DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Chapter 07 116

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1. INTRODUCTION d2y
(ii) 2
= - p 2 y is the differential equation of the
dx
Differential equation constitute a very important part of
mathematics as it has many applications in real life. Various second order because maximum derivative of y
laws of physics are often in the form of equations involving d2 y
rate of change of one quantity with respect to another. w.r.t x is
dx 2
As the mathematical equivalent of a rate is a derivative,
differential equation arise very naturally in real life and 2 3
methods for solving them acquire paramount importance. æ d3y ö æ dy ö
(iii) çç 3 ÷÷ - 3 ç ÷ + 2 = 0 is the differential
è dx ø è dx ø
1.1 Definition
equation of the third order because maximum
An equation involving the dependent variable and
independent variable and also the derivatives of the d3 y
derivative of y w.r.t x is
dependable variable is known as differential equation. dx 3
For example:
2.2 Degree
dy x d2y The degree of a differential equation is the degree of the
(i) = (ii) = -p2 y
dx y1/ 3 (1 + x1/ 3 ) dx 2 highest differential coefficient when the equation has been
made rational and integral as far as the differential
3/ 2
é æ dy ö2 ù d2y 2 coefficients are concerned.
2 æ dy ö 2
(iii) ê1 + ç dx ÷ ú =3 (iv) x ç ÷ = y + 1
ëê è ø ûú dx 2 è dx ø For example:

dy x
Differential equations which involve only one (i) = 1/ 3
independent variable are called ordinary differential dx y (1 + x1/ 3 ) is the differential equation of
equation. first degree, because power of the highest order

2. ORDER AND DEGREE OF DIFFERENTIAL dy

derivative is 1.
EQUATIONS dx

2 3
2.1 Order æ d3y ö æ dy ö
(ii) çç 3 ÷÷ - 3 ç ÷ + 2 = 0 is the differential
è dx ø è dx ø
The order of a differential equation is the order of the
highest derivative involved in the differential equation equation of second degree, because power of

For example: d3 y
highest order deriavative is 2.
dx 3
3 2
(i) æ dy ö æ dy ö
ç ÷ + ç ÷ + 4x = 0 is the differential
è dx ø è dx ø é æ dy ö2 ù
2/3
d2y
equation of the first order because maximum (iii) ê1 + ç ÷ ú =3 is the differential
êë è dx ø úû dx 2
dy
derivative of y with respect to x is equation of third degree, because power of highest
dx
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
117

Thus if an equation contains n arbitrary constants, the

d2y resulting differential equation obtained by eliminating
order devivative is 3 (after cubing)
dx 2 these constants will be a differential equation of nth order.

Illustration 1: i.e., an equation of the form

Find the order and degree of the following differential æ dy d 2 y dn y ö

f ç x, y, , 2 , ....... n ÷ = 0
equations. è dx dx dx ø

d 2 y 3 dy Illustration 2 :
(i) = +3
dx 2 dx
Find the differential equation of the family of all circles
5/3 which pass through the origin and whose centre lie on y–
4
d 2 y ìï æ dy ö ïü axis
(ii) 2 = í 1 + ç ÷ ý
dx ïî è dx ø þï Sol. Let the equation of the circle be
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
dy
(iii) y = px + a 2 p 2 + b2 where p = If it passes through (0, 0), then c = 0
dx
\ The equation of circle is x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy = 0
Sol. (i) The given differential equation can be written as
Since the centre of the circle lies on y–axis then g = 0
2 3 2
æ d y ö æ dy ö \ The equation of the circle is
ç 2 ÷ =ç + 3÷
è dx ø è dx ø x2 + y2 + 2fy = 0 ...(i)
This represents family of circles.
Hence order = 2, degree = 3
Differentiating, we get
(ii) The given differential equation can be written as
5 dy dy
3 4 2x + 2 y +2f =0 ...(ii)
æ d 2 y ö é æ dy ö ù dx dx
ç 2 ÷ = ê1 + ç ÷ ú
è dx ø êë è dx ø úû From (i) and (ii), we get
Hence order = 2, degree = 3 dy
or, ( x2 - y2 ) - 2 xy = 0 Which is the required differential
(iii) The given differential equation can be written as dx
2 2 equation.
æ dy ö 2 æ dy ö 2
çy-x ÷ =a ç ÷ +b 4. SOLUTION OF A DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
è dx ø è dx ø
Hence order = 1, degree = 2 The solution of the differential equation is a relation
between the independent and dependent variable free
3. FORMATION OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL
from derivatives satisfying the given differential equation.
EQUATION
Thus the solution of dy/dx = m could be obtained by
An ordinary differential equation is formed in an attempt simply integrating both sides i.e., y = mx + c, where c is
to eliminate certain arbitrary constants from a relation in arbitrary constant.
the variables and constants. Consider an equation (a) General solution (or complete primitive)
containing n arbitrary constants. Differentiating this The general solution of a differential equation is the
equation n times we get n additional equations relation between the variables (not involving the
containing n arbitrary constants and derivatives. derivatives) which contain the same number of the
Eliminating n arbitrary constants from the above (n + 1) arbitrary constants as the order of the differential
equations, we obtain differential equation involving nth equation.
derivative.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
118

Thus the general solution of the differential equation Differentiating (ii), we get

d2y y2 = aex + 4be2x + 9ce–3x

= 4 y is y = A sin2x + B cos2x, where A and B are the
dx 2 \ y2 – y1 = 2be2x + 12ce–3x ...(iv)
–3x
constants. Now, (iv) – 2 (iii) Þ y2 – y1 – 2(y1 –y) = 20ce
(b) Particular solution or Integral or, y2 – 3y1 + 2y = 20ce–3x ...(v)
A solution which is obtained by giving particular values Differentiating, y2 = aex + 4be2x + 9ce–3x, we get
to the arbitrary constants in the general solution is called y3 = aex + 8be2x – 27ce–3x
a particular solution.
Now y3 – 3y2 + 2y1 = – 60ce–3x ...(vi)
Illustration 3: And (vi) + 3(v) Þ y3 – 3y2 + 2y1 + 3(y2 – 3y1 + 2y) = 0
or, y3 – 7y1 + 6y = 0
A
Show that v = + B is the general solution of the second
r d3 y dy
i.e., - 7 + 6 y = 0 , which is the required differential
dx3 dx
d 2 v 2 dv
order differential equation + = 0 , where A and equation
dr 2 r dr
B are arbitrary constant. 5. METHOD OF SOLVING AN EQUATION OF THE
A
FIRST ORDER AND FIRST DEGREE
Sol. Given v = +B
r
A differential equation of the first order and first degree
2
d v 2A can be written in the form
Differentiating twice = ...(i)
dr 2 r 3 dy
= f (x, y)
dx
d 2 v 2 dv 2 A 2 æ A ö 2 A 2 A
From (i) 2 + = + ç- ÷ = - =0
dr r dr r 3 r è r 2 ø r 3 r 3 or, M dx + N dy = 0, where M and N are functions of
x and y
A 5.1 Variable Separation:
Putting A = 4, B = 5 in v = + B we get a particular
r The general form of such an equation is
solution of the differential equation
f(x)dx + f(y)dy = 0 ...(i)
Integrating, we get
d 2 v 2 dv
+ = 0 is v = 4 + 5 .
dr 2 r dr r ò f (x)dx + ò f (y)dy = c which is the solution of (i)
5.2 Solution of differential equation of the type
Illustration 4:
dy
Show that y = ae x + be 2x + ce –3x is a solution of the = f (ax + by + c) :
dx
d3y dy
equation 3
- 7 + 6y = 0
dx dx dy
Consider the differential equation = f (ax + by + c)
Sol. We have dx
y = aex + be2x + ce–3x ...(i) ...(i)
Differentiating, we get Where f(ax + by + c) is some function of ax + by + c.
x 2x
y1 = ae + 2be – 3ce –3x
...(ii) Let z = ax + by + c
2x –3x
\ y1 – y = be – 4ce ...(iii)
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
119

Illustration 6:
dz dy
\ =a+b
dx dx
dy
Solve, = sin ( x + y ) + cos ( x + y )
dx
dz
-a
dy dx Sol. Let z = x + y
or, =
dx b
dz dy dy dz
\ =1+ Þ = -1
dx dx dx dx
dz
-a dz
From (i) dx = f (z) or, = b f (z) + a dz
b dx - 1 = sin z + cos z
dx
dz dz
or, = dx ...(ii)
b f (z) + a or, dx =
sin z + cos z + 1
In the differential equation (ii), the variables x and z are Integrating, we get
separated.
Integrating, we get dz dt z
ò dx = ò sin z + cos z + 1 = ò t + 1 , putting t = tan 2
dx
ò b f (z) + a = ò dx + c i.e., x + c = log t + 1 This is the required general
solution.
dx 5.3 Solution of differential equation of the type
or, ò b f (z) + a = x + c , where z = ax + by + c
dy a1 x + b1 y + c1 a b c
= , where 1 = 1 ¹ 1
This represents the general solution of the differential dx a2 x + b2 y + c2 a2 b2 c2
equation (i)
Illustration 5: dy a1 x + b1 y + c1 a b c
Here = where 1 = 1 ¹ 1 ...(i)
dx a2 x + b2 y + c2 a2 b2 c2
dy
Solve (x - y)2 = a2
dx a1 b1
Let = = l (say)
Sol. Putting x – y = v a2 b2

dy dv v2 \ a1 = l a2 , b1 = l b2
Þ =1- Þ dx = 2 dv , variable have been
dx dx v - a2
dy l a2 x + l b2 y + c1
separated From (i), =
dx a2 x + b2 y + c2
v2
Integrating, we get ò dx = ò dv l (a2 x + b2 y ) + c1
v2 - a 2 = ...(ii)
a2 x + b2 y + c2

or,
x-y-a Let z = a2x + b2y
2y + k = a log
x-y+a
dz
-a
\ dz dy dy dx 2 ...(iii)
= a2 + b2 Þ =
dx dx dx b2
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
120

called a homogeneous differential equation. Such

dz
- a2
l z + c1 x
From (ii) and (iii), we get dx = y
equations are solved by substituting v = or
b2 z + c2 x y and
then seperating the variables.
dz b2 (l z + c1 ) l b z + b2 c1 + a2 z + a2 c2
or, = + a2 = 2
dx z + c2 z + c2 Illustration 7 :

or,
z + c2 dy y(2y - x)
dx = dz , where x and z are Solve = ...(i)
(l b2 + a2 ) z + b2 c1 + a2 c2 dx x(2y + x)
seperated
Sol. Since each of the functions y(2y – x) and x(2y + x) is a
Integrating, we get homogeneous function of degree 2, so the given equation

z + c2 is a homogeneous differential equation.

x+c = ò dz where z = a2x + b2y
(l b2 + a2 ) z + b2 c1 + a2 c2 \ Putting y = vx

dy dv
6. HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION Differentiating w.r.t x, we get = v+x
dx dx
A function f(x, y) is called homogeneous function of From (i),
degree n if
f(lx, ly) = ln f(x, y) dv vx(2vx - x) v(2v - 1)
v+x = =
For example: dx x(2vx + x) 2v + 1
(a) f(x, y) = x2y2 – xy3 is a homogeneous function of degree
four, since dv dx
Þ 2dv + +2 =0
f(lx, ly) = (l2 x2) (l2 y2) – (lx) (l3 y3)
v x

= l4 (x2y2 – xy3) Integrating, we get

= l4 f(x, y) 2v + log v + log x2 = log k or, xy = ke-2y / x

2 x/ y x3 æyö 6.1 Differential equation reducible to homogeneous forms:

(b) f(x, y) = x e + + y 2 log ç ÷ is a homogeneous
y èxø
function of degree two, since dy ax + by + c a b
Equation of the form = where ¹
dx a ¢x + b¢y + c¢ a ¢ b¢
can be reduced to homogeneous form by changing the
l3 x3 æ ly ö
f (lx, ly) = (l 2 x 2 ) elx / ly + + (l 2 y 2 ) log ç ÷ variables x, y to x ¢, y ¢ by equations x = x ¢ + h and
ly è lx ø
y = y¢ + k where h and k are constants to be chosen so
3
é x æ y öù as to make the given equation homogeneous, we have
= l 2 ê x 2 e x / y + + y 2 log ç ÷ ú
ë y è x øû dx = dx ¢ and dy = dy¢

= l 2 f (x, y) \ The given equation becomes

dy¢ a(x¢ + h) + b(y¢ + k) + c

dy =
A differential equation of the form = f ( x, y ) , where dx ¢ a ¢(x ¢ + h) + b¢(y¢ + k) + c¢
dx
f(x, y) is a homogoneous polynomial of degree zero is
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
121

ax ¢ + by¢ + (ah + bk + c) NOTES :

=
a ¢x¢ + b¢y¢ + (a ¢ h + b¢ k + c¢)
We remember the solution of the above equation as
Now, we choose h and k so that
y(I.F) = ò Q (I.F) dx + c
ah + bk + c = 0

and a ¢ h + b ¢ k + c¢ = 0 Illustration 8 :

From these equation we get the values of of h and k in

terms of the coefficients. dy
Solve 2x = y + 6x 5 / 2 - 2 x
Then the given equation reduces to dx
Sol. The given equation can be written as
dy¢ ax ¢ + by¢
=
dx ¢ a ¢x ¢ + b¢y¢ dy æ -1 ö 1
+ ç ÷ y = 3x 3/ 2 - ...(i)
dx è 2x ø x
Which is the homogeneous form.

7. LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION dy

This is the form of + Py = Q
dx
A differential equation is said to be linear if the
dependent variable y and its derivative occur in the first 1
ò
-1
dx - log x
2
1
degree. Hence I.F = e 2x = e = ...(ii)
x
dy
An equation of the form + Py = Q ...(i)
dx 3 5/2
From (i) and (ii), we get y = x - x log x + c x
where P and Q are functions of x only or constant is called
2
a linear equation of the first order 7.1 Differential equation reducible to the linear form:
dx Sometimes equations which are not linear can be reduced
Similarly + P x = Q is a linear differential equation
dy to the linear form by suitable transformation.
where P and Q are functions of y only. To get the general
dy
solution of the above equations we shall determine a Here, f ¢ ( y) + f ( y ) P ( x) = Q ( x ) ...(i)
dx
function R of x called Integrating function (I.F). We shall
multiply both sides of the given equation by R Let, f(y) = u Þ f ¢ ( y ) dy = du

\ where, R = e ò
P dx
...(ii) Then (i) reduces to
= I.F
From (i) and (ii), we get du
+ u P ( x) = Q ( x) Which is of the linear differential
dx
dy
eò + P y e ò = Q.e ò
P dx P dx P dx
. or, equation form.
dx
Illustration 9:
d æ ò P dx ö ò P dx
ç ye ÷ = Q.e 2
dx è ø Solve sec q dq + tan q (1 - r tan q ) dr = 0
Integrating, we get Sol. The given equation can be written as

yeò
P dx
= ò Q.e ò
P dx
dx + c is the required solution. dq tan q r tan 2 q
+ 2
=
dr sec q sec 2 q
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
122

æ sec 2 q ö dq 1 1 dy -1 dv
ç ÷ + =r or, =
or, 2
q
n
y dx n - 1 dx
è tan q ø dr tan
the equation becomes
2 dq
or, cos ec q + cot q = r ...(i)
dr dv
+ (1 - n) Pv = Q (1 - n )
dx
Let cot q = u
Which is a linear equation with v as independent variable.
Þ - cos ec 2q dq = du
8. EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Then (i) reduces to
A differential equation is said to be exact if it can be
du du
- +u = r or, - u = -r ...(ii) derived from its solution (primitive) directly by
dr dr
differentiation, without any elimination, multiplication etc.
Which is a linear differential equation.
For example, the differential equation x dy + y dx = 0 is an
I . F = eò
-1 dr
So, = e- r ...(iii)
exact differential equation as it is derived by direct
Form (ii) and (iii), we get differentiation for its solution, the function xy = c

u e - r = - ò re - r dr = re - r + ò e - r dr , by parts Illustration 10 :

= re- r - e- r + c or u = r - 1 + cer Solve (1 + xy) y dx + (1 – xy) x dy = 0

r
cot q = r - 1 + ce Sol. The given equation can be written as
7.2 Extended form of linear equations : y dx + xy2 dx + x dy – x2y dy = 0
Bernoulli’s equation:
or, (y dx + x dy) + xy (y dx – x dy) = 0

dy or, d (xy) + xy (y dx – x dy) = 0

An equation of the form + P y = Q y n , where P and
dx Dividing by x2y2, we get
Q are function of x alone or constants and n is constant,
other than 0 and 1, is called a Bernoulli’s equation. d ( xy ) y dx - x dy
+ =0 or,
x2 y2 xy
dy
Here + P y = Q yn
dx
Dividing by yn, we get d ( xy ) dx dy
+ - =0
x2 y2 x y
1 dy 1
n
+ P . n -1 = Q
y dx y Integrating, we get

1
Putting = v and differentiating w.r.t x, 1
y n -1 - + log x - log y = c
xy

(n - 1) dy dv
we get - = Which is the required solution.
y n dx dx
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
123

9. APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS PG y

From D PGN cos q = =
PN PN
In solving some geometrical problems, the following
results are very helpful. Þ PN = y secq (length of the normal)

2
æ dy ö
= y 1 + tan q = y 1 + ç ÷
2
è dx ø

GN
tan q =
y

dy
Þ GN = y tan q = y (length of the sub normal)
dx
Let PT and PN be the tangent and the normal at P(x, y).
Let the tangent at P makes an angle q with the x-axis. Illustration 11 :

æ dy ö If the length of the sub-normal at any point P on the

Then the slope of the tangent at P = tan q = ç ÷ and
è dx ø P curve is directly proportional to OP2, where O is
the origin, then form the differential equation of the family
1 of curves and hence find the family of curves.
the slope of the normal at P = - .
æ dy ö
ç ÷ dy
è dx ø p Sol. Here AB = y tanq = y
dx
Equation of the tangent at P(x, y) is
æ dy ö
Y - y = ç ÷ ( X - x)
è dx ø P
Equation of the normal at P(x, y) is

1
Y-y=- ( X - x)
æ dy ö
ç ÷
è dx ø P

PG y Also OP2 = x2 + y2
From D PGT sin q = =
PT PT Given, length of the subnormal = k. OP2
\ PT = y cosecq (lenght of the tangent) dy
or, y = k ( x2 + y2 )
dx
2
æ dy ö
1+ ç ÷
2
1 + tan q è dx ø dy
=y =y or, 2y - 2ky 2 = 2kx 2 ...(i)
tan q dy dx
dx
dy dt
Let y2 = t Þ 2 y = ...(ii)
dx dx
PG y
And, tan q = =
TG TG dt
From (i) and (ii), we get - 2kt = 2kx 2
dx
y
Þ TG = y cotq (length of the sub tangent) = Which is a linear differential equation.
dy
dx
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
124

I . F = eò
-2 k dx dy dy
\ = e-2 kx Integrating, = f ( x) dx + c1 i.e. = F ( x) + c1 ... (ii)
dx ò dx
\ The solution is
Where F ( x) = ò f ( x) dx
t . e -2 kx = ò 2 kx 2 e -2 kx dx + c
From (ii), dy = ò F ( x ) dx + c1dx
é e-2 kx 2 ù
= 2k ê x 2 + òx e
-2 kx
dx ú
ë -2 k 2 k û Integrating, y = ò F ( x )dx + c1 x + c2

é e -2 kx 1 ì e-2 kx 1 üù \ y = H(x) + c1x + c2

= 2k ê x 2 + íx + ò e -2kx dx ý ú
ëê -2k k î -2k 2k þ ûú where H ( x ) = ò F ( x ) dx c1 and c2 are arbitrary constants.

x e -2 kx 1 e -2 kx
= - x 2 e -2 kx - - + c or,, 10.2 Particular solution type problems
k k 2k
To solve such a problem, we proceed according to the
x 1
y 2 = - x2 - - 2 + c e2 kx type of the problem (i.e. variable - separable, linear, exact,
k 2k homogeneous etc.) and then we apply the given
conditions to find the particular values of the arbitrary
10. MISCELLANEOUS constants.
10.1 A special type of second order differential equation

d2 y
= f ( x) ..... (1)
dx 2
Equation (1) may be re-written as

d æ dy ö æ dy ö
ç ÷ = f ( x) Þ d ç ÷ = f ( x) dx
dx è dx ø è dx ø
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 125

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example – 1 Example – 3

Find the order and degree of the differential equation The differential equation for the family of curves
2/ 3
x2 + y2 –2ay = 0, where a is an arbitrary constant, is
é æ dy ö 2 ù d2 y
ê4 + ç ÷ ú = (a) 2 (x2 – y2) y’ = xy (b) 2(x2 + y2) y’ = xy
êë è dx ø úû dx 2
(c) (x2 – y2) y’ = 2xy (d) (x2 + y2) y’ = 2xy
Sol. Here power on the differential coefficient is fractional, Ans: (c)
therefore change it into positive integer, so
Sol: Given family of curve is x 2 + y 2 - 2ay = 0 ...(i)
2/ 3
é æ dy ö2 ù d2 y
ê4 + ç ÷ ú = x2 + y 2
dx 2 Þ 2a =
ëê è dx ø ûú y

2
é æ dy ö2 ù éd2yù
3 Also from (i), 2 x + 2 yy ¢ - 2ay ¢ = 0
Þ ê4 + ç ÷ ú = ê 2 ú
ëê è dx ø ûú ë dx û
æ x2 + y 2 ö
Þ 2 x + 2 yy ¢ - ç ÷ y¢ = 0
Hence order is 2 and degree is 3. è y ø
Example – 2
æ 2 y2 - x2 - y2 ö 2 2
Þ 2x + y¢ç ÷ = 0 Þ y ¢ x - y = 2 xy
Find the degree of the differential equation è y ø
d2 y dy
- -3 = x Example – 4
dx 2 dx
If the differential equation representing the family of all
d2y dy circles touching x-axis at the origin is
Sol. 2
- -3 = x
dx dx
dy
x 2 - y2 = g(x) y, then g(x) equals:
dx
d2y dy
Þ -x= -3
dx 2 dx 1
(a) x (b) 2x2
Squaring both sides, we get 2

2 1 2
æ d2 y ö æ dy ö (c) 2x (d) x
ç 2 - x ÷ = ç - 3÷ 2
è dx ø è dx ø
Ans: (c)
2
æ d2 y ö 2 d 2 y dy
Þ ç 2 ÷ + x - 2x 2 = -3.
è dx ø dx dx

Clearly, degree = 2.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 126

Example – 5

Find the differential equation for all the straight lines

which are at a unit distance from the origin
Sol. Since the equation of lines whose distance from origin is
unit, is given by x cos a + y sin a = 1 ... (i)
Sol:
dy
Differentiate w.r.t. x, we get cos a + sin a = 0 ... (ii)
dx

Center of circle = 0, α On eliminating the ‘a’ with the help of (i) and (ii) i.e.,
(i) –(x × (ii))
and radius = |a|
Equation of circle : æ dy ö æ dy ö
Þ sin a ç y - x ÷ = 1Þ ç y - x ÷ = cosec a ... (iii)
è dx ø è dx ø
2 2 2
x + ( y -a ) = a
2
dy æ dy ö
Þ x 2 + y 2 - 2a y = 0 ....(1) Also (ii) Þ = - cot a Þ ç ÷ = cot 2 a ... (iv)
dx è dx ø
Differentiate w.r.t.x
2 2
æ dy ö æ dy ö
dy dy Therefore by (iii) and (iv), 1 + ç ÷ = ç y - x ÷ .
2 x + 2 y - 2a =0 è dx ø è dx ø
dx dx
Example – 6
dy
x+ y Form the differential equation represented by family of
Þa = dx
dy curves y = ex (A cos x + B sin x).
dx Sol. Given y = ex A cos x + ex B sin x

put in (1) dy
= Ae x cos x – Aex sin x + Bex sin x + Bex cos x
dx

æ dy ö dy
2 2
ç x + y dx ÷ = (A + B) ex cos x + (B – A)ex sin x
x + y - 2y ç ÷=0 dx
çç dy ÷÷
è dx ø
d2 y
= (A + B)ex cos x – ex sin x (A + B) +
dx 2
dy dy
Þ x2 + y 2 - 2 xy - 2 y 2 =0 (B – A)ex sin x + (B – A)ex cos x
dx dx

d2 y
dy 2
= 2 Be x cos x - 2Ae x sin x.
Þ x2 - y 2 = 2 xy dx
dx

Þ g ( x) = 2 x
d2 y dy
Hence = 2 - 2y .
dx 2 dx
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 127

Example – 7 Example – 10

Find the solution of the differential equation Find the solution of the differential equation
(sin x + cos x) dy + (cos x – sin x) dx = 0
(1 + x2) (1 + y) dy + (1 + x) (1 + y2) dx = 0

dy cos x - sin x æ cos x - sin x ö Sol. Given equation (1 + x2) (1 + y)dy + (1 + x) (1 + y2) dx=0
Sol. =- Þ dy = - ç ÷ dx
dx sin x + cos x è sin x + cos x ø
(1 + y) (1 + x)
Þ 2
dy = - dx
On integrating both sides, we get (1 + y ) (1 + x 2 )
Þ y = –log (sin x + cos x) + log c
é 1 y ù é 1 x ù
æ c ö Þ ò êë1 + y + ú dy + ò ê + dx + c = 0
x 2 úû
y
Þ y = log ç ÷ Þ e (sin x + cos x) = c.
2
1 + y2 û ë 1 + x 2
1 +
è sin x + cos x ø

Example – 8 1 1
Þ tan -1 y + log (1 + y 2 ) + tan -1 x + log (1 + x 2 ) = c .
2 2
dy
Find the solution of differential equation x + y = y2 Example – 11
dx

Find the solution of the differential equation

dy dy
Sol. x + y = y2 Þ x = y2 - y
dx dx dy
a+x + xy = 0 is
dx
dy dx é 1 1ù dx
Þ =
2
Þê - ú dy =
y -y x ë y -1 y û x dy xy dy - xdx
Sol. Given + =0Þ =
dx a+x y a+x
On integrating, we get
log (y – 1) – log y = log x + log c
dy -x
Integrating both sides, ò = dx
y ò x+a
y -1
Þ = xc Þ y = 1 + cxy .
y
x +a -a a
log y = - ò dx = - ò x + a dx + ò dx
Example – 9 x +a x+a

3
dy 1 - y2 2
Find the solution of the equation + =0 Þ log y = - x+a 2 + 2a x + a + log A
dx 1- x2 3

dy 1 - y2 dy dx æ - ( x + a) ö
Sol. + = 0Þ ò = -ò = 2 x+a ç + a ÷ + log A
dx 1- x 2
1- y 2
1- x2 è 3 ø

Þ sin–1 y = – sin–1x + sin–1c æ 2a - x ö

= 2 x+a ç ÷ + log A
è 3 ø
Þ sin -1 éê x 1 - y 2 + y 1 - x 2 ùú = sin -1 c
ë û
[2 / 3 x + a (2a - x )]
Þ y = Ae .
Þ x 1 - y2 + y 1 - x 2 = c
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 128

Example – 12 Example – 14

Find the solution of (x + y – 1)dx + (2x + 2y – 3)dy = 0

dy x + y
Find the solution of the equation =
dy æ x + y -1 ö dx x - y
Sol. Given equation is = -ç ÷
dx è 2x + 2y - 3 ø
dy x + y
Sol. Given equation, =
dy dt dx x - y
Put x + y = t Þ = -1
dx dx
It is a homogeneous equation as f l x, l y = f x, y so
dt 1- t dt t-2 putting y = vx
\ -1 = Þ =
dx 2t - 3 dx 2t - 3
dy dv
Þ = v + x , we get
2t - 3 dx dx
Þ dt = dx.
t -2
dv x + vx 1 + v
Integrating both sides, we get v+x = =
dx x - vx 1 - v
2t - 4 3-4
ò dt - ò dt = ò 1dx dv 1 + v 2
t-2 t-2 Þ x =
dx 1 - v
Þ 2t + log (t – 2) = x + c
Substituting t = x + y, we get, 1 æ 1 v ö
Þ dx = ç 2
- 2 ÷ dv
Þ 2(x + y) + log (x + y – 2) = x + c x è 1+ v 1+ v ø
Þ 2y + x + log (x + y – 2) = c.
1
Þ log e x = tan -1 v - log (1 + v 2 ) - log e c
Example – 13 2

Find the solution of the differential equation y

Substituting v = , we get
dy x
(x + y)2 = a2
dx
y 1 é æ y ö2 ù
log e x = tan -1 - log ê1 + ç ÷ ú - log e c
dy dv dy dv x 2 êë è x ø úû
Sol. Put x + y = v Þ 1 + = Þ = -1
dx dx dx dx
tan -1 (y / x )
Þ c(x2 + y2)1/2 = e .
æ dv ö
\ v 2 ç - 1÷ = a 2
è dx ø Example – 15

dv a 2 a 2 + v2 v2 Find the solution of the differential equation

Þ = 2 +1 = Þ dv = dx
dx v v2 a 2 + v2 dy
x+y = 2y is
dx
æ a2 ö v
Þ ç1 - 2 2 ÷
dv = dx Þ v - a tan -1 = x + c
è a +v ø a dy x dy
Sol. Given x + y = 2y Þ + =2
dx y dx
Substituting v = x + y, we get,
dy dv
æ x+yö Put y = vx Þ = v+x
Þ y = a tan -1 ç ÷+c dx dx
è a ø
1 dv dv 2v - 1
\ + v+x = 2Þ v + x. =
v dx dx v
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 129

Integrating both sides,

v dx v -1+1 dx
Þ 2
dv = - Þ 2
dv = -
(v - 1) x (v - 1) x log X = log t -1/ 2 + log c

\ X = t–1/2 c Þ X = (v2 – v + 1)–1/2 . c

é 1 1 ù dx
ê + 2 ú
dv = - X2 (v2 – v + 1) = constant
ë (v - 1) (v - 1) û x
Y y +1
Integrating both sides, Plugging X = x + 1, v = = , we get
X x +1
1
Þ log (v - 1) - = - log x + c æ (y + 1) 2 (y + 1) ö
v -1 (x + 1)2 ç - + 1÷ = constant
2
è (x + 1) x +1 ø
y Þ log ( y - x) = x + c
Substituting v = y-x
(y + 1)2 – (y + 1) (x + 1) + (x + 1)2 = constant
x
y2 + x2 – xy + x + y = c.
Example – 16
Example – 17
Find the general solution of the differential equation
dy -1
(2x – y + 1)dx + (2y – x + 1)dy = 0 Solve the differential equation (1 + x2) + y = e tan x .
dx
Sol. (2x – y + 1)dx + (2y – x + 1)dy = 0
dy -1
dy 2x - y + 1 Sol. Given differential equation is (1 + x 2 ) + y = e tan x
= , put x = X + h, y = Y + k dx
dx x - 2y - 1
Dividing throughout by 1 + x2, we get
dY 2X - Y + 2h - k + 1
= dy 1 1 tan-1 x
dX X - 2Y + h - 2k - 1 + y= e ,
2
dx 1 + x 1+ x2
Put 2h – k + 1 = 0 and h – 2k – 1 = 0
On solving h = –1, k = –1; dy
which is of the form + Py = Q .
So, X = x + 1, Y = y + 1 dx

dY 2X - Y 1 1 -1
\ = Here, P = 2
and Q = 2
e tan x .
dX X - 2Y 1+ x 1+ x
So, the given differential equation is linear in y.
dY dv
Put Y = vX; Þ = v+X 1
dX dX ò 2 dx -1 x
I .F . = e ò
P dx
= e 1+ x = e tan
dv 2X - vX 2 - v
v+X = = -1
dX X - 2vX 1 - 2v -1 x -1 x e tan x
\ Solution is given by ye tan = ò e tan . dx + C
1+ x2
dv 2 - 2v + 2v 2 2 (v 2 - v + 1)
X = = 1
dX 1 - 2v 1 - 2v On R.H.S., substitute tan -1 x = t Þ dx = dt
1 + x2
dX (1 - 2v) -1 x
\ = dv So, we obtain ye tan = ò e t e t dt + C
X 2(v 2 - v + 1)

Put v2 – v + 1 = t Þ (2v – 1) dv = dt -1 x
Þ ye tan = ò e 2t dt + C
dX dt
\ =-
X 2t -1 x e 2t
Þ ye tan = +C
2
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 130

The given equation becomes

tan -1 x 1 -1
Þ ye = e 2 tan x + C
2 1 æ dz ö 1 dz 5
- ç ÷ + z = x 2 or - z = -5x 2 ,
5 è dx ø x dx x
1 tan -1 x -1
or y= e + Ce - tan x , C being an arbitrary constant.
2
5
which is linear in z with P = - and Q = –5x2.
Example – 18 x

5
ò - x dx
I.F. = e ò
P dx
dy =e = e -5 log x = (elog x )-5 = x -5
Solve - 2 y cos x = –2 sin 2 x.
dx
Hence, the solution of the transformed equation is given
by
dy
Sol. Given - 2 cos x . y = – 2 sin 2x. ... (1)
dx zx -5 = ò x -5 ( -5x 2 )dx + C or
It is a linear in y with ‘P’ = –2 cos x and ‘Q’ = –2 sin 2x.
y–5 x–5 = –5 òx
-3
dx + C Q z = y -5
æ ò Pdx ö
I.F. = e ò = e -2 sin x , çèQ I.F. = e
-2 cos x dx
÷
ø
1 æ x -2 ö
or = - 5 ç ÷+C
\ Solution of (1) is (xy)5 è -2 ø
y.e -2 sin x = ò -2 sin 2x.e -2 sin x dx + C
1 5 3
or 5
= x + Cx 5 ,
-2 sin x y 2
= –4 òe sin x cos x dx + C,
which is the required solution of the given differential
1 equation.
On R.H.S. put – 2 sin x = t Þ cos x dx = - dt
2
Example – 20
æ t öæ 1 ö
\ ye-2 sin x = -4 ò e t ç - ÷ ç - dt ÷ + C Solve the differential equation
è 2øè 2 ø
dy
sec2 y + 2x tan y = x 3
= - ò t e t dt + C = - te t - ò 1.e t dt + C dx

= – (tet – et) + C = – (–2 sin x – 1) e–2 sin x + C dy

Sol. Given sec2 y . + 2x tan y = x 3 ... (1)
Þ y = 2 sin x + 1 + C . e2 sin x. dx
Example – 19
dy dz
Put tan y = z Þ sec 2 y = ,
dx dx
dy 1
Solve the equation + y = x 2 y6 , x > 0
dx x dz
\ (1) becomes + 2x.z = x 3 ... (2)
dx
dy 1
Sol. Given equation is + y = x 2 y6 , which is linear in z with ‘P’ = 2x.
dx x
2
I.F. = e ò
2xdx
dividing throughout by y6, = ex ,

dy 1 -5 \ solution of (2) is given by

we get y -6 + y = x 2 ... (1)
dx x 2 2
ze x = ò x 3 .e x dx + C ,
–5
Substitute y = z

dy dz dy 1 dz æ 2 1 ö
Þ -5 y -6 = Þ y -6 =- ç put x = t Þ x dx = dt ÷
dx dx dx 5 dx è 2 ø
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 131

Example – 23
t1 1
= ò t.e . dt + C = te t - ò 1.e t dt + C
2 2 Find the equation of a curve passing through the point
(0, –2) given that at any point (x, y) on the curve the
1 t 1 2 product of the slope of its tangent and y coordinate of
= (te - e t ) + C = (x 2 - 1) e x + C the point is equal to the x coordinate of the point.
2 2
dy
1 2
Sol. We are given that y =x ... (1)
\ z = (x 2 - 1) + C.e- x dx
2
Þ y dy = x dx, integrating, we obtain

\ Solution of (1) is tan y =

1 2 2
(x - 1) + Ce - x . y2 x 2
= +C ... (2)
2 2 2
Since (0, –2) lies on this curve, therefore,
Example – 21
(-2) 2 4
Find the solution of (1 + xy)y dx + (1 – xy)x dy = 0 is = 0+C Þ C = = 2
2 2
Sol. ydx + xdy + xy2 dx – x2 ydy = 0
Substituting this value of C in (2), we obtain the required
equation of the curve as
ydx + xdy dx dy
+ - = 0 . On integrating, we get
x 2 y2 x y y2 x 2
= +2 or x2 – y2 + 4 = 0.
2 2
d xy dx dy Example – 24
Þ 2 2
+ - =0
x y x y
If the slope of the tangent at (x, y) to a curve passing

1 x 1 æ pö y 2æ yö
Þ- + log x - log y = k Þ log = + k . through ç1, ÷ is given by - cos ç ÷ , then find the
xy y xy è 4ø x èxø
equation of the curve is
Example – 22
dy y æyö
Sol. We have = - cos 2 ç ÷
Find the solution of ye–x/y dx – (xe–x/y + y3) dy = 0 dx x èxø

Sol. ye–x/y dx – (xe–x/y + y3) dy = 0 dy dv

Putting y = vx so that = v + x , we get
dx dx
-x / y (ydx - xdy)
e–x/y (ydx – xdy) = y3 dy Þ e = ydy
y2 dv
v+x = v - cos2 v
dx
æxö
Þ e - x / y d ç ÷ = ydy . dv dx
èyø Þ =-
cos 2 v x
Integrating both sides, we get On integrating, we get
tan v = – log x + log c
y2
k - e- x/ y =
2 æyö
Þ tan ç ÷ = - log x + log c
èxø
y2
Þ + e- x / y = k
2
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 132

æ pö dp (t ) P(t ) - 900
This passes through ç1, ÷ , therefore 1 = log c =
è 4ø dt 2

or log c = log e d ( p (t ))
\ 2ò = dt
p(t ) - 900 ò
æ yö é æ e öù
Þ tan ç ÷ = - log x + loge Þ y = x tan -1 êlog ç ÷ú .
èxø ë è x øû
\ 2ln p(t ) - 900 = t + c
Example – 25 putting t = 0

The population p(t) at time t of a certain mouse species Þ 2 ln 50 = c

dp t \ 2ln p(t ) - 900 = t + 2ln 50

satisfies the differential equation = 0.5 p(t) – 450. If
dt
p(t ) = 0
p(0) = 850, then the time at which the population becomes
zero is Þ 2ln900 = t + 2ln 50
(a) 2 log 18 (b) log 9
t = 2(ln 900 - ln 50)
1
(c) log 18 (d) log 18
2 æ 900 ö
Þ t = 2 ln ç ÷
è 50 ø
Ans: (a)
Þ t Þ 2 ln18
dp (t ) 1
Sol: = p(t ) - 450
dt 2