.
Impact of topic “Relation” in CSS Exam:
It is considered the biggest subject/topic as it addresses various dimensions. Its impact in the
form of numbers in different subjects as it covers;
30 marks in current affairs
100 in International Relations
Political science 20 marks
English essay (Global relations and regional relations)
General knowledge MCQs of the PMS exams
Roughly, it covers 300-400 marks of the CSS exam.

Referred Books:
o Pakistan Affairs by Ikram Rabani

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o Pakistan Beyond the Crises by Maliha Lodi

o Concise History of Pakistan Relations by Abdul Sattar – Foreign
o Kashmir is a Constant Issue by Schofield (Books will cover History)
o International Newspapers: Economist, the Guardia, Foreign Policy Magazine, Forest,
IPRI and SIPRI
o Local Newspapers Dawn and the News (Will cover current affairs)
o BBC Podcast
o End of History
o Non-communist manifesto
NOA book will generally cover all topics. For specific topics, Sir will refer to books from time
to time. In current affairs, books cannot be preferred, only focus on newspapers, magazines,
podcasts, and research papers.

What is Foreign Policy?

Definition: It is a collection of different policies, policymakers, think tanks, goals and
objectives, strategies, and actions that a state performs to pursue its national interest by
establishing or maintaining with other states accordingly. Foreign policy is not one single
policy as in security policy, or environmental policy. It is more of a collective, integrated,
holistic, organic policy.
Nature:
It is purposive in nature, rational, and interest centered. By purposive means it streamlines
with the purpose/objective. In other words, it is limited in scope and only purpose centric. It
obeys national interest. One cannot expect a foreign minister to release a statement on the
Ukraine War or Palestine War.
In answer to the question of a student: USA is He, other countries are referred to as She.
Comparison of USA’s foreign policy and Pakistan’s FP stand no comparison.
Foreign Policy Rational:
- Rational is an economic term. A rational theory also exists.
- It always pursues economic interests, and it focuses on material gains.
- Sometimes it sounds irrational and emotional e.g., statements of Tayyab Erdogan.
However, such statements are always associated with some interests. His political party
and political narrative is Islamization. He footed his secular army that wanted to
associate Turkey with the European Union. Through these statements, he gains
popularity and national support for the upcoming elections to form a new government.
Is Pakistan’s FP rational or emotional?
China is involved in forced religious conversion of Muslims but Pakistan always labels it as
the internal matter of China. Similarly, Pakistan did not take any action against Myanmar
because Myanmar is JS Thunder customer of Pakistan. Neither we take serious action, nor we
release any statement to protect our economic gains.
- FP is interest centered. (national interests) as it prioritizes its national interests e.g.,
security and economy were the national interest of Pakistan at the time of its inception

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that’s why we joined USA block. Russia, Afghanistan could never be an option as we
needed technological advancements in weapons to secure our State. National interest
and a State work as Laila and Majnu. In FP, a State fixes a purpose and tries to achieve
it by hook or by crook.
USA interferes in every other country’s matter because it serves its national interests.

Objectives of Foreign Policy:

1. To protect and secure the national interest of foreign policy (explained above)
2. To protect the sovereignty and integrity
What is sovereignty?
It is a right only for the State to conduct any action within the boundaries of the state. A state
never allows any state actor or non-state actors to intervene in its matters. No one is allowed to
take the lead in his hand in the State matters. For instance, mob lynching is not allowed.
Mumtaz Qadri assumed the authority of the State and killed Salman Taseer that amounts to
breach of the State sovereignty.
Likewise, FP does not allow any other state or any person to threaten or ridicule it. Modi
ridiculed the two-nation theory and interfered in the sovereignty of Pakistan. Ideological
sovereignty breach also falls under this umbrella.
Physical sovereignty breach: Osama bin Laden episode in 2011 and the attack by NATO forces
in Abbottabad. Indian forces attacked in Balakot. These forces trespassed our air spaces and
physically breached Pakistan’s physical sovereignty. Terrorist attack is also a physical
sovereignty breach.
What is Integrity?
Integrity means integration and unity between the states. It is secured by FP. Pakhtun
nationalists raised the slogan of Pakhtun state, MQM raised the slogan of Muhajir state, or any
other nationalist slogans that disintegrated the State. MQM London was banned due to its anti-
state ideology. Baloch separators were being assisted by India and Iran, hence Pakistan
interfered through its FP by asking Kabul and Iranian government to look into the matter to
keep the country integrated. FP discourages these forces, it makes diplomatic moves, conveys
messages to other states, and takes all possible measures to keep the country integrated.

3. To protect national prestige

National prestige is the respect of the nation. USA is loud and clear and so its FP. Japanese
became a dignified nation after nuclear attacks. The British are famous as av rules obeying
nation. Iranians are known as a strong nation. Pakistanis are hospitable but our FP does not
reflect it. It has failed to portray the actual picture of Pakistanis due to the political instability,
minority groups rights (Asia Bibi case), mob lynching of a Sri Lankan citizen in Sialkot, and
Jaranwala incident.

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Poor Rule of Law: Zainab case in Qasoor, Mukhtaran Mai, Noor Muqadam Case, Lahore
motorway rape case.
Corruption and controlled democracy: Democracy is observed in Pakistan according to taste.
Illegal immigration and human trafficking: Many countries have stricken their immigration
laws.

4. To protect national security

There are two types of national securities. In both types of securities, FP must address the
insecurity or uncertainty.
a) Traditional Security: Military threats are called traditional Security e.g., army attack on any
state institute. If India threatens us, our FP will expose India as an aggressor. It will threaten
India back.
b) Non-traditional Security: Non-military threat is a non-military security.
E.g., food threat, earthquake, Covid-19
Ex Foreign Minister of Pakistan visited the European countries to place Pakistan in the white-
list and allow its citizens to visit their states. Likewise, the UN High Commissioner visited
Pakistan during countrywide floods and Pakistan FP released statements for international
grants despite the fact we didn't build disaster-resistant infrastructure.
5. To maintain the world order
World order means a world narrative built by core countries. e.g., war on terror
This world order is implemented by the core countries in the poor countries through core
countries’ FP. Similarly, poor countries implement this narrative through their own FP. Core
countries are the countries that have strong economies, and advanced technologies and have a
greater impact on other countries. On the other side, peripheral countries or poor countries
are those counties provide cheap labour, raw material and take loans and technology.
We provided logistics support, took back recognition of Afghan government, announced
Mujahideen as terrorists following the world narrative of USA. China, Russia, UK and France
voted to the world narrative of USA to end Islamic terrorism that's why we changed our foreign
policy and obeyed the command of core countries.
For example: Pakistan in the FATF gray list
Pakistan was asked to end terrorist financing. Pakistan could not strike its laws to limit terror
financing - both the PPP's and PMLN could not legislate on it. Pakistan lost 75000 lives
however, the money trail was missing, therefore as a sanction Pakistan was placed in the FATF
gray list. Core countries did not accept any of the sacrifices of Pakistan. They asked to
implement 35 laws at the domestic level as a prerequisite to be placed in the whitelist. After a
period of 3 to 4 years, Pakistan amended 33 laws and a team visited Pakistan to examine its
banking system and money trail mechanism. Then, the IMF released funds to Pakistan.

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Tools of Foreign Policy:

Tools that a State uses to implement its strategy and secure its national interest. List of the FP
tool;
i. Diplomacy and talks
ii. Publicity and Propaganda
iii. Peace and conflict
iv. Economic tools and debt financing
Diplomacy and Talks: It is an official tool in which embassies work as a State official through
its ambassador. Ambassadors are state representatives. They look into the matters of the citizens
of their state in the foreign state as well as deliver the message or stance of its home state.
Prime Ministers and Foreign Ministers visit other countries where they are deemed as the
highest and most respectable diplomates. Official talks and agreements are done by diplomats
on behalf of their home state.
Publicity and Propaganda: It is a tool to portray good image of a country. For instance, India is
portraying continuing democracy in the world, liberalism, and international narratives just to
increase its respect in the globe. Some countries do publicity through media, for instance,
programs running on media that the USA is working on technology, etc.
A state does propaganda against the other country. India does propaganda against Pakistan as
a brutal and terrorist country. and a tool to damage the prestige and respect of the other country.
The Defence Minister of France and USA accepted that they carried propaganda against Sadam
Hussain to fuel their national interests of occupying energy resources available in Iraq. Two
people came out on London streets against the British administrator.
Peace and conflict: Countries carry dialogue and war side by side. For instance, in 1948
Pakistan did war and later on we signed a deal at UN that it’s our internal matter. Then, in 1966
we conducted a war and signed the Tashqanda agreement. In 1971 war against India and the
1972 Shimla agreement. In 1988 Kargil War and Agra Summit and suggested Kashmir
Formula.
In 2011, Taliban made office in Qatar and continued dialogue with USA administration and
completed Doha Agreement in Qatar. They continued war and dialogue for 9 years.
Azerbaijan and Armenia conducted many wars and dialogues together to settle the issue of
“….” And conducted the dialogue to secure the territory of its choice.

Economic tools and debt financing: It is an investment in the poor countries by the rich
countries. It deals with the FP of poor countries by financial means. Saudia promised to give 7
million dollars to Pakistan for agriculture purposes and others.
In 2020, India imposed and revoked article 370 and 35A in IOJK. Pakistan gave a loud and
effective response on the Kashmir issue to OIC and the USA but failed because Saudia did not
give any serious statement against India. OIC failed as a whole. Then Pakistan formed another
Muslim block, and Sudia threatened us, and Saudia sent the overseas Pakistanis back (more

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than 4 million in Saudia and UAE). It imposed an economic burden on Pakistan, and it decided
to not join the Koala Lumpur meeting.
China has invested through CPEC in Pakistan another form of debt financing that is used as a
medium to exploit the FP of Pakistan.

External Determinants of Foreign Policy:

The factors and variables that impact the scope of foreign policy. It can be divided into two
parts;
a) Internal Determinants: History, size and location, development, science and technology
population, leadership and ideology, natural resources good governance, media and
think tanks, military power, leadership and technology industrial growth, quality of
diplomacy
b) External Determinants: International law, world public opinion, the reaction of the
states, non-state actors, collective alliances.
Assignment:
Book review on globalization and foreign policy or relation of the countries. Give it to sir in
written form. Address these areas: Introduction of the book, its theme/idea, your critical
analysis on the book and conclusion. Read reviews / critics on the book as well.
Topic: Impact of globalization on the relation of the state or;
Liberalism and relation of the States

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Lecture No.2

Internal Determinants:
It works like the immunity of the state for example history is very important as an internal
determinant and the history of a nation is influential in the formation of its FP. British history
influenced its FP and the British government introduced the English language as a global/world
language. British has given democracy and they practiced it and spread the system throughout
the world. British law also gave international law e.g., Magna Carta. This is how they earned
respect. Ottomans and Persians are important due to their long history. A strong history means
a strong foreign policy. The history of a nation impacts its foreign policy.
The history between the nations also impacts the scope of FP of any country. For example,
our terms with India are not good therefore, we cannot develop history without reading the
history with India. Pakistan and Turkey have a good history. A few days bag turkey-built 5th
generation aircraft took first round of the world few days back. It is talk of the time that Pakistan
is part of this project. Pakistan did not acknowledge it so far because of Pakistan’s history of
integration (history of anti-communism, history with the USA, the Caliphate history, history
with India.) Tayyab Erdogan is the only President who addressed twice in the joint session of
the Parliament of Pakistan. It is the impact of the relations between the nations.
India is also building aircraft “AMCA project” a 5th generation aircraft through indigenous
activities. The AMCA is currently the only 5th generation fighter under development in India.
Prince William and Princess Catherine received Presidential protocol despite the fact they did
not have any authority because of the impact of history.
Impact of Population on FP:
Population is an important factor that determines the impact of FP. It works as a bowling trick
of Mushtaq Ahmad. Sometimes it does not work it does wonders. If a population is educated
and skillful, the FP will be powerful. Educated people can visit other countries and can make
public policies in other countries. For example, the people of Israel, Jews are influential in
America. They are working in powerful institutions of America. They do not let anyone in the
USA make anti-Jews policies or programs. If a population is illiterate they can only do labor in
other countries. It means you are dependent on the other country. Saudia Arabia, UAE, UK
deport Pakistan’s citizens according to their preferences. Saudia Arabia deported Pakistan over
the Kashmir Issue. It is a form of non-traditional security issue.
If the citizens of a country are educated, the working potential increases, awareness spreads
and it benefits the country itself, better institutes, better industries, and better think tanks.
Bangladesh had a higher population than Pakistan but it focused on its education and now
investors are investing in Bangladesh rather investing in Pakistan.

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Impact of Location: The importance of FP increases with the location of a State. Turkey is
located at an ideal and practical place. It is connecting Europe with Asia. It is located near the
black sea and the black sea countries cannot enter the …… sea without permission of Turkey
like Balgaria. It is connected with Middle East, and central Asia. It is closer to Swiss Canal
which is important for the Marine world. Sweden and Finland requested turkey to allow them
to be a part of NATO. Turkey sanctioned Sweden and Finland. Turkey is involved in the
Palestine issue. Its statements were loud and clear. It was involved with the Afghan Taliban for
Hamid Karzai Airport regulations in Kabul, however, Qatar won the deal. Tajik and Uzbek
people living in Afghanistan are Turk by race. Turkey is part of negotiations on the Ukraine
issue. It leads to central Asian issue between Armenia and Azerbaijan issue. Turkey was part
of the Greek conflict. Turkey is a competitor of Saudi Arabia, and it is competing to be a leader
of the Muslim world. Turkey has an astonishing history and an ideal location on the map.
Locations are not ideal, it’s the history of a nation that makes its location ideal over time just
like China. Pakistan is important for security purposes and political reasons. We are not
important due to economic reasons. Pakistan has enemies on the eastern and western sides of
India and Afghanistan respectively. That’s why Pakistan’s foreign policy is security-centric and
India-centric. Initially, Pakistan had half of its part in the East and half of its part in the West
which means Pakistan had to take permission from its rival to travel in between its two parts.
Afghanistan does not acknowledge Durand's line.
China was a poor country. Mozatun failed and his party opted for capitalism. From 1980
onwards its progress started and in 2007 it saved and helped the world to recover from the
economic crises. The contribution of China is the world GDP is 19 trillion and the USA
contributes to 21 trillion. Now, the USA wants to mend its relations with China. While China
is investing in projects like CPEC. (Note: These statements are ground theory. We can write
harsh facts in the paper)
Strengths of PAKISTAN: It is important due to its religion.
It exists in the hub of nuclear states. We are sharing borders with a rising state China, nuclear
power India, and Russia. Iran and North Korea both tried to build nuclear that can enhance our
location.
Containment of China Is important for China as well as the USA that’s why we are important.
China wants to deal with India through Pakistan that’s why we are important. Likewise, USA
wants to stop China through Pakistan and India. Now, world politics revolves around this
region.
It is a highly populated region which makes it a big potential market for the world.
The Belt and Road initiative is increasing connectivity between the markets.
It is a hub of natural resources including population, energy, natural gas, and water Keti Bandar
Port, Karachi Port, Gwadar Port, Port Qasim
Development and Growth: If a country is growing its FP becomes important.
Good Governance: Norway, Sweden, and Denmark are important due to their good
governance.

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Media: The influence of FP increases with strong media like CNN, Fox News of USA, BBC
England, Channel 24, Russian Today Russia, Aljazeera Qatar, DW
Science and Technology: 900+ PhDs pass from the USA every year in comparison to the
whole OIC. Germany, France, the UK and Japan, and China are growing due to a strong
economy and advanced technology.
Military: Pakistan sent its Air Force to Yemen as well as Syria. After Turkey Pakistan has the
strongest military and Egypt is at 3rd number in the Islamic world.
Internal determinants of a country work as an immunity for its FP.

External Determinants:
External Determinants are dependent on internal determinants.
International Law: IL won’t act against a country if its internal determinants are strong. For
instance, India revoked Article 370 and 35A, but IL could not influence it. Likewise, Israil
bombed hospitals, schools, and committed genocide which is against the IL but IL could not
be influenced because its internal determinants are strong. On the other side, Pakistan cannot
purchase oil from Iran due to IL sanctions.
World Public Opinion: In current times, world opinion revolves around Climate change to
end global warming, reduce energy consumption, switch to renewable energy, to restrict carbon
emissions etc. If a country emits more carbon than the allowed limit, its FP will become a
target. Trump quit Paris Agreement, so every European country ridiculed him and Joe Biden
once into power re-joined the Paris Agreement.
Reaction of the State:
In 1929, the Soviet Union tried to capture Afghanistan, and more than 180 countries including
OIC, the western block reacted against the soviet expansion. In a result, the Soviet Union could
not capture Afghanistan and divided it into 11 different states.
Most of the states did not react against Russia including China, Pakistan, India and China. This
reaction was not as strong as in 1929. Now, Russia is taking into control strategically important
areas gradually.
Non-State Actors: individuals or groups that are not part of any government or official state
structure but still play a significant role in various activities. These can include organizations,
companies, or even individuals who exert influence, or have an impact on society without being
directly affiliated with a government. Non-state actors can range from businesses and non-
profit organizations to informal groups or individuals involved in social, political, or economic
activities.
Current Relation of Pakistan and Taliban Regime:
Pakistan will not acknowledge the Taliban regime unless it acts against TTP a non-state actor.
TTP uses Afghan soil against Pakistan. TTP has safe havens in Afghanistan. Similarly, USA
dealt with the Taliban in reaction to 9//11. Al Qaeda, Daesh, and Boko Haram are considered
proxies of the Middle East due to which relations between SA and Iran deteriorate.

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Non-State Actors: Rich people (Ambani Family, Mark Zuckerberg) social media, NGOs,
currencies (Bitcoin, Dollar) Multi-national companies (Ali Baba), and lobbies. Non-state actors
can only impact the FP of poor countries.
Collective Alliance: WARSA, SCO, NATO, and CSTO once countries have allied, it affects
FP of the member countries as well as of the poor countries.
Ingredients of a State:
o Defined Territory
o Recognized Government
o Population
o Sovereignty

Relation of Pakistan with Afghanistan and its Comparison with Iran: (Relation
questions will be comparative)

Afghanistan did not accept Pakistan after independence. Afghanistan voted against Pakistan in
the General Assembly of UN.

Reasons:
Durand Line Issue
In 1893, Ameer of Afghanistan Ameer Abdul Rehman requested the British government to
draw the line of influence between the sub-continent/British India and Afghanistan. British
Government appointed Mr. Mortimer Durand to draw the line with mutual consent of Mr.
Ameer Abdul Rehman. In 1905, and 1999 the next successor of Afghanistan reaffirmed this
Durand Line as a line of limitation and influence between the sub-continent and Afghanistan.
In 1921, a new successor if Afghanistan sent a delegation in Rawalpindi and the Afghan
delegation signed Rawalpindi's agreement with British officials to endorse the Durand line as
a border between the two. In 1930, the Afghan delegation visited London and did Anglo-
Afghan treaty with central government of England for the endorsement of the Durand line as a
border. In 1947, as Pakistan got its foundation, the Afghan Government did not accept the
Durand line as the international border. Pakistan rejected this stance, and England rejected
Afghanistan’s stance as the border was made with mutual consent and a lot of affirmations
from both sides. But Afghanistan continued to endorse their stance and they claimed FATA,
North Balochistan, and KPK as a part of Afghanistan. It published a tracked in 1950, according
to this map they claimed the territory of West Pakistan and showed its borders closer to Indus
River. Pakistan rejected this claim. In 1952, the Bogra incident happened. According to
Afghanistan these were the Pasthoon nationalists who attacked Pakistan's check post near
Bogra. Pakistan protested this mob attack on Pakistan check post as a small-scale invasion.
From 1950 to 1955, the king of Afghanistan continued ridiculing Pakistan in Public meetings
through anti-Pakistani statements. He said Pakistan is an international agenda. He distorted
many truths and facts.
Liaquat Ali Khan condemned this behavior in the early 50s. In 1955, Sikandar Mirza created
one unit system in Pakistan defused all the boundaries of Provinces and declared all the areas
as federal territory. Afghanistan rejected this one-unit system and he shut off all diplomatic ties

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with Pakistan and a mob attacked a Pakistani embassy in Kabul and Pakistan consulate in
Jalalabad. Later, it started supporting Pashtoon and Baloch nationalists as well as NAP (a joint
group of Pashtoons and Baloch nationalists.)
In 1958, Ayub Khan cut the ties with Afghanistan. In 1960, he cut off Afghan transit from
Karachi port. In 1963, on the encouragement of Iran Pakistan negotiated with Afghanistan and
offered free transit trade for Afghanistan from Karachi but Afghanistan refused it. So, the
dialogue failed. Pakistan wanted Afghanistan to recognize the Durand line. In 1964, Pakistan
initiated Regional Corporation and Development, as Ayub Khan wanted four nations in one
region, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan because all countries shared the same religion
and socio-economic values. He wanted to make free trade, free market, soft immigration laws,
connectivity, and infrastructure development. Iran and Turkey joined the join while
Afghanistan refused it. In the 1965 war, Afghanistan decided to remain neutral, and Iran
supported Pakistan. Iran purchased aircraft from Western Germany and paramedical services
to help the injured Pakistani military. Iran opened its borders and offered Pakistan to save its
commercial efforts like PIA in Iran. Iran provided more than 5000 tons of oil free of cost to
Pakistan. In 1971, as the fall of Dhaka happened, the Pakistani military was demoralized, and
more than 90000 soldiers were imprisoned by India. Iran supported Pakistan. During this time
Baloch insurgents increased insurgencies in Pakistan. Pakistan's establishment and forces were
not ready to conduct civil war. But Iran sent 40000 troops help to save Balochistan. Iran closed
its borders and did not allow Baloch militants to go into Iranian Balochistan.
This operation continued for 6 years, and Pakistan won this operation. Afghanistan did not
support PAKSTN at all and many Baloch militants went to Afghanistan to reach Moscow and
Afghanistan supported Baloch militants.
What is the current status of Durand Line?
Afghanistan hasn’t accepted the Durand line to this date. But in International affairs America
accepted the Durand line (1981), OIC countries, and European countries as an international
border. Now it is called the fencing issue – derived from the Durand line. Pakistan started
fencing this border in 2013 to curb Afghanistan insurgencies but Afghanistan protested. In 2019
fencing started again as it is a difficult border to handle, and fencing is the only way to stop
Afghanistan insurgencies. It is the world’s most difficult and complex border. Pakistan cannot
afford heavy expenditures to guard the western border. Pakistan is materializing the decision
of the Durand line by making an iron wall at the Durand Line. As the Taliban regime came in
September 2021, a few Taliban tried to demolish Durand Line and Pakistan answered back to
Afghanistan. Durand line is a line of life and peace between the two counties.
The Efforts of Normalization:
Zia Ul Haq visited Kabul in 1977. Sardar Dawood visited Islamabad in 1978 and he wanted to
build good ties with Islamabad. He criticized the previous history and tried to convince its
cabinet. He called Pakistan a big brother. He was willing to recognize the Durand line. But he
was pressured to resign from his position, and he was assassinated in April 1978. This
assassination is called April Cop. After him, four heads of the State were assassinated. Then
Russia attacked Afghanistan for 10 years and it prolonged till 1989. The Civil War started and
continued for 6 years. For 25 years Afghanistan has not seen a single day of Pakistan
Reasons for Cordial Relations with Iran:

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1. History and Ideology (Iran is a modern Islamic State, 5th the largest economy, and 5th
largest military, and Pakistan wanted both these things. Iran supported the Mughal
empires, Iran punished Marathas, Iran waived Pakistan’s flag in Tehran, and Liaqat Ali
Khan visited Iran in 1948 and signed a friendship treaty in 1950.
2. Similar challenges for both countries – Baloch separatism, Soviet Union extension
3. International politics – Both belong to the anti-communist block.

Pakhtunistan Issue:
Mirza Ali lived in Api Village near Bannu in KPK. IN 1930 war between FATA and Mehran he
led the muslims and won over Hindu tribe because a woman married a muslim man. He also
started gorilla war against British. He was celebrated as a Hero in FATA. In 1947, Mirza Ali
announced the making of Pakhtoonistan and Pakistan rejected his idea. He took help from
Afghanistan and started a printing press. He further requested Afghanistan to surrender
Pakhtoon territory of Afghanistan for the greater Pakhtoonistan which was rejected by
Afghanistan. Later on, he asked for forgiveness from Pakistan and had a natural death due to
asthma in 1960. Faqeer Api Road in Islamabad is named after him.
Afghan Mercile and Bleeding Relations with Iran
In 1979, Soviet union entered in afghnaistan with 1 lakh and 20k troops. Pakistan announced
jihad against soviet union forces people and Jamat-e-islami of Afghanistan were against soviet
occupation in Afghanistan. Pakistan continued its struggle to stop soviet forces in Afghanistn.
Pakistan continued this war for 10 years with the help of Afghanistan and defeated SU forces
forced SU for the withdrawal in 1989.
Was Aghan war a curse or a miracle for Pakistan?
Afghan war as a Blessing:
i. Pakistan met its challenge to stop SU/USSR from reaching warm waters
ii. Pakistan took revenge and showed a balance of power by defeating SU because SU
supported India in the fall of Dhaka in 1971.
iii. Pakistan secured 3.6 billion dollars in aid from USA and many other economic
benefits from Islamic brothers and western block during this war which
strengthened its economy during the war.
iv. Pakistan secured technological aid from USA e.g., the F16 Falcon that was the latest
technology of that time and our Airforce became superior AirForce over India.
Therefore, even today Pakistan Airforce is professionally and technologically
superior than Indian Airforce.
v. Pakistan almost completed its nuclear project during the afghan war period and
during the romantic relations with America. After war, USA put sanctions on
Pakistan to stop it from nuclear project however mr.zia’s wisdom and leadership
made this happen. (Non-proliferation theory). Once USA got to know about it, both
Bhutto and Zia-Ul-Haq bore the consequences. According to Raw report Pakistan
completed its nuclear project in 1989, but Pakistan continued the war on terror till
its completion and Durand line has been fenced with the heavy support of USA. IN
1981, America and Western block regonized the

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vi. Acceptance of Durand line by American and Western block in 1981. (Operation
Cyclone Jimmy Carter 1979 and Ronald Reagon 1981 he is also known as active
negative person). It was the national interest of America to contain USSR that’s why
it offered Pakistan aid and made Pakistan join the operation cyclone. Pakistan
initially went to IMF for loan, but IMF did not allow it without prior permission of
USA. IMF is a stakeholder of USA. Then Pakistan reached out to America for aid
due to our poor economy with some conditions. Pakistan was in a miserable
condition but still played well with the USA. USA was threatened with SU to take
control of the South Asian block and the only option he had was Pakistan. It means
that Pakistan did not fight on behalf of America in fact, it helped its poor economy
byplaying diplomacy with USA.
Three cold wars between USA and USSR:
1st Cold war 1950
2nd Cold War Cuba Missile
3rd Cold War Afghanistan war on terror

Conditions:
1. Acceptance of Durand line by USA and its allies
2. Provision of highest advanced technology and weapons
3. Total control/charger/regulations of Afghan Jihhad
4. Finance of this war should be from the western block and USA
USA accepted these conditions and Pakistan accepted operation cyclone in 1981. USA
provided 3.6million dollars to Pakistan. Pakistan asked for 72 F16 in a year and USA said it
does not have the capacity to manufacture it. Pakistan stopped the F16 right there and then.
After that American president intervened and Pakistan got first consignment in 1983.
Meanwhile, Pakistan expedited its nuclear project. International media reported that Pakistan
has expedited its nuclear project and also took aid from OIC and Arab Countries,
commonwealth countries, UN and western block. American aid was invested in nuclear aid all
in all while rest of the aid was used in the war. It is still a blame on Pakistan. Raw presented a
report to Rajive Gandhi in 1989 that Pakistan is done and dusted with nuclear project.
Therefore, Pakistan has an allegation that it has a war economy. During zia/war time our GDP
crossed 7 points.
Afghanistan says its territory expands till the Indus river. Pakistan started fencing in 2013
during Ashraf Ghani's time Pakistan also helped him in winning the presidential elections
through Afghanistan overseas in Pakistan. They even protested when Pakistan started fencing
in 2013. In 2019, Ashraf Ghani and Trump said that the Afghan Taliban, Quetta shora, and
Haqqani network have a safe haven in Pakistan. Pakistan said an operation against these groups
won’t be a good strategy as they can take refugees in Afghanistan. Hence, the Durand line
should be established, and this time USA supported Pakistan as well in 2019. But Afghanistan
got offended by it. America said “Do more” Pakistan said “No more”
America fixed the Pressler amendment in 1991 after the USSR collapsed.
Afghan War a Curse:
1. Afghan refugees came in Pakistan and for next 40 years they became s burden due to
the bad economy. They captured most industry of Pakistan, burden on health, education

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sector and increased unemployment. Three million refugees came to Pakistan and
according to latest data there are 4.4 million refugees in Pakistan. Out of which 1.7
million refugees are living illegally in Pakistan. After the ultimatum to leave Pakistan
only 0.4 million have left Pakistan and rest of them are leaving slowly and gradually.
Total refugees in EU countries is less than the refugees migrated and lived in Pakistan.
They have impacted our socio-culture and socio-economic febric.
2. Clash kof culture emerged in Pakistan. Aerial firing on new year night on marriage
ceremonies on religious rituals on cultural events e.g., Basant
3. Addiction and drugs infiltration in Pakistan. Before, afghan war only 10k people were
the registerd addicts but after the war 10 million got addicted to drugs. Afghanistan is
a producer of opium. Opium is in afghani culture.
4. Global jihad culture, as these jihadies went back they to Africa, middle east were
glorifying the jihad of afghnaistan they continued small jihadi groups in their countries
like Hamas, Al Qisaam, Al Nasar, Daesh, Al Tahreer, Al-Qaeda, Lashkar e Taiba, Hizbul
Mujahideen. It developed a global jihad narrative. Global or Islamic jihad narratives
were stamped from Afghanistan jihad. Usama bin Laden founded Al Qaeda and its
headquarter was in Peshawar.
5. Religious Extremism in Pakistan: after afghan jihad religious extremism developed in
Pakistan. Majority were sunnis, salafi (including shafi, Hanafi, Hanbali), and Deobandi
promoted jihad and religious extremism. Salafis are anti-shia and pro-jihhadi e.g.,
lashkar e jhangavi. From the other side sipa e muhammadi emerged both groups gought
with each other. Due to which problems started between Pakistan and iran –
sectarianism.
6. Mistrust between both states; Afghanistan says it intervenes in its matters and increased
further. Finally we reached to Geneva accord and in this accord both countries
Afghanistan and Pakistan that both countries won’t intervene in each other’s matters.
Russia and USA also attended Geneva Accord and pledged that they will not support
their allies. But still Afghanistan alleges that Pakistan intervenes in its internal matters
and Pakistan says Afghanistan supports insurgents in Pakistan and its supports Baloch
separaters. Arshad Ghani and Hamid Karzai alleged that we support Afghan Taliban
even after the Accord – mistrust situation.
Diplomatic moves of Zia: Zia-Ul-Haq did funeral diplomacy and visited USSR in 1982 during
war to attend the Soviet President Brezhnev’s funeral.
Cricket Diplomacy: In 1987, Rajive Gandhi brought its forces to Pakistani borders as Gandhi
aimed to attack Paksitan’s nuclear project. Zia visited India to watch cricket match between
Pakistan and India and dismantled the situation to avoid war with India which could have
proven to be a disaster for Pakistan amid the afghan war.
Relations with Iran:
In 1980 and 1990, SA supported sunnis, Iran supported Shias in Pakistan

Doha Agreement and Faciliattion of Pakistan:

Background of Doha Agreememt:

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It was held in context to war of terror as Taliban were fighting against foreign forces and
Taliban wanted to struck these forces off they continued their struggle from 2001 to 2021. From
the other side, americans came in Afghanistan in 2001 and replaced taliban’s government. USA
came to find its enemy Usama bin Laden who was considered a culprit of 9/11 attacks. USA
wanted to punish Mullah Umer Ameer Ul Mominen working like a supreme commander of
Taliban. In 2011, Americans conducted operations in pakistan and according to resports Usama
Bin Laden got killed. In 2013, there were reports that Mullah umar died and buried in Zabul
province of Afghanistan. According to Bette Dam Book “Searching for an Enemy” sthat
Mullah umer lived in afghanistn from 2001 to 2013 and he died. He said Mullah umer never
visited Pakistan during this time. Which rejects this claim that he died in Jinnah hospital
karachi. As Taliban leader died, al qaeda leader assassinated americans had no legitimacy to
maintain its occupation in Afghanistan, actually it achieved its aim. But Trumpt introduced a
narrative that they will make afghan army strong, will create culture cohesion by increasing
culture integration by difusing the deep line of ethnic conflict in Afghanistan. From the other
side, before Mr, Trump USA was not ready for dialouges with Taliban from 2001 to 2011. UK
and Pakistan tried to convince USA for dialogue with Afghanistan. USA said it came here for
revenge and to kill the enemy Mullah umar who provided support and protected Usama bin
Laden to conduct attacks in USA. USA was not ready for dialogue and in 2011 first time it
recognized the Taliaban’s political office in Doha by Obama’s administration. Then no open
dialouges started in DOHA. Pakistan continued to instigate dialouges by doing QCG
(Quadrilateral Coordination Group) dialogues in murree in 2015 and 2016) and brought Taliban
on table with ashraf Ghani government but Pakistan failed. We also invited china and USA as
an observers in the dialogue and Pakistan participated as a facilitator and not stakeholder.
Later on, in 2018 USA appointed Zalm -e-Khalilzad as peace envoy for Afghanistan and USA
requested Pakistan to release Mullah Abdul Ghani’s brother for complete dialogue. He was
captured in 2010 in karachi he was the second highest command after mullah umar. We released
him to facilitate the dialouges after 8 years.
How we got this Trust of Aghanistan after war on terror and capturing Taliban Leaders?
Abdul Ghani brother led this dialogue and he is the signatory of doha agreement.
War on Terror (American war on terror)
Pakistani war on terror – we explain it as near enemy and far enemy – good taliban and bad
taliban
Till 2001 to 2011 we were close to America After 2011 we created distance from America
Reasons to come out of American war on terror/All of this created high trust deficit between
Pakistan and USA: Salala check post incident in 2011 killed 24 citizens in Pakistan (USA said
through this check post Haqqani network is crossing the borders and attacks NATO forces and
get support from Pak), we blockade NATO forces in 2011 and we refused to provide our air
basis to America and ramond davis case and collateral damage e.g., drone attacks in Pakistan
and do more mantara. America expanded its war area to Pakistan – camel in camp. USA
attacked Mullah Akhtar Masud was killed while entering Pakistan from Iran.
Tom and jerry between CIA and ISI – CIA said that every ISI operatives is spying on CIA and
every CIA operative was spying on ISI.

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Pakistani War on terror:

“Their Enemy – Our Enemy” After APS attack in 2015 we planned national action plan and
identified our near enemy TTP (Tehrik e Taliban Pakistan) and not TTA (Tehrik e Taliban
Afghanistan) far enemy. Once we will deal with near enemy then we will go for far enemy. The
world calls it dual foreign policy of Pakistan. Pakistan said at first we shall establish peace in
Pakistan, USA said your actual enemy is in Afghanistan and we said then do the fencing. Due
to this trust deficit Pakistan developed closed relations with Taliban in Afghanistan.
USA said attack on Quetta Shura as Taliban’s top leadership comes here and make decisions.
Pakistan said they are women and muslims it is not allowed in islam. Secondly, if we attacked
them our youth will join them and will create resistance just like TTP came into existence after
Lal masjid attack. This is the actual picture of “Do more and No more”
Doha Agreement:
1. Taliban leader will release 1000 prisoners of USA and their allies
2. Talibans will reduce violence and enegage Kabul gov. in dialogue
3. Taliban will not allow any individual or group to use their controlled soil against
America and its allies
USA and Allies promises with Afghans:
1. USA and allis will release 5k prisoners of Taliban
2. USA and allies will nit intervene in the internal matters of Afghanistan
3. USA and allies will do withdrawal from Afghanistan within 14 months of this
agreement

Challenges between Pakistan and Afghanistan Relations:

1. Diplomatic Challenge:it can be divide into two parts;
1.1. it is a challenge of recognition of Taliban regime and
We should not recognize Taliban at one side
We should recognize Taliban at the other side (i) our permanent neibours and for good relations
(ii) for the sake of muslim brotherhood, (iii) islamic ideology though it is conservative ideology
also the two nation theory they will not pashtoon or Baloch nationalists in Pakistan, they
advocate Islamic ideology. (iv) in 1996 we recogbized mullah umer regime then why not now?
(v) to provide moral authority (legitimacy) to Taliban regime so that they can control insurgents
(vi) to mainstream them in the world politics and to give them window to talk to the world and
to reduce taliban’s isolation, they will have Safarat khana/embassy to deal with other countries
diplomacy (vii) though b/w 1996 to 2001 taliban gov. didn’t accept the Durand line but they
did not create any conflict either on Durand line
1.2. a challenge to avoid and counter adversaries' propaganda on Afghistan issue e.g.,
Pakistan is supporting and financing the Haqani network
Near enemy far enemy point – Pak said there is no good enemy or far enemy. Our operations
against TTP zarb-e-azab and Radulfasad

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Taliban were not fighting against us then why should we fight against them and that’s why we
left American war on terror.
How could we afford resistance if Taliban gets power in afg and establishes? We cannot go
against our neighbour
We should not recognize Taliban:
I) because of history baggage as they did not cooperate with us to give us sectarian
emenmies (Raiz Basra from Lashkar e Taiba) in past from 1996 to 2001, (ii) they
did not acknowledge our diplomatic efforts in 9/11 as we wanted to send him back
to SA and to facilitate dialouges between Afghanistan (Mullah umer) and USA but
they remained stagnant by not accepting a single suggestion. (iii) Taliban did not
develop socio-cultural relations with us (iv) b/w 1996 to 2001 taliban gov. didn’t
accept the Durand line. We should not accept them until they conduct operations
against TTP and accept Durand line

Tehrik e Taliban Pakistan

2. Security Challenge: (Important for long question)
3. Refugees Challenge

4th Lecture
Security Challenge
Major security challenges are 1-Durand line, 2- terrorism and 3-withdrawal of American forces
from Afghanistan brought security challenges to Pakistan. Effort/Counter measures against
there challenges;
1. Fencing of Durand line
Fencing will stop infiltration as they have safe havens in Afghanistan.
2. Operation against insurgencies/infiltrator - Military operations to counter terrorism
3. Dialogue processes – DOHA agreement
4. Regulation of refugees
5. Engagement of both governments with Taliban regime (diplomatic efforts)

Pakistan-India Relations and Comparison with Pak-China Relations

In 1947, as Pakistan got independence it was not good time for Pakistan to establish relations
with China as it was observing Mao Zedong PRC revolution to get rid of poverty. It replaced
PRC gov. in China in 1949. PRC was a pro-western gov. He introduced communism and called
Western system a system of exploitation. Pak recognized Mao immediately and so did India.
Later, relations b/w China and India strengthened its ties with China due to following reasons;

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1. Longest border sharing with India after Soviet Union

2. Secularism in India as compared to Islamization in Pakistan. The Two-Nation theory, a
democratic Islamic republic. As China observed secularism more than communism
because Mao brought secularism.
3. Pakistan joined the capitalist block in 1954 “Bagdad Pact – Pakistan, Turkey, Iraq to
curtail Soviet Union” and China was an Anti-Capitalist. In 1955 “Pakistan joined the
Anti-Communist bloc CENTO” while China was a communist.
4. Sio-cultural reasons: Pakistan was closer to the West, ideologically, and previous
experience as a colony of the UK. As well as Pakistan did not have any language barrier
with the West. So, China signed a friendship treaty with India in 1954 called the
Panchsheel Agreement. The agreement also paved the way for future economic and
cultural exchanges between India and China.
Reasons for Unprecedent Friendship of Pakistan with China:
1. Northern War Threat: the Ladakh issue and Kashmir issue. It is in northern India. China
and Pakistan are on the same side, with similar stances on Ladakh and Kashmir,
respectively. In 1960 China issued a political map and claimed the territory of Ladakh
and few northern areas of Pakistan as well e.g., Skardu. Pak wrote a letter to China but
got no response. In1961 UNSC voting held, and Pakistan supported the PRC as opposed
to the Republic of China. In the same year, China published another map and excluded
Paks territory from its map. In 1962, China India war happened in Ladakh and Pak said
Ladakh is a part of China. In 1963, Pak and China signed a “boundary agreement”.
According to this agreement, Pak accepted China's claim on Ladakh including Aksai
Chin (located in the north of GB) and Shak Gham valleys. Likewise, China accepted
Pak's claim on Siachin and IOJK including GB. That’s how both became conflict-free
neighbors. Iran and China do not have territorial conflicts with Pak.
1962 war was a main conflict b/w China and India. While USA an ally of Pak supported
India against China which is an enemy to Pak. The US did not take Pakistan on-board
before supporting India in the war. Thus, Pakistan had serious reservations on American
behaviour. It created a tension b/w Pak and USA. In 1962, China invited Pak to join the
war against India to take Kashmir back. In 1965, China supported Pak on Kashmir issue
“Operation Gibraltar” through diplomacy and military.
2. Nuclear Cooperation – China and Pak supported each other on nuclear technology. In
1972 as fall of Dhaka happened it changed the security dynamics. Pak decided to and
Pak decided to build unconventional deterrence (nuclear bomb). Bhutto visited USSR,
China and he founded the first nuclear plant in Pak - Chashma Nuclear Plant in Karachi.
China convinced the world that Pak needs nuclear technology for defense from India.
In international forums and institutions, China supported Pak right to develop nuclear
technology. In 1983, a nuclear agreement was signed between the two countries. In
1993, China started supplying 300MW energy on the Chashma power plant for the
nuclear agenda of Pak. Currently, 5000 custom magnetic rings for nuclear warheads,
are provided by China to Pak.

3. Pakistani diplomacy to bring China and USA close for the normalization of China USA
relations – Sino-US relations

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In 1970, Pak started facilitating dialogue b/w China and USA through its strategic
diplomatic policy. Henry Kissinger wrote in his book that it was an ideal facilitation on
the part of Pak to bring two mighty countries together. Kissinger, Foreign Secretary,
visited China in 1970 met Mao and 1972 Nixon visited China to meet Mao. The
diplomacy began during Yahya Khans period. After this, it became easier for China to
use Veto power and its permanent membership in security council. US accepted the
PRC as the representative of China (as opposed to the Republic of China)

4. Political cooperation: china supporting pak on war on terror, against India, nuclear
project issue. Pak supported china on Taiwan issue, Hong Kong issue, and Xinjiang
issue. Every year, there is a human rights report on china and voting on china in UN
and Pak always voted in favour of China and declared Xinjiang issue its eternal matter.
Pak banned East Turkestan Movement, which fights for the independence of Xinjiang
Hong Kong wants western style democracy with elections and a multi-party system while
China observes a party system. Pak counts Taiwan a part of China and not a separate state.
5. Strategic partnership
Pak and China are each other's strategic partners. The defense of China is the defense of
Pakistan and vice versa. Both have common interests and threats. To counter the Indian
influence in the region, China supports Pakistan. US-India is a strategic partner. That’s why
Pak cannot win favor of US against India.
Defense Angle with Pak:
1. Pak is purchasing 46% of total defense production of China.
2. Pak and China are building JF Thunder project with mutual cooperation. China and Pak
have 49% and 51% share respectively in the project. JF-Thunder Project - the strategic
imbalance between India and Pak is related to air force tech e.g. Pakistan's aircraft are
0.25% compared to India. For every 4 Indian plane Pakistan has 1. This project is
transfer of technology Now Pakistan will develop Block-3 (the most modern aircraft in
Pakistan’s arsenal). Pak is aiming for 0.75% from 0.25% means Pak will have 3 aircrafts
against 4 of India. Pakistan is making 150 aircraft of Block-3 likewise Pak has Block 2
and 3 of JF Thunder with a Pak share of 51%. Pak purchased 35 J10C from China and
the aim is to purchase 100 aircraft. J10C – 4.5 generation is a modern and updated
version of than F16. It is made of inverse-engineering of F16. J10C – 4.5 generation is
imperative to counter the Indian Rafale. Pak will also purchase J-31 a 5th generation
aircraft for the first time in world’s history.
With mutual cooperation are making Haider tank, and Zarar tank. electromagnetic
spectrum can jam the signal and waves of communication. Used in 2019 in Operation
Swift Retort. it essentially blinds aircraft by cutting them off from their towers and
blocking their radars. Currently, India does not have this system. Authorized during
Shaheen exercises.
Lomads Defense system: Low and Medium altitude defense system an air defense
system that stops enemy missiles. HQ 9 B version defense system also known as 300
defense system a modern system to protect from land to air missiles above 300 km. We

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bought it from China after Mian Channu missile attacks. while India has S400 Russia
made defense system.
CPEC has two Angles; Geostrategic Angle and Economic Angle
Geostrategic Angle and Economic Angle
China is building CPEC from Kashgar to Gwadar. China is trying to mainstream people from
Southern Western China as it is observing insurgency at this end. The important reason is the
stability in south-western China. It has the Xinjiang issue and insurgencies e.g. East Turkestan
movement, and religious conflict e.g. Uyghurs. Likewise, Pak is facing insurgencies Same
issue in Balochistan, foreign interference, and identity issues at its southern western end. By
generating economic activity in those areas and sources of livelihood, establishment of
industries and businesses, China and Pak will try to overcome the sense of deprivation. CPEC
will connect under develop areas of China and Pak.
Gwadar will provide an alternate route for China from the Red Sea region (Africa) and Persian
Gulf. It will save travel cost as well as time of China. Gwadar is providing an alternative route
to South China sea from 16000km long route to a 2500km only to reach the Mediterranean Sea
and the Northern Sea. It is also an alternate route to the curtailment of China. South China Sea
is being contained by US allies i.e. Quad including India. Second containment of China is Strait
of Malacca containment (also known as Indo-Pacific 0.1 containment) with the help of India
and Australian navy.
Gwadar is located on the mouth of the Strait of Hormuz in the Arabian Sea a narrow water
route. America is trying to contain China and the Gwadar route as will with the help of India,
UAE, SA. IMEC is the extension of this containment of China. It is a technique to increase
militarization of the Arabian sea to counter China. So now the world have BRI vs. IMEC.
IMEC - India-Middle East-Europe Corridor runs a bullet train from Mumbai to the UAE to
counter the Chinese route to Djibouti. Strait of Hormuz and IMEC are collectively called 0.2
containment. But China has invested 400 billion USD in Iran to control the Strait of Hormuz
in the Persian Gulf. Iranians has struck off 100bn dollars investment in the Chab ahar port
between Strait of Hormuz and Gwadar and replaced it with the investment of China.
2nd Effort: China supported Pak to develop maritime navy against India. From heavy
investment in pak was observed in the maritime navy.
3rd effort: China is facilitating Iran-Saudi deal to reduce their rivalry. China has extended its
influence into the Middle East to reduce the influence of the US in the middle east.
4th effort: china started purchasing oil from KSA to develop interdependency. Especially when
EU countries are reducing their oil imports and switching to battery solution. European nations
are reducing fossil fuel imports due to environmental impacts. China is the world’s highest
importer of oil.
5th effort: China and Russian nexus in playing vital role in OPEC (an oil regulatory authority).
Russia China nexus is important for price regulation in OPEC. Russian are increasing their
influence in the authority.
World’s Largest oil seller is KSA and Largest oil buyer – China
Political Angle: Like Taiwan and Hong Kong issue
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Pak-India Historical Conflicts:

- Redcliff Injustices e.g., Gardaspur, Ferozpur, Calcutta. Calcutta had the biggest industry
at that time. Calcutta belonged to Pakistan according to the boundary commission.
Calcuttas importance for East Pakistan lead to exploitation of Bengali farmers as the
industry was in Calcutta.
- Princely State Issue e.g., Kashmir, Haidarabad Duken, Junadagh Kashmir war 1948,
Kargil war 1999, siachin war 1984. Kashmir is a constant issue.

- Water Issue: Water Crises 1948 Canal water dispute. In 1948, with the loss of Gurdaspur
and Ferozepur, India was able to stop Pakistans water with the Ferozepur Canal
Headworks
Indus water treaty 1960 and handed over three rivers to India. In 1965, Sir Creek issue started
and a war started. Currently, we are facing Baglihar Dam on Chenab river issue as india has
developed a dam on chenab river.
- Refugees Issue - 5 million people crossed during the partition leading to violence
against minorities. Violence against minorities on Refugees Issue. Firstly, sikhs started
sikh violence on Muslims, then Balochs started violence against Hindus in reaction.
Initially, Baloch were the protectors and defenders. Baloch regiment was the first
regiment of Pakistan army.

5th and Last Lecture

Current Conflicts b/w Pakistan and India

1. Hindutva:
Basis: Hindutva is a religious ideology of Hinduism. Extremists believe they are superior
and other religions are outsiders in the sub-continent. Hindus are indigenous and they
belong to the land of India which has a religion of Hindutva – a religion of land. They
believe that Islam came through Muslim invaders, colonials who came through East India
Company, Sikh religion came out as a new religion with the emerger of Islam and Hinduism
and they are the only ones who originally belong to Bharat. Many organizations are playing
politics based on religion like BJP – its moto is to make a Hindu India than a secular India
of Congress. It is vote and power-gaining technique of BJP to rule. It’s an example how
extreme religious ideology is being used to become a political power to change the
dynamics/structure of a State.
Comparison of Hindutva:
Now, BJP is becoming a more extremist party due to the political style of Modi. Tayyab
Erdogan changed the state narrative of Turkey. Initially, it followed Islamization, then
Ottomanism which is being followed by TE to distance it from secular Turkey – the latest
example of the ideology of a leader and its influence on state structure.

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Difference b/w Modi and Tayyab: Tayyab has a symbolic approach and does not implement
its ideology through laws and regulations. He called it an obligation of Muslim countries
to protect Bait-ul-Maqdis but did not take any concrete steps after the invasion of Bait-ul-
Maqdis. He relies on religion to attract voters to gain political power.
Modi is not opting for a symbolic approach. He is passing laws, rules and regulations. India
is naturally a secular state with a diverse culture, and a multiplicity of religions. Still, Modi
pass laws and implement them afterwards. Sacred cow narrative (Gao Mata) and
slaughtering are banned, and open prayer for other minorities are not allowed due to Hindu
violence. Hindu practitioners are not answerable to anyone and forceful conversions of
religious minorities in India. They build Hindu temples after destroying religious places of
other minorities.
Extension of Hindutva:
They have extended it for greater India (Akhand Bharat). It is coming through the help of
political extremists. Modi was a member of Hindu religious parties since the beginning of
his political journey. In Hindu religion, they used to avoid travelling outside of India as
they believed it is Mother (Dharti Maa). They had sheer commitment towards their
motherland. India was divided in the colonial period, Ghazanavi period, Qutub Ud Din
Abak period, and Muhammad Bin Qasim period which hurt the sentiments of Hindu
extremists and they want the merger for a greater India. This is the main reason for the
revocation of A.35A and 275 of the Constitution of India. Their major barrier is Pakistan –
it has a potential to divide India and to stop it from implementing Hindutva policy. Pak is
also a strategic partner of China. Nepal is Hindu religion country still it is a threat to India.
Indian forces are controlling Bhutan still it is a threat to India. And for Pakistan, India wants
to control it by;
i- Kashmir conflict
ii- Propaganda against Pakistan: 2000 websites to show pak as a terrorist state.
iii- Pre-emption
iv- Minority rights in India: violence against Muslims
v- G20 – here india portrayed itself as Mahabharta/ Bharat and not India. Modi has
also announced to change India’s name to Bharat.

2. Encircling of Pak Policy

After 2000, India started a propaganda against Pakistan and started encircling Pakistan policy
– means encircling pak through its neighbors. It started making cordial relations with Iran,
Afghanistan, China and USA. Normalization of relations with China by increasing trade to
create dependency on India. It invested on Charbahar, India started purchasing cheap oil from
Iran, also Iran gave the Zahdan consulate nearest to the Pak border to India despite Pak
reservations. Kulbhushan Yadev came to Pak through Iranian border. Iran missile strikes in
2024 happened after the visit of Indian foreign minister in Iran. China has increased trade with
India from 1980s up till now. Though China has increased trade still it remains intact with Pak
via foreign policy.
India invested in the education sector, road and communication structure, defense sector,
Ghandi building, Salma dam in Herat to win favors in Afghanistan and supported Afghan on

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Durand line issue as well as afghan nationalists. TTP was being operated by RAW during
Hamid Kerzai and Ashraf Ghani’s era. RAW and NDS nexus is lethal to Pak.
Purpose/Objective: Encircling purpose is to isolate pak from the world to further impose
sanctions on it.
In recent years India was more influential on OIC, for instance on Kashmir Issue, as well as it
had influence on the relations b/w KSA and Pak. Arab states need oil customers and India is
the biggest fossil fuels consumer. It has no intent to divert its industry to battery based industry
that is why it is a golden sparrow for Gulf States e.g., UAE, Muhmmad Bin Salman.

3. Minority Rights and Kashmir Issues after the revocation of A.35A and 275
4. Pre-temptation vs. False flag operations

Simultaneous Relations with Russia and USA

(A love triangle since 1947-2001)

Why Pak choose USA over Russia?

In 1947, after Pak Independence USSR invited Pak to visit Moscow. Pak hold the invitation
and waited for two years to receive an invitation from USA (Prem Pattar from Sajna). Then,
pak considered USSR’s invitation and visited Moscow in 1950 and during flight received an
invitation from USA. Liaqat Ali khan directed the airplane to land in America. USA showed
cold behavior towards Pak. Still, Pak selected land for its embassy near to white house.
Reasons for Snubbing Russia and Choosing USA;
- Advance technology
- Strong economy
- Influence in Int’l Politics
- Security
The security dilemma commenced with the division of East and West Pak and weak geo-
political position. This security issue was due to the (i) Soviet extension from the north, (ii)
Indian invasion from East, (iii) Durand line issue with Afghan, (iv) East Pak was 1000 nautical
miles away from west Pak and to cross it through enemy’s territory.
Reasons of negligence of USA towards Pak: USA considered India a potential candidate against
the extension of Soviet Union. It sent invitation to Pak because India was not interested and
did not care to join USA’s bloc. In 1954, India became the leader of the Non-Align Movement
allies with Indonesia neutrality grounds but did not join USA bloc. After this, in 1955 Pak
signed CENTO, SEITO with USA. From here onwards USSR sent a delegation in India and
endorsed the Indian stance on the Kashmir Issue, and Afghanistan on Durand issue. In 1956
USSR offered investment in the steel mill in Pak with a condition to leave CENTO which Pak
did not accept. From 1954 to 1960 the relations between the two countries were very bad. The
Soviets wanted Pak either to become its alliance or to stay neutral on the issue. The

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geographical position of Pak suits to USSR due to warm waters, on the other side geographical
position of India suits to USA.
In 1960, a U-2 incident occurred when an aircraft from Peshawar airbase entered the USSR
territory which was shoot down. The very next year, USA offered investment in Pakistan’s oil
gas industries. In 1962, China India war happened, and Pak distanced itself from USA as it
provided weapons to India without consulting with it. Therefore, USSR and Pak relations
slightly came on a better track. In 1965, USSR remained neutral on Pak-India war.
In 1966 Tashkent Agreement occurred and till 1970 Pak developed good relations with China,
USA and USSR. In 1972, Chashma nuclear power plant was executed, Pak leadership visited
China and USSR. In 1977, USA asked pak to sign NPT (non-proliferation Treaty) while pak
conditioned it with India’s sign on it and so did India – and none of them signed NPT.

Deteriorated Relations with USA in 1990s:

In 1988 Geneva Accord happened and withdrawal of USSR forces in 1989 – during this time
Pak and USA had cordial relations with each other.
Soon after the fall of Soviet Union in 1991, USA sanctioned Pak under Pressler Amendment
which demanded to not support Pak as it was developing nuclear explosives. Hence, USA
banned most economic and military assistance to Pakistan and inserted a crack in the cordial
relations. In 1989 and 1996 Benazir Bhutto failed to get F16 despite of intense diplomatic
efforts and only got low-quality wheat. Then, the nuclear test happened in 1998, Kargil war in
1999 which deteriorated Pak USA relations. Afterwards, Lal Qila attack happened in 2000 in
Delhi by Kashmir activists, and hijacking of Indian aircraft in 1999, then 9/11 attack and afghan
war era started – hence Pak made major non-NATO ally on war on terror.

Russia and Pakistan Relations after the Fall of Soviet Union

Fall of USSR formed Russian federation. The two countries did not have good relations initially
due to the long war of Afghan. It needed time to heal and recover the deteriorated relations.
Once Putin took charge of Russia and started working on the Rising of Russia. He invited
Musharaf in Moscow and supported Pak on the war on terror. In 2005 Russia supported Pak
for its observer status in SCO and both countries’ counterparts met each other. In 2005 Russia
offered Pak a free trade agreement. Pak supported Russia to become member of WTO.
Deeping of Relations:
In 2006 Russian PM came on three days visit to Pak and changed the overall dynamics. In 2007
deeping of relations started and melted the ice b/w two historical rivals. Credit goes to
Musharaf’s diplomacy and Putin’s philosophy of transactional foreign policy of Russia. He left
behind the historical baggage and said there is no permanent enemy or friend. He wanted to
strengthen the economy of Russia.
2008: Gazprom company of Russia offered fix plants in Pak to convert oil engine to CNG,

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In 2009 Asif Ali Zardari met Putin and conducted six meetings in coming three years. During
this time Hillary Clinton, USA State Secretary said she got confused that whether Zardari is
more loyal to USA or Obama.
2011: Russian lifted arms embargo to pak for weapons sale purchase. In Istanbul, Heart of Asia
conference – Afghanistan is the hub of central Asia, West Asia, South Asia and East Asia that
is why peace is mandatory. The purpose of Heart conference was to promote stability, peace,
and prosperity in Afghanistan and the entire Heart of Asia region. To strengthen political,
security, and economic consensus among Heart of Asia-IP Participating and Supporting
Countries and Organizations.
2013: both countries were on same page on afghan issue
2015 (Tank biathlon): both countries did military war game in Russia only 6 countries were
invited – venezuela, China, Egypt, Russia, Pak.
2016: pak-russia joint exercise held in Cherat in Pak called Druzhba (means friendship).
2017 and 2018: In 2015-2016 pak was leading afghan led peace process which Russia
supported and then Russia led afghan led peace process.
2019: pak allowed Russia to use Gwadar port. Since day one there were two hurdles in both
countries relations (i) Afghan issue and (ii) warm water access and now both were solved.
2020: Putin acknowledged and encouraged pak on Doha agreements and peace building in
Aghan.
2021: Russian foreign minister visited Pak and discussed post-withdrawal scenario and
cooperation of each other on afghan issue.
2022: Regime Change and IK visit to Russia
Ukraine War and Change in the status of Russian: Ukraine war starts and IK visited Russia and
Current: China Russia Nexus – a new term in global politics “multi-polar world” end of
unipolarity and bipolarity. Purpose of BRI is to connect the whole region including Russia. It
is enhancing its influence in Ukraine, China, Iran and supporting Russia. Its relations with
Turkey are in normalization phase. Russia, Turkey and Azerbaijan will be in alignment.
Armenia is a party of CSETO.
BRI GEP Philosophy (Great Euro-Asian): Russia wants to connect CPEC with BRI running in
Russia that heads to Euro-Asia. Russia will become crossroad for euro-Asian countries and
Russian markets. Pak will become crossroad for Middle east and south Asian countries. It was
the idea of Putin. It will minus the western lenses’ philosophy of global north and global south
(pole and periphery).
Russian Patience India (Pak Concern): if war happens between India and Pak what will be the
role of Russia? Russia is providing military technology to India currently. PDM1 and PDM2
gov tried to normalize relations with USA, specifically after regime change operation.
According to Russian Institute of Strategic Studies: If pak and china stay in same bloc and
Russia joins it too, it will push India in the USA bloc. Due to Russia India good relations India

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is leading the politics in South Asia. It is not dependent on USA. Lesser influence of USA in
the region is beneficial for China and Pak. There will be lessor disputes.

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