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Week - 1 FAQ Activity Question Mathematics for Data Science - 1 1, Suppose the relation R = {(S i, Frog), (Bird, Bird), (Fox, Frog), (Snail, Fox)} is defined on the set $ = {Snail, Fox, Bird, Frog} i ii, ‘The relation R on the set $ is(are) (a) Reflexive (b) Symmetric (c) ‘Transitive (a) None of these. Solution: We have relation R = {(Snail, Frog), (Bird, Bird), (Fox, Frog), (Snail, Fox)} de- fined on the set $ = {Snail, Fox, Bird, Frog}. A relation on a set A is said to be a reflexive relation if (a,a) € R, Ya € A. Snail €S but (Snail, Snail) ¢ R, so Ris not a reflexive relation. Hence, option (a) is not correet. A relation Ron aset A is said to be a symmetric relation if (a,6) € implies that, (b,a) also belongs to R. Since (Snail, Frog) € F but (Frog, Snail) ¢ R, R is not symmetric. So, option (b) is not correct. A relation R on a set A is said to be a transitive relation if (a,b) € Rand (b,c) € R implies that (a, ¢) belongs to R. (Snail, Fox) € R, (Fox, Frog) € R and (Snail, Frog) belongs to R. Similarly, (Bird, Bird) € R. Hence R is a transitive relation and so option (c) is correct. Lot P be a subset of [(S x $) \ R]. What is the set of possible cardinalities of P? (a) (1,2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12} (>) (c) (1,2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11} (a) {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12} Solution: We have |S] = 4 and |R| = 4 So, cardinality of the set $x S, |S x S| = |$| x |S] = 4x 4 = 16. And |(S x 8)\R] = 16-4 = 12. ince P is a subset of ($x $)\R, so cardinality of P can be any natural number less, than or equal to 12. So, possible c ies of set: P is {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, 10, 1, 12} Hence, option (d) is coniii, What is the minimum number of clements of the Cartesian product $x S that need to be added to R such that the relation becomes symmetric? (a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 2 (d) 3 Solution: Given R = {(Snail, Frog), (Bird, Bird), (Fox, Frog), (Snail, Fox)}. In order to make Ra symmetric relation, we must do the following. Since (Snail, Frog) € R, it is necessary that (Frog, Snail) must also be in R. So, add (Frog, Snail) to R. Similarly, corresponding to (Fox, Frog) and (Snail, Fox), we must add (Frog, Fox) and. (Snail, Fox) respectively to R. Corresponding to (Bird, Bird) € R, we need not add (Bird, Bird) again as we do not add duplicates to a set. So, the minimum number of clements of Cartesian product $x S that have to be added to R such that the relation becomes symmetric is three. Hence option (d) is correct. Suppose f : Z— Zis a function defined by f(z) = Ax + B. For which of the following integer values of A and B, is the given function bijective? (a) A=0,B={ (b) A={1,1,.B (c) B={-1, 1}, A=0 (d) B=0,A={2| 2€Z} zeZ} 2| 2€Z} Solution: ‘To solve this, let ns go through each option Option (a): Suppose we substitute A = 0 and B with some clement 6 € B in given function f. ‘Then f(x) = 6. That is, f is a constant function. So, range of f, R(f) = {b}. RUF) A codomain of f (ic Z). Hence, function f is not surjective. Since a function tive if and only if it is both injective as well as surjective, it follows that f is not bijective. Now, consider option (b): In this case, if we substitute A = 1 and B with some b € B in f, then f(x) =—x +. To check if it is injective, let there exist two distinct clements, in the domain x,t, € Z such that flor) = fea) => —y b= +b => =m. From above, we sce that as no two distinct clements in the domain will give the same image. Hence 1r1, 17 € Z ean not be distinet. So, f is an injective function. Now, to show that f is surjec which is given as domain of f. lot us assume y € Z (codomain of f) => —y+beZS(-y +5) =—(-y +b) +b=y. ‘That is, we have an clement —y + b in Z (domain of f) such that f(—y+ 6) = y. He function f is surjective. So, when A =-1, and Bis b € B, function f is bijective. Similarly for 1 € A and any clement b € B, function f is bijective. So, for otion (b), function f is bijective . Now, for option (c): If A = 0 and for any clement of B, it is same case as option (a) Hence, for option (c), function f is not bije A and substitnte Then f(x) = 0 which is again a constant function and it is the same ease as option (a). So, function f is not surject So, for option (d), function f is again not a bijective function. Hence, the only correct option is option (b) Which of the following intervals are subsets of [2, 3]? (a) ( (0,23) U (23,3) ) 1m (0, 2.3) (b) (2, 25] U (25, 4]) \ (0, 2.3) (©) ((2, 2.5) U (25, 4]) 9 (0,3) (a) (0, 23] U (22 ,3}) \ (0,23) Solution: Let us go through the options: Option (a): ( (0, 2.3] U (2.3, 3) ) 0 (0, 2.3) = (0, 3] 9 (0, 2.3) = (0, 23). And 1 € (0, 2.3) but 1 ¢ [2, 3). Hence, (0, 2.3) can not be a subset of [2, 3). So, this option is not: correct. Option (b): ( (2, 2.5] U (2.5, 4] ) \ (0, 2.3) = (2, 4] \ (0, 2.3) = [23, 4]. And 4 € [23, 4] but 4 ¢ [2, 3] Hence, [2.3, 4] can not be a subs of [2, 3]. So, this option is not correet. Option (¢): ( (2, 2.5] U (2.5, 4] ) 9 (0, 3) = 2, 4JM @, 3) = (2, 3) € [2, 3]. So, this option is correct. Option (d): ( (0, 2.3] U (2.2, 3] ) \ (0, 2.3) = (0, 3] \ (0, 2.3) = [2.3, 3] C [2, 3). So, this option is correct.4, The domain and range of the function that is shown in the Figure 1.1 are [m,:r] and [n,y] respectively, where m,n,x,y € RB. Figure 1.1 i, What are the values of m,n respectively? (a) 0,3 (b) 4,1 (©) 4,9 (a) 2,6 ii, What are the values of xr, y respectivel (a) 9,9 (b) 4.9 () 1,9 (d) 2,6 Solution: Given that f : [m,1] [n,y]. From the Figure 1-1, on X-axis the input set for the function f is the closed interval [-4,9] and the ontput set for the function f is the elose interval [1, 9] So, let us compare [mr] with input set interval [-4, 9] and [n, y] with output set interval {1, 9] We will get m = —4,r=9,n =1,y=9. Hence, in question (i), the second option is correct. and in question (ii), the first option, is correct, 5. Let B = {Anil, Ramm, Suraj} and G = {Ncha, Keerthi} be the sets of boys and girls respectively. Ramu is brother of Neha, Anil is brother of Keerthi, Suraj is brother of Neha and Keerthi. Let us define a relation Ras follows, R= {(a,b) | (a,b) € B x Ga is brother of b}. Which of the following will be R? (a) {(Anil, Keerthi), (Suraj, Neha), (Ramu, Neha), (Suraj, Kecrthi)} (b) {(Anil, Keerthi), (Ramu, Keerthi), (Ramm, Neha), (Suraj, Neha)} (©) {(Anil, Neha), (Ramu, Keerthi), (Ramu, Neha), (Suraj, Keerthi)} (a) {(Anil, Keerthi), (Ramu, Neha), (Suraj, Neha), (Ramu, Keerthi), (Anil, Neha), (Suraj, Keerthi)} Solution: Given B = {Anil, Ramu, Suraj} and G = {Ncha, Kecrthi}. Ramn is brother of Ncha, Anil is brother of Keerthi, Suraj is brother of Neha and Keerthi. Hence, they are all siblings, R= {(a,b) | (a,b) € B x G,a is brother of b} Ris the set B x G and clements of R correspond to those given in option d. Hence, option (d) is correct. 6, Let x € R, Which of the following, functions is(are) injective? (a) f(z) = Vide (b) F(z) = Ee (c) f(x) =22 +9 (@) f= Solution: For cach function, we have to take those « from the set R such that the function is well defined. Now, let us go through the options: Option (a): f(x) = Y10—=. Observe that, domain(f) = { 2 € RII0—r>0 ie x < 10} Remark: Square root of any real number is positive. So, this function is a well defined function.To check if the function is injective, lot there exist two distinct clements in the domain 12 € R such that F(t) = f (a2) = V1l0-2 = V10—- 22 Squaring both sides, we get, 10-21 = 10— a = n=m It follows that no two distinct clements in the domain will give the same image. Hence 1,2 € B are not distinet. Therefore, this function is injective. Option (b): f(z) = 78,2 40 Observe that , domain(f) = RB \ {0} Again, let there exist two distinet elements in the domain },.r € R \ {0} such that S (#1) = f(e2) Tzy+6 772 +6 3x1 Since 21,.72 # 0, after re-arranging, we get, 32 Tata + Oa = Tata + Bat = usm Using the same reasoning as in option (a), this function is also injective. Option (e): f(a) =2r +9 Let there exist two distinct: ¢ ents in the domain «4, r2 € R such that => n+9 2 +9 = =m Using the same reasoning, as in option (a), it follows that this function is also injective. Option (d): f(c) = =e, 2 Substitute x = —4 and x = 3 in the given function. ‘Then, we get f(z) = 0 in both cases. For two different inputs, we get same output. So, this function is not injective
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