Subject: Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology

Topic: Blood Vessels and Circulation Prepared by: Vince Almae G. Tangarocan
Course and Year: MLS1-H
Chapter 13: BLOOD VESSEL WALLS
Tunica intima:

Blood Vessels • innermost layer

• simple squamous
Tunica media:

and Circulation
• middle layer
• smooth muscle with elastic and
collagen
BLOOD VESSELS Tunica adventitia:
Blood vessels outside the heart are divided • outermost layer
into two classes: • connective tissue
1. The pulmonary vessels, which TYPES OF ARTERIES
transport blood from the right Elastic arteries:
ventricle of the heart • largest in diameter
through the lungs and back to the • thickest walls
left atrium • Example - aorta and pulmonary
2. The systemic vessels, which trunk
transport blood from the left Muscular arteries:
ventricle of the heart through all • medium to small size
parts of the body and back to the • thick in diameter
right atrium • contain smooth muscle cells
BLOOD VESSEL FUNCTIONS • can control blood flow to body
1. Carry blood regions
2. Exchange nutrients, waste products,
gases within tissues
3. Transport substances
4. Regulate blood pressure
5. Direct blood flow to tissues
VESSEL STRUCTURES
Arteries:
• carry blood away from heart
• thick with a lot of elastic
Veins:
• carry blood toward heart
• think with less elastic
Capillaries:
• exchange occurs between blood
and tissue fluids
BLOOD FLOW
▪ Blood flows from arteries into
arterioles
▪ Arterioles into capillaries
▪ Capillaries into venules
▪ Venules to small veins
▪ Veins return to heart
Subject: Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology
Topic: Blood Vessels and Circulation Prepared by: Vince Almae G. Tangarocan
Course and Year: MLS1-H
CAPILLARIES VALVES
▪ Blood flows from arterioles into
capillaries
▪ Capillaries branch to form networks
▪ Blood flow is regulated by smooth
muscle cells, precapillary
sphincters
CAPILLARY NETWORK

PULMONARY CIRCULATION VESSELS

Pulmonary circulation:
• blood vessels that carry blood
from right ventricle to lungs and
back from left atrium of heart
Pulmonary trunk:
• blood pump from right ventricle
CAPILLARY STRUCTURE
towards lung
Pulmonary veins:
• exit lungs and carry O2 rich blood
to left atrium
SYSTEMATIC CIRCULATION VESSELS
▪ The systemic circulation carries
blood from the left ventricle to the
tissues of the body and back to the
right atrium.
▪ Oxygenated blood from the
pulmonary veins passes from the
TYPES OF VEINS left atrium into the left ventricle and
▪ Blood flows from capillaries into from the left ventricle into the aorta.
venules ▪ Arteries distribute blood from the
▪ Blood flows from venules into small aorta to all portions of the body
veins PARTS OF THE AORTA
▪ All 3 tunics are present in small Ascending:
veins • passes superiorly from left
Medium sized veins: ventricle
• collect blood from small veins and Aortic arch:
deliver to largeveins • 3 major arteries which carry blood
Large veins: to head and upper limbs
• contain valves
Subject: Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology
Topic: Blood Vessels and Circulation Prepared by: Vince Almae G. Tangarocan
Course and Year: MLS1-H
Descending: • near elbow
• extends through thorax and Radial arteries:
abdomen to pelvis • branch of brachial artery
Thoracic: • supply blood to forearm and hand
• part of descending aorta that • pulse taken here
extends through thorax to ABDOMINAL AORTA BRANCHES
diaphragm Celiac trunk arteries:
Abdominal: • supply blood to stomach,
• descending aorta that extends pancreas, spleen, liver, upper
from diaphragm where it divides at duodenum
the common iliac arteries Superior mesenteric arteries:
ARTERIES OF THE HEAD AND NECK • supply blood to small intestines
Branches of aortic arch: and upper portion of colon
• brachiocephalic artery Inferior mesenteric arteries:
• left common carotid artery • supply blood to colon
• left subclavian Renal arteries:
Brachiocephalic artery: • supply blood to kidneys
• first branch off aortic arch Hepatic arteries:
• supplies blood to right side of • supply blood to liver
head and neck Testicular arteries:
Left common carotid artery: • supply blood to testes
• 2nd branch off aortic arch Ovarian arteries:
• supplies blood to the left side of • supply blood to ovaries
head and neck Inferior phrenic arteries:
Left subclavian artery: • supply blood to diaphragm
• 3rd branch off aortic arch Lumbar arteries:
• supplies blood to left upper limbs • supply blood to lumbar vertebra
Right common carotid artery: and back muscles
• branches off brachiocephalic ARTERIES OF PELVIS
artery Common iliac arteries:
• supplies blood to right side of • branches from abdominal aorta
head and neck • divides into internal iliac arteries
Right subclavian artery: External iliac arteries:
• branches off brachiocephalic • division of common iliac artery
artery • supply blood to lower limbs
• supplies blood to right upper limbs Internal iliac arteries:
ARTERIES OF THE UPPER LIMBS • division of common iliac
Axillary arteries: • supply blood to pelvic area
• continuation of subclavian ARTERIES OF THE LOWER LIMBS
• supply blood deep in clavicle Femoral arteries:
Brachial arteries: • supply to thigh
• continuation of axillary Popliteal arteries:
• where blood pressure • supply blood to knee
measurements are taken Anterior and posterior arteries:
Ulnar arteries: • supply blood to leg and foot
• branch of brachial artery
Subject: Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology
Topic: Blood Vessels and Circulation Prepared by: Vince Almae G. Tangarocan
Course and Year: MLS1-H
Fibular arteries: Cephalic veins:
• supply blood to lateral leg and foot • empty into axillary vein and basilic
VEINS vein
▪ Veins return blood to the heart. Median cubital veins:
▪ In the systemic circulation, the • connects to cephalic vein
blood returning to the heart is • near elbow
deoxygenated.
▪ In the pulmonary circulation, the
blood returning to the heart in the
pulmonary veins is oxygenated.
Superior vena cava:
• returns blood from head, neck,
thorax, and right upper limbs
• empties into right atrium of heart
Inferior vena cava:
• returns blood from abdomen,
pelvis, lower limbs
• empties into right atrium of heart
VEINS OF THE HEAD AND NECK
External jugular vein:
• drain blood from head and neck
• empties into subclavian veins
Internal jugular vein:
• drain blood from brain, face, neck
• empty into subclavian veins VEINS OF THE THORAX
Subclavian veins: Right and left brachiocephalic veins:
• forms brachiocephalic veins • drain blood from thorax into
Brachiocephalic veins: superior vena cava
• join to form superior vena cava Azygos veins:
• drain blood from thorax into
superior vena cava

Internal thoracic veins:

• empty into brachiocephalic veins
Posterior intercostal veins:
• drain blood from posterior thoracic
wall
• drains into azygos vein on right
side
Hemiazygos vein:
• receives blood from azygos vein
of left side

VEINS OF THE UPPER LIMBS

Brachial veins:
• empty into axillary vein
Subject: Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology
Topic: Blood Vessels and Circulation Prepared by: Vince Almae G. Tangarocan
Course and Year: MLS1-H
VEINS OF THE HEPATIC PORTAL
SYSTEM

VEINS OF THE ABDOMEN AND PELVIS

Common iliac vein: VEINS OF THE LOWER LIMBS
• formed from external and internal Femoral veins:
iliacs • drain blood from thigh and empty
• empty into inferior vena cava into external iliac vein
External iliac vein: Great saphenous veins:
• drains blood from lower limbs • drain from foot and empty into
• empty into common iliac vein femoral vein
Internal iliac vein: Popliteal veins:
• drains blood from pelvic region • drain blood from knee and empty
• empties into common iliac vein into femoral vein
Renal vein:
• drains blood from kidneys
HEPATIC PORTAL SYSTEM
Liver is a major processing center for
substances absorbed by intestinal tract.
Portal system:
• vascular system that begins with
capillaries in viscera and ends with
capillaries in liver
• uses splenic vein and superior
mesenteric vein
Subject: Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology
Topic: Blood Vessels and Circulation Prepared by: Vince Almae G. Tangarocan
Course and Year: MLS1-H
BLOOD PRESSURE LOCAL CONTROL OF BLOOD FLOW
- is the measure of force blood exerts THROUGH CAPILLARY BEDS
against blood vessel walls.
Systolic pressure: contraction of heart
Diastolic pressure: relaxation of heart
Average Blood Pressure: 120/80
PULSE PRESSURE
- is the difference between systolic
and diastolic blood pressures.
• Example - 120 for systolic / 80 for
diastolic; pulse pressure is 40 mm Hg
• pulse pressure points can be felt near
large arteries
CAPILLARY EXCHANGE
▪ Most exchange across capillary
wall’s occurs by diffusion
▪ Blood pressure, capillary
permeability and osmosis affect
movement of fluids across capillary
walls.
▪ Net movement of fluid from blood
into tissues
▪ Fluid gained in tissues is removed
by lymphatic system
LOCAL CONTROL OF BLOOD FLOW
▪ Local control achieved by relaxation
and contraction of precapillary NERVOUS CONTROL OF BLOOD FLOW
sphincters Vasomotor center:
▪ Sphincters relax blood flow • sympathetic division
increases • controls blood vessel diameter
▪ Precapillary sphincters controlled Vasomotor tone:
by metabolic needs of tissues • state of partial constriction of
▪ Concentration of nutrients also blood vessels
control blood flow • increase causes blood vessels to
▪ Blood flow increases when oxygen constrict and blood pressure to go
levels decrease up
HORMONAL CONTROL OF BLOOD
FLOW
▪ The sympathetic division also
regulates hormonal control of blood
flow through the release of
epinephrine and norepinephrine
from the adrenal medulla.
▪ In most blood vessels, these
hormones cause constriction, which
reduces blood flow.
Subject: Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology
Topic: Blood Vessels and Circulation Prepared by: Vince Almae G. Tangarocan
Course and Year: MLS1-H
▪ In some tissues, such as skeletal ▪ Cardiac output is equal to the
muscle and cardiac muscle, these heart rate (HR) times the stroke
hormones cause the blood vessels volume (SV).
to dilate, increasing blood flow. ▪ Peripheral resistance is the
NERVOUS REGULATION OF BLOOD resistance to blood flow in all the
VESSELS blood vessels.
MAP = CO × PR
BARORECEPTOR REFLEXES
- activate responses to blood
pressure in normal range
- respond to stretch in arteries due to
increased pressure
- Located in carotid sinuses and
aortic arch
▪ Change peripheral resistance,
heart rate, stroke volume in
response to blood pressure
CHEMORECEPTOR REFLEX
- are sensitive to changes in blood
oxygen, carbon dioxide, and Ph
- located in carotid bodies and aortic
bodies which lie near carotid
MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE sinuses and aortic arch
▪ An adequate blood pressure is ▪ They send action potentials
required to maintain blood flow along sensory nerve to medulla
through the blood vessels of the oblongata
body. ADRENAL MEDULLARY MECHANISM
▪ Several regulatory mechanisms 1. Stimuli increase sympathetic stimulation
ensure that blood pressure remains to adrenal medulla
adequate for this task. 2. Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine
Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and norepinephrine into blood
- is a calculated value that reflects 3. This causes increased heart rate and
an average arterial pressure in stroke volume and vasoconstriction
various vessels of the body. 4. Vasodilation of blood vessels in skeletal
- changes in response to changes in and cardiac muscle
HR, SV, or PR. RENIN-AGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE
- changes over our lifetime. MECHANISM
- about 70 mm Hg at birth. 1. Reduce blood flow causes kidneys to
- maintained at about 95 mm Hg release renin
from adolescence to middle age, 2. Renin acts on angiotensinogen to
and may reach 110 mm Hg in a produce angiotensin I
healthy older person. 3. Angiotensin-converting enzyme converts
▪ The body’s MAP is equal to the angiotensin I to angiotensin II
cardiac output (CO) times the 4. Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction
peripheral resistance (PR). 5. Angiotensin II acts on adrenal cortex to
release aldosterone
Subject: Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology
Topic: Blood Vessels and Circulation Prepared by: Vince Almae G. Tangarocan
Course and Year: MLS1-H
6. Aldosterone acts on kidneys causes
them to conserve sodium and water
7. Result less water lost in urine and blood
pressure maintained
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE MECHANISM
1. Nerve cells in hypothalamus release
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) when
concentration of solutes in plasma
increases or blood pressure decrease
2. ADH acts of kidneys and they absorb
more water (decrease urine volume)
3. Result is maintain blood volume and
blood pressure
AGING AND BLOOD VESSELS
Arteriosclerosis:
• makes arteries less elastic
Atherosclerosis:
• type of arteriosclerosis
• from deposit of materials in artery
walls (plaque)
Factors that contribute to
atherosclerosis:
• lack of exercise, smoking, obesity,
diet high in cholesterol and trans
fats, some genetics