Performance of Transmission Lines 255 256 Principles of Power System

Putting the various values in exp (i), we get,

and A, B, C and D (generally complex numbers) are the constants known as generalised circuit
VS = 63508 × 0·992 ∠ 0·26º + 131 × 445 ∠ − 16º0′ × 0·1325 ∠ 74º6′
constants of the transmission line. The values of these constants depned upon the particular method
= 63000 ∠ 0·26º + 7724 ∠ 58º6′ adopted for solving a transmission line. Once the values of these constants are known, performance
= 63000 (0·999 + j 0·0045) + 7724 (0·5284 + j 0·8489) calculations of the line can be easily worked out. The following points may be kept in mind :
= 67018 + j 6840 = 67366 ∠ 5º50′ V
(i) The constants A, B, C and D are generally complex numbers.
Sending end line-to-line voltage = 67366 × √3 = 116·67 × 10 V = 116·67 kV
3

The sending end current IS is given by : (ii) The constants A and D are dimensionless whereas the dimensions of B and C are ohms and
Y siemen respectively.
IS = VR sinh Y Z + I R cosh Y Z (iii) For a given transmisson line,
Z
Putting the various values, we get, A = D
IS = 63508 × 0·00224 ∠ 16º × 0·1325 ∠ 74º6′ + 131 × 0·992 ∠ 0·26º (iv) For a given transmission line,
= 18·85 ∠ 90º6′ + 130 ∠ 0·26º AD−B C = 1
= 18·85 (− 0·0017 + j 0·999) + 130 (0·999 + j 0·0045) We shall establish the correctness of above characteristics of generalised circuit constants in the
= 129·83 + j 19·42 = 131·1 ∠ 8º A following discussion.
∴ Sending end current = 131·1 A 10.13 Deter mina
Determina tion of Generalised Constants ffor
mination or Transmission Lines
TUTORIAL PROBLEMS As stated previously, the sending end voltage (VS ) and sending end current ( IS ) of a transmission line
1. A 3-phase overhead transmission line has a total series impedance per phase of 200 ∠80º ohms and a can be expressed as :
total shunt admittance of 0·0013∠90º siemen per phase. The line delivers a load of 80 MW at 0·8 p.f.
lagging and 220 kV between the lines. Determine the sending end line voltage and current by rigorous
VS = A VR + B I R ...(i)
method. [263·574 kV ; 187·5 A] IS = C VR + D I R ...(ii)
2. A 3-phase transmission line, 160 km long, has the following constants :
We shall now determine the values of these constants for different types of transmission lines.
Resistance/phase/km = 0·2 Ω
(i) Short lines. In short transmission lines, the effect of line capacitance is neglected. There-
Reactance/phase/km = 0·3127 Ω
−6 fore, the line is considered to have series impedance. Fig. 10.23 shows the circuit of a 3-phase
Shunt admittance/phase/km = 1·875 × 10 S transmission line on a single phase basis.
Determine the sending end voltage and current by rigorous method when the line is delivering a load of
25 MVA at 0·8 p.f. lagging. The receiving end voltage is kept constant at 110 kV. [116·67 kV ; 131·1 A] Here, IS = I R ...(iii)
10.12 Generalised Circuit Constants of a Transmission Line
Circuit and VS = VR + I R Z ...(iv)
In any four terminal *network, the input voltage and input current can be expressed in terms of output Comparing these with eqs. (i) and (ii), we have,
voltage and output current. Incidentally, a transmission line is a 4-terminal network ; two input
terminals where power enters the network and two output terminals where power leaves the network. A =1; B = Z, C=0 and D =1
Incidentally ; A = D
e j ej
Therefore, the input voltage VS and input current IS of a 3-phase transmission line can be ex-
pressed as : and A D − B C = 1×1− Z × 0 =1
VS = A VR + B I R (ii) Medium lines – Nominal T method. In this method,
the whole line to neutral capacitance is assumed to be concentrated at the middle point of the line and
IS = C VR + D I R half the line resistance and reactance are lumped on
where VS = sending end voltage per phase either side as shown in Fig. 10.24.

IS = sending end current Here, VS = V1 + IS Z / 2 ...(v)

VR = receiving end voltage per phase and V1 = VR + I R Z /2
I R = receiving end current Now, IC = IS − I R
* The network should be passive (containing no source of e.m.f.), linear (impedances independent of current
flowing) and bilateral (impedances independent of direction of current flowing). This condition is fully
met in transmission lines.

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Performance of Transmission Lines 257 258 Principles of Power System
2
= V1 Y where Y = shunt admittance Y VR Y VR Y Z Y I R Z
= I R + VR + + +
2 2 4 2
= Y VR +
F IR Z I F I F I
GH 2 JK = IR 1 +
GH YZ
2
+ VR Y 1 +
JK YZ
4 GH JK ...(xi)

∴ I Z
IS = I R + Y VR + Y R Comparing equations (x) and (xi) with those of (i) and (ii), we get,
2
F I A = D= 1+
F YZ I ; B = Z ; C = Y 1+ Y Z
F I
= Y VR + IR 1 +
YZ
2 GH JK ...(vi) GH 2 JK 4 GH JK
Substituting the value of V1 in eq. (v), we get,
Also AD− BC = F1 + Y Z I 2
− Z Y 1+
F YZ I
I Z I Z
H 2K H 4 K
VS = VR + R + S Y2Z2 Z 2Y 2
2 2 = 1+ +Y Z−ZY − =1
Substituing the value of IS, we get, 4 4
F YZ I YZ F 2
II (iv) Long lines—Rigorous method. By rigorous method, the sending end voltage and current
VS = 1 + GH VR + Z +
JK GH JK R ...(vii) of a long transmission line are given by :
2 4
Z
VS = VR cosh Y Z + IR sinh Y Z
Comparing eqs. (vii) and (vi) with those of (i) and (ii), we have, Y

A = D =1+
YZ ;
B = Z 1+
F YZ I ;C = Y IS = VR Y sinh Y Z + IR cosh Y Z
2 GH 4 JK Z
Comparing these equations with those of (i) and (ii), we get,
Incidentally : AD− BC = FH1 + Y Z IK 2
− Z 1+FH YZIK
Y A = D = cosh Y Z ; B =
Z Y
2 4 sinh Y Z ; C = sinh Y Z
2 2
Y Z
2 2
Z Y
= 1+ Y Z + Y Z − Z Y − =1 Incidentally
4 4
(iii) Medium lines—Nominal π method. In this A D − B C = cosh Y Z × cosh Y Z −
Z
sinh Y Z ×
Y
sinh Y Z
method, line-to-neutral capacitance is divided into two Y Z
halves ; one half being concentrated at the load end and = cosh 2
Y Z − sinh 2
Y Z =1
the other half at the sending end as shown in Fig. 10.25. Example 10.16. A balanced 3-phase load of 30 MW is supplied at 132 kV, 50 Hz and 0·85 p.f.
Here, Z = R + jXL = series impedenace/phase lagging by means of a transmission line. The series impedance of a single conductor is (20 + j52)
−6
ohms and the total phase-neutral admittance is 315 × 10 siemen. Using nominal T method, deter-
Y = j ω C = shunt admittance mine: (i) the A, B, C and D constants of the line (ii) sending end voltage (iii) regulation of the line.
IS = IL + IC2 Solution. Fig. 10.26 shows the representation of 3-phase line on the single phase basis.

or IS = I L + VS Y / 2 ...(viii) Series line impedance/phase, Z = (20 + j 52) Ω

−6
Shunt admittance/phase, Y = j 315 × 10 S
Also I L = IR + IC1 = IR + VR Y / 2 ...(ix)
(i) Generalised constants of line. For nominal T method, various constants have the values as
Now VS = VR + IL Z = VR + IR + VR Y / 2 Z (Putting the value of I L )
e j under :
F1 + Y Z I + I Z A = D = 1 + Z Y / 2 = 1 + 20 + j 52 × j 315 × 10− 6
∴ VS = VR GH 2 JK R ...(x) 2
= 0·992 + j 0·00315 = 0·992 ∠0 ⋅ 18º
Also IS = I L + V Y /2 = eI + V Y / 2 + VS Y / 2
j LM OP
S R R F I (20 + j 52) j 315 × 10 −6
B = Z 1 + Z Y = (20 + j 52) 1 +
GH JK
(Putting the value of I L ) 4 4 N Q
Putting the value of VS from eq. (x), we get, = 19·84 + j 51·82 = 55·5 ∠69º

= I R + VR Y + Y VR 1 + Y Z + I R Z |RS FG I |UV C = Y = 0·000315 ∠90º

IS
2 2 2
T| H KJ W|

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Performance of Transmission Lines 259 260 Principles of Power System
Solution.
Receiving end voltage/phase, VR = 132 × 103 3 = 76210 V
50 × 106
Receiving end current, IR = = 273 A
3 × 132 × 103 × 0 ⋅ 8
cos φR = 0·8; sin φR = 0·6
Taking receiving end voltage as the reference phasor, we have,
VR = V R + j 0 = 76210 ∠0º

(ii) Sending end voltage. I R = IR ∠− φR = 273 ∠−36·9º

Receiving end voltage/phase, VR = 132 × 103 3 = 76210 V Sending end voltage per phase is
30 × 106 VS = A VR + B I R
Receiving end current, IR = = 154 A
3 × 132 × 103 × 0 ⋅ 85 = 0·95 ∠1·4º × 76210 ∠0º + 96 ∠ 78º × 273 ∠−36·9º
cos φR = 0·85 ; sin φR = 0·53 = 72400 ∠1·4º + 26208 ∠41·1º
Taking receiving end voltage as the reference phasor, we have, = 72400 (cos 1·4º + j sin 1·4º) + 26208 (cos 41·1º + j sin 41·1º)
VR = V R + j0 = 76210 V = 72400 (0·9997 + j 0·0244) + 26208 (0·7536 + j 0·6574)
I R = IR (cos φR − j sin φR) = 154 (0·85 − j 0·53) = 131 − j 81·62 = (72378 + j 1767) + (19750 + j 17229)
Sending end voltage per phase is = 92128 + j 18996 = 94066 ∠11·65º V

VS = A VR + B I R Sending end current, IS = C VR + D I R

= (0·992 + j 0·0032) 76210 + (19·84 + j 51·82) (131 − j 81·62) = 0·0015 ∠90º × 76210 ∠0º + 0·95 ∠1·4º × 273 ∠−36·9º
= 82,428 + j 5413 = 114 ∠ 90º + 260 ∠−35·5º
∴ Magnitude of sending end voltage is = 114 (cos 90º + j sin 90º) + 260 (cos 35·5º − j sin 35·5º)
= 114 ( 0 + j) + 260 (0·814 − j 0·58)
VS = (82,428) 2 + (5413) 2 = 82·6 × 103V = 82·6 kV
= j 114 + 211 − j 150 = 211 − j 36
∴ Sending end line-to-line voltage
Charging current, IC = IS − I R = (211 − j36) −273 ∠−36·9º
= 82·6 × 3 = 143 kV
= (211 − j 36) − (218 − j 164) = −7 + j 128 = 128·2 ∠93·1º A
(iii) Regulation. Regulation is defined as the change in voltage at the receiving end when full-
load is thrown off. (VS A) − VR 94066 0 ⋅ 95 − 76210
% Regulation = × 100 = × 100 = 30%
VR 76210
Now, VS = A VR + B I R
Example 10.18. Find the following for a single circuit transmission line delivering a load of 50
At no load, IR = 0 M VA at 110 kV and p.f. 0·8 lagging :
∴ VS = A VR0 (i) sending end voltage (ii) sending end current (iii) sending end power (iv) efficiency of trans-
mission. Given A = D = 0·98 ∠3º; B = 110 ∠75º ohm ; C = 0·0005 ∠80º siemen.
where VR0 = voltage at receiving end at no load Solution.
or VR0 = VS A Receiving end voltage/phase,
or V R0 = V S /A (in magnitude) 110
VR = = 63·5 kV
(VS A − VR ) (82 ⋅ 6 0 ⋅ 992) − 76 ⋅ 21 3
∴ % Regulation = × 100 = × 100 = 9·25%
VR 76 ⋅ 21 50 × 106
Receiving end current, IR = = 262·4 A
Example 10.17. A 132 kV, 50 Hx, 3-phase transmission line delivers a load of 50 MW at 0·8 p.f. 3 × 110 × 103
lagging at the receiving end. The generalised constants of the transmission line are : Taking receiving end voltage as the reference phasor, we have,
A = D = 0·95 ∠1·4º ; B = 96 ∠78º ; C = 0·0015 ∠90º
VR = (63500 + j0)
Find the regulation of the line and charging current. Use Nominal-T method.

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Performance of Transmission Lines 261 262 Principles of Power System
−1
I R = 262·4 ∠− cos 0·8 = 262·4 (0·8 − j 0·6) = (210 − j 157·5) A SELF-TEST
(i) Now sending-end voltage per phase is 1. Fill in the blanks by inserting appropriate words/figures.
(i) In short transmission lines, the effects of .................... are neglected.
VS = A VR + B I R
(ii) ............................... of transmission lines, is the most important cause of power loss in the line.
Here A VR = 0·98 ∠3º × 63500 ∠0º = 62230 ∠3º = (62145 + j 3260) V (iii) In the analysis of 3-phase transmission line, only .......................... is considered.
(iv) For a given V R and I, the regulation of the line .............. with the decrease in p.f. for lagging loads.
and B I R = 110 ∠75º × 262·4 ∠− 36·86º (v) If the p.f. of the load decreases, the line losses .........................
= 28865 ∠38·14º = (22702 + j 17826) V (vi) In medium transmission lines, effects of ......................... are taken into account.
(vii) The rigorous solution of transmission lines takes into account the .................. nature of line constants.
∴ VS = (62145 + j 3260) + (22702 + j 17826)
(viii) In any transmission line, A D − BC = ..............................
= 84847 + j 21086 = 87427 ∠14º V (ix) In a transmission line, generalised constants .................. and ..................... are equal.
∴ Magnitude of sending-end voltage/phase = 87427 V (x) The dimensions of constants B and C are respectively ............ and ................... .
(ii) Sending-end current is given by ; 2. Pick up the correct words/figures from the brackets and fill in the blanks.
(i) The line constants of a transmission line are ........................... [uniformly distributed, lumped]
IS = C VR + D I R
(ii) The length of a short transmission line is upto about ......................... [50 km, 120 km, 200 km]
Here C VR = 0·0005 ∠80º × 63500 ∠0º = 31·75 ∠80º = (5·5 + j 31·3) A (iii) The capacitance of a transmission line is a ........................ element. [series, shunt]
(iv) It is desirable that voltage regulation of a transmission line should be ................ [low, high]
and D I R = 0·98 ∠3º × 262·4 ∠− 36·86º
(v) When the regulation is positive, then receiving and voltage (V R ) is .......... than sending and voltage
= 257·15 ∠− 33·8º = (213·5 − j 143·3) A (V S). [more, less]
∴ IS = (5·5 + j 31·3) + (213·5 − j 143·3) (vi) The shunt admittance of a transmission line is 3 microsiemens. Its complex notation will be ........
−6 −6
siemen. [3 × 10 ∠90º, 3 × 10 ∠0º]
= 219 − j 112 = 246 ∠− 27º A (vii) The exact solution of any transmission line must consider the fact that line constants are ....................
∴ Magnitude of sending-end current = 246 A [uniformly distributed, lumped]
(iii) Sending-end power = 3 V S IS cos φS (viii) The generalised constants A and D of the transmission line have ................................
Here VS = 87427 V ; IS = 246 A ; cos φS = cos (− 27º − 14º) [no dimensions, dimensions of ohm]
∴ Sending-end power = 3 × 87427 × 246 × cos (− 27º − 14º) (ix) 30 ∠10º × 60 ∠20º = ............ [2 ∠2º, 1800 ∠30º, 1800 ∠2º]
= 48·6 × 10 W = 48·6 MW
6
(x) 9 ∠90 º × 4 ∠10º = ............................................ [6 ∠50º, 6 ∠80º , 6 ∠10º]
(iv) Receiving end power = 50 × 0·8 = 40 MW
40 ANSWERS TO SELF-TEST
Transmission efficiency, η = × 100 = 82·3%
48 ⋅ 6 1. (i) capacitance (ii) resistance (iii) one phase (iv) increases (v) increase (vi) capacitance (vii) distributed
(viii) 1 (ix) A and D (x) ohm, siemen
TUTORIAL PROBLEMS
2. (i) uniformly distributed (ii) 50 km (iii) shunt (iv) low (v) less (vi) 3 × 10−6 ∠90º (vii) uniformly
1. A 150 km, 3-φ, 110 kV, 50 Hz transmission line transmits a load of 40,000 kW at 0·8 p.f. lagging at the distributed (viii) no dimensions (ix) 1800 ∠30º (x) 6 ∠50º
receiving end. Resistance/km/phase = 0·15Ω ; reactance/km/phase = 0·6 Ω; susceptance/km/phase =
−5
10 S. Determine (i) the A , B, C and D constants of the line (ii) regulation of the line. CHAPTER REVIEW TOPICS
[(i) A = D = 0·968 ∠1º ; B = 92·8 ∠7·5ºΩ Ω ; C = 0·00145 ∠90·5º S (ii) 33·5%] 1. What is the purpose of an overhead transmission line ? How are these lines classified ?
2. A balanced load of 30 MW is supplied at 132 kV, 50 Hz and 0·85 p.f. lagging by means of a transmission 2. Discuss the terms voltage regulation and transmission efficiency as applied to transmission line.
line. The series impedance of a single conductor is (20 + j52) ohms and the total phases-neutral admit- 3. Deduce an expression for voltage regulation of a short transmission line, giving the vector diagram.
tance is 315 microsiemens. Shunt leakage may be neglected. Using the nominal T approximation,
4. What is the effect of load power factor on regulation and efficiency of a transmission line ?
calculate the line voltage at the sending end of the line. If the load is removed and the sending end
voltage remains constant, find the percentage rise in voltage at the receiving end. 5. What do you understand by medium transmission lines ? How capacitance effects are taken into account
in such lines ?
[143 kV; 9%]
6. Show how regulation and transmission efficiency are determined for medium lines using
3. Calculate A , B, C and D constants of a 3-phase, 50 Hz transmission line 160 km long having the follow-
ing distributed parameters : (i) end condensor method
−3 −9 (ii) nominal T method
R = 0·15 Ω/km ; L = 1·20 × 10 H/km ; C = 8 × 10 F/km ; G = 0
−3
[A = D = 0·988 ∠0·3º ; B = 64·2 ∠ 68·3º Ω ; C = 0·4 × 10 ∠90·2ºS] (iii) nominal π method
Illustrate your answer with suitable vector diagrams.

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Performance of Transmission Lines 263
7. What do you understand by long transmission lines ? How capacitance effects are taken into account in
such lines ?
8. Using rigorous method, derive expressions for sending end voltage and current for a long transmission
1ine.
9. What do you understand by generalised circuit constants of a transmission line ? What is their importance?
10. Evaluate the generalised circuit constants for
(i) short transmission line
(ii) medium line — nominal T method
(iii) medium line — nominal π method

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. What is the justification in neglecting line capacitance in short transmission lines ?
2. What are the drawbacks of localised capacitance methods ?
3. A long transmission line is open circuited at the receiving end. Will there be any current in the line at the
sending end ? Explain your answer.
4. Why is leakage conductance negligible in overhead lines ? What about underground system ?
5. Why do we analyse a 3-phase transmission line on single phase basis ?

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