APA Style Guide 7th edition (version 24 October 2023)

A. Citing References in the Text

Subsequent
First citation in Subsequent First parenthetical
Type of Citation parenthetical
text citations in text citation in text
citation in text
One author Walker (2007) Walker (2007) (Walker, 2007) (Walker, 2007)

Walker and Allen Walker and Allen (Walker & Allen, (Walker & Allen,
Two authors
(2004) (2004) 2004) 2004)

Wasserstein et al. Wasserstein et al. (Wasserstein et al., (Wasserstein et al.,

Three and more authors
(2005) (2005) 2005) 2005)
National Institute of (National Institute of
Groups with abbreviation Mental Health NIMH (2003) Mental Health (NIMH, 2003)
(NIMH, 2003) [NIMH], 2003)

University of University of (University of (University of

Groups without abbreviation
Pittsburg (2005) Pittsburg (2005) Pittsburg, 2005) Pittsburg, 2005)

Legal or Government European European (European (European

document Commission (2012) Commission (2012) Commission, 2012) Commission, 2012)

Unpublished Legal or European European (European (European

Government document Commission (2004) Commission (2004) Commission, 2004) Commission, 2004)

Acts (only in USA, Acts from

Mental Health Mental Health (Mental Health (Mental Health
other countries treat as Legal
Systems Act (1988) Systems Act (1988) Systems Act, 1988) Systems Act, 1988)
or Government document)

Lessard v. Schmidt Lessard v. Schmidt (Lessard v. Schmidt, (Lessard v. Schmidt,

Cases
(1975) (1975) 1975) 1975)

Treaty/Convention/
Treaty of Amsterdam Treaty of Amsterdam (Treaty of (Treaty of
Pact/Constitution/
(1997) (1997) Amsterdam, 1997) Amsterdam, 1997)
International Agreement
Commission Commission (Commission (Commission
Official Journal of the
Regulation of 10 April Regulation of 10 April Regulation of 10 April Regulation of 10 April
European Union (Format 1)
2002 (2002) 2002 (2002) 2002, 2002) 2002, 2002)
Council of the Council of the (Council of the (Council of the
Official Journal of the
European Union European Union European Union, European Union,
European Union (Format 2)
(2022) (2022) 2022) 2022)

European Parliament
Author (Year) Author (Year) (Author, Year) (Author, Year)
Multimedia Centre

Reference with single page

Hedetoft (2013, p. 2) Hedetoft (2013, p. 2) (Hedetoft, 2013, p. 2) (Hedetoft, 2013, p. 2)
number/chapter, etc.

de Haan (2005, pp. de Haan (2005, pp. (de Haan, 2005, pp. (de Haan, 2005, pp.
Reference with page range
36–37) 36–37) 36–37) 36–37)

1
Reference with several Dahl (2006, pp. 105, Dahl (2006, pp. 105, (Dahl, 2006, pp. 105, (Dahl, 2006, pp. 105,
discontinuous pages 109, 112–114) 109, 112–114) 109, 112–114) 109, 112–114)

In press/forthcoming Taylor (in press) Taylor (in press) (Taylor, in press) (Taylor, in press)

Same author, two works

Todres (2011, 2012) Todres (2011, 2012) (Todres, 2011, 2012) (Todres, 2011, 2012)
from different years

Same author, two works Derryberry and Reed Derryberry and Reed (Derryberry & Reed, (Derryberry & Reed,
from same year (2005a, 2005b) (2005a, 2005b) 2005a, 2005b) 2005a, 2005b)

Republished book or book

Fanon (1952/1967) Fanon (1952/1967) (Fanon, 1952/1967) (Fanon, 1952/1967)
chapter

Newspaper article/
“Prairie farmers “Prairie farmers (“Prairie farmers (“Prairie farmers
Newsletter (unknown
reap” (2001) reap” (2001) reap,” 2001) reap,” 2001)
author)
Personal Communication/
J. Robbins (personal (J. Robbins, personal
Interview/Unpublished J. Robbins (interview, (J. Robbins, interview,
communication, communication,
material (phone calls, January 4, 2001) January 4, 2001)
January 4, 2001) January 4, 2001)
memos, lecture notes, etc.)
Letters from private
collections (not disclosed to Zacharius (1953) Zacharius (1953) (Zacharius, 1953) (Zacharius, 1953)
the public)

Archival source with author Hicks (1956) Hicks (1956) (Hicks, 1956) (Hicks, 1956)

Archival source without “Psychoanalysis “Psychoanalysis (“Psychoanalysis (“Psychoanalysis

author institute” (1948) institute” (1948) institute,” 1948) institute,” 1948)
Gaiman (2012) Gaiman (2012) (Gaiman, 2012) (Gaiman, 2012)
Prevention Institute Prevention Institute (Prevention Institute, (Prevention Institute,
Social Media (Facebook,
(2020) (2020) 2020) 2020)
Twitter, Instagram)
El Commandante® El Commandante® (El Commandante®, (El Commandante®,
(n.d.) (n.d.) n.d.) n.d.)
TikTok archive (without “Girl, don’t do it” “Girl, don’t do it” (“Girl, don’t do it,” (“Girl, don’t do it,”
author) (2020) (2020) 2020) 2020)

Dictionary Heuristic (n.d.) Heuristic (n.d.) (Heuristic, n.d.) (Heuristic, n.d.)

Television broadcast or
Smith (1999) Smith (1999) (Smith, 1999) (Smith, 1999)
Television series

Meraji and Demby Meraji and Demby (Meraji & Demby, (Meraji & Demby,
Podcast
(2016–2018) (2016–2018) 2016–2018) 2016–2018)

Davidson and Davidson and (Davidson & Davidson, (Davidson &

Movie
Davidson (1999) Davidson (1999) 1999) Davidson, 1999)

YouTube Video Apsolon (2011) Apsolon (2011) (Apsolon, 2011) (Apsolon, 2011)

2
TED Talk Video Cuddy (2012) Cuddy (2012) (Cuddy, 2012) (Cuddy, 2012)

Jenkins and Astley Jenkins and Astley (Jenkins & Astley, (Jenkins & Astley,
Full Special Issue
(2012) (2012) 2012) 2012)

Full Special Issue (unknown “Ennui or Not Ennui” “Ennui or Not Ennui” (“Ennui or Not Ennui,” (“Ennui or Not
editors) (2012) (2012) 2012) Ennui,” 2012)

Jenkins and Astley Jenkins and Astley (Jenkins & Astley, (Jenkins & Astley,
Full Special Section
(2012) (2012) 2012) 2012)
The German Federal The German Federal (The German Federal
(The German Federal
Full Special Section Constitutional Constitutional Constitutional Court’s
Constitutional Court’s
(unknown editors) Court’s PSPP Court’s PSPP PSPP Judgment,
PSPP Judgment, 2020)
Judgment (2020) Judgment (2012) 2020)
Wright (1987)…(as Fong’s 2003 study (as (Wright, 1987, as
(Fong, 2003, as cited
Secondary source cited in Bragdon, cited in Bertram, cited in Bragdon,
in Bertram, 2009)
2013, p. 223) 2009) 2013, p. 223)

Idem, ibidem, op. cit. These are not used in APA style. Always use the Author (Year) and (Author, Year) formats.

Important Notes (A):

1. Each reference cited in text must appear in the reference list and vice-versa.

2. Use only the surname of the author in your in-text reference:

 Referring to the work of Andreas Huyssen (1995)…

✓ Referring to the work of Huyssen (1995)…

✓ In this article we will analyze Andreas Huyssen’s previous work (Huyssen, 2015, 2016, 2020).

Exceptions apply when you cite different authors with the same surname (see below).

3. When citing two or more works together, arrange the in-text citations alphabetically in the same order in which they
appear in the reference list:
Past research (Gogel, 1990, 2006, in press) demonstrates that…
Recent research in developmental psychology has explored this issue (e.g., Bergstrom et al., 2006; Clément, 2010; Harris &
Corriveau, 2011; Harris & Koenig, 2006; Heyman, 2008; Heyman & Legare, in press; Koenig & Harris, 2005).
(Allern & Bale, 2012; Allern et al., 2019) [if the second author’s surname in the Allern et al. citation is after Bale]
(Allern et al., 2019; Allern & Bale, 2012) [if the second author’s surname in the Allern et al. citation is before Bale]

4. If you want to include several different citations in one set of brackets, they should be in alphabetical order, separated by a
semi-colon:
(Durie, 2003; McShane & Travaglione, 2007; Ministry of Education, 1996)

5. To cite more than one work by the same author(s), list the surname of the author(s) and then each different year of
publication, separated by a comma:

3
(Ministry of Education, 1996, 1999)

For groups of authors with the same lead author and different co-authors, also separate the citations with a comma, unless
they have the same year of publication:

According to previous research (see Whiteley et al., 2010, 2013) there is…

Styles can be combined:

(Durie, 2003; Ministry of Education, 1996, 1999; Whiteley et al., 2010)

6. Quoting two almost identical sets of authors with the same year of publication, spell out as many author names as
necessary in the in-text citation to tell them apart:

First citation in text:

(Marewski, Gaissmaier, & Gigerenzer, 2010)
(Marewski, Gaissmaier, Schooler, et al., 2010)

Subsequent citations in text:

(Marewski, Gaissmaier, & Gigerenzer, 2010)
(Marewski, Gaissmaier, Schooler, et al., 2010)

Notes: Only use “et al.” if there is more than one author missing from the in-text citation. List as many authors as necessary to
distinguish between references.

7. When citing a multi-volume work that has been published over the course of a number of years, use the date range as the
publication date in both the in-text citation and reference list:
In-text citation:
(World Health Organization, 2000–2006)
Entry in references list:
World Health Organization. (2000–2006). WHO annual report.

8. Citing different authors with the same surname, include the necessary initials before the surname in all in-text citations,
regardless of the year of publication:

(L.-J. Chen, 1993)

(Y. G. Chen, 2001)
(D. Jackson, 2018; M. C. Jackson et al., 2017)
(e.g., Johnson, 1997; H. D. Wu, 1998)
Notes: Never include initials for subsequent authors in in-text citations. Entries in the final list of references are written
normally. Names in in-text citations must be organized according to the final list of references.

9. Citing different authors with the same surname and first name initial, include these authors’ full first names in the in-text
citations, regardless of the year of publication:
(Laura Green, 2009)
(Lorenzo Green, 2003)

4
(Leonard Green & Myerson, 2013)

Notes: Never include the full first name of subsequent authors in in-text citations. Names in in-text citations must be organized
according to the final list of references.

10. When making a general mention to a website (including, but not limited to, social media) it is not required that you include
an in-text citation and entry in the references list. Simply add the general URL:

News agencies like CNN provide breaking news coverage to millions of people every day on their website
(http://www.cnn.com) and Twitter account (http://twitter.com/CNN). In our first investigation, we analyzed the
content of CNN’s Twitter feed during the year 2012.

11. When quoting or summarizing a particular passage, include the specific page or paragraph number as well:
The painting was assumed to be by Matisse (Powell, 1989, Chapter 6), but later analysis showed it to be a forgery (Murphy,
1999, p. 85).
The patient wrote that she was unimpressed by the doctor’s bedside manner (Smith, 2006, para. 2)

12. You should italicize the name of a newspaper, magazine, or journal no matter where they appear in your manuscript, so
that it will always be The Economist, New York Times, etc., both in the text and reference list.

13. Use secondary sources sparingly, for instance, when the original work is out of print or unavailable through usual sources.
The words “as cited in” in the parenthetical reference indicate you have not read the original research. Always add the
original publication date in the in-text citation, unless it is unknown. Only include the secondary source in the reference list;
the original work is merely cited in the text.
 (Hester & Heglin as cited in Mäkitalo, 2014, pp. 25–26)
✓ (Hester & Heglin, 1986, as cited in Mäkitalo, 2014, pp. 25–26)

14. Always separate in-text citations from parenthetical text with commas around the year and never with squared brackets.
 structures (see Ellis et al. [2008] for recent meta-analyses).
✓ structures (see Ellis et al., 2008, for recent meta-analyses).

15. When the in-text citation contains the source for a direct quote (with a page number, if applicable), plus subsequent
works, the original source of the quote should be the first to appear in the parenthesis, regardless alphabetical order. To
avoid any ambiguity, include “see also” before introducing the remaining works:

Social support, defined as “a process of using communication and other sorts of behavior to help another person
manage problematic integration,” is one form of social capital that facilitates coping through uncertainty reduction
(Ford et al., 1996, p. 191; see also Albrecht & Adelman, 1987).

16. For material with unknown authors (e.g., some newspaper articles), use a shortened title (the first three words, or the full
title if it is short) in place of the author in in-text citations.

As discussed in “Economics nudging” (2017), governments…

(“All 33 Chile miners,” 2010)

17. In in-text citations, the expression “and colleagues” or similar ones cannot be used. Always use “et al.”

 Harris and colleagues (1989)…

✓ Harris et al. (1989)…

5
 B. Formatting Works Mentioned in the Text

Title of material (part of a greater whole): “The New World of Crises and Crisis Management: Implications for
journal article, book chapter, etc. Policymaking and Research”
Journal of European Public Policy
Title of material (stand-alone): journal,
The Role of the Prime Minister in France, 1981–1991
book, reports, dissertation/thesis, YouTube
A Federal Europe? The Party Trying to Unite Europe Further—TLDR News
videos, TV shows
The Daily Show
- The Lisbon Treaty

Title of material (stand-alone): Treaties, - The Online Safety Bill

Legal documents, Video games, Surveys - The Trafficking Victims Protection Act
(unless this is the title of a book), Names of - Annual Growth Survey
Websites, Research projects - The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild
- Google Scholar

C. The References List

Type of Reference Format Examples

Journal Article (1 author) Lastname, A. (year). Title of the article in Paivio, A. (1975). Perceptual comparisons through the
sentence case. Journal in Title Case, mind’s eye. Memory & Cognition, 3(1), 635–647.
Volume(Issue), Firstpage–Lastpage. doi
Jerrentrup, A. (2018). Teaching medicine with the help of
Attention:
“Dr. House.” PLoS ONE, 13(3), Article e0193972.
Comma between the journal and the
volume should never be italics. No space Butler, J. (2017). Where access meets multimodality: The
between volume and issue. case of ASL music videos. Kairos: A Journal of Rhetoric,
Technology, and Pedagogy, 21.
The issue number is not compulsory. http://technorhetoric.net/21.1/topoi/butler/index.html

If the article has more than one issue

number, separate the issue numbers Andreff, W. (2000). The evolving European model of
with a slash. professional sports finance. Journal of Sports Economics, 1,
257–276. https://doi.org/10.1177/152700250000100304
Always use an en dash between first and
last page (and not a hyphen). This also Mounier-Kuhn, P. (2012). Computer science in French
applies to all other types of references universities: Early entrants and latecomers. Information &
(e.g., book chapters) Culture: A Journal of History, 47(4), 414–456.

The page range is compulsory. If the

article has an article number instead of a Psathas, G. (1999). Studying the organization in action:
page range, include the word “Article” Membership categorization and interaction analysis.
and then the article number instead of Human Studies, 22(2/4), 139–162.
the page range. If the article does not
have a page range at all, add the url or
doi at the end.

6
 Journal articles (but also other types of
references, such as books) can have a
doi or url at the end, but that is not
compulsory.
Journal Article (2-19 Lastname, A., & Lastname, B. (year). Becker, L. J., & Seligman, C. (1981). Welcome to the energy
authors) Title of the article in sentence case. crisis. Journal of Social Issues, 37(2), 1–7.
Journal in Title Case, Volume(Issue),
Firstpage–Lastpage. doi
Cheryan, S., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2015). Cultural stereotypes
as gatekeepers. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, Article
e0214466. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00049
The notes under Attention in ‘Journal
Article (1 author)’ also apply
Frischlich, L., Hahn, L., & Rieger, D. (2021). The promises
and pitfalls of inspirational media: What do we know, and
where do we go from here? Media and Communication,
9(2), 162–166. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i2.4271

Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J.
(2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of
storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the
United States. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8,
207–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185
Journal Article (more than Lastname, A., Lastname, B., Lastname, Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly,
20 authors) C., Lastname, D., Lastname, E., R. S., Turner, S. T., Lewis, F., Nelson, T. P., Cox, G., Harris, H.
Lastname, F., Lastname, G., Lastname, L., Martin, P., Gonzalez, W. L., Hughes, W., Carter, D.,
H., Lastname, I., Lastname, J., Lastname, Campbell, C., Baker, A. B., Flores, T., Gray, W. E., Green, G.,
K., Lastname, L., Lastname, M., . . . Lee, L. H. (2018). National character does not reflect
Lastname, N., Lastname, O., Lastname, mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures. Science, 3(10),
P., Lastname, Q., Lastname, R., 96–100.
Lastname, S., . . . Lastname, Z. (year).
Title of the article in sentence case.
Wiskunde, B., Arslan, M., Fischer, P., Nowak, L., Van den
Journal in Title Case, Volume(Issue),
Berg, O., Coetzee, L., Juárez, U., Riyaziyyat, E., Wang, C.,
Firstpage–Lastpage. doi
Zhang, I., Li, P., Yang, R., Kumar, B., Xu, A., Martinez, R.,
McIntosh, V., Ibáñez, L. M., Mäkinen, G., Virtanen, E., . . .
Attention:
Kovács, A. (2019). Indie pop rocks mathematics: Twenty
Write only the names of the first 19 One Pilots, Nicolas Bourbaki, and the empty set. Journal of
authors and the last author. Use space Improbable Mathematics, 27, 1935–1968.
dot space dot space dot-space instead of https://doi.org/10.0000/3mp7y-537
the usual ellipsis.

The notes under Attention in ‘Journal

Article (1 author)’ also apply
Book Lastname, A. (year). Title of the book in Strunk, W., Jr., Becker, E., & White, E. B. (1979). The guide
sentence case (edition, Volume). to everything and then some more stuff (3rd ed.).
Publisher. doi Macmillan.

Attention:
von der Lippe, T. L. (Ed.). (2016). Student affairs for
The edition, volume, and DOI are not academic administrators. Stylus Publishing; ACPA Books.

7
 compulsory.
Kearney, D. J., & Simpson, T. L. (2020). Concise guides on
The volume number is not compulsory. trauma care. Mindfulness-based interventions for trauma
and its consequences. American Psychological Association.
When a book has more than one
https://doi.org/10.1037/0000154-000
publisher separate them with semi-
colons.
Florian, L. (Ed.). (2014). The SAGE handbook of special
In book publishers delete surplus education (2nd ed., Vol. 1). SAGE.
information like Inc., Co., Lda.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and
If the publisher is the same as the
statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).
author, then omit the publisher name.
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.7440
53
Book Chapter Lastname, A. (year). Title of the chapter Bergquist, J. M. (1992). German Americans. In J. D. Buenker
in sentence case. In B. Lastname, C. & L. A. Ratner (Eds.), Multiculturalism in the United States:
Lastname, & D. Lastname (Eds.), Title of A comparative guide to acculturation and ethnicity (Vol. 3,
the book in sentence case (Volume, pp. pp. 53–76). Greenwood.
Firstpage–Lastpage). Publisher. doi
Belsey, C. (2006). Poststructuralism. In S. Malpas & P.
Attention: Wake (Eds.), The Routledge companion to critical theory
The notes under Attention in ‘Book’ also (pp. 51–61). Routledge.
apply
Baker, F. M., & Lightfoot, O. B. (1993). Psychiatric care of
Some books may not have any editors. ethnic elders. In A. C. Gaw (Ed.), Culture, ethnicity, and
mental illness (pp. 517–552). American Psychiatric Press.
Always use an en-dash between first and
last page (and not a hyphen). This also
applies to all other types of references Scott, D. (2005). Colonial governmentality. In J. X. Inda
(e.g., research articles) (Ed.), Anthropologies of modernity (pp. 21–49). Wiley.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-
bin/bookhome/117909832

Mazzoleni, G. (2008). Mediatization of politics. In The

International Encyclopedia of Communication (pp. 3047–
3051). Wiley.
Newspaper Article / Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title of Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects
Newsletter (known the article in sentence case. Title of the economic, social status. The Washington Post, 1–4.
author, in paper) Newspaper/Newsletter in Title Case,
Firstpage–Lastpage.

Woodman, D. (2018, May 16). Internships have much to

Attention: offer but provisions are necessary to ensure the young
truly benefit. The Australian, 29.
Printed newspapers are sometimes
divided into sections, which are Tillett, A. (2018, May 9). Australians encouraged to age at
identified by a letter before the page home. The Australian Financial Review, 5.
number (e.g. A1, B4)

8
 Always use an en dash between first and
last page (and not a hyphen). This also
applies to all other types of references
(e.g., research articles)
Newspaper Article / Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title of Carey, B. (2019, March 22). Can we get better at
Newsletter (known the article in sentence case. Title of the forgetting? The New York Times.
author, online) Newspaper/Newsletter in Title Case. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/22/health/memory-
www.website.com forgetting-psychology.html

Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title of Kaplan, K. (2013, October 22). Flu shots may reduce risk of
the article in sentence case. Title of the heart attacks, strokes and even death. Los Angeles Times.
Newspaper in Title Case, Firstpage– https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-xpm-
Lastpage. 2013-oct-22-la-sci-sn-flu-shot-heart-attack-stroke-death-
20131022-story.html

Peterson, P. (2021, July 23). Athletes celebrated the Tokyo

Olympics opening ceremony in an empty stadium.
BuzzFeed News.
https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/piapeterson/toky
o-olympics-opening-ceremony

Rochester Regional Health. (2014, Winter). Rochester

General to provide sports medicine support to RIT.
Physician Connection Newsletter.
http://www.rochestergeneral.org/healthcare-
professionals/physican-connection
Newspaper Article / Title of the article in sentence case. Prairie farmers reap conservation’s rewards. (2001, August
Newsletter (unknown (year, month day). Title of the 27). The New York Times.
author) Newspaper in Title Case. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/27/us/prairie-farmers-
www.website.com reap-conservation-s-rewards.html

Title of the article in sentence case. Learning to write using APA writing style. (2009, October).
(year, month day). Title of the APA Writing Newsletter.
Newspaper in Title Case, Firstpage– http://www.indwes.edu/ocls/APA/newsletter.pdf
Lastpage.
Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. (2005,
December 28). The Country Today, 1–2.

Economics nudging people away from war. (2017,

December 16). The Age, 33.
Magazine Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title of Lyons, D. (2009, June 15). Don’t ‘iTune’ us: It’s geeks versus
the article in sentence case. Magazine in writers. Guess who’s winning. Newsweek, 153(24), 27.
Title Case, Volume(Issue), Firstpage–
Lastpage. doi
Schaefer, N. K., & Shapiro, B. (2019, September 6). New
middle chapter in the story of human evolution. Science,
Attention: 365(6457), 981–982.

9
 If the magazine article does not have https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay3550
volume, issue, and/or page numbers
(e.g., because it is from an online
Schulman, M. (2019, September 9). Superfans: A love
magazine), omit the missing elements
story. The New Yorker.
from the reference and add doi or url
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/09/16/super
fans-a-love-story
Blog post Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title of Ouellette, J. (2019, November 15). Physicists capture first
the article in sentence case. Blog in Title footage of quantum knots unraveling in superfluid. Ars
Case. url Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/11/study-
you-can-tie-a-quantum-knot-in-a-superfluid-but-it-will-
soon-untie-itself

Report/Briefing Author. (year). Title of the report in Hershey Foods Corporation. (2001). 2001 Annual report
Paper/Discussion sentence case (Number of the Report or (Working Paper No. 3). Wiley.
Paper/Working Paper Working Paper if available). Publisher if
different to author. www.website.com if
Queensland Department of Innovation and Tourism
available
Industry Development. (2016). Advancing tourism 2016.
https://www.publications.qld.gov.au/dataset/advancing-
Attention: tourism/resource/df997cf7-14fc-47b1-ac99-ddc7f0975967

If the publisher is the same as the

author, then omit the publisher name.
Petition Lastname, A. (year). Title of the petition LATINDADD. (2003). The Evian challenge: A civil society call
[Petition]. www.website.com for the EU to withdraw its GATS water requests [Petition].
https://www.citizen.org/wp-
content/uploads/evianchallenge.pdf
Open Letter Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title of Pitter, J. (2020). A call to courage [Open Letter].
the letter [Open Letter]. https://canurb.org/wp-content/uploads/OpenLetter-
www.website.com ACallToCourage-Final-June2020.pdf
Press Release Lastname, A. (year, month day). Title of American Psychological Association. (2018, January 31).
the press release in sentence case [Press Dishonest individuals perceived as less capable [Press
Release]. www.website.com Release]. http://www.apa.org/news/press/dishonest-
individuals.aspx

Website Lastname, A. (year). Title of the webpage Let’s Talk About. (n.d.). Let’s talk about social inclusion.
in sentence case. Name of the Website Cogitatio Press.
in Title Case. www.website.com https://www.cogitatiopress.com/wp/topics/si
Women Also Know Stuff. (2019). FAQs.
The author will likely be a collective
https://womenalsoknowstuff.com/faqs
name (though this may not always be
the case). World Health Organization. (2018). The top 10 causes of
death. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-
The author and the name of the website sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death
are often the same, in which case you
Scribbr. (n.d.). Academic proofreading & editing service.
can omit the latter to avoid repetition.
https://www.scribbr.com/proofreading-editing

10
Website of entertainment Lastname, A. (year). Title of the webpage Czachor, E. M. (2021). Bella Thorne thanked the FBI for
with a significant “News” in sentence case. Name of the Website “searching tirelessly” for the hacker who allegedly
component (BuzzFeed, in Title Case. www.website.com threatened her. BuzzFeed.
Yahoo!, etc.) https://www.buzzfeed.com/emilymaeczachor/bella-
thorne-responded-alleged-hackers-arrest

If referencing material from the news

website associated with this bigger
entertainment website, use the regular
format for “Newspaper Article /
Newsletter”
Book Review Lastname, A. (year). Title of the book Dent-Read, C., & Zukow-Goldring, P. (2001). Is modeling
review in sentence case [Review of the knowing? [Review of the book Models of cognitive
book Title of the book in sentence case, development, by K. Richardson]. American Journal of
by A. Author]. Journal, Volume(Issue), Psychology, 114, 126–133.
Firstpage–Lastpage.

Thesis or Dissertation Lastname, A. A. (year). Title of thesis in Kelly, C. B. D. (2018). The art of coffee roasting. University
published by an official sentence case. Publisher. Press.
publisher company
Unpublished Thesis or Lastname, A. A. (year). Title of thesis in Imber, A. (2003). Applicant reactions to graduate
Dissertation sentence case [Unpublished doctoral or recruitment and selection [Unpublished doctoral
master’s thesis or dissertation]. dissertation]. Monash University.
University. URL (optional)

Both “thesis” and “dissertation” can be

used, following the source.

Both “doctoral” and “PhD” can be used,

according to preference.

Dissertation or Thesis Lastname, A. (year the draft was Barbosa, M. P. G. (2022). The discourse against the LGTB
proposal/research plan written). Title of the manuscript in population in social media and its relationship with hate
(available to the public) sentence case. Manuscript in crimes in Spain. Manuscript in preparation.
preparation. URL (optional) https://gredos.usal.es/bitstream/handle/10366/149995/M
arcos%20Gomes%20Barbosa-
rep.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Conference/Symposium Lastname, A. (Year, Month Day-Day). Whipple, S. (2018, March 6-9). Control beliefs as a
paper, keynote address, Title of paper in sentence case [Type of moderator of stress on anxiety [Paper presentation].
poster presentation, etc. material]. Name of Conference, City, Southeastern Psychological Association 64th Annual
(unpublished) Country. Meeting, Charleston, SC, United States.

For online conferences, include a link to

the conference webpage. Do not include
the city/country of the hosts.
Conference paper in Lastname, A. B. (Year). Title of paper. In Cismas, S. C. (2010). Educating academic writing skills in
Proceedings (published as A. Lastname (Ed.; if applicable), engineering. In P. Dondon & O. Martin (Eds.), Latest trends
a book) Proceedings book title in sentence case on engineering education (pp. 225–247). WSEAS Press.

11
 (pp. Firstpage–Lastpage). Publisher.
Hakkinen, J., Vuori, T., & Paakka, M. (2002). Postural
Attention: stability and sickness symptoms after HMD use. In IEEE
International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics
Official name of conferences are kept in
(Vol. 1, pp. 147–152). IEEE.
title case.
Conference paper in Lastname, A. B. (Year). Title of paper. Chaudhuri, S., & Biswas, A. (2017). External terms-of-trade
Proceedings (published as Journal in Title Case, Volume(Issue), and labor market imperfections in developing countries.
a journal issue) Firstpage–Lastpage. Proceedings of the Academy of Economics and Economic
Education, 20(1), 11-16. https://search-proquest-
com.elibrary.jcu.edu.au/docview/1928612180?accountid=
16285
Legal or Government Author. (year). Title of the National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training
document legal/government document in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-
(Number/Code of the document if 1679). US Government.
applicable). Publisher.

The Number/Code of the document is Ontario Ministry of Health. (1994). Selected findings from
not compulsory. the mental health supplement of the Ontario Health
Survey.
If the publisher is the same as the
author, omit the publisher’s name.

Unpublished Legal or Author. (year). Title of the European Commission. (2004). Meeting document,
Government document legal/government document Permanent Representation Committee, 2075th meeting on
(Number/Code of the document). 1 and 3 December 2004 (DS/817/1/04 [soc]). Unpublished
Unpublished document document.

Acts (only in USA; Acts Name of Act, Volume Source § section Mental Health Systems Act, 42 U.S.C. § 9401 (1988).
from other countries treat number (year).
as Legal or Government
document)
Case Name v. Name, Case ID (year). Lessard v. Schmidt, 349 F. Supp. 1078 (1972).

Treaty/Convention/ Title of Agreement, Year, Extra Details if Police Convention, 1920, 127 L.N.T.S. 433.
Pact/Constitution/ Applicable (e.g., volume number volume
International Agreement name page number).
Treaty of Amsterdam Amending the Treaty on European
Union, the Treaties Establishing the European
Communities and Certain Related Acts, 1997.
Official Journal of the Title of document. (Year). Official Commission Regulation (EC) No 614/2002 of 10 April 2002
European Union (Format Journal of the European Union, Series fixing the export refunds on olive oil. (2002). Official
1) Issue number. Journal of the European Union, L 094.
Official Journal of the Author. (Year). Title of the document. Council of the European Union. (2022). Annual progress
European Union (Format Official Journal of the European Union, report on the implementation of the European Union
2) volume(series issue number). URL strategy against the proliferation of weapons of mass
destruction (2021). Official Journal of the European Union,
65(C 310/1). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-
Note: This format (the standard journal content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52022XG0816(01)
article reference format) can be used if

12
 all the necessary information is
available.

European Parliament Author. (Year, Month Day). Title [Type of European Union. (2023). Voting session (part 2) [Video].
Multimedia Centre media material]. European Parliament European Parliament Multimedia Centre.
Multimedia Centre. URL https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/en/video/voting-
session-part-2_I240222

European Union. (2023, May 5). Uutisia lyhyesti—Suomi

[Audio]. European Parliament Multimedia Centre.
https://multimedia.europarl.europa.eu/en/audio/uutisia-
lyhyesti-05052023-suomi_EPNB230505_FI
Republished Book or Book Name, S. (year). Title in sentence case. Freud, S. (1961). The standard edition of the complete
Chapter Publisher. (Original work published year) psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, pp. 3–66).
Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1923)
Name, S. (year). Title of the book
chapter in sentence case. In A. Lastname Sacks, H. (1990). On the analysability of stories by children.
(Ed.), Title of the book in sentence case In J. Coulter (Ed.), Ethnomethodological sociology (pp. 254–
(Volume, pp. Firstpage–Lastpage). 270). Edward Elgar Publishing. (Original work published
Publisher. (Original work published year) 1972)
Unpublished Manuscript Lastname, A. (year the draft was Enikolopov, R., Makarin, A., & Petrova, M. (2018). Social
(not submitted for written). Title of the manuscript in media and protest participation: Evidence from Russia.
publication) sentence case. Unpublished manuscript. Unpublished manuscript.
Manuscript in Preparation Lastname, A. (year the draft was Brändström, A. (2015). Crisis accountability: Ministerial
written). Title of the manuscript in resignations in Sweden. Manuscript in preparation.
sentence case. Manuscript in
preparation.
Manuscript Submitted for Lastname, A. (year the draft was Boin, A. (2016). The new world of crises and crisis
Publication (not accepted written). Title of the manuscript in management: Implications for policymaking and research.
yet) sentence case. Manuscript submitted for Manuscript submitted for publication.
publication.
Manuscript Accepted for Lastname, A. (in press). Title of the Hindmoor, A., & McConnell, A. (in press). Why didn’t they
Publication (Article) manuscript in sentence case. Journal in see it coming? Warning signs, acceptable risks and the
Title Case. global financial crisis. Political Studies.
Manuscript Accepted for Lastname, A. (in press). Title of the Fallov, M. A., Jørgensen, A., Nielsen, R. S., & de Neergaard,
Publication (Working manuscript in sentence case (Number of M. (in press). Report on policy analysis (COHSMO Working
Paper/Report) the Report). Publisher. Paper No. D4.6 Denmark). Aalborg University.
Manuscript available Lastname, A. (year). Title of the Muldoon, K., Towse, J., Simms, V., Perra, O., & Menzies, V.
online first manuscript in sentence case. Journal in (2012). A longitudinal analysis of estimation, counting
Advance online Title Case. Advance online publication. skills, and mathematical ability across the first school year.
publication doi Developmental Psychology. Advance online publication.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028240
Ahead of print
Attention: If there is no doi number
available, use the url to the specific
referenced page instead
Preprint article (e.g., in Lastname, A. (year). Title of the Hampton, S., Rabagliati, H., Sorace, A., & Fletcher-Watson,
ArXiv) manuscript in sentence case. Website in S. (2017). Autism and bilingualism: A qualitative interview

13
 Title Case. doi study of parents’ perspectives and experiences. PsyArXiv.
https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/76xfs

Archival source with Author, A. (year, month day). Title of the Hicks, H. D. (1956, October 24). Correspondence from
author material [Description of material]. Name Henry Davies Hicks to the Annapolis County electorate.
of collection (call number, identifier or Henry Davies Hicks fonds (MS-2-511, Box 15, Folder 9).
box/folder/item number). Name and Dalhousie University Archives, Halifax, Nova Scotia,
City of repository. Canada.

Frank, L. K. (1935, February 4). [Letter to Robert M.

Ogden]. (GEB series 1.3, Box 371, Folder 3877). Rockefeller
Archive Centre, Tarrytown, NY, USA.
Archival source without Title of the material. (year, month day). Johnny can read, better than ever. (1958). Unidentified
author [Description of material]. Name of newspaper clipping (Series 10, File 01165). Photographic,
collection (call number, identifier or Sound, Film, and Biographical Records, Department of
box/folder/item number). Name and city Special Collections and University Archives, Marquette
and country of repository. University, Milwaukee, WI, USA.

Psychoanalysis institute to open in the new year. (1948,

September 18). [Clipping from an unidentified Dayton, OH
newspaper]. Copy in possession of the author.
Letters from private Name, A. (Year). [Letter to Name of the Zacharius, G. P. (1953). [Letter to William Rickel]. Copy in
collections (not disclosed Recipient]. Copy in possession of Name. possession of Hendrika Vande Kemp.
to the public)
Facebook Author, A. [First Name]. (year, month Gaiman, N. [Neil]. (2012, February 29). Please celebrate
day). Post (up to the first 40 words) as Leap Year Day in the traditional manner by taking a writer
the title in sentence case [Facebook out for dinner. It’s been four years since many authors had
status update]. www.website.com a good dinner. We are waiting. Many of us have our forks
or chopsticks at the [Facebook status update].
https://www.facebook.com/neilgaiman/posts/101505741
85041016
Comment on Facebook Author of the comment, A. (Year). First Wangail, T. (2017). Since Kashmir mass uprising, all Wimax
Post sentence of the comment [Facebook connections were suspended almost for more than three
comment on the Month Day, Year, post months [Facebook comment on the January 23, 2017, post
by Author of the Post]. by N Rigzin].
www.website.com https://www.facebook.com/groups/904515826309195/pe
rmalink/1291073837653390/?comment_id=12935056007
43547
Twitter/X/Instagram Author, A. [Twitter/X/Instagram handle]. Gates, B. [@BillGates]. (2013, February 26). #Polio is 99%
(year, month day). Tweet (up to the first eradicated. Join me & @FCBarcelona as we work to finish
20 words) as the title [Post]. Name of the job and #EndPolio [Post]. X.
website. www.website.com https://twitter.com/BillGates/status/30619534584566572

Twitter profiles begin on the “Tweets” El Commandante® [@MrLekanAdigun]. (n.d.). Tweets [X

tab by default. If you want to cite one of profile]. https://twitter.com/MrLekanAdigun
the other tabs (e.g., “Tweets & Replies,”
“Media,” or “Likes”), include the name
Jordan, M. B. [@michaelb4jordan]. (n.d.). Tweets & replies
of that tab rather than “Tweets” in
[X profile]. X.
14
 square brackets after the title. https://twitter.com/michaelb4jordan/with_replies

Philadelphia Museum of Art [@philamuseum]. (2019,

For Instagram, include a description of
December 3). “It’s always wonderful to walk in and see my
the post (e.g., “[Photo],” “[Video]”) in
work in a collection where it’s loved, and where people are
square brackets after the title.
[Photo]. Instagram.
https://www.instagram.com/p/B5oDnnNhOt4

TikTok Video Author, A. [TikTok handle]. (Year, month Cook, P. [@chemteacherphil]. (2019, November 19).
day). Caption of the video (up to the first Alkali salts get lit. #chemistry #chemteacherphil
20 words) as the title [Video]. TikTok. #scienceexperiments #foryou #jobforme #trend
www.website.com #featurethis #science #vibecheck [Video]. TikTok.
https://vm.tiktok.com/xP1r1m
TikTok Profile Author, A. [TikTok handle]. (n.d.). Witherspoon, R. [@officialreesetiktok]. (n.d.). vsco
First 20 words of the description as mom [TikTok profile]. TikTok.
the title in sentence case [TikTok https://vm.tiktok.com/xS3B86
profile]. TikTok. www.website.com

Name of material in lowercase Girl, don’t do it. (2020). [Aural Meme]. TikTok.
TikTok archive (without
(usually an audio track). (Year). [Type https://www.tiktok.com/music/original-sound-
author)
of material]. Website. URL 6776283960856169222
Brochure, Pamphlet, or Author. (Year). Title of document Canadian Opthalmological Association. (2007).
Painting [Type of document]. Publisher. Diabetes and the eye [Pamphlet]. Canadian
Opthalmological Association.

Ministry of the Environment. (2007). Conserving

water in Ontario [Brochure]. Ministry of the
Environment.

Wyeth, A. (1948). Christina’s world [Painting].

Museum of Modern Art.
Data set Author. (Year). Title of document in Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Knutsen, C. H., Lindberg, S. I.,
sentence case [Data set]. Website. Teorell, J., Altman, D. (2019). V-Dem country-year dataset
www.website.com v9 [Data set]. V-Dem. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemcy19

Attention: You can also have a doi O’Donohue, W. (2017). Content analysis of undergraduate
number instead of the website psychology textbooks (ICPSR 21600; Version V1) [Data set].
ICPSR. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR36966.v1

Unpublished Data set Author. (Year). Title of document in Evans, S. K. (2014). Personnel survey [Unpublished raw
sentence case [Unpublished raw data]. data]. University of Southern California.
Website/Publisher. www.website.com
Dictionary or Lastname, A. (year). Title of the chapter Hurthouse, R., & Pettigrove, G. (2016). Virtue ethics. In E.
Encyclopedia (online with in sentence case. In B. Lastname, C. Zalta (Ed.), Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy.
author) Lastname, & D. Lastname (Eds.), Title of https://plato.stanford.edu
the book in sentence case.
15
 www.website.com

Dictionary or Word. (year). In Title of dictionary in Heuristic. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary.
Encyclopedia (online sentence case. www.website.com http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/heuristic
without author)

Dictionary or Lastname, A. (year). Title of the chapter American Psychological Association. (2015). Mood
Encyclopedia (print) in sentence case. In B. Lastname, C. induction. In APA dictionary of psychology (2nd ed., p.
Lastname, & D. Lastname (Eds.), Title of 667). American Psychological Association.
the book in sentence case (pp.
Firstpage–Lastpage). Publisher.
PowerPoint presentation Author, A. (year). Title of document Park, L. (2011). Effective working teams [PowerPoint
[Powerpoint presentation]. presentation]. http://www.company.meetings/teams
www.website.com

Attention: If the presenter is the only

source for the Powerpoint presentation,
cite as a personal communication
(meaning that there will only be An in-
text citation, and it is not included in the
reference list
Television broadcast or Author, A. (Executive Producer). (Date of Smith, K. G. (Executive Producer). (1999, September 19).
Television series Broadcast). Program name in sentence Every day news [Television broadcast]. West Broadcasting.
case [Program type]. Production
Company.

If the series is still airing at the time of Mickle, J., Downey, S., Burrell, A., & Schwartz, B. (Executive
writing, replace the second year with Producers). (2021–present). Sweet tooth [TV series]. Team
“present” Downey; DC Entertainment; Warner Bros. Television

Single episode from Script Writer, A. (Writer), & Director, A. Egan, D. (Writer), & Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure
television series (Director). (Date of Broadcast). Title of to communicate (Season 4, Episode 17) [TV series episode].
the episode in sentence case (Season In D. Shore (Executive Producer), House. Fox Broadcasting.
Number, Episode Number) [TV series
episode]. In A. Producer (Executive
Producer), Title of the television series in
sentence case. Production Company.

If one person performed both writing

and directing roles, combine the
descriptions with an ampersand (&).

Podcast Surname of Host, Initial. (Host). (Date). Meraji, S. M., & Demby, G. (Hosts). (2016–2018). Code
Title of podcast in sentence case [Type of switch [Audio podcast]. National Public Radio.
podcast]. Venue. https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch
If the podcast series is still airing at the
time of writing, replace the second year
with “present”

16
Single podcast episode Surname of Host, Initial. (Host). (Year, Webster, M., & Abumrad, J. (Hosts). (2020, September 11).
Month Day). Title of podcast in sentence Bringing gamma back, again [Audio podcast episode]. In
case [Type of podcast]. In Name of Radiolab. WNYC Studios.
podcast series in sentence case. Venue https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/radiolab/articles/b
ringing-gamma-back
Movie Producer, A. (Producer), & Director, A. Davidson, F. (Producer), & Davidson, J. (Director). (1999).
(Director). (Release Year). Title of motion B. F. Skinner: A fresh appraisal [Motion picture]. Davidson
picture in sentence case [Motion Films.
picture]. Production Company.

Journal supplement Lastname, A., & Lastname B. (Year). Title Vahey, D., Aiken, L., & Vargas, D. (2004). Nurse burnout
of the article in sentence case. Journal in and patient satisfaction. Medical Care, 42(Suppl. 2), 57–66.
Title Case, Volume(Suppl. X), Firstpage–
Lastpage.
Full Special Issue Lastname, A., & Lastname B. (Eds.). Jenkins, L., & Astley, R. (Eds.). (2012). What’s up with Nyan
(year). Title of the special issue in Cat? [Special issue]. International Journal of Memes, 32(3).
sentence case [Special issue]. Journal in
Title Case, Volume(Issue).

Attention: in case of issues published by

Cogitatio Press, use Thematic issue
instead of Special issue
Full Special Issue Title of the special issue in sentence case Ennui or not ennui? Henri versus Keyboard Cat [Special
(unknown editors) [Special issue]. Journal in Title Case, issue]. (2012). Meme World, 19(3).
Volume(Issue).
Full Special Section Lastname, A., & Lastname B. (Eds.). Jenkins, L., & Astley, R. (Eds.). (2012). Beyond the LOLcats:
(year). Title of the special section in Maru, Nyan Cat, and more [Special section]. International
sentence case [Special section]. Journal Journal of Memes, 32(2), 415–565.
in Title Case, Volume(Issue), Firstpage–
Lastpage.
Full Special Section Title of the special section in sentence The German Federal Constitutional Court’s PSPP judgment
(unknown editors) case [Special issue]. Journal in Title Case, [Special section]. (2020). German Law Journal, 21(5), 944–
Volume(Issue), Firstpage–Lastpage. 1127.
Speech published in a Lastname, A. (year). Title of the chapter Dr. King declared: “I have a dream that one day this nation
book in sentence case. In B. Lastname, C. will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed”
Lastname, & D. Lastname (Eds.), Title of (McIntire, 2001).
the book in sentence case (pp.
Firstpage–Lastpage). Publisher. McIntire, S. (Ed.). (2001). Martin King Jr. (1963): “I have a
dream.” In The American heritage book of great American
speeches for young people (pp. 208–210). Wiley.
Attention: The reference uses the last
name of the author/editor of the book,
and not that of the speaker itself.
Speech transcript Surname of speaker, Initial. (Year). Title Bryan, W. J. (2010). Against imperialism [Speech
in sentence case [Speech transcript]. transcript]. American Rhetoric.
Website. URL http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/PDFFiles/Will
iam%20Jennings%20Bryan%20-%20Imperialism.pdf
(Original work published 1900)

17
 Hall, S. (1997). Race the floating signifier [Lecture
The same style can be applied to transcript]. Media Education Foundation.
lectures (but not to papers, lectures or https://www.mediaed.org/transcripts/Stuart-Hall-Race-
speeches given at conferences) the-Floating-Signifier-Transcript.pdf

Software or Video Game Author. (Year). Title of Software Esolang, A. N. (2014). Obscure Reference Generator
[Computer software]. Company. [Computer software]. E & K Press.
Title of Video Game [Video game].
(Year). Company. Bethesda Game Studios. Skyrim [Video game]. (2011).
Bethesda Softworks.
Attention: If the Software or Video
Game does not have an author, use the
second version.
YouTube Video Author. (year, month day). Title of video Apsolon, M. (2011, September 9). Real ghost girl caught on
[Video]. YouTube. www.website.com video, tape 14 [Video]. YouTube.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nyGCbxD848

Attention: If the user’s real name is not Bellofolletti. (2009, April 8). Ghost caught on surveillance
available, include only the screen name. camera [Video]. YouTube.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dq1ms2JhYBI&feature
=related

TED Talk Video (directly Author. (year, month day). Title of video Cuddy, A. (2012, June 6). Your body language may shape
from the TED website) [Video]. Ted Conferences. who you are [Video]. Ted Conferences.
www.website.com https://www.ted.com/talks/amy_cuddy_your_body_langu
age_may_shape_who_you_are
Screenshots of audiovisual Author. (Year). Title of the material or of Brock University. (n.d.). Research centres and groups.
material (except YouTube) the page the content was retrieved from https://brocku.ca/social-sciences/research/centres-and-
in sentence case. Website. URL. groups

The “Author” is the content provider,

not the author of the article (who
probably took the screenshot).

For movie/TV episodes screenshots, use Schur, M., Siegal, J., Morgan, D. (Writers), & Gates, T.
the reference format for each of these (Director). (2016). What we owe to each other (Season 1,
categories (see above). Episode 2) [TV series episode]. In M. Schur (Executive
Producer), The good place. Fremulon.

Personal Communication/ Do not include in the reference list

Interview/Bible passages/
Unpublished material
(phone calls, memos,
lecture notes, etc.)

Important Notes (C):

1. Each reference cited in the text must appear in the reference list and vice-versa.
18
2. URLs must always be a direct link to the referenced page.

3. As a rule, do not include the translator of the work in the final reference.

4. Always remove the slash (/) at the end of a URL.

5. Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author.
During, J. (2005).
Escalas, J. (2013).
Jacobus, M., Keller, E. F., & Shuttleworth, S. (Eds.). (2013).
Scott, A. J. (2012).

6. If authors have the same surname, alphabetize them according to their first initial.
Johnson, A. (2004).
Johnson, I. (2002).

7. If there are entries with identical authors, order them chronologically, earliest first.
Escalas, J. (n.d.).
Escalas, J. (2013).
Escalas, J. (2014).
Escalas, J. (in press).

8. If there are entries with identical authors published in the same year, organize them in the reference list alphabetically by
the title of the article or chapter. Then assign letter suffixes to the year (a, b, c, etc.).
Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age…
Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects…

Johnson, I. (in press-a). Publishing…

Johnson, I. (in press-b). United…

9. If different entries begin with the same author, entries that have only that one author come before entries with more than
one author.
Johnson, I. (2004).
Johnson, I., & Chen, C. (2000).

10. If different entries begin with the same author, alphabetize by the second author. If the second author is the same, use
the third, and so forth.
Berndt, T. J., Keefe, K., & Smith, A. (1995).
Berndt, T. J., Sharp, C., Burley. K. (Eds.). (2000).
Berndt, T. J., Sharp, C., Garcia, A., & Burley. K. (2001).
Berndt, T. J., Zwitter, B. (2000).

11. Referencing works by two different authors with the same surname and first name initial, include their full first name in
square brackets after the initials in the references list. This is applicable to first authors only:
Green, L. [Laura]. (2009). Morphology and literacy: Getting our heads in the game. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in
Schools, 40, 283–285. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2009/08-0091)
Green, L. [Leonard], & Myerson, J. (2013). How many impulsivities? A discounting perspective. Journal of the Experimental
Analysis of Behavior, 99, 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.1

12. Add space between different initials (exception: hyphenated names, in such cases use a hyphen).
Pavlik, J. P., Dennis, E. D.-B., Mersey R., & Gengler, R.

19
Erdal, I.-V., Kjetil, O., & Westlund, O. A.

13. After colon (:) and em dash (—) always use uppercase.
Optimizing content with A/B headline testing: Changing newsroom practices. Media and Communication, 7(2), 3-15.
Conducting research on the world’s changing mediascape—Principles and practices. SAGE.

14. Do not use acronyms/abbreviations of organization that are authors in the final references list, use only the full version of
the name (exception: if in the text only the acronym is used, then use it as well in the final references list). There is always a
full stop at the end of the name of the organization.
European Association for International Education. (2014).
International Organization for Migration. (2018).

15. The capitalization of surnames beginning with a particle (e.g., de, d’, van, or von) depends on the origin of the name
(usually, Dutch names with sentence case, Belgian/Flemish names with title case). Always confirm in the author’s institutional
page.

Barnard, R., de Luca, R., & Li, J. (2015).

De Ville, F., & Siles-Brügge, G. (2015).
von Thiele Schwarz, U., Lindfors, P., & Lundberg, U. (2008).

16. When having two or more works by the same author and year, for which in the references list the full date is provided (ex:
newspaper articles, Tweets, press releases, etc.) use the letters a,b,c, etc., to distinguish the different works. In the in-text
citation use only the year, do not add the month and day.

V4 Prime Ministers. (2004a, May 12). Declaration of Prime Ministers on cooperation of the Visegrad Group countries. Kroměříž.
V4 Prime Ministers. (2004b, December 8). Meeting of Prime Ministers of the Visegrad Group countries. Warsaw.
As seen previously (V4 Prime Ministers, 2004a, 2004b)…

17. Non-Latin scripts cannot be used in the references list, so everything needs to be transliterated:

 Tan, J. G. (2011). 中國社工與志愿者合作的模式 [Partnership model between Chinese social workers and volunteers].
廣東青年干部學院學報, 25(26), 12-18.
✓ Tan, J. G. (2011). Zhongguo shegong yu zhiyuanzhe hezuo de moshi [Partnership model between Chinese social workers
and volunteers]. Guangdong qingnian ganbu xueyuan xuebao, 25(26), 12-18.

18. Do not include English translations in non-English references

19. When referencing an article from the same thematic issue, use the template for “Manuscript Accepted for Publication
(Article)”. This reference will be updated before publication by the editorial staff when the complete information (issue
number, page range, etc.) is available:

Glorius, B., & Doomernik, J. (in press). Editorial to the thematic issue. Social Inclusion.

D. Publishers

Use Do not use

De Gruyter Walter De Gruyter
Elsevier
Palgrave Macmillan Palgrave Macmillan US; Palgrave

20
Peter Lang
Routledge Routledge & Kegan Paul
SAGE Sage
Springer Springer International Publishing; Springer Fachmedien; Springer Verlag; Springer VS; ...
Springer Nature Springer Nature Group
Taylor & Francis Taylor and Francis
Wiley John Wiley & Sons; Wiley-Blackwell

Important Notes (D):

If the publisher found on the book itself no longer goes by that name, its name must be updated in the references to match
its current denomination:

Van Gennep, A. (1908). Rites of passage. Routledge.

(Even though, in the year of publication, this publisher operated under “Routledge and Kegan Paul”)

E. Abbreviations

Abbreviation Meaning Position in a Example

reference

ca. Circa Before the year, Federal Emergency ManagementAgency [ca. 2011]
(approximately) both in the in-text
(Federal Emergency Management Agency, [ca. 2011])
and in the
reference, and Federal Emergency Management Agency. [ca. 2011]. Fire
always inside safety [Facebook status update].
squared brackets https://www.facebook.com/FEMA?sk=app_10442206389

cf. Compare or Beginning of the in- Abbott (2010) found supportive results in her memory
“consult” (used text reference, experiment, unlike those of previous work (cf. Zeller &
to provide before the author Williams, 2007).
contrasting or
Att: Never put a comma after cf.
opposing
information)

Chapter Chapter Do not abbreviate Yet, there remain methodological difficulties for studying
(with title case) emotions, particularly in the context of war and conflict
(Åhäll & Gregory, Chapter 17).

§ Section Usually after the Mental Health Systems Act (1988, § 1a).
year, separated with Mental Health Systems Act (1988, Section 1a).
a comma
Both § and Section can be used in theses cases, regardless of
Most common in the country of origin of the document.
legal documents

doi Digital object At the end of the Linhares, A., & Brum, P. (2007). Understanding our
identifier reference. understanding of strategic scenarios: What role do chunks
play? Cognitive Science, 31(6), 989-1007.
Always use the
https://doi.org/10.1080/03640210701703725
format:
21
 https://doi.org/…

Do not use older

formats like:

http://dx.doi.org
DOI: 10.1764…

Ed./Eds. Editor Between brackets Kasdorf, W. E. (Ed.). (2003). The Columbia guide to digital
after the name of publishing. Columbia University Press.
the editor.

ed. Edition Between brackets Friedl, S. (2003). Society and sex roles. In J. P. Spradley & D.
after the title of the W. McCurdy (Eds.), Conformity and conflict: Readings in
book. The brackets cultural anthropology (11th ed., pp. 261-289). Allyn and
can include other Bacon.
kind of information,
separated by a
comma.

e.g., For example Some studies (e.g., Jenkins & Morgan, 2010; Macmillan,
2009) have supported this conclusion.

Att: Always put a comma after e.g.

f./ff. Following pages pp. 258f. refers to pages 258-259 and pp. 258ff. refers to undetermined number of
pages following page 258. This is not APA style! Use the full page range (i.e.,
Firstpage–Lastpage) instead.

n.d. No date Instead of the year. Browne, J. D. (n.d.). Forensic science as a career. Tower
Publishing.

i.e., “That is,” The experimenters manipulated the order of presentation

(abbreviation for (i.e., first, second, or third) of the three images as well their
id est; used to size, that is, whether they were small or large.
give specific
Att: Always put a comma after.
clarification)

No. Number After the title, Holst, C., & Molander, A. (2014). Epistemic democracy and
between brackets. the accountability of experts. In C. Holst (Ed.), Expertise and
democracy (ARENA Report No. 14, pp. 13-35). University of
Oslo.

p./pp. page After the title, Herbatschek, N., Bergkamp, L., & Mihova, M. (2013). The
between brackets. REACH programmes and procedures. In L. Bergkamp (Ed.),
The European Union REACH regulation for chemicals. Law
In in-text citations,
and practice (pp. 82-170). Oxford University Press.
after the year,
separated by a
comma.

Always include the

full range of page
numbers.

para. Paragraph Same as pages (see Basu and Jones (2007) suggest the need for a new
“intellectual framework in which to consider the nature and

22
 above). form of regulation in cyberspace” (para. 4).

Jr., Sr., II For author, always Jones, H., Jr., & Jones, H. W., II. (1941). My adventures in
after initials, Alexandretta. Journal of Fictional Archeology, 1, 1–19.
separated by
Belloq, R. (1926). Shiny things. In B. C. Explorateur Jr. (Ed.),
commas.
Artifacts lost and found (pp. 210–223). Gaxotte Publishing.
For Editors, at the
end of the name

Jr., III, or other

suffixes are not
included with in-text
citations, only in the
references list.

[sic] “quoted as is” In brackets right Smith (2019, p. 52) wrote that “people have an
(when quotes after the error, in obligation to care for there [sic] community.”
contain normal case.
mistakes from
the original
material)

supra above authors use it to APA style does not use this method of referring to
refer to points resources. Instead, you should give an in-text citation
they referred to whenever you want to use information from a
earlier in their resource.
article

viz., “namely,” Always put a We first replicated our earlier study (viz., Black & Avery,
comma after. 2008) and then extended it.

vs. “versus” Exception: With The 2 (low vs. high) analysis of variance revealed that
legal citations use the low versus high distinction was not significant.
v. instead (with
italics).

23