^(3\C

CULPEPER'S

lOMPLETE HERBAL:
CONSISTING OF

A COMPREHENSIVE DESCRIPTION
OF NEARLY ALL HERBS
WITH THEIR

MEDICINAL PROPERTIES

AND

IBECTIONS FOR COMPOUNDING THE MEDICINES

EXTRACTED FROM THEM

LIBRARY OF THE
ONTARIO COLLEGP
OF
PHARMACY
LONDON
W. FOULSHAM & CO., LTD.
YORK TORONTO CAPE TOWN •
SYDNKY

lAM ^Q^A
X1^5/TY

MADE
IN ORBAT BRITAIN
BY HlbLMAN AND SONS, LTD., FROME
D. R.
COPYRKiHT: W. FOULSHAM AND CO., LTD.
 CONTENTS.

PAGI
COWITB IS
Anne IS
AD-fleal 14
Alkanot 16
Adder's Ton^e 16
Agrimonj 18
AgrimoDy (Water) 19
Auhoof. or Qronnd-iry 20
Altnnder 21
Alder (The Black) 22
Alder (The Common) 23
Angelica 24
AnMruUrat. 26
AnenoM 26
Arrach ((5arden) 27
Arrach (WUd and Stinking) 27
Archangel 28
Annnart 30
AMuabaea 31
Aaparagna 33
Aiparagas (Pricklj) 33
AihTree 34
Areni, called also Colewort, and Herb Bennet 36
Balm 36
Barberrr 87
Barlej 88
Basil (Garden or Sweet) 39
BayTree(The) 40
jBMoa 41
BatM (French) 42
Bad-Straw (Ladies) 43
Beets ^ 44
Betonj (Water) 46
Betony (Wood) 46
Beeeh-Tree (The) 48
Bilberries, or Whortle- Berries 49
Bifoil, or Twablade 60
Birch Tree (The) 60
Bird's Foot 61
Bishop's Weed 61
or Snakeweed • 61
tI oontsftb.

BitlerSweet 64
Blackberry Bush (The) 64
Elites 66
Borage and Bogloss 66
Blue-Bottle 67
Brank Ursine 68
Briony, or Wild Vine 69
Brook-Lime, or Water Pimpernel 61
Broom (Butcher's) 62
Broom« or Broom-Rape 63
Buck's Horn Plantain 64
Buckthorn 66
Bngle , 66
Burnet 67
Butter-Bur (The) 68
Burdook(The) 6»
Cabbages and Coleworts 70
Coleworto (The Sea) 72
Calamint 72
Camomile 73
Caltrops (Water) 76
Campion Wild 76
Oarduus Benedictus 76
Carrots 77
Carraway 78
Celandine 79
Celandine (The Lesser.) called also Pilewort 81
Centaury (The Ordinary Small) 82
Cherry-Tree (The) 83
Cherries (Winter) 84
CherrU 86
Chervil (Sweet) 86
Chestnut Tree 87
Chestnuts (Earth) 87
Chickweed 87
Chick-Pease, or Cicers 88
Cinquefoil, or Five-LeaTed Qrass, called also Five- Fingered Grass 89
Gives 91
Clary 91
Clary (Wild) 93
Cleavers 94
Clown's Woundwort 96
Cock's Head, Red Filching, or Medick Fetch 96
Columbines 96
Colt's Foot (Commoii) 97
Comfrey 97
Coralwort 99
Costmary 100
Cowslips, or Paigles 101
Crab'sClaws 101
(kM8es(BUck) 10»
 OOHTIMTS. HI
YAOI
Cre««« (Sciatica) lOS
€«•«• (Water) 104
CroMwort 104
Crowfoot 105
CnckocPint 106
Cncambert 108
Cadweed, or Cottonweed 109
Comnt-TrM 110
C]rpreM-Tre« V 110
Dftffodill (Common) Ill
Dai«iM 112
Daisy (LitUe) 118
Dandelion 118
Darnel (Red and White) 114
Denl'sBit 116
Dill 116
Dittander 117
Dittany of Crete 118
Dittanf (White) 118
Dock (Common) 119
Dodder of Thyme 120
Dog's Oraaa 121
Dog's Mercury .. 122
Dog Rose 122
Dog'sTooth 123
DoTe's Foot 124
Down, or Cotton Thistle 124
Dragon 125
Dropwort 126
Duck's Meat, or Duckweed 126
Eglantine 127
Elder ; 127
Elder (DwarO - 128
Elecampane, or Elfwort 130
Elm-Tree 131
Endife 132
Eriogo, or Sea Holly 132
Eveweed, or Double Rocket 133
Ejebright * 133
Fa»erel (WooUy) 134
Fslwort , 134
Fervocl (Common) • 136
Fennel (Sow or Hog's) 136
Fennel Flower 137
Feoagreek 137
Fern (Brake or Bracken) 138
Fern (Osmond Royal or Water) 138
FtTerfew, or Featherfew • 139
FeTerfew (Com) 140
Ferarfew (Sea) 140
feferfew (Sweet) «... 141
 lil OOBTSNTB.
rABM
Fi«-Twe 141
Fuprort. or Throatwort, and Figwort (Water) 142, 14S
Filipendala • 14S
Pir-Tree 144
Flag (Yellow,) or Flenr-de-ljs, and Flag (Baatard Water).
. 145, 146
Flax, and Flax-Weed 147
Fleabane (Canada) and Fleabane (Marsh) 148
Fleabane (Marsh), Fleabane(Mountain),andFleabane (Small) 149, 160
Flea-wort 161
Flixweed, or Flnxweed 162
Flenr-de-lys (Garden or Blue) 163
Flaellein, Llaellin Speedwell, or Paol's Betony 164
Foz-j^loTe 166
Fnnutorj 166
Fnrze-bnsh •• 167
(HUngale 168
Gall-oak 168
GarUc, and Garlic (Broad-leaved Wild) 169, 160
Gentian 161
Germander 162
Gladiole (Water) 168
Gladwin 163
Goat's Beard (Yellow), and Goat's Beard (Purple) 164, 166
Goat's Hue, and Goat's Thorn, or Tragant 166, 166
Gold of Pleasure, and Golden Rod (Common) 167
Golden Rod (Narrow-leaved) and Golden Rod (Welsh) 168
Golden Samphire 169
Oooseberry-Bnsh 169
Gosmore (Long-Rooted), (Smooth), and (Spotted) 170
Goat-Herb, Gout weed, or Goutwort 171
Green (Winter) 171
Ground Pine (Common) 172
Groundsel (Common), and Groundsel (Cotton or Stinking) 172, 173
GroundseU (Hoarj), (MounUin), and (Water) 174
Gum Thistle 176
Hare's Ear (Small), and Hare's Foot 176
Hart's Tongue 177
Hawk- Weed ( Jommon Broad-leaved) . . . ^
. 177
Hawthorn 178
HaaelNut 179
Heart'sEase ....a 179
Hedgeweeds . . 180
Hellebore (Black) and Hellebore (White,) or Indian Poke 181
Hemlock 182
Hemp 183
Henbane (Common) 183
Henry (Good) 184
Herb Christopher, Herb Robert, and Hert Tme-Love 186, 186
Holly, Holm, or Hulver-Buah, and Holly (Sea) 187
HoUyhocks (Garden) 188
Honewort (Corn) and Honewort (Slender) 189
vHttMy-Sttokle, Hone^-Suckle (Dwarf), and Honey-wort .. 190, 191
 OOHTINTB. Is

FAOI
lopt 191
Eorehonnd, and Horehonnd (Black) 192, 19S
HorM>Tail, and Hone-Tongue 193, 194
Honnd't-ToDgue 195
Houseleek, and Hoaseleek (Small) 195, 196
Houaeleeks (Stone-Crop), (WaU Pepper), and (Water) .... 197, 198
Hyacinth 198
HypocUtua 199
HjKop, and Hyasop (Hedge) 199, 200
iTy-Tree 201
Jeaaamine 202
Jew'aEar 202
John's Wort (St.) 203
July Flower 204
Juniper-Tree 204
Karse (Dittandcr) 205
Kidneywort 205
Knapweed (Common^ 206
Knapwort Harahweed 207
Knot Grass 207
L«diea' Mantle, and Lady's SmoSk 208, 209
Uagda BcBuf 209
lATander. and Larender (Cotton) 210, 211
Laurel (Erergreen or Spurge) 211
Lentils 212
Lettuce (O}mmon Garden), and Lettuce (Great WUd) .... 212, 213
Lightwort (Sea) 213
Lilly of the Valley, Water Lilly, and Lilly (White Garden) 214, 215
Lime Tree 216
Liquorice 216
Lirerwort (Common) 217
Loosestrife 218
Lorage 219
Lungwort 219
Lupine 220
Madder 220
Maidenhairs (Common). (Golden), and (White) . 221, 222
Mallows (Common), and Mallows (Common Marsh) ...... 222, 223
Mandrake 225
Maple-Tree 225
Marjoram (Common Wild), and Maijoram (Sweet) 226, 227
Marigold (Com) 227
Mastcrwort 228
Mastic Herb 229
Mayweed (Stinking) 229
Meadow-Sweet 230
Medlar 230
MeUlot 231
Mercury (French) 232
Metereon Spurge 232
Mint (Garden),.(Pepper),(Wattf), and (Wild or Hone) 233, 235, 236
MiaaUtoe 236
Z CONTEKTS.

Honeywort 237
Moonwort .. 238
Mom (Ground) 23S
Motherwort 239
Mouse-Ear 239
Mu^wort (Common) 240
Mulberry-Tree 241
Mullein (Black) and (White) 242
Mushroom (Garden) . .. 243
Mustard (Black), Mustard (Hedge), and MusUrd (White) 244, 245, 246
Myrrh (Euglish) 247
Myrtle Tree 247
Nailwort 248
Navelwort. ..; 248
Navew 248
Nep 249
Nettle (Common) 250
Nightshade (Common), and Nightshade (Deadly) 251, 252
Oak Tree 253
Gate 254
Onion 254
Orach 255
Orchis 256
Orpine . . 257
Parsleys (Common) (Piert, or Breakstone) and (Rock) 257, 258, 259
Parsley (Common Stone), (Small Stone,) and (Smooth Stone) . 260
.

Parsnip (Cow), and Parsnip (Upright Water) 260, 261

Peach-Tree, and Pear-Tree 262, 263
Pellitorv of Spain, and Pellitory of the Wall 263, 264
Penny -koyal, and Pennywort (Common Marsh) 265, 267
Peony (Male) 267
Pepper, Pepper (Guinea), and Pepper (Water) 268, 270
Periwinkle (Great) 270
Peter's Wort (St.) 271
Pilewort (Common) 271
Pimpernel (Water) 272
Pine-Tree 273
Plantains, (Buck's-Hom,) (Grass,) and (Ribwort) .... 273, 274, 276
Ploughman s Spikenard 276
Plums 276
Poley (Moubtain) 276
Polypody 277
Pomeeranate-Tree 277
Pumpkin 278
Poplars (Black) and (White) 278,279
Poppies (Black), (Crowfoot,) (Violet-Homed,) and (White) 279, 280
Poppies (Wild), and (Yellow-Homed) 282, 283
Primrose 283
Privet 284
Purslane 284
Quick Grasa 286
Quince-Tree 28d
 COVTXVT8. II

JUAiMh (Common Garden), and Radish (Wild or Horse) 287

BamuioDt^Uumed), (Sheep's), and (Hairy Sheep's) 288, 289
RattleGrass 289
Kaspberry 290
Best Harrow 290
Rbubarb, Rhubarbs, (Culinary or Tart,) and (Great Monk's) 291, 292
Bice, Rocket Cress (Anouai), and Rocket Cress (DwarO . 294, 296
.

Rockets (;Gttrden), (Purple Sea,) (Wild,) and (Winter) 296, 29«, 297
Root of Scarcity 297
Roses (Damask,) (Hip,) (Red,) and (White) .... 298, 299, 301, 302
Rosemary, and Rosemary (Marsh) 302, 304
Rue (Garden,) and Rue (Meadow or Wild) 304, 306
Ruggedwort, and Rupture- Wort 30fi
Rush (Souioanth), Hushes, Rushy Olonde, and Rye, .... 307, 308
Saffron, Saflfron (Meadow), and Saffron (Wild) 308, 309, 310
Sages (Common Garden), (Small,) and (Wood) 311, 312
Saltwort 813
Samphire (Prickly,) and Samphire (Rock or Small) .... 314
Sanicle 316
Saracen's Consound, or Great Broad-Leayed Ragwort 316
Sarsaparilla 317
Sauce- Alone (Jack-by-the-Hedge, or Common Garlic Cress) .... 318
Saline 318
Savory (Summer), and Sarory (Winter) ..,.319
Sawwort (Common) 320
Saxifrages (Great Burnet), (Small Burnet), and (White) . . 320, 321
Saxifrage f WUd. or Meadow) 322
Scabious (Derirs Bit,) Scabions (Field,) and (Lesser Field) .... 323
Seammonj, or Great White Bindweed 324
Sciatica- Wort, or Sciatica-Grass, and Scorpion Grass (Mouse Ear) 326
Scnrry-Gra sea (Common Garden), (Dutch Round-Leaved),
(Greenland), (Iry-leaTcd), (Horse-radish), and (Sea) 326, 327, 328
Self-Heal... 328
Senna (Red-Flowered Bladder) 329
8er Mountain 330
Serrice Tree (Common,) and Service Tree (Manured) . 330, 331
. .

6hepherd'sNeedle(CommoD,)and Shepherd's Needle (Rough) 331, 332

Shepherd's Purse, and Shepherd's Rod 332, 333
Sickle-Wort 333
Silverweed 338
8imson(Blue) 834
Skirret 884
Sloe Bush 836
Smallage 336
Sneexewort, and Soapwort • 836
BoUnnm, and Solanum (Berry Bearing) 837
Soldier (Common Water) 338
Solomon^ 8 Seal 839
Sorrels (Common). (MounUin,) (Sheep's,) and (Wood,) .. 339, 340
Sontheniwood, and Southernwood (Field) 341, 342
Sowbread, and Sowerweed (Kidney-Jeaved) 342, 348
Bow.Thiatles (Common,) (Prickly,) (TrM,) and Tim (Marah) 343, 844
 Xii OOlTTENTa.

rAOB
Speedwell, Spignel, Spignel (Broad-leaTed,) and Spikenard 345, 346
Spinach, Spleen- Wort, and Spunk 347
Spurges (Broad-leaved,) (Corn,) (Dwarf,) (Garden,) (Greater,)
(Knotty. rooted,) (Olive,) (Petty,) and (Red,) 348, 349, 350, 361
Spurges (Portland,) (Rough -fruited,) (Sea,) (Sun.) (Wood,) 351, 252
Squill 352
Star- worts (Garden,) (Sea,) (Spring- water,) (Autumnal-water) 353, 354
SUTes-Acre 354
Stone Crop 354
Storax Tree 355
Strawberries and Strawberry Cinnnefoil 356
Succory (Garden), Succory (WUd,) and Succory (Yellow,) 357, 358
Sumach 358
Sun Dew, Swallow- Wort, and Sycamore Tree 359, 360
Tamarisk-Troo 360
Tansy (Common,) and Tansy (Garden,) 361, 362
Tare (Vetch Conrmon Black,) and Tarragon 362, 363
Tea, Teawl ( Jjanured,) and Teasel (Wild,) 363, 364
Thistle (Blesaed), Thistle upon Thistle, Thistles (Dwarf May,)
(Lady's,) (Lanced Gentle,) (Marsh,) and (Musk,) 364, 365, 366
rhistles (St. Bamaby's,) (Spear,) (Star,) and (Way,) .... 366, 367
Thistles (Welted May,) (Wild Carline,) and (Woolly-headed) 367, 368
Thorn- Apple and Thornberry ( Black,) 368, 369
Thorough-Leaf, and Thorough-wax, (Common,) and (White) 369, 370
Thrift (Common,) 371
Thyme (Common Garden), and Thyme (Wild, or Mother oO .. 371
Tobacco , 372
Toothcress (Bulbiferous) 372
Tormentil, and Tormentil (Creeping,) 373, 374
Trefoil, TrefoU (Heart,) and TrefoQ (Pearl,) 374, 376
Turnip 376
Turnsole 376
Tutsan , 376
Valerians (GardetJ,); (Greek,) (Water,) and (True Wild) 376, 377, 378
Vine-Tree 379
Violet, Violet (Water,) and Viper's Bugloaa 380, 381
Wake Robin (Golden) 382
WaU-Flowers (Common,) (Sea,) and (Wild,) 382, 383
Walnuts 383
Water- Wort (Chickweed) 384
Weld, of Wold 386
Wheat 386
Witlow-Grasa . . . . 386
Willow-Herbn (vreeping,) (Great Flowered,) (Hairy,) (Marsh,)
(Money,, (Purple Money,) and (Mountain,) .... 387, 388, 389
Willow-Herbs, (Spurge,) (Tufty,) Yellow,) and Willow-Tree 389, 39d
Winter Green 391
Woad (Common) 39i
Woodruflfe (Squinancy,) and (Sweet,) and Wormseed (Treacle),392
Wormwoods, (Common,) (Boman^ and (Sea,) 393, 395, 396
Yarrow (Common,) and Yarrow (Sneezewort,) 397, 398
Yew, and Ynoca, or Jooca au8, 399
 CULPEPER'S COMPLETE HEEBAL

ACOKiTE,—(Aconitum Anthora,)
Wk hare m&Dj poisonous Aconites growing in the fieldt,
of which we ought to be cautious : but there is a medici-
nal one kept in the shop ; this is called the Wholesome
Aconite ; Anthora^ and Wholesome Wolfsbane.
Descrip. — This a small plant, being a species of Wolfs-
bane, or Monkshood, about a foot high, with pale divided
green leaves, and yellow flowers. It grows erect, and the
stalk is firm, angular, and hairj ; the leaves do not stand
in pairs ; they are round almost, and cut into many divi-
sions like those of Larkspur. The flowers are large and
hooded, of a pleasant smell, and grow on the tops of
the branches in spikes of a pale yellow colour, in shape like
the flowers of Monkshood, but somewhat less, each suc-
ceeded by four or five horn-like pointed pods, containing
black angular seeds. The root is tuberous, and sometimes
consists of one lump or knob, sometimes of more.
i*/a<r«. — This pant is a native of the Alps, but with ua
ifl planted in gardens.

Tiffu.— It flowers in July, and the seeds are ripe at the

Utter end of August
—
Oovemment and Virtue. This plant is under the go-
Temment of Saturn. The shoot only is used, and that not
often. However, it is said to be very serviceable against
Tegetable poisons. A decoction of the root is a good lo-
tion to wash the parts bitten by venomous creatures but
it isnot much regarded at this time, and should be cau-
tiously kept out of childrens' way, for there is a farina in
the flower, which is very dangerous if blown in the eyes ;
the leaves also, if nibbed on the skin, will irritate and
cause soreness.

AOA^lC.—(Agaricus.)
—
Duerip. This is a fungous substance, of a roundish,
angular, unequal shape, from the size of a man's fist to hia
13
14 cttlpepeb's complete hebbal.
head, white as bdow, and mealy when nibbed between thf
fiugere; it has a few fibres, and a ash-coloured rind, the
lower part being perforated, with small seeds in the holes.
The taste is tirst sweetish, then bitter, acrid, and nause-
ous, with a slight astringencj. There are a great variety
of these excrescences; they diflFer both in virtue and the sub-
stances on which they grow. One kind grows at the foot
of oak trees, which is pleasant to eat, weighing from an
ounce to two pounds, of a fleshy juicy substance, without
pores, dotted on the outside with red, tasting like the meat
of a lobster's claw. It ditfers in colour, the upper surface
is a brown red, the under approaches a buff colour, some-
times full of pores, the inner substance is fleshy and suc-
culent, streaked with deeper and paler red. Ihey are
about a foot and a half round, apparently nothing but
leaves encompassing each other ; these fungous leaves are
halt an inch thick, all joining in one thick basis, by which
it adheres to the stump of an oak tree. It consists of two
sorts of fibres; those which frame the outward surface are
tou^h, and of a ligamentous fimiuess, place<l horizoutally;
the others are soft and perpendicular to the first, forming
the under surface, which is white and full of pores.
Touchwood, or Spunk, is made from another kind of
fungus growing on willows, full of minuute pores, covered
with a white substance on the under side when fresh. A
third kind grows on the trunks of the larch trees.
—
Government and V^irtues. It is under the government
of Mercury in the sign of Leo. The best is white, light,
and brittle. It evacuates phlegm, and is given in deflux-
ions and disorders of the breast, but that only to strong
people. It is reckoned a useless medicine, or rather noxi-
ous, for it loads the stomach, distends the viscera, create!
a nausea, and causes vomiting. Its powder has been pre-
scribed from half a dram to two drams.

ALL-HEAL.— ('Prvn^/Za Vulgaris.)

It is also called HercnW All-heal, and Hercules'
Wound-wort, because it is supposed that Hercules learn-
ed the herV> and its virtues from Chiron, when he learned
physic of him.
Descrip.— Its root is long, thick, and exceedingly full
of juice, of a hot and biting taste the leaves are great
:

and \arge, and wingedalmost like Ash-tree leaves, but that

the] are something hairy, each leaf consisting of six pairs
 cttlpepeb'b complete herbal. is

of snch wings set one again«t the other npon foot-stalks,

broad below, but narrow towards the end ; one of the
leaves is a little deeper at the bottom than the other, of a
fair, yellowish, fresh green colour ; thej are of a bitterish
tatote ueing chewed in the mouth. From among these
anseth up a stalk, green in colour, round in form, great
and stroug in magnitude, five or six feet in altitude, with
many joints and some leaves thereat towards the top :

come forth umbles of small yellow flowers, after these

are passed away, you may find whitish, yellow, short flat
seeds, bitter also in taste.
F/ace^ — Having given you the description of the herb
from the bottom to the top, give me you that
leave to tell
there are other herbs called oy this name ; but because
they are strangers in England, I give only the description
of this, which is easily to be had iu the gardens of divers
places.
Titus, —^Although Gerardsaith, That they flower from the
beginning of May the end of December, experience
to
teacbeth them that keep it in their gardens, that it flowers
not till the latter end of the summer, and sheds its seed
presently after.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is under the dominion of
Mars, hot, biting, and choleric ; and remedies what evils
Mars atflicts the body of a man with, by sympathy, as vi-
pers^ flesh attracts poison, and the loadstone iron. It kills
the worms, belps tne gout, cram|>s, and convulsions pro- ;

yokes uriue, and helps all joiut aches. It helps all cold
griefs of the head, the vertigo, falling sickness, the lethar-
gy, the wind colic, obstructions of the liver and spleen,
stone in the kidneys and bladder. It provokes the terms,
expels the dead birth it is excellent for the griets of the
:

eiuews, itch, stone, and tooth-ache, the bite of mad dogs

and venomous beasts, and purgeth choler very gently.
ALKANET.—(iincAiwa Tinctoria.)
Besides the common name, it is called orr^hanet, and
Spanish bugv.^sH, and by apothecaries, euchusa.
Dttcrip. —
Of the many sorts of this herli, there is but
one known to grow commonly in this nation of which ;

one takes this description —

It hath a great and thick root
:

ot a reddish colcmr long, narrow, hairy leaver, green like

;

the lei^ves of h'lgloss, which lie very thick upon the

ground ; the .stalks rioa up compassed round about, thick
 16 oulpxpkb's oomplxtb hxbbal.

with leavea, which are lesser and narrower than the for-
mer they are tender, and slender, the flowers are hollow,
;

small, and of a reddish colour.

Place, —It grows in Kent, near Rochester, and in many
places in the west country, both in Devonshire and
ComwalL
—
Time, They flower in July and beginning of August^
and the seed is ripe soon after, but the root is in its prime,
as carrots and parsnips are, before the herb runs up to
stalk.
—
Oovemment and Virtites. It is an herb under the do«
minion of Venus, and indeed one of her darlings, though
somewhat hard to come by. It helps old ulcers, hot in-
flammations, burnings by common fire and St. Anthony's
fire, by antipathy to Mars ; for these uses your best way
is to make it into an ointment ; also if you make a vinegar
of it, as you make vinegar of rosei, it helps the murphy
and leprosy if you apply the herb to the privities, it
;

draws forth the dead cnild. It helps the yellow jaundice,

spleen, and gravel in the kidneys. Dioscorides saith, it
helps such as are bitten by venomous beasts, whether it
be taken inwardly or applied to the wound nay, he saitb
;

further, if any that hath newly ea^n it do but spit into

the mouth of a serpent, the serpent instantly dies. It
stays the flux of the belly, kills worms, helps the fits of
the mother. Its decoction made in wine, and drank,
strengthens the back, and easeth the pains thereof. It
helps bruises and falls, and is as gallant a remedy to drive
out the small pox and measles as anv is an ointment
:

made of it is excellent for green wouniu, pricks or thrusts,

ADDER'S TONGVK—iOphiogloetum Vulgatum.)
Deacrip, —
This herb hath but one leaf, which grows with
the stalk a finger's length above the ground, oeing flut
and of a fresh green colour ; broad like water plantain, but
less, without any rib in it ; from the bottom of which
leaf on the inside riseth up, ordinarily, one, sometimes
two or three slender stalks, the upper part whereof i^
somewhat bigger, and dented with small dents of a yel-
lowish green colour, like the tongue of an adder serpent^
(only this is as useful as they are formidable). The roou
continue all the year.
—
Place, It grows in moist meadows, and in such Hm
 oulpspkr's complete hxbbau 17

Tims, —It is to be found in May or April, for it quickly

pemheth with a little heat.
Oovemmeut and Virtues, —
It Ib an herb under the do-
minion of the Moon and Cancer, and theiefore, if the
weakness of the retentive faculty be caused by an evil in-
fluence in any part of the body governed by the moon, or
under the dominion of Cancer, this herb cures it by sym-
pathy. It cures these diseases after specified, in any part
of the body under the influence of Saturn, by antipathy.
It is temperate in respect of heat, but dry in the second
degree. The juice of the leaves drank with the distilled
water of horse -tail, is a singular remedy of all manner of
wounds in the breasts, bowels, or other parts- of the body,
and is given with good success unto those that are troubled
with casting, vomiting, or bleeeding at the mouth and
Qoee, or otherwards downwards. The said juice given
in the distilled water of oaken buds, is very gooa for
women who have their usual courses, or whites flowing
down too abundantly. It helps sore eyes. Of the leaves
infused or boiled in oil, omphacine, or unripe olives, set
in the sun for certain days, or the green leaves sufficiently
boiled in the said oil, is made an excellent green balsam,
not only for green and fresh wounds, but also for old and
inveterate ulcers, especially if a little fine clear tuipentine
be disaolved therein. It also stayeth and refresheth all
inflammations that arise upon pains by hurts and wounds.
What parte of the body are under each planet and tign,
and dXM> what disease may be found in my astroloigical
indcment of diseases ; and for the internal work of nature
m uie body of man, as vital, animal, natural and pro-
creative spiiite of man ; the apprehension, judgment,
memory —
the external senses, viz. seeing, hearing, smell-
;

ing, tasting, and feeling ; the virtues attractive, retentive^

digestive, expulsive, &c. under the dominion of what pla-
nets they are, may be found in my ephemens for the vear
1661 in both which you shall find the chaff of authors
:

blown away by the fame of Dr. Reason, and nothing bul

rational truths left for the ingenious to feed upon.
18 culpeper's complete hfrrai..

AGKIMONY.— (^^Ttmonwj Ewpatoria,)

Descrip. —
This hath divers long leaves, some greater,
Bome smaller, set upon a stalk, all of them, dented about
the edges, green above and greyish underneath, and a little
hairy withal ; among which ariseth up usually but one
strong, round, hairy, brown stalk, two or three feet high,
with smaller leaves set here and there upon it. At the
top hereof grow many small yellow flowers, one above
another, in long spikes, after which come round heads of
seed, hanging downwards, which will cleave to and stick
upon garments, or any thing that shall rub against them.
The knot is black, long, and somewhat woody, abiding
many years, and shooting afresh every spring ; which root,
though small, hath a reasonable scent.
Place. —It groweth upon bauks, near the sides of hedges.
—
Time, It flowereth in July and August, the seed being
ripe shortly after.
—
Oovemment and Virtues, It is an herb under Jupiter
and the sign Cancer ; and strengthens those parts under
the planet and sign, and removes diseases in them by sym-
pathy and those under Saturn, Mars, and Mercury, by
;

antipathy, if they happen in any part of the body govern-

ed by Jupiter, or under the signs Cancer, Sagittary, or
Pisces, and therefore must needs be good for the gout,
either used outwardly in oil or ointment, or inwardly in
an electuary, or syrup, or concerted juice ; for which see
the latter end of the work. I
It is of a cleansing and cutting faculty, without any
manifest heat, moderately drying and binding. It openeth
and cleanseth the liver, helpeth the jaundice, and is very
beneficial to the bowels, healing all inward wounds, bruises,
hurts, and other distempers. The decoction of the herb
made with wine, and drank, is good against the biting and
stinging of serpents, and helps them that make foul, trou-
bled ,or bloody water, and makes them part with clear urine
speedily ;it also helpeth the colic, cleanseth the breast, and
rids away the cough. A draught of the decoction taken
warm before the fit, first removes, and in time rids away
the tertian or quartan agues. The leaves and seeds taken
In wine stays the bloody flux ; outwardly applied, being
stamped with old swine's grease, it helpeth old sores, can-
cers, and inveterate ulce/s, and draweth forth thorns and
splinters of wood, nails, or any other such thing gotten
 otjlpeper's complete herbal. 10

»nto the flesh : it helpeth to streDgthen the members that

be out of joint ; and being bruiasd and applied, or the
juice dropped in, it helpeth foul and imposthumed ears.
The distilled water of the herb is good to all the said
purposes, either inward or outward, but a great deal
weaicer.
It is a most admirable remedy for such whose lives are
annoyed either by heat or cold. The liver is the former of
blood, and blood the nourisher of the body, and agrimony
a strengthener of the liver.
I cannot stand to give you a reason in every herb why
it cureth such diseases but if you please to peruse my
:

judgment in the herb wormwood, you shall find them

there and it will be well worth your while to consider
;

every herb—you shall find them true throughout the

book.

AGRIMONY (WATER,)— {Btdens Tnparttta.)

some countries Water Hemp, Bastard Hemp,

It is called in
and Bastard Agrimony Eupatorium and Hipatorium,
;

because it strengthens the liver.

Descrip,— The root continues a long time, having many
long slender strinc^s the stalk grows up about two feet
:

high, sometimes higher ; they are of a dartc purple colour ;

the branches are many, growing at distances the one from
the other, the one from the one side of the stalk, the other
from the opposite point the leaves are winged, and much
:

indented at the edges the flowers grow at the top of the

:

branches, of a brown yellow colour, spotted with black

spota, having a substance within the midst of them like
that of a daisy ; if you rub them between your fingers
they smell like rosin or cedar when it is burnt : the seeds
are loni^, and easily stick to any woollen thing they touch.
Place. —
They delight not in heat, and therefore they are
not 80 frequently found in the southern parts of England
as in the northern, where they grow frequently. You may
look for them in cold grounds by the sides of ponds and
ditches, as also by running waters ; sometimes you shall
find them grow in the midst of the waters.
Tims.— They all flower in July or August, and the seed
it ripe preeently after.
—
OavernmerU and Virtues. It is a plant of Jupiter, a«
well MM the other agrimony, only this belongs to the cele*-
Mal sign in Cnnctr, It healeih and dneth, cnttetb aiic
to culpspkr'b oompleti hsrbal.

cleauseth thick and tough humours of the breast, and for

this I hold it inferior to few herbs that grow ; it helps the
cachexia or evil disposition of the body, the dropsy, and
yellow jaundice ; it opens the obstructions of the liver,
mollifies the hardness of the spleen, being applied out-
wardly it breaks imposthumes, taken inwardly it pro-
: :

vokes mine and the terms : it kills worms, and cleanseth

the body of sharp humours, which ai« the cause of itch and
scabs ; the herb being burnt, the smoke thereof drives
away flies, wasps, &c, ; It strengthens the lungs exceeding-
ly. Country people give it to their cattle when they are
troubled with the cough, or broken winded,

ALEHOOP, o» GROUND-rVT.—((y^ecAoma ffederaeea,)

SwBKAL counties give it seyeral names, lo that there is
scarce an herb growing of that bigness, that has got so
many. It is called CatVFoot, Qround-ivy, Gill-go-by-
ground, Gill-creep-by-ground, Turn-hoof, Hay-Maids,
and Alehoof.
—
Detcrip. This well known herb lieth, spreadeth, and
creepeth upon the ground, shooteth forth roots at the 'or-
'

ners of tender jointed stalks, set with two round leaves at

every joints somewhat hairy, crumbled, and unevenly
dented about the hedges with round dents ; at the joints,
likewise, with the leaves towards the end of the branches,
oome forth hollow long flowers, of a blueish purple colour,
with small white spots upon the lips that hang down. The
root is small, with strincs.
FUioe, —
It is commonly found under hedges and on the
ides of ditches, under houses, or in shadowed lanes and
other waste lands in almost every part of the land.
—
Time, They flower somewhat early, and abide a great
I
while ; the leaves continue green until winter, and some-
times abide, except the winter be very sharp and cold.
—
OovemmeTU and Virtues, It is an herb of Venus, and
therefore cures the diseases she caises by sympathy, and
those of Mars by antipathy ; you may easily find it all the
year, except the year be extremely frosty ; it is quick,
sharp, and bitter in taste, and is therebv found to be hot
and dry ; a singular herb for all inward wounds, exulce-
rated lungs, or other parts, either by itself, or boiled with
other the like herbs ; and being drunk, in a short time it
easeth r11 griping pains, windy and choleric humours in
the toma<£, spleen or belly ; helpe the yellow jaondloe hj

I
 oulpepsb's oomplxtb hbbbal. tl

opening the stoppings of the gall and liver, and melancholy,

by open ing the gtoppings of the spleen ; expelleth venom
or poison, and also the plague it provokes urine and wo-
:

men's courses. The decoction oi it in wine drank for

some time together, procureth ease unto them that art
troubled with the sciatica, or hip gout ; as also the goat
in the hands, knees or feet ; if you put to the decoction
some honey and a little burnt alum, it is excellent good to
gargle any sore mouth or throaty and to wash the sores
and ulcers in the privy parts of man or woman it speedily;

helpeth green wouods, oeing bruised and bound tnereto.

The juice of it boiled with a little honey and verdigris,
doth wonderfully cleanse fistulas, ulcers, and stayeth the
spreading or eating of cancers and ulcers ; it helpeth the
itch, scam, weals, and other breakings out in any part of
the bod^. The juice of celandine, field daises, and ground-
ivy clarified and a little fine sugar dissolved therein, and
dropped into the eyes, is a sovereign remedy for all pains,
recmMS, and watering of them ; as also ror the pin and
web, skins and films growing over the sight : it helpeth
hearts as well as men. The juice dropped into the ear
doth wonderfully help the noise and singing of them, and
helpeth the hearing which is decayed. It is good to tun
up with new drink, for it will clarify it in a night, that it
will be the fitter to be drank the next morning ; or if any
drink be thick with removing or any other accident, it wiU
do the like in a few hours.
ALEXANDER—(/Smymtt^ (Hutairvmk)
It Alisander, Horse Parsley, Wild Parsley,
is also called
and the Black Pot-herb ; the sedd of it is that which is
usually sold in apothecaries' shops for Macedonian parsley-
seed.
Detorip. —It is usually sown in all the gardens in
Europe, and so well known, that it needs no farther de-
scription.
Time. —
It flowereth in June and July the seed is ripe
:

in August
ChvimfMrU and Virtuet,— It is an herb of Jupiter, and
therefore friendly to nature, for it warmeth a cold stomach,
and opeoeth a stoppage to the liver and spleen it is good ;

to move women's coursei, to expel the after-birth, to break

wind, to provoke urine, and helpeth the strangury and ;

these things the seeds will do likewise. If either of them

82 culpeper'b complete hbbbix..
be boiled in wine, or bruised and taken in wine, is alec
effectual in the biting of serpents. And you know what
Alexander pottage is good for, that you may no longer eat
it oat of ignorance, but out of knowledge.

ALDER (BLACK.)—(Alnut Nigra,)

Descrip. —
This tree seldom groweth to any great big-
ness, but for the most part abideth like a hedge-bush, or a
tree spreading its branches, the woods of the body being
white, and a dark red cole or heart ; the outward bark is
of a blackish colour, with many whitish spots therein ;
but the inner bark next the wood is yellow, which being
chewed, will turn the spittle near into a saffron colour.
The leaves are somewhat like those of an ordinary alder-
tree, or the female comet, or Dog-berry tree, called in
Sussex dog-wood, but blacker, and not so long the flowers
:

are white, coming forth with the leaves at the joints, which
turn into small round berries first green, afterwards red,
but blackish when they are thorougD ly ripe, divided as it
were into two parts, wherein is contained two small round
and flat seeds. The root runneth not deep into the ground,
but spreads rather under the upper crust of the earth.
—
Place, This tree or shrub may be found plentifully in
St. John*8 wood by Homsey, and the woods on Hamp-
stead-heath ; as also in a wood called Old Park, in Barcomo,
Essex, near the brook's side.
Time,—^li flowereth in May, and the berries are ripe in
September.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is a tree of Venus, and
perhaps under the celestial sign Cancer. The inner yellow
Dark hereof purgeth downwards both choler and phlegm^
and the watery humours of such as have the dropsy, ana
stren^hens the inward parts again by binding. If the
bark hereof be boiled with agrimony, wormwowi, dodder,
hops, and some fennel with smallage, endive, and succory
roots, and a reasonable draught taken every morning for
some time together, it is very effectual against the jaundice,
dropsy, and the evil disposition of the body, especially if
some suitable purging medicines have been taken before,
to void the grosser excrements ; it purgeth and strength-
eneth the liver and spleen, cleansing them from such evil
humours and hardness as they are afflicted with. It is -to
be undcist*. vmI that these things are performed by the dry
bark ; for the fresh green bark taken inwardly provoke*
 oulpepek'b complete hebbau 88
trong TomitiDgs, paius in the stomach, and gripings in
the bellj yet if the decoction may stand and settle two
;

or three days, until the yellow colour be changed black, it

will not work so strongly as before, but will strengthen
the stomach, and procure an appetite to meat. The out-
ward bark contrariwise doth bind the body, and is helpful
for all laxes and fluxes thereof, but this also must be dried
first, whereby it will work the better. The inner bark
thereof boiled in vinegar is an approved remedy to kill
lice, to cure the itch, and take away scabs, by drying them
up in a short time. It is singularly good to wash the teeth,
and to take away the pains, to fasten those that are loose,
to cleanse them, and keep them sound. The leaves are
good fodder for kine, to make them give more milk.
In spring-time you use the herbs before-mentioned, and
will take a handful of each of them, and to them add a
handful of elder buds, and having bruised them all, boil
them in a gallon of ordinary beer when it is new and ;

having boiled them half an hour, add to this three gallons

more, and let tiiem work together, and drink a draught of
it every morning, half a pint, or thereabouts ; it is an
excellent purge for the spring to consume the phlegmatic
quality the winter has left behind it, and withal to keep
your body in health, and consume those evil humours which
the heat of summer will readily stir up. £steem it as a
jewel.

ALDER (COMMONO—T-i^nw Glutinosa.)

Descrip. —Qroweth to a reasonable height, and spreads

much if it like the place. generally well known
It is so
nnto country people, that I conceive it needless to tell
that which is no news.
—
Place and Time. It delighteth to grow in moist woods
ADd watery places ; flowereth in April and May, and
jieldeth ripe seed in September.
—
Oovernment and Ute. It is a tree under the dominion
of Venua, and of some watery sign or other, I suppose
Piacee, and therefore the decoction, or distilled water of
the leaves, is excellent^ against burnings and inflamma-
tions, either with wounds or without, to bathe the place
ffrieved with, and especially for that inflammation ol the
breast, which the vulgar call an ague.
If yoa cannot get the leaves, which In winter is impoe-
iible, make uae of the bark in the same manner.
24 cxn:.piPEB'8 oompleti hxbbai*
The leaves and bark of the alder tree are cooling, dry-
ing, and binding. The fresh leaves laid apon swellings
dissolve them, and stay the inflammations. The leaves
put under the bare feet galled with travelling, are a great
refreshing to them. The said leaves gathered while the
morning dew on them, and brought into a chamber
is
troubled with fleas, will gather them thereunto, which
being suddenly cast out, will rid the chamber of these
troublesome bed-fellow&

AMAB,A'NT'RVS.—(Amaranttu Hypochondriacut,)
Called also Flower-gentle, Flower-velure, Floramor,
Velvet-flower, and Prince's Feather,
Descrip. —It being a garden flower, and well known to
every one that keeps it, I might forbear the description ;
yet, notwithstanding, because some desire it, I shall give
it. It runneth up with a stalk a cubit high, streaked, and
lomewhat reddish towards the root, but very smooth, di-
vided towards the top with small branches, among which
stand long broad leaves of a reddish green colour, slippery
the flowers are not properly flowers, but tufts, very
beautiful to behold, but ot no smell, of reddish colour ; it
you bruise them, they yield juice of the same colour ; be-
ing gathered, they keep their beauty a long time : the seed
is of a shining black colour.
—
Time, They continue in flower from August till the
time the frost nips them.
—
Oovemment and Virtuei. It is under the dominion of
Saturn, and is an excellent Qualifier of the unruly actions
and passions of Venus, thougn Mars should also join with
her. The flowers dried and oeaten into powder, stop the
terms in women, and so do almost all other red things.
And by the icon or image of every herb, the ancients at
first ionnd out their virtuea Modem writers laugh at
them for it ; but I wonder in my heart how the virtue of
herbs came at first to be known, if not by their signatures
the moderns have them from the writings of the ancients
the ancients had no writings to have them from but to
:

—
proceed. The flowers stop all fluxes of blood, whether in
man or woman, bleeding either at the nose or wound.
There is also a sort of amarauthus that bears a white
flower, which stops the whites in women, and the running
of the reins in men, and is a most gallant anti- venerea^
and a singular remedy for the French pox.
 CIJLPBPSB*8 COKPLSTB HIBBAL. S5

ANGELICA.— ^^n^rfuw Arehangdusa,)

To write a description of that which is so well known to
be growing almost in every garden, I suppose is altogether
ne^less yet for its virtues it is of admirable use.
;

In time of heathenism, when men had found out any ex-

eellent herb, they dedicated it to their god, as the bay-
tree to Apollo, the oak to Jupiter, the vine to Bacchus, the
poplar to Hercules. These the papists following as the pa-
triarchs, they dedicated to their saints ; as our lady*s
thistle to the Blessed Virgin, St. John's wort to St. John,
%nd another wort to St. Peter, &c. Our physicians must
imitate like apes, though they cannot come off half so
cleverly, for they blasphemously call tansies, or heart's
ease, an herb for the Trinity because it is of three colours ;
^

and a certain ointment an ointment of the Apoetlee, be-

cause it consists of twelve ingredients. Alas ! I am sorry
for their folly, and grieved at their blasphemy. God send
them wisdom the rest of their age, for they have their
share of ignorance already. Oh why must ours be blas-
!

phemous, because the heathens and papists were idola-

trous I Certainly they have read so much in old rusty
aothora, that they have lost all their divinity, for unless
it were amongst the ranters, I never read 6r heard of such
blasphemy, llie heathens and papists were bad, and ours
worse the papists giving names to herbs for their vir-
;

tue's sake, not for their fair looks ; and therefore some
call this an herb of the Holy Ghost ; others more mo-
derate called it Angelica, because of its angelical virtues,
and that name it retains still, and all nations follow it ao
near as their dialect will permit
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is an herb of the Sun in
Leo let it be gathered when he is there, the Moon ap-
;

pljnng to his good aspect ; let it be gathered either in hia

nour, or in the hour of Jupiter let Sol be angular ob-
: :

serve the like in gathering the herbs of other p^nets, and

yon may happen to do wonders. In all epidemical diseases
caoaed by Saturn, that is as good a preservative as grows.
It resists poison by defending and comforting the nearL
blood, and spirits it doth the like against the plague and
;

all epidemical diseases, if the root be taken in powder to

the weight of half a drachm at a time, with some |food
treacle in Carduus water, and the party thereupon laid to
weai in his bed ; if treacle be not to be had, takeitalona
26 CUIiPEPB&'S COMPLETE H££BAL.

In Carduus water or Angelica water. The stalks or roots

candied and eaten fasting, are good preservatives in time
of infection ; and at other times to warm and comfort a
cold stomach the root also steeped in vinegar, and a little
:

of that vinegar taken sometimes fasting, and the root

smelled unto is good for the same purpose a water dis-
:

tilled from the root simply, as steeped in wine and dis-

tilled in a glass, is much more effectual than the water of
the leaves ; and this water drank two or three spoonfuls
at a time, easeth all pains and torments coming of cold
and wind, so that the body be not bound ; and taken with
some of the root in powder at the beginning, helpeth the
pleurisy, as also all other diseases of the lungs and breast,
as coughs, phthisic, and shortness of breath ; and a syrup
of the stalks doth the like. It helps pains of the cholic,
the strangury and stoppage of the urine, procureth wo-
men's courses, and expelleth the after birth ; openeth the
stoppage of the liver and spleen, and briefly easeth and
discusseth all windiness and inward swellings. The de-
coction drank before the fit of an ague, that they may
sweat, if possible, before the fit comes, will, in two or
three times taking, rid it quite away ; it helps digestion,
and is a remedy for a surfeit. The juice, or the water
being dropped into the eyes or ears helps dimness of sight
and deafness the juice put into the hollow of the teeth
:

easeth their pain. The root in powder, made up into

plaister with a little pitch, and laid on the biting of mad
dogs or any other venomous creature, doth wonderfully
help. The juice or the water dropped, or tents wet there-
in, and put into filthy dead ulcers, or the powder of the
root, in want of either, doth cleanse and cause them to
heal quickly, by covering the naked bones with flesh the
:

distilled water applied to places pained with the gout, or

sciatica, doth give a great deal of ease.
The Wild Angelica {Angelica SylvestrUf) may be safely
used to all the purposes aforesaid.

ANEMONE. {Anemone Nemorosa,)

Called also Wind-flower, because they say the flowers
never open but when the wind bloweth. Pliny is my
author ; if it be not so, blame him. The seed also, if it
bears any at all, flies away with the wind.
—
Place and Time, They are sown usually in the gar-
dens of the curious, and flower in the spring-time. As for
 dTT.rrPTTB'i COMPLETE HBBBAU 27

description, I shall pass it, being well known to all thofiC

Uiat sow them.
—
Government and Virtites, It is under the dominion of
Mars, being supposed to be a kind of crow-foot The
leaves provoke the terms mightily, being boiled, and the
decoction drank. The body beine bathed with the decoc-
tion of them, cures the leprosy the leaves being stamped,
:

and the juice snufifed up the nose, purgeth the head

mightily so doth the root, being chewed in the mouth,
;

for it procureth much spitting, and bringeth away many

watery and phlegmatic numors, and is therefore excellent
for the lethargy. And when all is done, let physicians
prate what they please, all the pills in the aispensary
purge not the head like to hot things held in the mouth.
Being made into an ointment, and the eye-lids anointed
with it, it helps inflammations of the eyes ; whereby it is
palpable, that every stronger draweth its weaker like.
The same ointment is excellent good to cleanse malignant
and corroding ulcers.

AltBACH (GAEDEN.)— (ii^rtp^c* HortentU,)

Callxd also Orach, and Arat^e.
Descrip, —
It is so commonly known to every housewife,
it were labour lost to describe it.
Time.— li flowereth and seedeth from June to the end
of August.
—
Oovemment and Virtues, It is under the government
of the Moon : in quality cold and moist like unto her. It
aoftenelh and looseneth the body of man being eaten, and
fortitieth the expulsive faculty in him. The herb, whether
it be bruised and applied to the throat, or boiled, and in
like manner appliea, it matters not much, it is excellent
^ood for swellings in the throat ; the best way, I suppose,
18 to boil it, having drunk the decoction inwardly, and ap-
ply the herb outwardly. The decoction of it besides is an
excellent remedy for the yellow jaundice.

ARRACH, WILD AND STINKING.— ('ui/no^Ar

Olida.)

Called also Vulvaria, Dog's-arrach, GoatVarrach, and

Stinking Mother- wort.
Deecrxp. —
This hath small and almost round leaves, yet
a little pointed, and almost without dent or cut, of a dusky
mealy colour, jawing on the slender stallu and branches
318 oulpbpxe's complitb herbal.

that spread on the ground, with small flowers in clnsters

let with the leaves, and small seeds succeeding like the
rest) perishing yearly, and rising again with its own sowing.
It smells like rotten fish, or something worse.
—
Place. It grows usually upon dunghills,
—
Tim4. They flower in June and July, and their seed is
ripe quickly after.
—
Oovemment and Virtuet. Stinking arrach is used as a
remedy to help women pained, and almost strangled with
the mother, by smelling to it ; but inwardly taken there
is no better remedy under the moon for that disease. I
would be large in commendation of this herb, were 1 but
eloquent. It is an herb under the dominion of Venus, and
under the sign Scorpio ; it is common almost upon every
dunghill. The works of Qod are given freely to man, his
medicines are common and cheap, and easy to be found.
(Tis the medicines of the College of Physicians that are so
dear and scarce to find.) I commend it for a universal
medicine of the womb, and such a medicine as will easily,
safely, and speedily cure any diseases thereof, as fits of the
mother, dislocation, or falling out thereof : it cools the
womb being overheated. And let me tell you this, and I
will tell you the truth — heat of the womb is one of the
createat causes of hard labour in child-birth. It makes
barren women fruitful it cleanseth the womb if it be
:

foul, and strengthens it exceedingly it provokes the terms

:

if they be stopped, and stops them if tbey flow immode-

rately ; you can desire nOjp[ood to your womb but this herb
will effect it ; therefore if you love children, if you love
health, if you love ease, keep a syrup always by you made
of the juice of this herb, and sugar, or honey, if it be to
cleanse the womb ; and let such as be rich keep it for their
poor neighbours, and bestow it as freely as I bestow my
studies upon them, or else let them look to answer it ano-
ther day, when the Lord shall come to make the inquisi-
tion of blood.

AECHANGEL.—(ZamMim.)
To put a gloss upon their practice, the physicians call an
herb (which country people vulgarly know bv the name
of the dead nettle) arcnai^el whether they favour moi«
:

of superstition or foUy, 1 leave to the judicious reader.

Thcore is more curiosity than courtesy to my countrymen
uaed by others in the explanation as well of the names, as
dMcription of this so well known herb ; which, that I may
not also be guUtj of, take this short description, first of
the red archangel.
—
J>Mcrip, This hath divers square stalks, somewhat
hairy, at the joints whereof grow two sad green leaves
dented about the edges, opposite to one another to the
lowermost, upon long foot stalks, but without any toward
the tope, which are somewhat round yet pointeid, and a
little crumpled and hairy ; round about the upper joints,
where the leaves grow thick, are sundiy gaping flowers of
a pale reddish colour ; after which come the seed three or
four iu a husk the root is smaller and thready, perishing
:

every year ; the whole plant hath a strong scent, but not
stinking.
White archangel hath divers square stalks, none stand-
ing straight upward, but bending downward, whereia
stand two leaves at a joint, larger and more pointed than
the other, dented about the edges, and greener also, more
like unto nettle leaves, but not stinking, yet hairy. At
the joints with the leaves stand larger and more open gap-
ing white flowers, husks round about the stalks, but not
with such a bush of leaves as flowers set in the top, as is
on the other, wherein stand small roundish black seed :

the root is white, with man v strings at it, not growing

downward, but lying under the upper crust of the eartl^
and abideth many years increasing this has not so strong
:

a ncent as the former.

Yellow archangel is like the white in the stalks and
leaves ; but that the stalks are more straight and upright,
and the joints with leaves are farther asunder, having larger
leaves toan the former, and the flowers a little longer and
nore gaping, of a fair yellow colour in most, in some paler :
Ihe roots are like the white, only they creep not so much
ander the ground.
Place. — Ihey grow almost every where, unless it be in
the middle of the street y the yellow most usually in the
wet grounds of woods, and sometimes in the drier, in divers
counties of this nation.
—
TifM, They flower from the beginning of spring all the
summer long.
Virtust and use. —
The archangels are somewhat hot and
drier than the stinging nettleH, and used with better suo-
eess for the stopping and hardness of the spleen, than br
odng the decoction of the herb in wine, and afterwanu
90 culpeper's complete herbal.

applying the herb hot into the region of the apleen as

plaister, or the decoction with sponges. Flowers of the
white archangel are preserved or conserved to be used to
stay the whites, and the flowers of the red to stay the reds
in women. It makes the heart merry, drives away melan-
choly, quickens the spirits, is good against the quartan
agues, stauncheth bleeding at the mouth and nose if it be
stamped and applied to the nape of the neck ; the herb
also bruised, and with some salt and vinegar and hog's-
grease laid upon a hard tumour or swelling, or that vul-
garly called the king's-evil, do help to dissolve or discuss
them and being in like manner applied, doth much allay
:

the pains, and give ease to the gout, sciatica, and other
pains of the joints and sinews. It is also very effectual to
heal green wounds and old ulcers ; also to stay their fret-
ting, gnawing, and spreading it draweth forth splinters,
:

and such like thin^ gotten mto the flesh, and is very good
against bruises ana burnings. But the yellow archangel
is most commended for old, filthy, corrupt sores and ulcers,
yea, although they be hollow ; and to dissolve tumours.
The chief use of them is for women, it being an herb of
Venus, and may be found in my Guide for women.
ARSSMART.— (Po%<mttm.)
Tnihot Arssmart is called also Water-pepper, {Polygonum
Hydropiper.) The mild Arssmart is called Dead Arssmart,
{Fersicaria i^a<?M/a^a,^or Peach wort, because the leaves are
BO like the leaves of a peach-tree it also called Plumbago.
:

Desortp, of the Mud, — This hath broad leaves at the

great red joints of the stalks, with semi-circular blackish
marks on them usually either blueish or whitish, with
such like seed following. The root is long with many
strings thereat, perishing yearly ; this hath no sharp taste
(as another sort hath, which is quick and biting) but ra-
ther sour like sorrel, or else a little drying, or without
taste.
Fla4;e. —
It groweth in watery places, ditches, and the
like,which for the most part are dry in summer.
—
Time. It flowereth in June, and the seed is ripe in
August.
—
OovemmerU and Virtues, As the virtue of both these is
various, so is also their government ; for that which is hot
and biting is under the dominion of Mars, but Saturn
challengeth the other, as appears by that leaden coloured
fpot he hath placed upon the leaf.
 citlpeper's complete herbal. 31

It i« of a cooling and drying quality, and very effectual

for putrid ulcers in man or beast, to kill worms and cleanse
putretieti places. The juice thereof dropped in, or other-
wise applied, consumeth all cold swellings, and dissolveth
the congealed blood of bruises by strokes, falls, &c. A
piece of the root, or some of the seeds bruised and held to
an aching tooth, taketh away the pain the leaves bruised
:

and laid to the joint that hath a felon thereon, tiketh it

away ; the juice destroyeth worms in the ears, being drop-
ped into them if the hot arssmart be strewed in a cham-
:

ber, it will soon kill all the fleas ; and the herb or juice of
the cold arssmart put to a horse or other cattle's sores, will
drive away the fly in the hottest day of summer a good :

handful of the hot bitter arssmart put under a horse's

him travel the better, although he were
saddle, will make
The mild arssmart is good against all
half tired before.
imposthumes and inflammations at the beginning, and to
heal all green wounds.
All authors chop the virtues of both sorts of arssmart
together, as men chop herbs to the pot, when both of them
are of clean contrary qualities. The hot arssmart groweth
not so high or so tall as the mild doth, but hath many
leaves of the colour of peach leaves, very seldom or never
spotted ; in other particulars it is like the former, but
may easily be known from it if you will be pleased to
break a leaf of it across your tongue ; for the hot will
make your tongue to smart, so will not the cold. If you
see them together you may easily distinguish them, be-
cause the mild hath far broader leaves and our College
:

Physicians, out of their learned care of the public good,

anglic^y their own gain, mistake the one for the other in
their A'err Master-piece^ whereby they discover, —
1. Their
ignorance ; 2. Their carelessness ; and he that hath but
half an eye may see their pride without a pair of upecta-
clea, I have done what 1 could to distinguish them in
the virtues, and when you find not the contrary named,
use the cold. The truth is, 1 have not yet spoken with
Dr. Reason, nor his brother, Dr. Experience, concerning
either of them.

ASARABACA« (Asarum Furo^xjntm,)

J)e$erip, — Asarabaca hath many heads
rising from the
roots,from whence come many small leaves, every on^
upon h'lM own foot stalks which are rounder and bi£i?er
n cxtlpepsb'8 complete hbbbal.

than violet leaves, thicker also, and of a dark green shin-

ing colour on the upper side, and of a pale yellow green
underneath, little or nothing dented about the edges, from
among which rise small, round, hollow, brown green husks,
upon short stalks, about an iuch long, divided at the
brims into five divisions, very like the cups or heads of
the henbane seed, but that they are smaller and these be
;

all the flowers it carrieth, which are somewhat sweet be-

ing smelled unto, and wherein, when they are ripe, are
contained small corned rough seeds, very like the kernel
or stones of grapes or raisins. The roots are small and
whitish, spreading divers ways in the ground, increasing
into divers heads but not running or creeping under the
:

ground as some other creeping herbs do. They are some-

what sweet in smell, resembling nardus, but more when
they are dry than green ; and of a sharp but not unplea-
lant taste.
Place, — It groweth frequently in gardens.
—
Time. They keep their leaves green all winter ; but
shoot forth new in the spring, and with them come forth
those heads or flowers which give ripe seed about Mid-
ammer, or somewhat after.
—
Oovemment and Virttiet. "lis a plant nader the do-
minion of Mars, and therefore inimical to nature. This
herb being drunk, not only provoketh vomiting, but
1>urgeth downward, and by urine also, purgeth both cho-
er and phlegOL If you add to it some spikenard, with the
whey 01 goat's milk, or honeyed water, it is made more
strong ; out it purgeth phle^ more manifestly than cho-
ler, and therefore doth much help pains in the hips and
other parts being boiled in whey they wonderfully help
:

the obstructions of the liver and spleen, and are therefore

profitable for the dropsy and jaundice :being steeped in
wine and drank, it helps those continual a^ues that come
by the plenty of stubborn humours an oil made thereof
:

by setting in the sun, with some laudanum added to it,

provoketh sweating, (the ridge of the back anointed there-
with) and thereby driveth away the shaking fits of the
ague. It will not abide any long boiling, for it loseth its
chief strength thereby nor much beating, for the finer
;

powder doth provoke vomits and urine, and the coarser

purgeth downwards.
Tnt common use hereof ia to take the juice of five or
even leaves in a little drink to cause vomiting ; the root*
 cxtlpipbb's complete herbal. 33

hare also the same virtae, though tLej do not operate so

forcibly ; they are very effectual against the biting of ser-
pents, and therefore are put in as an ingredient both into
Mithridate and Venice treacle. The leaves and root be-
ing boiled in lye, and the head often washed therewith
while it is warm, comforteth the head and brain thftt is
ill affected by taking cold, and helpeth the memory.

I shall desire ignorant people to forbear the use of the

leaves : the roots purge more gently, and may prove bene-
ficial to such as have cancers, or old putrefied ulcers, or
fistulas upon their bodies, to take a dram of them in
powder in a quarter of a pint of white wine in the mom*
mg. The truth is, I fancy purging and vomiting medi-
cines as little as any man breathing doth, for they weaken
nature, nor shall ever advise them to be used onless upon
urgent necessity. If a physician be nature's servant, it ia
his duty to strengthen his mistress as much as he can, and
weaken her as little as may be.
ASTAB.AOJJS.-^AtparaffUS OjffvdnalU,)

Descrip. —It rlseth np at first with ,diver8 white and

green scaly heads, very brittle or easy to break while they
are young, which afterwards rise up in very long snd slen-
der peen stalks, of the bigness of an ordinary riding
wano, at the bottom of most, or bigger or lesser, as the
roots are of growth ; on which are set divers branches of
green leaves, shorter and smaller than fennel, to the top ;
at the joints whereof come forth small yellowish flowers,
which run into round berries, green at first, and of an ex-
cellent red color when they are ripe, showing like bead or
coral, wherein are contained ex'reeding hara black seeds
the roots are dispersed from a spon^eous head into many
long, thick, and round strings, wherein is sucked much
nonrishnent out of the ground, and iucreaseth plentifully
thereby.

ASPARAGUS {FRlCKLY.)-'(Asparagus Sativui.)

Detcrip. — It groweth usually in gardens,
and some of it
grows wild in Appleton meadows, in Gloucestershire,
where the poor f)eople do gather the buds of young shoots,
and nell them cheaper than our garden asparagus is sold
In London.
7H'f7M.~They do for the most part flower and bear their
34 culpeper's complete herbal.
berries late in the ye{»r, or not at all, although they are
housed in winter.
Oavernment and Virtues. —
They are both under the do-
minion of Jupiter, The young buds or branches boiled
in ordinary broth, make the belly soluble and open and ;

boiled in white wine, provoke urine being stopped, and

is good against the strangury, or difficulty of making
water it expelleth the gravel and stone out of the kid-
;

nies, and helpeth pains in the reins and boiled in white

:

wine or vinegar, it is prevalent for them that have their

arteries loosened, or are troubled with the hip-gout or scia-
tica. The decoction of the roots boiled in wine, and taken,
is good to clear the sight, and being held in the mouth
easeth the tooth-ache ; and being taken fasting several
mornings together, stirreth up bodily lust in man or wo-
man, whatever some have written to the contrary. The
garden asparagus nourish eth more than the wild, yet hath
it the same effects in all the aforementioned diseases. The
decoction of the roots in white wine, and the back and
belly bathed therewith, or kneeling or lying down in the
same, or sitting therein as a bath, hath been found ef-
fectual against pains of the reins and bladder, pains of
the mother and colic, and generally against all pains that
happen to the lower parts of the body, and no less ef-
fectual against stiff and benumbed sinews, or those that
are shrunJt by cramps and convulsions, and helpeth the
sciatica.

ASH TREE.—("/Voxintw Excelsior,)

This is so well known, that time will be misspent in

writing a description of it ; and therefore I shall only in-
sist upon the virtues of it.
—
Government and Virtues. It is governed by the Sun
and the young tender tops, with the leaves taken inward-
ly, and some of them outwardly applied, are singular
good against the biting of an adder, viper, or any other
venomous beast ; and the water distilled therefrom being
taken, a small quantity every morning fasting, is a singu-
lar medicine to those that are subject to the dropsy, or to
abate the greatness of those that are too gross or fat. The
decoction of the leaves in white wine helpeth to break the
stone and expel it, and cure the jaundice. The aahes of
the bark of tne ash made into lye, and those heads bathed
therewith which are leprous, scabby, or scald, they are
 oulpepeb'b complete herbal. S5

thereby cured. The kernels within the husks, commonly

called ashen key, prevail against stitches and pains in the
side, proceeding of wind and voiding away the stone, by
provoking urine.
I can justly except against none of save only the
this,
first, viz. —That ash-tree tops and leaves good against
ai-e
the biting of serpents and vipers. I suppose this had its
rise from Gerard or Pliny, both which bold, that there is
uch an antipathy between an adder and an ash-tree, that
if an adder be encompassed around with ash-tree leaves,
she would sooner run through fire than through the leaves
the contrary to which is the truth, as both my eyes are
witness. The rest are virtues something likely, only if it
be in winter when you cannot get the leaves, you may
safely use the bark instead of them. The keys you may
easily keep all the year, gathering them when they are
ripe.

A.VENS, CALLED ALSO COLEWORT, and HEKB

BE^^E'r,—( Oeum fferb'anum.)

Descrip. —The ordinary avens have many long, rough,

dark green winged leaves rising from the root, every one
made of many leaves set on each side of the middle rib,
the largest three whereof grow at the end, and are snip-
ped or dented round about the edges ; the other being
small pieces, sometimes two and sometimes more, standing
on each side of the middle rib underneath them among :

which do rise up divers rough or hairy stalks, about two

feet high, branching forth with leaves at every joint, not
o long as those below, but almost as much cut in on the
edges, some into three, some into more. On the tops of
the branches stand small, pale yellow flowers, consisting
of five leaves, like the flowers of cinque-foil, but large,
in the middle whereof standeth a small green herb, which
when the flower is fallen, groweth to be sound, being
made of many long purple seeds like grains, which will
tick upon your clothes. The root consists of many brown-
ish strings of fibres, smelling somewhat like unto cloves,
especially those which grow in the higher, hotter, and
drier grounds, and in free and clear air.
—
Flaccm They grow wild in many places under hedges'
idea, and by the f>ath-way in fiehis ; yet they rather de-
light to grow in shadowy than in sunny places.
—
TVsM. They flower in May and June tor the moat u«irt,
wad thA<»- ""^'1 '> ripe in July at the farthest.
96 culpepeb's complete hesbal^
—
Government and Virtues, It is governed by Jupiter,
and that gives hope of a wholesome, healthful herb. It
is ffood for the diseases of the chest or breast, for paint
and stitches in the side, and to expel crude and raw hu-
mours from the belly and stomach, by the sweet savour
and warming quality. It dissolves the inward congealed
blood happening by falls or bruises, and the spitting of
blood, if the roots, either green or dry, be boiled in wine
and drunk as also all manner of inward wounds or out-
:

ward, if washed or bathed therewith. The decoction also

being drunk, comforts the heart, and strengthens the sto-
mach and a cold brain, and therefore is good in the spring-
time to open obstructions of the liver, and helpetn the
wind colic it also helps those that have fluxes, or are
:

bursten, or have a rupture it taketh away spots or marks

:

in the face being washed therewith. The juice of the fresh

root, or powder of the dried root, have the same effect as
the decoction. The root in the spring-time, steeped in
wine, doth give it a delicate flavor and taste, ana being
drunk fasting every morning, comforteth the heart, and
is a good preservative against the plague or any other
poison. It helpeth digestion, warmeth a cold stomach,
and openeth obstructions of the liver and spleen.
It is very safe you need have no dose prescribed ; and
;

is very fit to be kept in every body's house.

BAIM.^C Melissa Offlcinalis.)

This herb so well known to be an inhabitant almost In

is
every garden, that I shall not need to give any descrip-
tion thereof, although the virtues thereof, which are many,
should not be omitted.
—
Oavemment and Virtues. It is an herb of Jupiter, and
under Cancer, and strengthens nature much in all its
actions. Let a syrup made with the juice of it and sugar
(as you shall be taught at the latter end of this book) be
kept in every gentlewoman's house to relieve the weak
stomachs and sick bodies of their poor and sickly neigh-
bours ; as also the herb kept dry in the house, that so
with other convenient simples, you may make it into an el-
ectuary with honey, according as the disease is, you shall
be taught at the latter end of my book. The Arabian
physicians have extolled the virtues thereof to the skies ;
although the Greeks thought it not worth mentioning.
Seraphio saith, it causeth the mind and heart to become
 OVLPKPBB'S COMPLXTB HBRBAIm S7

merry, and reviyeth the heart, faintings and Bwoonlngs,

eepeciallj of each who are overtakeD in sleep, and driveth
away all troablesome cares and thoughts out of the mind,
arising from melancholy and black cnoler : which Ayicen
also confirmeth. It is yery good to help digestion, and
open obstructions of the brain, and hath so much purging
quality in it, (saith Ayicen) as to expel those melancholy
vapours from the spirits and blood which are in the heart
and arteries, although it cannot do so in other parts of the
body. Dioscorides saith, that the leaves steeped in wine,
and the wine drank, and the leaves externally applied, is
a remedy against the sting of a scorpion, and tne biting
of mad dogs ; and commendeth the aecoction for women
to bathe or sit in to procure their courses ; it is good to
wash aching teeth therewith, and profitable for those that
have the bloody-flux. The leaves also, with a little nitre
taken in drink, are good against the surfeit of mushrooms,
and help the griping paina of the belly ; and being made
into an electuary, it is good for them that cannot fetch
their breath : used with salt, it takes away the wens, ker-
nels, or hard swellings in the flesh or throat ; it cleanseth
foul sores, and easetn pains of the gout. It is good for
the liver and spleen. A tansy or caudle made with eggs,
\nd juice thereof, while it is young, putting to some sugar
and rose-water, is good for a woman in child -bed, when
the after birth is not thoroughly voided, and for their
faintinjcifs upon or in their sore travail The herb bruised
and boiled m a little white wine and oil, and laid warm
on a bile, will ripen and break it.

BAB.BEB,B,Y,—(Berberis Vulgarii.)
Tbk shrub is so well known by every boy and girl that
has bot attained to the age of seven years, that It needfl
DO description.
OcvemmerU and Virtue*,— Mars owns the shrub, and
presents it to the use of my countrymen to purge their
Dodies of choler. The inner rind of the barberry tree
boiled in white wine, and a quarter of a pint drank every
morning, is an excellent remedy to cleanse the body of
choleric humours, and free it from such diseases as choler
eanseth, such us scabs, itch, tetters, ringworms, yellow
iaundice, biles, &c. It is excellent for hot agues, bum-
logs, scalding!, heat of the blood, beat of the liver, bloody
flax, for the Derriet are as good as the bark, and mors
38 colpbpbr's compubte herbal.
pleasing ; tLej get a man a good stomach to his victuala,
Dy strengtheuing the attractive faculty which is under
Mars, as you may see more at large at the latter end of
my Ephemeris. The hair washed with the lye made
of ashes of the tree and water, will make it turn yel-
low, viz. of Mars own color. The fruit and rind of
the shrub, the flowers of broom and heath, or furze,
cleanse the body of choler by sympathy, as the flowers,
leaves, and bark of the peach tree do by antipathy ; be-
'*ause these are under Mars, that under Venus.

BAELEY.— (iforcfet^wi Vulgare.)

The continual usefulness hereof hath made all in general

BO acquainted herewith, that it is altogether needless to
describe it, several kinds hereof plentifully growing, be-
ing yearly sown in this land. The virtues thereof take as
foBoweth.
—
Government and Virtues, It is a notable plant of Sa-
turn ; if you view diligently its effects by sympathy and
antipathy, you may easily perceive a reason of them ; as
also why barley-bread is so unwholesome for melancholy
people. Barley, in all the parts and composition thereof,
except malt, is more cooling than wheat, and a little
cleansing ; and all the preparations thereof, as barley-
water and other things made thereof, do give great nour-
ishment to persons troubled with fevers, agues, and heats
in the stomach. A poultice made of barley-meal or flour
boiled in vinegar ana honey, and a few dried figs put in
them, dissolveth all hard imposthumes, and aosuageth
inflammations, being thereto applied and being boiled
:

with melilot and camomile flowers, and some linseed, fe-

nugreek, and rue in powder, and applied warm, it easeth
pains in the side and stomach, and windiness of the
spleen. The meal of barley and flea-worts boiled in water
and made a poultice with honey and oil of lilies, and ap-
plied warm, cureth swellings under the ears, throat, neck,
and such like and a plaister made thereof with tar, wax,
;

and oil, helpeth the kind's evil in the throat boiled with
;

sharp vinegar into a poultice, and .'aid on hot, helpeth the

leprosy being boiled in red wine with pomegranate
;

rind, and myrtles, stayeth the lax or other flux of the

belly ; boiled with vinegar and quince, it easeth the pains
of the gout : barley flour, white salt, honey, and vinegar
mingled together taketh away the itch speedily and oar-
 OULPJi.PBR'S COMPLETE HERBAL 89

tainly. The water distilled from the green barley, in

the end of May, is very good for those that have defluc-
tions of humours fallen into their eyes, and easeth the
pain being dropped into them ; or white bread steeped
therein, and bound on the eyes, doth the same. .

BASIL (GARDEN or SWEET,)^ Ocymum Bcuilicum.)

Descrip. —
The greater or ordinary bazil riseth up
usually with one upright stalk diversely branching fortn
on all sides, with two leaves at every joint, which are
somewhat broad and round, yet pointed, of a pale green
colour, but fresh ; a little snipped about the edges, and
of a strong healthy scent. The flowers are small and
white, and standing at the tops of the branches, with two
small leaves at the joints, in some places green, in others
brown, after which come black seed. The root perisheth
at the approach of winter, and therefore must be sown
every year.
—It groweth in gardens.
Plax:^,
Time.—It must be sown and flowers in the heart
late,
of summer, being a very tender plant.
it
Oovetnment and Virtues. —This the herb which
is all
authors are together by the ears about, and rail at one
another, like lawyers. Galen and Dioscorides hold it not
fitting to be taken inwardly, and Chrysippus rails at it with
downright Billingsgate rhetoric : Pliny and the Arabian
Physicians defend it.
For my own part, I presently found that speech true
Hon nostrum inter nos tantas componere lites.
And away to Dr. Reason went 1, who told me it waa
an herb of Mars, and under the Scorpion, and therefore
called basilicon, and it is no marvel if it carry a kind of
virulent quality with it. Being applied to the place
bitten by venemous beasts, or stung oy a wasp or hornet,
it speedily draws the poison to it JSveri/ like draws its
like. Mizaldus affirms, that being laid to rot in horse-
dung, it will breed venomous beasts. Hilariua, a French
phynician, affirms upon his own knowledge, that an
acquaintance of his, by common smelling to it, had a
tcorpion bred in his brain. Something is the matter
this herb and rue will never grow together, no, nor near
one another ; and we know rue is as great an enemy to
poison as any that grows.
To conclude. It expelleth both birth and after-birth ;
40 culpxfxr's complxtx herbal.

and as it helps the deficiency of Venus in one kind, so it

spoils all her actions in another. I dare write no more of
it

BAY TREE,—(ZattTM* Nohilis.)

This is so well known, that it needs no description ; I

shall therefore only write the virtues thereof, which are
Biany.
Oovemment and Virtiies. —
I shall but only add a word
or two to what my
friend hath written, viz. —
That it is a
tree of the Sun, and under the celestial sign Leo, and
resisteth witchcraft very potently, as also all the evils old
Saturn can do the body of man, and they are not a few ;
for it is the speech of one, and I am mistaken if it were
not Mizaldus, that neither witch nor devil, thunder nor
lightning, will hurt a man where a bay tree i& Qalen
said, that the leaves or bark do dry and heal veir much,
and the berries more than the leaves ; the bark of the
root is less sharp and hot, but more bitter, and hath some
astrictions withal, whereby it is effectual to break the
stone, and good to open obstructions of the liver, spleen,
and other inward parts which bring the jaundice, dix)psy,
Ac. The berries are very effectual against all poisons of
venomous creatures, and the stini^ of wasps and bees, as
also against the pestilence, or other infectious diseases,
and therefore put into sundry treacles for that purpose.
They likewise procure women's courses ; and seven of
them given to a woman in sore travail of child-birth, do
cause a speedy delivery, and expel the after birth, and
therefore not to be taken by such as have not gone out of
their time, lest they procure abortion, or cause labour too
soon. They wonderfully help all cold and rheumatic
distiUations from the brain to the eyes, lungs, or other
parts ; and being made into an electuary with honey, do
nelp the consumption, old coughs, shortness of breath,
and thin rheums, as also the megrim. They mightily
expel the wind, and provoke urine ; help the mother, and
kill the worms. The leaves also work tne like effects. A
bath of the decoction of the leaves and berries, is singular
good for women to sit in that are troubled with the
mother, or the diseases thereof, or the stoppings of their
courses, or for the diseases of the bladder, pains in the
bowels by wind and stopping of urine. A
decoction like-
wise of equal parts of bay berriei, camin-seed, hyssops
 culpbfxb's complxtx hxsbau 41

origanum, and eaphorbium, with some honey, and the

head bathed therewith, doth wonderfully help distillationg
and rheums, and settleth the palate of the mouth into its
place. The oil made of the berries is very comfortable in
all cold griefs of the joints, nerves, arteries, stomach,
belly, or womb ; and helpeth palsies, convulsions, cramp,
aches, trembling, and numbness in any part, weariness
also, and pains that come by sore travailing. All griefs
and pains proceeding from wind, either in the nead,
stomach, back, belly, or womb, by anointing the parts
affected therewith ; and pains of the ears are also cured
by dropping in some of the oil, or bv receiving into the
ears the fume of the decoction of the berries through a
funnel. The oil takes away the marks of the skin and
flesh by bruises, falls, &c. and dissolveth the congealed
blood in them. It helpeth also the itch, scabs, and weals
in the skin.

BEANS,-^ Vieia Faba.)

Both the garden and field beans are so well known, that
it saveth me the labour of writing a description of them.
Their virtues follow.
—
OovemmerU and Virtues. They are plants of Venus,
and the distilled water of the flower of garden beans is
good to clean the face and skin from spots and wrinkles ;
and the meal or flower of them, or the small beans, doth
the same. The water distilled from the green husks, is
held to be very efi'ectual against the stone, and to provoke
urine. Bean flour is used in poultices to assuage inflam-
mations rising upon wounds, and the swelling of women's
breasts caused by curding of their milk, and represseth
their milk. Flour of b^ns and fenugreek mixed with
honey, and applied to felons, biles, bruises, or blue marks
by blows, or the imposthumes in the kernels of the ears,
helpeth them all, and with rose leaves, frankincense, and
the white of an eft^gy being applied to the eyes, helpeth
them that are swollen or do water, or have received any
blows upon them, if used in wine. If a bean be parted in
two, the skin being taken away, and laid on the place
where the leech hath been set that bleedeth too much, it
stayeth the bleeding. Bean flour boiled to a poultice with
wine and vinegar, and some oil put thereto, eafleth both
pains and swelling of the testicles. The husks boiled in
water to the consumption of a third pai-t thereof, stayeth
 42 culpeper'b complete hssbal.
a lax, ai^d the ashes of the husks, made up with hog'g
grease, helpeth the old pains, contusions, and wounds of
the sinews, the sciatica and gout. The field beans have
all the afore-mentioned virtues as the garden beans. Beans
eaten are extremely windj meat ; but if after the Dutch
fashion, when they are half boiled you husk them and
then stew them, (I cannot tell you how, for I never wa«
oook in all my
life) they are wholesome food.

BEANS (FEENCR)— (PAo^eo^iM Vulgaris,)

—
Deserip. This French or kidney bean ariseth at first
but with one stalk, which afterwards divides itself into
many arms or branches, but all so weak that if they be
not sustained with sticks or poles, they will be fruitless
upon the ground. At several places of these branches
grow foot stalks, each with three broad, round and point-
ed green leaves at the end of them ; towards the top come
forth divers flowers made like unto pea blossom, of the
same colour for the most part that the fruit will be of
that is to say, white, yellow, red, blackish, or of a deep
fmrple, but white is the most usual ; after which come
ong and slender flat pods, some crooked, some straight,
with a string runnino^ down the back thereof, wherein is
flattish round fruit made like a kidney :the root long,
spreadeth with many strings annexed to it, and perisheth
every year.
There is another sort of French beans commonly grow-
ing with us in this land, which is called the scarlet flower-
ed bean.
This ariseth with sundry branches as the other, but runs
higher to the length of hop poles, about which they grow
twining, but turning contrary to the sun, having foot
stalks with three leaves on each, as on the other ; the
flowers also are like the other, and of a most orient scarlet
colour. The beans are larger than the ordinary kind, of a
dead purple colour, turning black when ripe and dry. The
root perisheth in winter.
Ooveminent and Virtues, —These also belong to Dame
Venus,^ and being dried and beat to powder, are as great
strengtheners of the kidneys as any are ; neither is there a
better remedy than it : a dram at a time taken in white
wine, to prevent the stone, or to cleanse the kidneys of
gravel or stoppage. The ordinary French beans are of an
easy digestion ; they move the belly* provoke urine, en*
 GTn.PFPBB8 COMPT.VTB HSBBAL. 43
Urge the breast that is straitened with shortness of
breath, encoder sperm, and incite to venery. And the
scarlet-coloured beans, in regard of the glorious beauty of
their colour, being set near a quickset hedge, will bravely
adorn the same by climbing up thereon, so that they may
be discerned a great way, not without admiration of the
beholders at a distance. But they will go near to kill the
qoicksets by clothing them in scarlet

BED-STRAW (LADlES\)'-( Galium Faliatre.)

BisiDSS the common name above written, it is called

Cheese- rennet, because it performs the same offices ; as
also Qallion, Pettimugget, and Maid-hair ; and by some
Wild Eoaemary,
Descrip. — This riseth up with divers small, brown, and
square upright stalks, a yard hi^h or more sometimes
;

branches forth into divers parts full of joints, and with

divers very fine small leaves at every one of them, little
or nothing rough at all ; at the tops of the branches grow
many long tufts or branches of yellow flowers, very thick
set together, from the several joints which consist of four
leaves a piece, which smell somewhat strong, but not un-
pleasant The seed is small and black like poppy seed,
two for the most part joined together. The root is red-
dish, with many small threads ^stened to it, which take
strong hold of the ground, and creepeth a little ; and the
branches leaning a Tittle down to the ground, take root at
the joints thereof, whereby it is easily increased.
There is another sort of ladies' bed-straw growing fre-
quently in England, which beareth white flowers, as the
other <toth yellow ; but the branches of this are so weak,
that unless it be sustained by the edges, or other things
near which it groweth, it will lie down to the ground.
The leaves a little bigger than the former, and the flowers
not so plentiful as these, and the root hereof is also thready
and abiding.
Place.— They grow In meadows and pastures, both^ wet
and dry, and by the hedges.
—
Time. They flower in May for the most part^ and the
seed is ripe in July and August.
—
Oovemment arid Virtttes. They are both herbs of
Venus, and therefore strengthening the parts, both inter-
nal and external, which she rules. The decoction of the
former of those being drank is good to fret and break
44 CrLPBPBB'S COMPLETE HERBAL.
the stone, provoke urine, staveth inward bleeding, and
healeth inward wounds : the herb or flower bruis^ and
Sut into the nostrils, stayeth their bleeding likewise the :

owers and herb being made into an oil bj being set in

the sun, ilnd changed after it hath stood ten or twelve
days ; or into an ointment, beine boiled in axunga, or
salad oil, with some wax melted therein after it is strain-
ed ; either the oil made thereof, or the ointment, do help
burnings with fire, or scaldings, with water. The same
also, or the decoction of the herb and flower, is good to
bathe the feet of travellers and lacqueys, whose long run-
ning causeth weariness and stiffness in their sinews and
joints. If the decoction be used warm, and the joints
afterwards anointed with ointment, it helpeth the dry
scab and the itch in children ; and the herb with the
white flower is also very good for the sinews, arteries, and
joints, to comfort and strengthen them after travel, cold,
and pains.
BEET6.— (iBtfto.)
Or Beets there are two sorts which are best known gene-
rally, and whereof I shall principally treat at this time,
viz. the White and Bed Beets, and their virtues.
—
Descrip. The common White Beet, {Beta ri^^am,)hath
many great leaves next the ground, somewhat large, and
of a whitish green colour. The stalk is great, strong, and
ribbed, bearing a great store of leaves upon it, almost to
the very top of it the flowers ctow in very long tufts,
:

small at the end, and turning down their heads, which

are small, pale, greenish yellow buds, giving cornered
{)rickly seeds. The root is great, long, and hard, and, when
t hath given seed, it is oi no use at all The common
EedBeet, (Beta ffortensis,) diSereth not from the White, but
only it is leea, and the leaves and roots are somewhat red.
The leaves are differently red, some only with red stalks
or veins some of a fresh red, and others of a dark red
; :

the root thereof is red, spongy, and not used to be eaten.

—
Oovemment and Virtties. The government of these
two sorts of beets are far different the red beet being
:

under Saturn, and the white under Jupiter therefore :

take the virtues of them apart, each by itself. The white

beet doth much loosen the belly, and is of a cleansing,
digesting quality, and provoketh urine the juice of it :

opep<ith obstructions both of the liver and spleen, and in

 CITLPEPBB'i COMPLETE HERBAU i&

good for the head-ache and swimming therein, and tarn-

mgs of the brain : and is effectual also against all venom-
ous creatures ; and applied upon the temples stajeth
inflammations in the eyes it helpeth burnings being used
:

without oil, and with a little alum put to it is gcKKi for

St. Anton/s fire. It is ^ood for all weals, pustules, blis-
ters, blains in the skin : the herb boiled i^nd laid upon
and
chilblains or kibes, helpeth them : the decoction thereof
in water and some vinegar, healeth the itch if bathed
therewith, and cleanseth the head of dandruff^ scurf, and
dry scabs, and doth much good for fretting and running
sores, ulcers, and cankers in the head, legs, or other parts,
and is much commended against baldness and shedding
the hair.
The red beet root is good to stay the bloody flux, wo-
men's courses, and the whites, and to help the yellow
jaundice the juice of the root put into the nostrils purg-
:

eth the head, helpeth the noise in the ears, and the tooth-
ache the juice snuffed up the nose helps a stinking
:

breath, if the cause lies in tne nose, as many times it doth,

if any bmiae had been there ; as also want of smell com-
ing tnat way.
BETONY (WATER.)—C^e^onica Aquatica,)
Called also Brown-wort : and in Yorkshire, Bishop'o-
leavst.
—
Jkterip, First, of the water betony, which riseth np
with square, hard, greenish stalks, sometimes brown, set
with broad dark green leaves dented about the edges with
notches, somewhat resembling the leaves of the wood
betonj, but much larger too, for the most part set at a
joint. The flowers are many, set at the tops of the stalks
and branches, being round bellied and opened at the
brims, and divided into two parts the uppermost like a
hood, and the lowermost like a hip banging down, of a
dUrk red colour, which passing, there comes in their places
nail round heads with small points at the ends, wherein
lie small and brownish seeds. The root is a thick bush of
trinffi and shreds growing from the head.
—
Puk€. It groweth by 3ie ditch side, brooks, and other
water courses generally through this land, and is seldom
found far from the water side.
TVflM.— It floweretb about July, and the seed is ripe
Ib August
46 gulpepeb'b oompletb herbal.
Government and Virtues. — Water betony is an herb of
Jupiter in Cancer, and is appropriated more to wounds
and hurts in breasts than wood betony, which follows ; it
is an excellent remedy for sick hogs —
it is of a cleansing
quality. The leaves bruised and applied are effectual for
old and filthy ulcers ; and especially if the juice of the
leaves be boiled with a little noney and dipped therein,
and sores dressed therewith ; as also for bruises or hurts,
whether inward or outward. The distilled water of the
leaves is used for the same purpose, as also to bathe the
face and hands spotted or blemished, or discoloured by
sun burning.
I confess I do not much fancy distilled waters, I mean
such waters as are distilled cold ; some virtues of the herb
they may happily have, (it were a strancje thing else) but
this I am confident of, that being distilled in a pewter
still, as the vu4gar and apish fashion is, both chemical oil

and salt is left behind, unless von bum them, and then
all is spoiled, water and all, which was good for as little
as can be by such a distillation in my translation of the
London Dispensatory.
BETONY (WOOD.)— (Betonica OJicinalis.)

Descrip, —
Common, or wood betony, hath many leaves
rising from the root, which are somewhat broad and round
at the end, roundly dented about the edges, standing upoi
long foot stalks, from among which rise up small, square,
slender, but upright hairy stalks, with some leaves there-
on, to a piece at the joints, smaller than the lower,
whereof are set several spiked heads of flowers like la-
vender, but thicker and snorter for the most part, and of
a reddish or purple colour, spotted with white spots both
in the upper and lower part, the seeds being contained in
the husks that hold the flowers, are blackish, somewhat
long and uneven. The roots are many white thready
strings ; the stalk perisheth, but the roots with some
leaves thereon, abide all the winter. The whole plant is
somewhat small.
Place.—It groweth frequently in woods and delighteth,
fai shady
places.
Time, —
It flowereth in July, after which the seed is
quickly ripe, yet in its prime in May.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. The herb is appropriated to
the planet Jupiter, and the sign Aries. Antonius Mum,
 otlpeper's complete herbau 47

f>hy8ici8Q to the Emperor Agustus Ctesar, wrote a pecu-

iar book of the Virtues of this herb ; and among other
irtuea saith of it, that it preserveth the liver and body of
man from the danger of epidemical diseases, and from
witchcraft also: it helpeth those that loathe or cannot
digest their meal, those that have weak stomachs, or sour
belchiugs, or continual rising in their stomach, using it
familiarly either green or dry: either the herb or root, or
the flowers in broth, drink, or meat, or made into con-
serve syrup, water, electuary, or powder, as every one
may beat frame themselves unto, or as the time or season
requireth ; taken any of the aforesaid ways, it helpeth
the jaundice, falling sickness, the palsy, convulsions,
shrinking of the sinews, the gout, and those that are in-
clined to dropsy, those that have continual pains in their
heads, although it turn to frenzy. The powder mixed
with pure honey is no less available for all sorts of coughs
or colds, wheezing, or shortness of breath, distillations
of thin rheums upon the lungs, which causeth consump-
tions. The decoction made with mead and a little penny-
royal, Is good for those that are troubled with putrid
agues, whether quotidian, t«rtian, or quartan, and to
draw down and evacuate the blood and humours, that by
falling into the eyes, do hinder the sight : the decoction
thereof made in wine, and taken, killeth the worms in the
belly, openeth obstructions both of the spleen and liver,
cureth stitches and pains in the back or sides, the tor-
ments and griping pains of the bowels and the wind
cholic: and mixed with honey purgeth the belly, helpeth
to bring down women's courses, and is of special use for
tho0e that are troubled with the falling down of the mo-
ther, and pains thereof, and causeth an easy and speedr
delivery of women in child-birth. It helpeth also to oreak
and expel the stone, either in the bladder or kidneys the
:

decoction with wine gargled in the mouth easeth the tooth-

ache. It is commended against the stinging or biting of
venomous serpents, or mad dogs, being used inwardly and
applied outwardly to the place. A dram of the powder
of betony, taken with a little honey in some vine^j^ar, doth
wonderfully refresh those that are ovir wearied by travel
It stayeth bleeding at the mouth and nose, and helpeth
those that evacuate blood, and those that aie bursten or
have a rupture, and is goo<l for such as are bruised by any
fall or otherwiM. The gre«u herb bruised, or the juiot
48 oulpbpbr's complbtk hbrbal.

applied to any inward hurt, or outward green wound hi

the kead or body, will quickly heal and close it up as :

also any veins or sinews that are cut ; and will draw forth
a broken bone or splinter, thorn or other things got into
the flesh. It is no less profitable for old and filthy ulcers ;
yea, though they be fistulous and hollow. But some do
advise to put a little salt to this purpose, being applied
with a little hog's lard, it helpeth a plague or sore and
other biles and pushes. The fume of the decoction while
it is warm received by a funnel into the ears, easeth the
pains of them, destroys the worms, and cureth the run-
ning sores in them the juice dropped into them doth the
:

same. The root of betony is displeasing both to the taste

and stomach, whereas the leaves and flowers, by their
sweet and spicy taste, are comfortable both to meat and
medicine.
These are some of the many virtues Antonius Musa, an
expert physician, for it was not the practice of Octavius
Caesar to keep fools about him, appropriates to betony ;

it is a very precious herb, that is certain, and most fitting

to be kept in a man's house, both in syrup, conserve, oil,
ointment, and plaister. The flowers are usually conserved.

BEECH TREE.— (Fcyw SylvcOicou)

In treating of this tree, you must understand that I mean

the green Mast-beech, which is by way of distinction from
that other small rough sort, called in Sussex the Smaller
Beech, but in Essex, Hornbeam, (CarpintLa Bettdut,)
I suppose it is needless to describe it, being already too
well known to my countrymen.
—
Place, It groweth in woods among oaks and other
trees, and in parks, forests, and chases to feed deer, and
in other places to fatten swine.
—
Time, It bloometh in the end of April or the begin-
ning of May for the most part, and the fruit is ripe in
September.
Government and Virtuea,— It is a plant of Saturn, and
therefore performs his qualities and proportion in these
operations. The leaves of the beech tree are cooling and
binding, and therefore good to be applied to hot swellings
to discuss them : the nuts do much nourish such beasts as
feed thereon. The water found in the hollow places of
decaying beeches will core both man and beast of any
onrf, scab, or running tetters, if they be washed ther»-
 Gr^sWcrrt.
LiUUedcmdint.
Great GklaneUne.
 oulpkpbr'b OOXPLSTB HXRBAL. 49

with : yon may boil the leaves into a poultice, or make an

omtment of them when the time of year serves.

BILB£BBI£S. oe WHORTLEBERBISS.—( Vaccinium

MyrtiUut.)
Detcrip, —Of these there are two which are com-
sorts
mon in England, —the black and red
viz. And
berries.
first of the olack.
The small bush creepeth along upon the ground, scarce
rising half ayard high, with divers small dark green leaves
set in the green branches, not always one against the
other, and a little dent^ about the edges ; at the foot of
the leaves come forth small, hollow, pale, blueish coloured
flowers, the brims ending in five points, with a reddish
thread in the middle, which pass into small round berriec
of the bigness and colour of the iuniper berries, but of a
purple, sweetish, sharp taste ; the juice of them give a
parpiiih colour to the hands and lipe that eat and handle
them, especially if they break them. The root groweth
sslope under ground, shooting forth in sundry places as it
creepeth. This loseth its leaves in winter.
Tne red bilberry, or whortle-bush, riseth up like the
former, having 8und[ry hard leaves, like the box^tree leaves,
green and round pointed, standing on the several branches,
at the top whereof only, and not from the sides as in the
former, come forth divers round, reddish, sappy berries,
of a sharp taste when they are ripe. The root runneth in
the ground as in the former, but the leaves of this abide
all the winter.
Place. —
The first groweth in forests, on the heath, and
SDch like barren places. The red grows in the north parts
oi this land, as Lancashire, Yorkshire, &c.
—
Time, They flower in March and April, and the fruit
of the black is ripe in July and August.
—
Ocvemment arid Virtttes. They are under the dominion
of Jupiter. It is a pity they are used no more in phyde
than they are. The black bilberries are good in hot agues^
and to cool the heat of the liver and stomach they do :

somewhat bind the belly, and stay the vomitings and

kiathings the juice of the berries made into a syrup, or
:

the palp made into a conserve with sugar, is good for the
pnrposss aforesaid, as also for an old cough, or an ulcer in
ilMinD^ or other diseases therein. The red whorts art
binding, and stop women's courses, spitting of blood,
60 CTTLPEPKR's COMPLSTS HBRBAt..
or anj other flux of blood or humours, being used as wdl
outwardly as inwardly.
BIFOIL, OR TWABLABE.— (Ztrtera (hcUa.)

—
Deicrip. This small herb, from a root somewhat sweet,
shooting downwards many long strings, riseth up a round
green stalk, bare or naked next the ground for an inch,
two or three to the middle thereof, as it is in age or
growth as also from the middle upward to the flowers,
:

having only two broad plantain-like leaves, but whiter,

set at the middle of the stalk, one against another, com-
passeth it round at the bottom of them.
Place. —
It is an usual inhabitant in woods, copses, and
in many other places in this land.
There is another sort groweth in wet grounds and
marshes, which is somewhat different from the former.
It is a smaller plant, and greener, having sometimes three
leaves ; the spike of the flowers is less than the former,
and the roots of this do run or creep in the ground.
Thev are much and often used by many to good pur-
poses for wounds, both green and old, to consolidate or
knit ruptures, as well it may, being a plant of Saturn.

BIRCH TB,EE.^{Betula Alba.)

—
Descrip. This groweth a goodly tall straight tree,
fraught with many boughs and slender branches bending
downward ; the old being covered with a discoloured chop- I
ped bark, and the younger being browner by much. The
leaves at the first breaking out are crumpled, and after-
wards like beech leaves, but smaller and greener, and
dented about the edges. It beareth small short catkins,
somewhat like those of the hazel-nut tree, which abide on
the branches a long time until growing ripe they fall upon
the ground, and their seed with them.
—
Place. It usually groweth in woods.
Oovemment and Virtues.—-It is a tree of Venus. The
Juice of the leaves, while they are young, or the distilled
water of them, or the water that comes from the tree being
bored with an auger, and distilled afterwards any of ;

hese being drunk for some days together, is available to

break the stone in the kidneys and bladder, and ifl good
also to wash sore mouthi.
 91

BIRD'S YOOT.—iOniuAapus rurpunUtu.)

This small herb groweth not above a spaa high, with
mAny branches spread upon the ground, set with many
\» ings of small leaves. The flowers grow upon the branches,

many small ones of a pale yellow colour being set a head

together, which afterwards turn into small jointed pods,
well resembling the claws of small birds, whence it took
its name.
There is another sort of bird's foot in all things like the
former, but a little larger ; the flowers of a pale whitish
red colour, and the pods distinct by joints like the other,
but a little more crooked, and the roots do carry many
small white knots or kernels among the strings.
—
Place. These grow on heaths, and many open nntilled
places of this land
—
Time. They flower and seed in the end of summer.
—
Oovemment and Virtues, Thev belong to Saturn, are
of a drying, binding quality, and therefore very good to
be used in wound cErinks as also to apply outwardly for
;

the tame purpose. But the latter bird's foot is found by

experience to break the stone in the back or kidneys, and
drives them forth, if the decoction thereof be taken ; and
it wonderfully helpeth the rupture, being taken inwardly,

and outwardly applied to the place.

All salts have best operations upon the stone, as oint-
ments and plasters have upon wounds j and therefore you
may make a salt of this for the stone the way how to do
:

to may be found in my translation of the London Dispen-

satory and it may be I may give you It again in plainer
;

terms at the latter end of this book.

BI8H0FS WEED.—(^^wimi Majua,)

BniDEs the common name. Bishop's Weed, it is usually
known by the Qreek name Ammi and Ammios; some call
it Ethiopian Cumin-s^ed, and others Cumin-Royal, as
also Herb-Williara, and Bull- Wort.
Descrip. — Common bishop's weed riseth up with a round
straight stalk, sometimes as hip[h as a man, but usually
three or four feet high, beset with divers small, long, and
somewhat broad leaves, cut in some places and oented
about the edges, growing one against the other, of a dark
green colour, having sundry branches on them, and at the
top small umbels of white flowers which turn into small
62 culpeper's complete hxbbal.
ronnd seedB, little bigger tban parsley-seeds, of a quick
hot scent and taste ; the root is waite and stringy, perish-
ing yearly, and usually riseth again on its own sowing.
—
Place, It groweth wild in many places in England and
Wales, as between Greenhithe and Gravesend.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is hot and dry in the third
degree, of a bitter taste, and somewhat sharp withal it :

Srovokes lust to purpose ; I suppose Venus iwns it. It

igesteth humours, provoketh unne and women's courses,
diasolveth wind, and being taken in wine it easeth pain
and griping in the bowels, and is good against the biting
of serpents it is used to good enect in those medicines
:

which are given to hinder the poisonous operation of can-

tharides upon the passage of the urine being mixed with
:

honey, and applied to black and blue marks coming of

blows or bruises, it takes them away and being drunk or
:

outwardly applied, it abateth a high colour, and makes

it pale ; and tne fumes thereof taken with rosin or raisins,
cleanseth the mother.

BISTORT, OB SNAKEWEED.—(Po^onitm BUtorta.)

It is called Snakeweed, English Serpentary, Dragon- wort,

CNiierick. and Passions.
Deicnp, — This hath a thick short knobbed root, black-
ish without, and somewhat reddish within, a little crook-
ed or turned together, of a hard astringent taste, with
divers black threads hanging therefrom, whence spring
up every year divers leaves standing upon long foot-stalks,
being somewhat broad and long like a dock leaf, and a
little pointed at the ends, but that it is of a blueish green
colour on the upper side, and of an ash-colour grey and a
little purplish underneath, with divers veins therein, from
among wnich rise up divers small and slender stalks, two
feet high, and almost naked and without leaves, or with a
very few and narrow, bearing a spiky bush of pale-colour-
ed flowers which being past, there abideth small seed,
;

like unto sorrel seed, but greater.

There are other sorts of bistort growing in this land,
but smaller, both in height, root, and stalks, and espe-
cially in the leaves. The root is blackish without, and
Bomer/hat whitish within ; of an austere binding taste, as
the former.
P^«.—They grow in shadowy moist woods and at tht
foot of hills, bat are chiefly nourished up in gardens The
 CITLPEPEK'S C0MFL£TS HEKBALi 58

DjuTow leaved bistort groweth in the north, in Lancashire,

Yorkshire, and Cumberland.
—
Time, Thej flower about the end of May, and the seed
is rijDe about the beprinniug of July.
Oavemment and Virtues. —It belongs to Saturn, and is
in operation cold and dry both the leaves and roots have
:

a powerful faculty to resist all poison. The root in powder

taken in drink expelleth the venom of the plague, the
small-pox, measles, purples, or any other infectious disease^
driving it out by sweating. The root in powder, the de-
coction thereof in wine being drunk, stayeth all manner
of inward bleeding, or spitting of blood, and any fluxes in
the body of either man or woman, or vomiting. It is also
very available against ruptures, or burstings, or all bruises,
or falls, dissolving the congealed blood, and easeth the
p&ins that happen thereupon ; it also helpeth the jaundice.
The water oistilled from both leaves and roots, is a
singular remedy to wash any place bitten or stung by any
venomous creature ; as also for any of the purposes before
spoken of, and is very good to wash running sores or ul-
cers. The decoction of the root in wine being drunk,
hindereth abortion or miscarriage in child-bearing. The
leaves also kill the worms in children, and is a great help
to them that cannot keep their water ; if the juice of the
Elantain be added thereto, and outwardly applied, much
elpeth the gonorrhoea, or running of the reins. A dram
of the powder of the root taken in water thereof, wherein
some red hot iron or steel hath been quenched, is also an
admirable help thereto, so as the body be first prepared
and purged from the offensive humours. The leaves, seed,
or roots, are all very good in decoctions, drinks, or lotions,
for inward or outward wounds or other sores ; and the
powder strewed upon any cut or wound in a vein, staveth
the immoderate bleeding thereof. . The decoction of the
root in water, whereunto some pomegranate peels and
flowers are added, inject^ into the matrix, stayeth the
immoderate flux of the courses. The root thereof with
Pellitory of Spain and burnt alum, of each a little quan-
tity, beaten small and made into paste with some honev.
and a little piece thereof put into a hollow tooth, or held
between the teeth if there oe no hoUowness in them, stay-
eth the defluxion of rheum upon them, which causeth
pains, and helps to cleanse the head, and void much offen-
id re water. The distilled water is very eff'ectual to wash
 64 CULPEPEK'S complete HERBALi
sores or caukers in the nose or any other part, if the pow-
der of the root be applied thereunto afterwards. It is
good also to fasten the gums, and to take away the heat
and iuflammatioQS that nappen in the jaws, almonds of
the throat and mouth, if the decoction of the leaves, roots,
or seeds be bruised, or the juice of them be applied ; but
the roots are most effectual to the purposes aforesaid.
BITTEE SWEET.— (/SWonum IMcamara.)
Called also Mortal, Woody Nightshade, Felon-wort, and
Amara Dulda.
Descrip.— It growi up with wood stalks, even to a
man's height, and sometimes higher. The leaves fall off
at the approach of winter, and spring out of the same
stalks at spring-time. The branch is compassed about
with a whitish bark, and hath a pith in the middle of it
the main branch brancheth itself into many small ones
with claspers, laying hold on what is next to them, as
vines do. It bears many leaves ; they grow in no order
at all, or at least in no regular order. The leaves are long-
ish, though somewhat broad, and pointed at the ends ;
many of them have two little leaves growing at the end of
their footstalks ; some have but one, and some none.
—
Pldce, It grows commonly in moist and shady places.
—
Time. The leaves shoot out in March ; it flowereth in
July, and the seeds are ripe soon after.
—
Oovemment and Virtites. It is under the planet Mercu-
ry. It is good to remove witchcraft both in men and beast,
as all sudden diseases whatsoever. Being tied about the
neck, it is a remedy for the vertigo or dizziness of the head;
and that is the reason the Qermans hang it about their cat-
tle's necks, when they fear any such evil hath betided them:
country people commonly used to take the berries of it,
and having Druised them, they applied them to felons, and
thereby soon rid their fingers of such troublesome guests.
BLACKBEKRY BUSH (rBE.y-{Rubut Frutioosus,)

It is so well known that it needeth no description. Th«

virtues thereof are as follows,
—
Oovemment and Virtibes. It is a plant of Venus In
Aries. You shall have some directions at the latter end
of the book for the gathering of all herbs and plants, &c
If 'any ask the reason why Venus is so prickly ? TeU
them 'tis because she is in the house of Mars. The bud%
 culpeper'b complete herbal. 5S

leaves, and branches, while they are green, are of good

use in the ulcers and putrid sore^ of the mouth and throat,
and of the quinsej, and likewise to heal other fresh wounds
and sores ; but the flowers and fruits unripe are very
bindiuiT, and so profitable for the bloody flux, laxes, and
are a fit remedy for spitting of blood. Either the decoc-
tion or powder of the root oeing taken is good to break
or diive forth gravel and the stone in the reins and kid-
neys. The leaves and brambles, as well green as dry, are
excellent good lotions for sores in the mouth or secret
parts the decoction of them and of the dried branches,
:

do much bind the belly, and are good for too much flowing
of women's courses the berries of the flowers are a pow-
:

eiful remedy a^inst the poison of the most venomous

serpents as well drank as outwardly applied, helpeth
:

the sores of the fundament, and the piles the juice of

:

the berries mixed with the juice of mulberries do bind

more effectually, and help all fretting and eating sores
and ulcers whatsoever. The distilled water of the brancheSi
leaves, and flowers, or of the fruit, is very pleasant in taste,
and very effectual in fevers and hot distempers of the
body, head, eyes, and other parts, and for the purposes
aforesaid. The leaves boiled in lye, and the head washed
therewith, healeth the itch and the running sores thereof,
and maketh the hair black. The powder of the leaves
strewed on cankers and running ulcers, wonderfully helps
to heal them. Some used to condensate the juice of the
leaves, and some the juice of the berries, to keep for their
nae all the year for the purposes aforesaid.

BIJTES.-/^maran^uj Blihm.)
Descrip. —
Of these there are two sorts, white and red.
The white bath leaves somewhat like unto beets, but
mailer, rounder, and of a whitish green colour, every one
standing upon a small long foot stalk the stalk rises up
;

two or three feet high with such like leaves thereon ; the
flowers grow at the top in lone round tufts or clusters,
wherein are contained small and round seeds the root is:

very threads or strings.

full of
The red blite is in all things like the white, but that its
leaves and tufted heads are exceeding red at first, and
after turn more purplish.
There are other Kinds of blites whicn grow, differing
f roru the two former sorts but little, but only the wild are
•mailer in every part.
66 CXTLPEPKB'S COMPLETB REBBAU
—
Place. They grow in gardens, and wild in manj placet
in this land.
Time, —They seed in August and September.
GovemmerU and —They are of them cooling,
Virtues. all
drying, and binding, serviug to restrain the fluxes of blood
in either man or woman, especially the red ; which also
itayeth the overflowing of the women's reds, as the white
blite stayeth the whites in women. It is an excellent se-
cret ; you cannot well fail in the use : they are all under
the dominion of Venus.
There is another sort of wild blites like the other wild
kinds, but have long and spiky heads of greenish seeda^
seeming by the thick setting together to be all seed.
This sort fishes are delighted with, and it is a good and
usual bait, for fishes will cite fast enough at them if yoa
have but wit enough to catch them when they bite.
BORAGE.—(iJora^oCyWna/iA) BUGLOSS.--(i;ycop#w
Arventitn)
Thbsk are so well known
to the inhabitants in eyery
garden that I needless to describe them.
hold it
To these I may add a third sort, which is not so common
nor yet so well known, and therefore I shall give you its
name and description.
why then should they
It is called langue de hoeuf ; but
callone herb by the name bugloss and another by the
name langue de hceuff It is some question to me, seeing
one signines ox-tongue in Greek, and the other signifies
the same in French.
Deecrip. —
The leaves thereof are smaller than those of
bugloss, out much rougher ; the stalks arising up about a
foot and a half high, and is most commonly of a red co-
lour ; the flowers stand in scaly rough heads, being com-
posed of many small yellow flowers, not much unlike to
those of dandelioDs, and the seed flieth away in dowi^ as
that doth ; you may easily know the flowers by their taste,
for they are very bitter.
—
Place, It groweth wild in many places of this land,
and may be plentifully found near London, as between
Botherhithe and Deptford by the ditch side. Its virtues
are held to be the same with borage and bugloss, only this
is somewhat hotter.
Time,— They flower in June and July, and the seed is
ripe shortly aner.
OovmjymnU arid Virtuee, —^Tfaej are all three herbs of
 CITLPEPSB'S COMPLETI HSBBIX. 57

Jnpiter, and onder Leo, all great cordials and great

strengtheners of nature. The leaves and roots are to very
ffood purpose used in putrid and pestilential fevers to de-
fend the neart, and to resist aod to expel the poison or
venom of other creatures ; the seed is c» the like effects ;
and the seed and leaves are good to increase milk in wo-
men's breasts the leaves, flowers, and seed, all or any of
:

them, are good to expel pensiveness and melancholy : it

helpeth to clarify the blood, and mitigate heat in fevers.
The juice made into a syrup prevaileth much to all the
purposes aforesaid, and is put with other cooling, opening,
and cleansing herbs to open obstructions and help the
yellow jaundice ; and mixed with fumitory, to cool,
cleanse, and temper the blood thereby it helpeth the itch,
:

ringworms, and tetters, or other spreading scabs and sores.

The flowers candied or made into a conserve, are helpful
in the former cases, but are chiefly used as a cordial, and
are food for those that are weak in long sickness, and to
comfort the heart and spirits of those that are in a con-
sumption, or troubleil with often swoonings, or pahsions of
the heart The distilled water is no less effectual to all
the purposes aforesaid, and helpeth the redness and in-
flammations of the eye8t being washed therewith : the
dried herb is never used, but the green yet the ashes
:

thereof boiled in mead or honied water, is available against

the iuflammations and ulcers in the mouth or throat, to
gargle it therewith the roots of bugloss are effectual, be-
:

ing made into a licking electuary, for the cough, and to

condensate phlegm, and the rheumatic distillations apoa
the lungs.
BLUE-BOTTLE.—("CeiUflwww Cytmut,)
It is called Cyanus, suppose from the colour of it; Hart-
I
sickle, because it turns the etlges of the sickles that reap
the rorn, Blue- blow, Corn-flower, and Blue-bottle.
—
De$cnp. I shall only describe that which is commonest,
and in my opinion most useful its leaves spread upon
:

the ground, being of a whitish screen colour, somewhat on

the edgt« like those of com scabious, amongst which aris-
oth up a stalk divided into divers branches beset with long
leaves of a sreenish colour, either but very little indented
or not at all the flowers are of a blue colour, from whence
:

it took its name, consisting of an innumerable company of

small flowers set in a scaly head, not much unlike those
68 oulpepkr's comflkte herbal.

of knap-weed ; the seed is smooth, bright, and shining,

wrapped up in a woolly mantle ; the root perisheth every
year.
—
Place, They grow in corn-fields, amongst all sorts of
corn, peas, beans, and tares excepted. If you please to
take them up from thence and transplant them in your
garden, especially towards the full moon, they will grow
aiore double than they are, and many times change colour.
—
Time. They flower from the beginning of May to the
end of harvest.
—
Government and Virtues, Ab they are naturally cold,
dry, and binding, so they are under the dominion of
Saturn. The powder or dried leaves of the blue-bottle,
or corn flower is given with good success to those that are
bruised by a fal^ or have broken a vein inwardly, and
void much blood at the mouth : being taken in the water
of plantain, horse-tail, or the greater comfrey, it is a re-
medy against the poison of the scorpion, and resisteth all
venoms and poison. The seed or leaves taken in wine, is
very good against the plague and all infectious diseases,
and is very good in pestilential fevers the juice put into
:

fresh or green wounds doth quickly solder up the lips of

them together, and is veiy effectual to heal all ulcers and
sores in the mouth ; the juice dropped into the eyes takes
away the heat and inflammation of them the distilled
:

water of this herb hath the same properties, and may b«

used for the effects aforesaid.
BKANK URSINE.—C.4can^Ai« Spinosue.)
BisiDKs the common name Brank Ursine, it is also called
Bear's Breech, and Acanthus, though I think our English
names to be more proper ; for the Greek word Acanthus
signifies any thistle whatsoever.
Descrip, —This thistle shooteth forth very many large,
thick, sad green smooth leaves upon the ground, with a
verv thick and juicy middle rib ; the leaves are parted
witn sundry deep gashes on the edges ; the leaves remain
a long time before any stalk appears, afterwards riseth up
a reasonable big stalk, three or four feet high, and bravely
decked with flowers from the middle of the stalk upwards,
for on the lower part of the stalk there is neither branches
nor leaf the flowers are hooded and gaping, being white
:

in colour, and standing in brownish husks, with a long,

small, undivided leaf under each leaf : they seldom se^
 CULPEPER's C0MPLKT£ flERBAL. 59

In our country. Its root* are many, great, and thick,

blackish without and whitish within, full of a clammy sap.
A piece of them if you set it in the garden, and defend it
from the first winter cold, will grow and flourish.
—
Place. They are only nursed up in the gardens in
England, where they will grow very welL
—
Time. It tiowereth in June and July.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is an excellent plant under
the dominion of the moon. I could wish such as are
studious would labour to keep it in their gardens the :

leaves being boiled and used in clysters, are excellent good

to mollify the belly, and make the passage slippery the
:

decoction drunk inwardly is excellent and good for the

bloody flux the leaves being bruised, or rather boiled,
:

and applied like a poultice, are very good to unite broken

bones, and strengthen joints that have been put out the ;

decoction of either leaves or roots being drunk, and the

decoction of leaves applied to the place is excellent good
for the kiui^'s evil that is broken and runneth for by the
:

influence of the moon it reviveth the ends of the veins

which are relaxed there is scarce a better remedy to be
;

applied to such places as are burnt with fire than this is,
for it fetches out the fire, and heals it without a scar :
this is an excellent remedy for such as have ruptui*es, being
either taken inwardly or applied to the place in like
:

manner used it helps the cramp and the i^out it is excel-

:

lent good in hectic fevers, and restores radical moisture to

uch as are in consumptions.
BRIONY, OR WILD Yl^Y^.—(Bryonia.)
It is called Wild Vine, and Wood Vine, {Bryonia I>ioic€i,)
Tamua, or Ladies' Seal The white is called White Vine,
(BtyoniaAlbaj) &nd the black, Black Vine, {Bryonia ^igra.)
—
Jjescrip. The common white briony groweth rampant
upon the hedges, sending forth many long, rough, very
tender branches at the beginning, with many rough and
broad leaves thereon, cut (for the most part) into five par-
titions, in form like a vine leaf, but smaller, rough, and
of a whitish hoary green color, spreading very far, and
twining with its small claspers (that come forth at the
joints with the leaves) very far on whatsoever standeth
next to it At the several joints also, especially towards
the top of the branches, cometh forth a long stalk, bear-
ing many whit« flowers together on a long tuft, consisting
00 OTTLPIPBR's COMPLETX HXllBAi;^

of Ave tmall leaves a-piece laid open like a star, after

which come the berries separated one from another, more
than a cluster of grapes, green at first and very red when
they are thoroughly ripe, of no good scent, but of a very
loathsome taste, provoking vomit. The root groweth t»
be exceeding great, with many long twines or branches
going from i^ of a pale whitish colour on the outside,
and more white within, and of a shaip^ bitter, loathsome
taste.
— groweth on banks or under hedges, through
Plcui€. It
this landthe roots
: very deep.
lie
Time, — flowereth in July and August, some
It earlier,
and some than the other.
later
Oovemment and —They are furious martial
Virtues.
plants. The
root of briony purges the belly with great
violence, troubling the stomach and burning the liver, and
therefore not rashly to be taken but being corrected, is
;

very profitable for diseases of the head, as falling sickness,

giddiness and swimmings, by drawing away much phlegm
and rheumatic humours that oppress the head, as also the
joints and sinews ; and is therefore good for palsies, con-
vulsions, cramps, and stitches in the side, and the dropsy,
and in provoking urine : it cleauses the reins and kidnevs
from gravel and stone, by opening the obstruction of the
?)leen, and consuraeth the hardness and swelling thereof,
he decoction of the root in wine drank once a week at
going to bed, cleanseth the mother, and helpeth the rising
thereof, and expelleth the dead child ; a arachm of the
root in powder taken in white wine bringeth down the
courses. An electuary made of the roots and honey doth
michtily cleanse the chest of rotten phlegm, and wonder-
fully helps any old strong cough, to those that are troubled
with shortness of breath, and is very good for them that
are bruised inwardly, to help to expel the clotted or con-
gealed blood. The leaves, fruit, and root do cleanse old
and filthy sores, are good against all fretting and running
cankers, gangrenes, and tetters, and therefore the berries
are by some country-people called tetter berries. The
root cleanseth the skin wonderfully from all black and
blue spots, freckles, morphew, leprosy, foul scars, or other
deformity whatsoever also all running scabs and manli-
:

ness are healed by the powder of the dried root or the

juice thereof, but especially by the fine white hardened
juice. The distilled water of the root worketh the nam*
 cuij^epkr's oomplste herbal. 61

effecta, but more weaJdy the root bmifled and applied

;

of itaelf to any place where the bones are broken, helpeth

to draw them forth, as also splicters and thorns in the
flesh and being applied with a little wine mixed there-
;

with, it breaketh biles, and helpeth whitlows on the joints.

For all these latter, begiunine at sores, cankers, &c. apply
It outwardly, and take my advice in my translation of the
London Dispensatory, among the preparations at the lat-
ter end, where you have a medicine called /arcv/a hrioniOy
which take and use, mixing it with a little hog's grease,
OT other convenient ointment.
As for the former diseases where it must be taken in-
wardly, it purgeth very violently, and needs an abler
hand to correct it than most country people have ; there-
fore it Ib a better way for them, in my opinion, to let the
simple alone, and take the compound water of it

BBOOK-UME, OR WATER PIMPERNEL.--( Fcr^

nica Beoabung.)

—
Ducrip. This sendeth forth from a creeping root that
hooteth forth strings at every joint as it ruuReth, divers
and sundry green stalks, round and sappy, with some
branches on them, somewhat broad, round, deep green
and thick leaves set by couples thereon ; from the bottom
whereof shoot forth long foot- stalks with sundry small
blue flowers on them, that consist of five small round
pointed leaves a-piece.
There is another sort nothing differing from the former
but that it is greater, and the flowers are of a paler green
colour.
—They grow in small standing waters, and usual-
Place.
ly near water-cresses.
Time. — And flower in June and July, giving seed the
next month after.
Oovemment and Virtue. — It a hot and biting martial
is
plant Brook-lime and water-cresses are generally used
together in diet drink with other things servinj^ to purge
the blood and body from all ill humors that would destroy
health, and are helpful to the scurvy. They do all pro-
voke urine, and help to break the stone and pass it away
they procure women's courses, and expel the dead child.
Being fried with butter and vinegar, and applied warm,
it helpeth all manner of tomoun iweilings, and in-
flammations.
62 culpeper's complete herbal.
Such drinks ought to be made of sundry herbs accord-
ing to the malady. I shall give a plain and easy rule at
the latter end of this book.
BUTCHER'S BROO^L—{Ruscu8 Aculeatus,)

It is called Ruscus, and Bruscus, Kneeholm, Knee-Holy,

Kneehulver, and Pettigree.
—
Descrip. The first shoots that sprout from the roots of
butcher's broom are thick, whitish, and short, somewhat
like those of asparagus, but greater, they rising up to be
a foot and a half high, are spread into divers brandies,
green, and somewhat cressed with the roundness, tough
and flexible, whereon are set somewhat broad and almost
round hard leaves, prickly, pointed at the end, and of a
dark green colour ; two for the most part set at a place
very close and near together about the middle or the
:

leaf, on the back and lower side from the middle rib,
break eth forth a small whitish green flower, consisting of
four small round pointed leaves standing upon little or no
foot-stalk, and in the place whereof cometh a small round
berry, green at the first and red when it is ripe, wherein
are two or three white, hard round seeds contained. The
root is thick, white, and great at the head, and from
thence sendeth forth divers thick, white, long tough
strings.
Place. —
It groweth in copses, and upon heaths and
waste grounds, and oftentimes under or near the holly
bushes. '

Time.— lt shooteth forth its young buds in the spring,

and the berries are ripe about September, the branches of
leaves abiding green all the winter.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is a plant of Mara, being
of a gallant cleansing and opening quality. The decoction
of the root made with wine openeth obstructions, pro-
voketh urine, helpeth to expel gravel and the stone, the
strangury and women's courses, also the yellow jaundice
and the head ache :and with some honey or sugar put
thereunto, cleanseth the breast of phlegm, and the chest
of such clammy humours gathered therein. The decoc-
tion of the root drank, and a poultice made of the berries
and leaves being applied are effectual in knitting and con-
solidating broken bones or parts out of joint. The com-
mon way of using it is to boil the root, and paralev, fennel,
and smallage in white wine, and drink the decoction,
 CULPEPER's complete HERBAlL. 63
adding the aaautity of grass root to tuuui the more
like ;

of the root you

boil the stronger will the decoction be ;
it works no ill etfeots, yet I hope yoii have wit enough to
give the strongest decoction to the strongest bodies.

BROOM, OR BROOM-RAPE.— (Oro6ancA« Major.)

To spend time in writing a description hereof is altogether
nee<ile8s, it being so generally used by all the good house-
wives almost throughout this land to sweep their houses
with, and therefore very well known to all sorts of people.
The broom-rape springeth up on many places from the
roots of the broom, but more often in fields, as by hedge-
sides and on heaths the stalk whereof is of the bigness
:

of a finger or thumb, above two feet high, having a show

of leaves on them, and many flower at the tops of a reddish
yellow colour, as also the stalks and leaves are.
Place,— They grow in many places of this land com-
monly, and as commonly spoil all the land they grow in.
Tijne. —They flower in tne summer months, and give
their seed before winter.
Oovemment and Virtues.—-The juice or decoction of the
young branches, or seed, or the powder of the seed taken
in drink purgeth downwards, and draweth phlegmatic
and watery humours from the joints, whereby it helpeth
the dropsy, gout, sciatica, and pains of the hips and joints ;
it also provoketh strong vomits, and helpeth the pains of
the sides, and swelling of the spleen ; cleanseth also the
reins or kidneys, and bladder of the stone, provoketh
urine abundantly, and hindereth the growing again of the
stone in the body. The continual use of the powder of
the leaves and seed doth cure the black jaundice the;

distilled water of the flowers is profitable for all the same

purposes it also helpeth surfeits, and altereth the fit of
;

agues, if three or four ounces thereof with as much of the

water of the lesser centaury, and a little sugar put there-
in, be taken a little before the fit cometh, and the party
be laid down in his bed the oil or water that is drawn
:

from the end of the ^een sticks heated in the fire, helpeth
the tooth-ache the juice of young branches made into ao
:

ointment of old hog's grease, and anointed, or the young

branches bruised and heated in oil or hog's grease, and
laid to the sides pained by wind, as in stitches or the
pleen, easeth them in once or twice using it the same
:

boiled in oil is the safest and surest medicine to kill lioe

M '
OULPBPSB'S COMPLITE HERBAL.
in the head or body, if any and is an especial remedy for
:

joint-aches and swollen knees, that come by the falling

down of humours.
The broom-rape also is not without its virtues.
The decoction thereof in wine is thought to be as effec-
tual to void the stone in the kidneys aud bladder, and to
provoke urine as the broom itself ; the juice thereof is a
singular good help to cure as well green wounds as old
and filthy sores and malignant ulcers ; the insolate oil,
wherein there hath been three or four repetitions of infu-
sions of the top stalks, with flowers strained and cleared,
cleanseth the skin from all mauner of spots, marks, and
freckles that riseth either by the heat of the sun or thd
malignity of the humours. As for the broom and broom
rape, Mars owns them they are exceedingly prejudicial to
:

the liver ; I suppose by reason of the antipathy between

Jupiter and Mars, therefore if the liver be disaffected,
minister none of it.

BUCK'S-HORN PLANTAIN.—(PZan^o Corimopui.)

—
Detcrip, This being sown of seed, riseth up at first
with small, long, narrow, hairy, dark green leaves like
grass^ without any division or gash in them ; but those
that follow are gashed in on both sides, the leaves into
three or four gashes, and pointed at the ends, resemblins
the knags of a buck's horn, (whereof it took its name)
and being well ground round about the root upon the
ffround, in order one by another, thereby resembling the
Form of a star, from among which rise up divers hairy
stalks about a hand's breadth high, bearing every one a
long, small, spiky head, like those of the common plan-
tain, having such like bloomings and seed after them.
The root is single, long, and small, with divers strings
at it
—
Place, ^They grow in sandy grounds as in Tothillfieldsi
by Westminster, and divers other places of this land.
—
Time. They flower and seed in May, June, and July,
and their green leaves do in a manner abide tresh all the
winter.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is under the dominion of
Saturn, and is of gallant, drying, and binding quality.
This boiled in wine, and drunk, and some of tne leaves
put to the hurt place. Bi an excellent remedy for the bit*
mg of the viper or aader, which I take to be one and the
 ottlpepkb's comflsts hsbbal. 05

amp. The same being also drunk, helpeth those that art
troubled with the stone in tho reins or kidneys, bj cool-
ing the heat of the parts atflicUsd, and strengthening them ;
also weak stomachs that cannot retain but cast up their
meat It stayeth all bleeding both at the mouth and nose,
bloody urine, or the bloody flux, and stoppeth the lax of
the belly and bowels. The leaves hereof bruised and laid
to their sides that have an ague, suddenly easeth the fit
and the leaves and roots being beaten with some bay salt,
and applied to the wrists, worketh the same effects. The
herb boiled in ale or wine, and given for some mornings
and eveniDgs together, stayeth the distillation of hot and
sharp rheums falling into the eyes from the head, and
helpeth all sorts of sore eye&

BUCKTHORN.—CTJAamntt* Catharticus.)

It is called Harts'-hom, Herba-stellaria, Sanguinaria,

Herb-eve, Herb-ivy. Wort-cresses, and Swine-cresses.
Descrip. —
They nave many small and weak straggling
branches trailing here and there upon the ground; the
leaves are many, small, and jagged, not much unlike to
those of buck's bom plantain, but much smaller and not
io hairy the flowers grow among the leaves in smalL
:

rough, whitish clusters the seeds are much smaller ana

:

brownish, of a bitter taste.

—
Place. They grow in dry, barren sandy grounds.
—
Time. They flower and seed when the rest of the plan-
tains do.
OovemmerU and Virtuei, —
This is also under the domi-
nion of Saturn the virtues are held to be the same as buck's-
;

horn plantain, aod therefore by all authors it is joined

with it the leaves bruised and applied to the place, stop
:

bleeding ; the herb bruised and applied to warts, will

Bake them consume and waste away in a short time.
BUGLE.—(4/if^a Reptanu.)
BisiDis the name bugle, it is called middle confound and
middle comfrey, brown bugle, and by some sickle-wort
and herb-carpenter thoogh in Essex we call another
;

herb by that name.

—
Ducrip. This hath larger leaves than those of the self-
heal, but else of the lame fashion, or rather longer, in
some green on the upper aide, and in others more brown*
lah. dented aboat the edgee, eomewhat haiiy, as the sqaave
6€ OXTLPSPKU'S COMPLETK HERBAL.
stalk is also, which riseth up to be half a yard high some-
times, with the leaves set by couples from the middle al-
most, whereof upward stand the flowers, together with
many smaller and browner leaves than the rest on the
Btalk below set at a distance, and the stalk bare betwixt
hem ; among which flowers are also small ones of a blue-
ish and sometimes of an ash colour, fashioned like the
flowers of ground-ivy, after which come small, round,
blackish seeds the root is composed of many strings, and
:

Bpreadeth upon the ground.

The white flowered bugjle differeth not in form or great-
ness from the former, saving that the leaves and stalk are
always green, and never brown like the other, and the
flowers thereof are white.
Pla/ce. —They grow in woods, copses, and fields gene-
rally throughout England, but the white flowered bugle
is not so plentiful as the former.
TiviA. —They flower from May until July, and in the
meantime perfect their seed the roots and loaves next
:

thereunto upon the ground abidiug all the winter.

—
Oovemment and Virtues. This herb belougeth to Dame
Venus if the virtues of it make you fall in love with it,
;

(as they will if you be wise) keep a syrup of it to take in-

wardly, and an ointment and plaister of it to use out-
wardly, always by you.
The decoction of the leaves and flowers made in wine,
and taken, dissolveth the congealed blood in those that
are bruised inwardly by a fall or otherwise, and is very
etFectual for any inward wounds, thrusts, or stabs in the
body or bowels and is an especial help in all wound-
;

drinks, and for those that are liver-grown, as they call it.
It is wonderful in curing all manner of ulcers and aorea,
whether new and fresh, or old and inveterate yea, gan-
;

grenes and fistulas al o, if the leaves bruised and applied,

or their juice be used to wash and bathe the place, and
the same made into a lotion and some honey and alum,
cureth all sores in the mouth and gums, be they ever so
foul or of long continuance ; and worketh no less power-
fully and efl'ectually for such ulcers and sores as happen
in the secret parts of men and women. Being also taken
inwardly, or outwardly applied, it helpeth those that have
broken any bone, or have any member out of joint An
ointment made with the leaves of bugle, scabious and
lanicle bruised and boiled in hog^i grease until the herbe

I
 CITLPKPER'S complete HStlBiLL. 67

be drj, aud then stmiued into a pot for bach occasions as

shall require ; it is so singular good for all sorts of hurts
in the body, that none that know its usefulness will ever
be without it.
The truth ia, I have known this herb cure some dis-
eases of Saturn, of which I thought good to quote one.
Many times such as give themselves much to drinking
are troubled with strange fancies, strange sights in the
night time, and some with voices, as also with the disease
ephialtes, or night-mare. I take the reason of this to be
(according to Fernelius) a melancholy vapour made thin
by excessive drinking strong liquor, and so flies up and
disturbs the fancy, and breeds imaginations like itself,
yiz. —
fearful and troublesome these I have known cured
;

by taking only two spoonfuls of the syrup of this herb

after supper two hours, when you go to bed. But whe-
ther this does it by sympathy or antipathy is some doubt
in astrology. I know there is a great antipathy between
Saturn and Venus in matter of procreation ; yea, such an
one, that the barrenness of Saturn can be removed by
none but Venus nor the lust of Venus be repelled by
;

none but Saturn, but I am not of opinion this is done

this way, and my reason is, because these vapours, though
in quality melancholy, yet by their flying upward seem
to be somewhat aerial therefore I rather think it ia done
;

by sympathy, Saturn being exalted in Libra in the house

of Venus.

BURNET. —(Ptmptnella Saxifraga.

It is called Sanguisorbia, Meadow Pimpinel, Solbegrelia^

&c. The common garden bumet isso well known that it
needeth no description.
Descrip. —The ^^reat wild bumet hath winged leaves
rising from the root like the ganlen bumet, but not so
many ;
yet each of the.se leaves are at the least twice as
large as the other, and nicked in the same manner about
the e<ige8, of a greyish ci»lour on the under side ; the stalks
are greater and rise higher, with many such like leaves
thereon, and greater he^ids at the top of a brownish cfv>
lour, and out of them come small dark purple flowers like
the former, but great also. It hath almost neither Hren^
oor taste therein, like the garden kind.
—
Place. The first grows frequently in gfc.\lens. Tb«
w^ld kind groweth in diven coanties of tMs island, en-
68 OITLPEPBR'B COMPLUTE HCKBA14.
pecially HuDtingdon and Northamptonshire, in th«
in
meadows there ; as also near London by Pancras church,
and bj a causewaj-side in the middle ci a field bj
Paddington.
—
Time, They flower about the end of June and begin-
ning of July, and their seed is ripe in August.
—
wvemment and Virtues. This is an herb the Sun
challengeth dominion over, and is a most precious herb,
little inferior to betony the continual use of it preserves
:

the body in health and the spirit in vigour for if the

;

sun be the preserver of life under Gkxl, his herbs are the
best in the world to do it. They are accounted to be
both of one property, but the lesser is more effectual, be-
cause quicker and more aromaticaL It is a friend to the
heart) liver, and other principal parts of a man's body.
Two or three of the stalks with leaves put into a cup of
wine, especially claret, are known to quicken the spirits,
refresh and clear the heart, and drive away melancholy.
It is a special help to defend the heart from noisome va-
pours, and from infection of the pestilence, the juice there-
of being taken in some drink, and the party laid to sweat
thereupon. They have also a drying and an astringent
Quality, whereby they are available in all manner of
nuxes of blood or humours, to staunch bleedings inward
or outward, laxes, scourginga, the bloody-flux, women's
too abundant flux of the courses, the whites, and the cho-
leric belchings and castings of the stomach, and is a
singular wound herb for all sorts of wounds both of the
head and body, running cankers, and most sores, to be
used either by the juice or decoction of the herb, or by
the powder of the herb or root, or the water of the dis-
tilled herb or ointment by itself, or with other things to
be kept ; the seed is also no less effectual both to fluxes,
and to dry up moist sores, being taken in powder inwardly
in wine or steeled water, that is, wherein hot gads of steel
have been quenched or the powder, or the seed mixed
:

with the ointment.

BVTTEBrBVK--(Tusnlago Hyhrida,)

Detcrip, — This riseth up in February, with a thick

Btklk aoout a foot high, whereon are set a few small
leaves, or rather pie«es, and at the tope a long spike head
flowers of a blush or deep red colour, according to the
•oU where it groweth, and before the stalk with the
 oulpipek'b complbte herbal. ^
flowers have abode a month above ^nnd it will be
withered and gone, and blown away with the wind, and
the leaves v^rill be^in to spring, which being full grown
are very large and broad, oeiog somewhat thin and almost
round, whose thick red foot stalks above a foot long,
stand towards the middle of the ^eaves ; the lower part
being divided into two round parts close almost one to
another, and are of a pale green colour, and hairy under-
neath the root is lonff, and spreadeth under ground
:

being in some places no oigger than one's finger, in others

much bigger, blackish on the outside, %nd wnitiBh with-
a bitter and unpleasant taste.
in, of
Pl<iC€ and Time. —
They grow in low and wet nrounds
by rivers and water-sides ; their flowers, as is saic^ rising
and decaying in February and March before their leaves,
which appear in April
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is under the dominion of
the Sun, and therefore is a great strengthener of the heart
and cheerer of the vital spirits the roots thereof are by
:

long experience found to be very available against the

plague and pestilential fevers, by provoking sweat: if
the powder thereof be taken in wine, it also resisteth the
force of any other poison the root hereof taken with
:

zedoary and an^lica, or without them, helps the rising of

the mother the decoction of the root, in wine, is singu-
:

lar good for those that wheeze much, or are short-wind-

ed. It provoketh urine also, and women's courses, and
killeth tne flat and broad worms in the belly. The pow-
der of the root doth wonderfully help to dry up the
moiature of the sores that are hard to be cured, and
taketh away all spots and blemishes of the skin. It were
well if gentlewomen would keep this root preserved to
help their poor neighborus. It is Jit the rick should help
the poorJ for the poor cannot help themselves,

BURDOCK—(iiftj<u«m Lappa,)
It is also Personata, and Happy-Major, Great
called
Bordoak, and Clot-bur : it is so well known even by the
little bojB, who pull off the burs to throw at one another,
that I shall spare to write any description of it.
Place. —
They ctow plentifully by ditches and water-
iidea. and by the nigh-ways almost every where through
thieland.
a/nd Virtiies.—Y^nuM challengeth thie herb
70 culpepbb'b complete hekdal.
for her own and by its leaf or seed you may draw the
:

womb which way you please, either upward by applying

it to the crown of the head in case it falls out or down-
;

wards in fits of the mother, by applying it to the soles of

the feet or if you would stay it in its place, apply it to
:

the navel, and that is one good way to stay the child in it.
See more of it in my Guide for Women.
The Burdock leaves are cooling, moderately drying, and
discussing withal, whereby it is ^ood for old ulcers and
sores. A dram of the roots taken with pine kernels,
helpeth them that spit foul, mattery, and bloody phlegm.
The leaves applied to the places troubled with the shrink-
inff in of the sinews or arteries, give much ease : the
juice of the leaves, or rather the roots themselves, given
to drink with old wine, doth wonderfully help the biting
of any serpents ; the root beaten with a little salt, and
laid on the place, suddenly easeth the pain thereof, and
helpeth those that are bit by a mad dog the juice of the
:

leaves being drunk with honey, provoketh urine and re-

medieth the pain of the bladder : the seed being dmok in
wine forty days together, doth wonderfully help the scia-
tica : the leaves bruised with the white of an egg and ap-
plied to any place burnt with fire, taketh out the fire,
gives sudden ease, and heals it up afterwards ; the de-
coction of them fomented on any fretting sore or canker,
stayeth the corroding quality, which must be afterwards
anointed with an ointment made of the same liquor, hog's
grease, nitre, and vinegar boiled together. The root may
be preserved with sugar, and taken fasting or at other
times for the same purposes, and for consumptions, the
stone, and the lax. The seed is much commended to
break the stone, and cause it to be expelled bv urine, and
is often used with other seeds and things for that purpose.

OABBAQBS.—(^rflwwca Capitata.) COLEWOETa—

{Brauica Oltracea,)
I SHALL spare labor in writing a description of these, since
almost every one that can but write at all may describe
them from his own knowledge, they being so well known
that descriptions are altogether needless.
—
Place, ^They are generally planted in gardens.
—
Time. Their flower time is towards the middle or end
of July, and the seed is ripe in August.
Government and Virttiet. —The cabbages or ooleworts
boiled f^ently in broth, and eAfcen, do open the body« but
 CULPEPER'S CO^iPLETK HERBAJU 7l
the wcoud decoction doth bind the body. The juice
thereof drunk in wine helpeth those that are bitten by
an adder, and the decoction of the flowers bringeth down
women's courses ; being taken with honey it recovereth
hoarseness or loss of the voice. The often eating of them
well boiled helpeth those that are entering into a con-
sumption. The pulp, or the middle ribs of coleworta
boiled in almond milk, and made up into an electuary
with honey, being taken often is very protitable for those
that are puffy and short winded. Being boiled twice, and
an old cock being boiled in the broth and drunk, it help-
eth the pains, and the obstruction of the liver and spleen,
and the stone in the kidneys. The juice boiled with
honey, and dropped into the comers of the eves, cleareth
the sight by consuming any cloud or film beginning to
dim it it also consumeth the canker growing therein.
:

Thf - are much commended being eaten before meat to

keep one from surfeiting, as also from being drunk with
too much wine, or quickly makes a man sober that is
drunk before ; for, as they say, there is such an antipa-
thy or enmity between the vine and the coleworts, that
one will die where the other groweth. The decoction
of coleworts taketh away the pain and ache, and allayeth
the swellings of sore and gouty legs and knees, wherein
many grosa and watery humours are fallen, the place
being bathed therewith warm. It helpeth also old and
filthy sores being bathed therewith, and healeth all small
scabs, pushes, and wheals that break out in the skin : the
ashes of colewort stalks mixed with old hog's grease,
are very effectual to anoint the sides of those that have
had long pains therein, or any otherplace pained with
melancholy and windy humours. Tnis was certainly
Chrysippus's god, and therefore he wrote a whole volume
about them and their virtues, and that none of the least
neither, for he would be no small fool : he appropriates
them to every part of the body, and to every disease in
every part and honest old Cato, they say, used no other
:

physic. I know not what metal there bodies were made

of ; this I am sure, cabbages are extremely windy whether
yoa take them as meat or as medicine ; yea, as windy
meat as can be eaten, unless yon eat bag -pi pes or bellows,
and they are but seldoio ate in our days ; and colewort
flowers are something more tolerable, and the wholesomer
food of the two : the moon challengeth the dominion of
the herb.
72 ottlpepeb's oomplbtb resbjll.
CX)LEWORTS (THE Sl&k.)-iBrassica Marina,)
Descrip. — This hath divers somewhat
long and broad,
large, and thick wrinkled leaves somewhat crumpled
about the edges, and growing each upon a foot-stalk, very
brittle, of a greyish green colour, from among which riseth
up a strong thick stalk two feet hi^^h and better, with
some leaves thereon to the top, where it branches forth
much on every branch standeth a large bush of pale
;

whitish flowers, consisting of four leaves a-piece the

:

root is somewhat great, shooteth forth many branches

under ground, keeping the leaves green all the winter.
Place, —
They grow m
many places upon the sea coasts,
as well on the Kentish as Essex shores ; ad at Lid, in
Kent, Colchester, in Essex, and divers other places, and
in other counties of this land.
—
Time. They flower and seed about the time that other
kinds do.
—
Government and Virtues, The Moon claims the do-
minion of these also. The broth, or first decoction of the
sea colewort doth by the sharp, nitrous, and bitter quali-
ties therein, open the belly, and purge the body ; it
cleanseth and digests more powerfully than the other
kind the seed hereof bruised and drunk, killeth worms ;
:

the leaves or the juice of them applied to sores or ulcers

tleanseth and healeth them, and dissolveth swellings, and
taketh away inflammations.

GALAMINT.—(J/tf/tMa Oalaminta.)

—
Descrip. This is a small herb, seldom rising above
a foot high, with square, hairy, and woody stalks, and
two small hoary leaves set at a joint, about the bigness
of marjorum, or not much bigger, a little dented about
the edges, and of a very fierce or quick scent, as the whole
herb is ; the flowers stand at several spaces of the stalks
from the middle almost upwards, which are small and
gaping like to those of min^ and of a pale blueish colour;
after which follow small, round, blackish seed : the root
is small and woody, with divers small strings spreading
within the ground, and dieth not, but abideth many
years.
Place.— It groweth on heaths and uplands, and dry
grounds in many places of this land.
—
Time, ^Tbey flower in July, and their seed is ripe
^okly after.
 culpbpeb'b complete herbal. 73

Ocpemment and Virtues, —It

an herb of Mercury,
is
and a strong one good in all afflic-
too, therefore excellent
tions of the brain the decoction of the herb being drank
;

bringeth down women's courses, and provoketh urine

it is profitable for those thai have ruptures, or troubled
with convulsions or cramps, with shortness of breath or
choleric torments and pains in their bellies or stomach :

it also helpeth the yellow jaundice, and stayeth vomiting

being taken in wine taken with salt and honey it killeth
:

all manner of wounds in the body. It helpeth such aa

have the leprosy, either taken inwardly, drinking whey
after it, or the green herb outwardly applied it binder- :

eth conception in women ; but either burnt or strewed in

a chamber it driveth away venomous serpents ; it takes
away black and blue marks in the face, and maketh black
scars become well coloured, if the green herb (not the
dry) be boiled in wine and laid to the place, or the place
washed therewith. Being applied to tne buckle-bone, by
coDtinuance of time it spends the humours which canseth
the pain of the sciatica the juice being dropped into the
:

ears, killeth the worms in them the leaves boiled in

;

wine, and drank, provoke sweat, and open obstructions

of the liver and spleen. It helpeth them that have a
tertian ague (the body bein^f nrst purged), by taking
away the cold fits ; the decoction hereof, with some sugar
put thereto afterwards, is very profitable for those that
are troubled with the overflowing of the gall, and that
have an old cou^h, and that are scarce able to breathe by
shortness of their wind, that have .ny cold distemper in
their bowels, and are troubled with the hardness of the
Spleen, for all which purposes both the powder, called
iacaluminthee, and compound syrup of calamint (which
are to be had at the apotnecaries) are the most effectual.
Let not women be too busy with it, for it works very
violently upon the feminine part

CAMOMILE.—(^fUAwiw JToWZm.)
It is to weU known every where, that it is but lost time
and labour to describe it ; the virtues thereof are a«
followeth.
A
decoction made of camomile, taketh away all pains
and stitches in the side the flowers of camomile beaten
:

and made up into balls with oil, drive away all sorts of
ag«e% if the part grieved be anointed with that (H^
74 citlpepbb'b gomplxte herbal.
taken from the flowers, from the crown of the head to
the sole of the foot, and afterward laid to sweat in bed,
and he sweats well ; this is Nechessor, an Egyptian's
medicine. It is profitable for all sorts of agues that come
either from phlegm, or melancholy, or from an inflamma-
tion of the bowels, being applied when the humours caus-
ing them shall be concocted and there is nothing more
:

profitable to the sides and region of the liver and spleen

than it the bathing with a decoction of camomile taketh
:

away weariuess, easeth pains to what parts soever they

be applied. It comforteth the sinews that be over-strained,
mollineth all swellings it moderately comforteth all parts
:

that have need of warmth, digesteth and dissolveth what-

soever hath need thei-eof by a wonderful speedy property
it easeth all the pains of the colic and stone, and all pains
and torments of the belly, and gently provoketh urine.
The flowers boiled in posset-drink provoke sweat, and
help to expel all colds, aches and pains whatsoever is an
:

excellent uelp to bring down women's courses. Syrup

made of the juice of camomile, with the flowers in white
wine, is a remedy against the jaundice and dropsy the :

flowers boiled in lee, are good to wash the head and com-
fort both it and the brain : the oil made of the flowers of
camomile is much used against all hard swellings, pains or
aches, shrinking of the sinews, cramps or pains in the
joints, or any other part of the body. Being used in
clysters, it helps to dissolve the wind and pains in the
belly ; anointed also, it helpeth pains and stitches in the
ides.
Nechessor saith the Egyptians dedicated it to the Sun,
because it cured agues, and they were like enough to do
it, for they were the arrantest apes in their religion I

ever read of. Bachinus, Bena, and Lobel commend the

syrup made of the juice of it and sugar, taken inwardly,
to be excellent for the spleen. Also this is certain, that
it most wonderfully breaks the stone ; some take it in
syrup or decoction, others inject the juice of it into the
bladder with a syringe. My opinion is that the salt of it
taken half a drachm in the morning, in a little white or
rhenish wine, is betUr than either. That it i(» excellent
lor the stone appears in this which I have seen tried,
—
viz., That a stone that hath been taken out of the body
of a man, being wrapped in camomile, will in time di»-
aolve^ and in a little time too.
 CULPSPEK's C0MPL£T£ ub&bal. 75

CALTROPS (WATEKy^Trapa Natant,)

Thkt are called also Tribulus Aquaticua, TribnluB Laca-
oris, TribuluB MarinoB, Caltrop, Saligos, Water Nuts
aod Water Chestnuts.
—
Descrip, As for the greater sort of water caltrop, it is
not found here, or very rarely two other sorts there are,
:

which I shall here describe. The first hath a long creeping

and jointed root, sending forth tufts at each joint, from
which joints arise long, flat, slender-knotted stalks, even
to the top of the water, divided towards the top into many
branches, each carrying two leaves on both sides, being
about two inches long and half an inch broad, thin and
almost transparent, they look as if they were torn ; the
flowers are long, thick, and whitish, set together almost
like a bunch of grapes, which being ^one, there succeeds
for the most part sharp pointed grams altogether, con-
taining a small white kernel in them.
The second differs not much from this, save that it
delights in more clear water ; its stalks are not flat, but
round ; its leaves are not so long, but more pointed. As
for the place we need not determine, for their name
showeth they grow in the water.
—
OavemmerU and Virtue. They are under the dominion
of the Moon, and bein^ made into a poultice, are excellent
good for hot inflanmiations, swellings, cankers, sore mouths
and throats, being washed in the decoction. It cleanseth
and strengtheoeth the neck and throat, and helps those
swellings which, when people have, they say the almonds
of their ears are fallen down. It is excellent good for the
rank n ess of the gums, a safe and present remedy for the
king's evil. They are excellent good for the stone and
gravel, especially the nuts being dried ; they also resist
poison and bitings of venomous beasts.

CAMPION :^lLD,)—{Cucubalut Behm.)

DeBcrip. —The wild white campion hath many long and
somewhat broad dark green leaves lyin^ upon the ground,
and divers ribs therein, somewhat like plantain, but
somewhat hairy broader and not so long tne hairy stalks
; ;

rise up in the middle of them three or four feet high, and

sometimes more, with divers great white joints at several
places thereon, and two such like leaves thereat up to the
top^ sending forth branches at •evcrul joints abo all
:
7t CULPEPBR's COMPLBTl HSRBAU
which bear on several footstalks white flowers at the tops
of them, consisting of five broad-pointed leaves, every one
cat in on the end unto the middle, making them seem to
be two a-piece, smelling somewhat sweet, and each of them
standing m a large green striped hairy husk, large and
round l^low next to the stalk. The seed is sm^ and
grejrish in the hard heads that come up afterwards : the
root is white and long, spreading divers fangs in the
ground.
The red wild campion groweth in the same manner as
the white, but the leaves are not so plainly ribbed,
somewhat shorter, rounder, and more woolly in handling.
The flowers are of the same form and size, but in some of
a pale, in others of a bright red colour, cut in at the ends
more finely, which makes the leaves look more in number
than the other. The seeds and the roots are alike, the
roots of both sorts abiding many years.
There are forty-five kinds of campion more ; those of
them which are of a physical use having the like virtues
with those above described, which I take to be the chiefest
kinds.
Place, —
They grow commonly through this land by
and hedge sides and ditches.
fields
—
Time. They flower in summer, some earlier than others,
and some abiding longer than others.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. They belong unto Saturn
and it is found by experience that the decoction of the
herb, either in white or red wine, being drunk doth stay
inward bleedings, and applied outwanuv it doth the like ;
and being druii^ helpeth to expel urine being stopped, and
I
gravel or stone in the reins or kidneys. Two drams of
the seed drunk in wine purgeth the body of choleric
humours, and helpeth those that are stung by scorpions
or other venomous beasts, and may be as effectual for the
plague. It is of very great use in old sores, ulcers, can-
ters, fistulas, and the hke, to cleanse and heal them by
consumh^g the moist humours falling into them, and
correcting the putrefaction of humours offending them.

CARDUUS BENEDICTUa
iTiscalled Carduus Benedictus, or Blessed Thistle, or Holy
Thistle. I suppose the name was put upon it by some that
had little holiness in themselves.
I shall spare labour in writing a description of this, as
 CfULFSPm'S COMTLin HSRBAL. 77

aimost every one who can but write at ail maj describe
them from his own knowledge.
—
Time, They flower in August, and seed not long after.
Oocemment and Virtues,—^t is an herb of Mars, and
under the sign of Aries. Now, In handling this herb, I
shall give you a rational pattern of all the rest ; and if
you please to view them throughout the book, you shall
to your content find it true. It helps giddiness and
swimming of the head, or the disease call^ vertigo, be-
cause Aries is in the house of Mars. It is an excellent
remedy against the yellow jaundice and other infirmities
of the gall, because Mars governs choler. It stren^hens
the attractive faculty in man and clarifies the blood,
because the one is ruled by Mars. The continually
drinking the decoction of it helps red faces, tetters, ana
ringworms, because Mars causeth them. It helps the
plague, sores, boils, and itch, the bitings of mad dogs and
venomous beasts, all which infirmities are under Mars.
Thus you see what it does by sympathy.
By antipathy to other planets it cureth the French pox.
By antipathy to Venus, who governs it, it strengthens th*
memory, and cures deafness by antipathy to Saturn, who
hath his fall in Aries, which rules the head. It cures
quartan agues and other diseases of melancholy, and ad-
mits choler, by sympathy to Saturn, Mars being exalted
In Capricorn. Also it provokes urine, the stopping of
which is usually caused by Mars or the Moon.

CABEOTS.—(Doucui Garota,)

Gardxh known that they neea no de-

carrots are so well
scription but because they are of less physical use mma
;

the wild kind (as indeed almost in all herbs the wild are
most effectual in physic, as being more powerful in opera-
tion than the ^rden kinds) I shall therefore briefly de-
scribe the wila carrot.
—
Ducrip. It groweth In a manner altogether like the
tame, but that the leaves and stalks are somewhat whiter
and rougher. The stalks Ijear large tufts of white flowers,
with a deep purple spot in the middle, which are contract-
ed together when the seed begins to ripen, that the mid-
«lle part being hollow and low, and the outward stalk ris-
ing night maketh the whole umbel look like a bird's nest
Ik* loot small, long, and hard, and unfit for meat, being
tOHMwhat sharp ami strong.
78

Place, — The wild kind groweth in divers parts of this

land, plentifully by the field sides and untillea places.
—
Time. They flower and seed in the end of summer.
—
Government and Virtues. Wild carrots belong to Mer-
cury, and therefore break wind and remove stitches in the
side, provoke urine and women's courses, and helpeth to
break and expel the stone ; the seed also of the same
worketh the like eflfect, and is good for the dropsy, and
those whose bellies are swollen with wind : helpeth the
colic, the stone in the kidneys, and rising of the mother ;
being taken in wine, or boiled in wine and taken, it help-
eth conception. The leaves being applied with honey to
running sores or ulcers, do cleanse them.
I suppose the seeds of them perform this better than
the rootis : and though Qalen commended garden carrots
highly to break wind, yet experience teacheth they breed
it first, and we may thank nature for expelling it, not
they ; the seeds of them expel wind indeed, and so mend
what the root marreth.
CABAWAY.— (Carwm Carui.)
Descrip.— It beareth divers stalks of fine cut leaves
lying upon the ground, somewhat like the leaves of car-
rots, but not bushing so thick, of a little quick taste in
them, from among which riseth up a square stalk, not so
high as the carrot, at whose joint are set the like leaves,
bmt smaller and flatter, and at the top small open tufts or
umbels of white flowers, which turn into small blackish
seed, smaller than the aniseed, and of a quicker and bet-
ter taste. The root is whitish, small, and long, somewhat
like unto parsnip, but with more wrinkled bark, and much
less, of a little hot and quick taste, and stronger than
the parsnip, and abideth after seed time.
—
Place. It is usually sown with us in gardens.
—
Time. They flower in June and July, and seed quick-
ly after.
—
Oovemment and Virtuei. This is also a Mercurial
plant Carraway seed hath a moderate sharp quality,
whereby it breaketh wind and provoketh urine, which
also the herb doth. The root is better food than the
parsnips ; it is pleasant and comfortable to the stomach,
and helpeth digestion. The seed is conducing to all cold
griefs of the head and stomach, bowels, or mother, as also
the wind in them, and helpeth to sharpen the eye-sight
 cxtlpeper's oomfletx hibbai* 79
The powder of the seed put into a poultice taketh away
black and blue spots of blows and bruises. The herb it-
self, or with some of the seed bruised and fried, laid hot
in a bag or double cloth to the lower parts of the belly,
ea«etb the pains of the wind colic
The roots of carrawajrs eat«n as men eat parsnips,
strengthen the stomachs of old people exceedinc^ly, and
thej need not to make a whole meal of them neither, and
are fit to be planted in every garden.
Carraway confects, once only dipped in sugar, and a
spoonful of them eaten in the morning fasting, and as
many after each meal, is a most admirable remedy for
those that are troubled with wind.

C'EliAKDl'SK—iChelidonium Majtu.)
Descrip. —This hath divers tender, round, whitish green
stalks, with greater joints than ordinary in other herbs,
as it were knees, very brittle and easv to break, from
whence grow branches with large tender broad leaves
divided into many parts, each of them cut in on the edges,
set at the joint on both sides of the branches, of a dark
blueish green colour on the upper side like columbines,
Mid of a more pale blueish green underneath, full of yel-
low sap when any part is broken, of a bitter taste and
strong scent The xxx)t is somewhat great at the head,
shootmg forth divers long roots and small strings, reddish
on the outdide, and yellow within, full of yellow sap
therein.
Place, —They grow in many pUces bv old walls, hedges,
and way-sides, in untilled places ; and being once planted
in a garden, especially in some shady place, it will remain
there.
—
Tims. They flower all the summer long, and the seed
mean time.
ripeneth in the
OovtmmerU and Virtues, —This is an herb of the Sun,
and under the celestial Lion,and is one of the best cures
for the eyes, for all that know any thing in astrology know
that the eyes are subject to the luminaries ; let it then be
gathered when the Sun is in Leo, and the Moon in Aries,
applying to this time ; let Leo arise, then may you make
it into an oil or ointment, which you please, to anoint
jour sore eyes with I can prove it both by my own ex-
:

psrisDCS and the experience of those to whom I havs

taught it, thAt most ae8p>erate sore eyes havs been oared
80 oitlpepeb's complete hebbal.
by this only medicine ; and then I pray, is not this far
better than endangering the eyes by tne art of the needle T
For if this doth not absolutely take away the film, it will
80 facilitate the work, that it may be done without dan-
ger : the herb or root boiled in white wine and drunk, a
few aniseeds being boiled therewith, openeth obstruc-
tions of the liver and gall, helpeth the yellow jaundice ;
and often using it helps the dropsy and the itch, and those
that hare old sores in their legs or other parts of the
body ; the juice thereof taken fasting, is held to be of
singular good use against the pestilence : the distilled
water wiui a little sugar and a little good treacle mixed
therewith (the party upon the taking oeing laid down to
sweat a little) hath the same efl'ect ; the juice dropped
into the eyes cleanseth them from films and clou dio ess
that darken the sight, but it is best to allay the sharpness
of the juice with a little breast-milk. It is goodm old
filthy corroding creeping ulcers wheresoever, to stay their
malignity of fretting and running, and to cause them to
heal more speedily : the juice often applied to tetters,
ring- worms, or other spreading cankers, wiJl quickly heal
them and rubbed often upon warts will take them away
: :

the herb with the root bruised and bathed with oil of
camomile, and applied to the navel, taketh away the grip-
ing pains in the belly and bowels, and all the pains of the
mother ; and applied to women's breasts, staveth the
overmuch flowing of the courses the juice or decoction
:

of the herb gargled between the teeth that ache, easeth

the pain, and the powder of the dried root laid upon any
aching, hollow, or loose tooth, will cause it to fall out
the juice mixed with some powder of brimstone is not
only good against the itch, but taketh away all discolour-
ings of the skin whatsoever ; and if it chance that in a
tender body it causeth any itchings or inflammations, by
bathing the place with a Uttle vinegar it is helped.
Another ill-favoured trick have physicians got to use to
the eye, and that is worse than the needle ; which is to
take away films by corroding or gnawing medicines ; this
I absolutely protest against
1.—-Because the tunicles of the eyes are very thin, and
therefore soon eaten asunder.
2.~The callus or film that they would eat away is sel-
dom of an equal thickness in every place, and then the
tanide may be eaten asunder in one fuace before the film
 Bf^Limt Bttrnei Saxi^^. Burnei

HurAitatt. Biacre.
Btucnu.
 I

GeHfuary..
 ouij^kpkr's oohplkte herbal. 81

may be coDsamed in auother, aud so be a readier way to

extinguish the sight than to restore it.
It is calletl cheiidonium, from the Greek word chelidon^
which signifies a swallow, because they say that if you
put out the eyes of young swallows when they are in the
nest, the old ones will recover them again with this herb :
this I am confident, for I have tried it, that if we mar
the very apple of their eyes with a needle she will re-
cover them again ; bat whether with this herb or not 1
know not
Also have read, and it seems to be somewhat proba-
I
ble, that the herb, being gathered as I showed before,
and the elements drawn apart from it by the art of the
alchymist, and after they are drawn apart rectified, th«
earthly quality still in rectifying them added to the terra
damnata (as alchymists call it,) or terra sacratusima (as
some philosophers call it,) the elements so rectified are
the humours offend-
sufficient for the cure of all diseases,
ing being known, and the contrary elements given. It is
an experiment worth the trying, and can do no harm.
CELANDINE (THE LESSER) called also HLE-
WOB,T.—(FieaHa Vemcu)
I wuNOKR give this the name
>%hat ailed the ancients to
of celandine, which resembleth neither in nature or
it
form ; it acquired the name of pilewort from its virtuea,
and it being no great matter where I set it down, so I set
it down at all, I humoured Dr. Tradition so much as to
set it down here.
Descrip. — This celandine or pilewort (which you please)
doth spread many roundpale green leaves, set on weak
and trailing branches, which
lie on the ground, and are
flat, smooth, and somewhat shining, and in some places,
though seldom, marked with black spots, each standing
on a long foot-stalk, verv like unto a crow's foot, whereunto
the seed is not unlike, bein^ many small kernels, like a
^jain of com, sometimes twice as long as others, of a whit-
ish colour, with some fibres at the end of them.
Place, —
It groweth for the most part in moist comers
of fields and places that are near water-sides, yet will abide
in drier ground if it be but a little shady.
Time, — It tiowereth about March or April, is quite gone
hj May, so it cannot be found till it springs again.
OovimmefU and Virtues, —
^It is ander Uie dominion oi
82 ctttlpepeb's complete hebbai..
Man, and behold here another veriiicatioii of the learn-
ing of the ancienta, viz. that the virtue of an herb may be
known by its signature, as plainly appears in this : for if
you dig up the root of it you shall perceive the perfect
image of the disease which they commonly call the piles.
It is certain by good experience that the decoction of the
leaves and root doth wonderfully help piles and hsBmorr-
hoides, also kernels by the ears and throat, called the king's
evil, or any other hard wens or tumours.
Here is another secret for my countrymen and women,
a couple of them together : pilewort made into an oil,
ointment or, plaster, readily cures both the piles, or
hsemorrhoides, and the king's evil ; the very herb borne
about one's body next the skin helps in such diseases,
though it never touches the place grieved ; let poor peo-
ple make much of it for those uses ; with this I cured my
own daughter of the king's evil, broke the sore, drew out
a quarter of a pint of corruption, cured without any scar
at all in one week's time.
CENTAUBY (THE ORDINARY SMALL.)— ^Cbi-
taurea Cjfanus.J
—
Descrip, This groweth up most usually but with one
round and somewhat crusted stalk, about a foot high or
better, branching forth at the top into many sprigs, and
some also from the joints of the stalks below the flowers
:

thus stand at the tops as it were in one umbel or tuft,

are of a pale red, tending to carnation colour, consisting
of five, sometimes six small leaves very like those of St
John's wort, opening themselves in the day-time and clos-
ing at night^ after which come seeds in little short husks,
in form like unto wheat corn the leaves are small and
;

somewhat round: the root small and hard, perishing

every year ; the whole plant is of an exceeding bitter
taste.
There is another sort in all things like the former, save
only it beareth white flowers.
Place.^They grow ordinarily in fields, pastures, and
woods, but that with the white flowers not so frequently
as the other.
Time,— They flower in July or thereabouts, and seed
within a month after.
G(yvemment and Virtues.— Thej are under the domi-
jdon of tiie Sun, as appears in that then: flowers open and
that as the sun either sheweth or hidj^th his face : this
 OVLPSPEB'8 COMPLKTl HSBBiLl.. 8S

herb boiled and drunk, purKeth choleric and groea humouw,

And helpeth the Bciatica It openeth obstructions of the
:

liTer, ^all, and spleen, helpeth the jaundice, and easeth

the pains in the sides, ana hardness of the spleen, used
outwardly, and is given with very good effect in a^es. It
helpeth those that have the dropsy, or the green sickness,
being much used by the Italians in powder for that pur-
pKwe it killeth the worms in the belly, as is founa by
:

experience the decoction thereof, viz. the tops of the

;

•talks, with the leaves and flowers, is good against the

colic, and to bring down women's courses, helpeth to void
the dead birth, and easeth pains of the mother, and is
very effectual in all old pains of the joints, as the gout,
cramps, or convulsions. A
dram of the powder thereof
taken in wine, is a wonderful good help against the biting
of an adder the juice of the herb with a little honey put
:

to it, is good to clear the eyes from dimness, mist, and

clouds that offend or hinder the sight. It is singular good
both for green and fresh wounds, as also for old ulcers
and sores, to close up the one and cleanse the other, and
ixirfectly to cure them both, although they are hollow or
fistulous ; the green herb especially being bruised and laid
thereto :the decoction thereof dropped into the eara.
deaoseth them from worms, cleansetn the foul ulcers and
spteediDg scabs of the head, and taketh away all freckles,
flpota and marks in the skin, being washed with it ; the
herb is so safe you cannot fail in the using of it, only giv-
ing it inwardly for inward diseases : it Is veiy wholesome,
but not very toothsome.
There is, besides these, another small centaury, which
besreth a yellow flower in all other respects it is like
;

the former, save that the leaves are bigger, and of a darker
^^reen, and the stalk passeth through the midst of them
as it doth the herb thorowan. They are all of them, as I
told you, under the government of the Sun ; yet this if
Jon observe it, you shall find an excellent truth : in dis-
eases of the blood, use the red centaury ; if of choler,
OSS the yellow ; but if phlegm or water, yoa will find ths
white best

CHERRY-TREE (THE. )--(Pfunf« Cercmu.)

I suppoes there are few but know this tree for its fruit a
«ake :and therefore I shall spare writing a descri|»tion
thereof.
 94 CTILPEPBR'S COMPLETE HERBAL.

—
Place, For the pLice of its growth it ia afforded rooir
in every orchard.
—
Oovernment and Virtues. It is a tree of Venus. Cher-
ries, as thej are of different tastes, so they are of different
qualities : the sweet pass through the stomach and the
belly more speedily, out are of little nourishment : the
tart or sour are more pleasing to a hot stomach, procure
appetite to meat, and help to cut tough phlegm and eroaa
humours : but when they are dried, they are more bind-
ing to the belly than when they are fresh, being cooling
in not diseases and welcome to the stomach, and provoke
arine : the gum of the cherry-tree dissolved in wine, is
good for a cold, cough, and hoarseness of the throat
mendeth the colour in the face, sharpeneth the eye-sight,
provoketh appetite, and helpeth to break and expel the
tone : the black cherries bruised with the stones and dis-
solved, the water thereof is much used to break the stone
and to expel gravel and wind.
CHERRIES (WINTER)—(PAywi/w Alkekengi.)

Descrip, —^The winter cherry hath a running or creep-

ing root in the ground, of the bigness many times of
one's little finger, bhooting forth at several joints in
several places, wherebv it quickly spreads over a great
compass of ground ; the stalk riseth not above a yard
high, whereon are set many broad and long green leaves,
somewhat like nightshade, but larger: at the joints
whereof come forth whitish flowers made of five leaves
a-piece, which afterwards turn into green berries inclosed
with thin skins, which change to be reddish when they
grow ripe, the berries likewise being reddish and as large
as a cherry, wherein are contained many flat and yellow-
ish seeds lying within the pulp, which being gathered and
strung up, are kept all the year to be used upon occasion.
—
Place. They grow not naturally in this land, but are
eheridied in gardens for their virtues.
—
Time. They flower not until the middle or latter end
>f July ; and the fruit is ripe in August or the beginning
»f September.
Government and Virtues.— This also is a plant of Venus.
They are of great use in physic ; the leaves being cooling,
may be used in inflammations, but not opening as the
berries and fruit are ; which by drawing down Uxt urine
provoke it to be voided plentifully when it is stopped or
 OVLPXPIR'B OOMPLETB nSHBAL. 8^

gfTOwn hot, shjLrp, and p&inful in the pavags ; it it good

to expel the stone and gravel out of the reins, kidneji,
and bladder, helping to dissolve the etone, and voiding
it by ^it or gravel sent forth in the urine it also help*
:

eth much to cleanse inward imposthumes or ulcers in tht

reins or bladder, or those that void a bloodj or foul urine
the distilled water of the fruit, or the leAvee with them,
or the berries green or dry, distilled with a little milk
and drank morning and evening with a little sugar is ef-
fectual to all the purposes before specified, and especially
against the heat and sharpness oi the urinal. I shall
mention one way amongst many others which might be
used for ordering the berries, to be helpful for the urine
—
and the stone, which is this: take three or four good
handfuls of the berries, either green, or fresh, or diried,
and having bruised them, put them into so many gallons
of beer or ale when it is new and tunned up tnis drink
:

taken daily hath been found to do much good to many,

both to ease the pains and expel urine and the stone, aad
to cause the stone not to engender : the decoction of the
berries in wine and water is the most usual way, but the
powder of them taken in drink is more effectual
CHEEVIL.—(C^^wopAyWum Sativwn.)
I* is called Cerefolium, Mirrhis, and Mirrha, Cheryil,
Sweet CherviL and Sweet Cicely.
De$crip,— The garden chervil doth at first somewhat
able parsley, but after it is better grown the leaves
Dore cut in and jagged, resembling hemlock, being a
little hairy, and of a whitish green colour, sometimes turn-
ing reddi^ in the summer, with the stalks also it riseth ;

a Httle above half a foot high, bearing white flowers in

•piked tufts, which turn into Ions and round seeds pointed

I at the enda, aud blackish when they are ripe of a sweet

;

taste but no smell, though the herb itself smelleth reason-

ably well the root is small and long, and perisheth eveiy
:

year, and must be sown, in spring for seed, and after

July for autumn salad.
The wild chervil ^weth two or three feet high, with
yellow stalks and joints, set with broader and more hairy
leaves divided into sundry parts, nicked about the edges,
and of a dark green colour, which likewise grow reddish
with the stalks at the tops whereof stand small white
:

toitM oi flowers, afterward smaller and longer seed : th«

66 culpxpsa's complktb hbrbal.

root i» whit«, hard, and •ndureth long. This hath little

or no Kent.
—
Pl<»e4. The first la sown in gardens for a salad herb ;

the second groweth wild in many of the meadows of this

land, and by the hedge-sides and on heaths.
—
Tims. They flower and seed early, and thereupon are
own again in the end of summer.
—
Government and Virtuet. The garden chervil being
eaten, doth moderately warm the stomach, and is a
certain remedy (saith Tragus) to dissolve congealed or
clotted blood in the body, or that which is clotted by
bruises, falls, &c : the juice or distilled water thereof
being drunk, and the bruised leaves laid to the ^ace,
being taken either in meat or drink, it is good to help to
provoke urine, or expel the stone in the kidneys, to send
down women's courses^ and to help the pleurisy and
pricking of the sides.
The wild chervil bruised and applied dissolveth swell-
ings in any part, or the marks of congealed blood by
bruises or blows in a little space.

CHEEVTL (SWEET.)—<5canrfir OdorcUa,)

—
Descrip, This groweth very like the great hemlock,
having large spresul leaves cut into divers parts, but of a
fresher green colour than the hemlock, tasting as sweet
as the aniseed. The stalks rise up a yard high, or
better, being crossed or hollow, having leaves at the
joints, but lesser and at the tops of the branched stalks,
;

umbels or tufts of white flowers after which come large

;

and long crested black shining seed, pointed at both ends,

tasting quick, yet sweet and pleasant The root is great
and white, growing deep in the ground, and spreading
sundry long branches therein, in taste and smell stronger
than the leaves or seeds, and continuing many years.
—
Place. This groweth in gardens.
—
OovemmerU and Virtues. These are all three of them
of the nature of Jupiter, and under his dominion. This
whole plant, besides its pleasantness in salads, hath its
physical virtue. The roots boiled and eaten with oil and
vinegar, or without oil, does much please and warm old
and cold stomachs oppressed with wind and phlegm, or
those that have the phthisis or consumption of the lungs ;

the same drank with wine is a preservation from the

plague it provoketh women's courses and ezpelleth the
:
 CfTTLPXPKR's COMPLKTE HSRBAL. 07
&ft«r-birth ;
procureth an appetite to meat, and expelleth
wind the juice is good to heal the ulcers of the head and
:

face the candied roots hereof are held as effectual as an-

:

gelica to pi-eserve from infection in the time of a plague,

and to warm and comfort a cold weak stomach. It 18 ao
harmless you cannot use it amiss.

CHESTNUT TREK'-iCastanea Vesca.)

It were as needless to describe a tree so commonly known

as to tell a man he had gotten a mouth ; therefore take
thegovemment and virtues of them thus :

The tree is abundantly under the dominion of Jupiter,

and therefore the fruit must needs breed good blood, and
yield commendable nourishment to the body yet if eaten ;

over much, they make the blood thick, procure head-

ache, and bind the body ; the inner skin that covereth
the nut is of so binding a quality, that a scruple of it
being taken by a man, or ten grains by a child, soon
stops any flux whatsoever the whole nut being dried
:

ana beat into powder, and a dram taken at a time, is a

good remedy to stop the terms in women. If you dry
chestnuts, (only the kernels I mean) both the barfcs being
taken away, beat them into powder, and make the pow-
der up into an electuary with honey, so have you an ad-
mirable remedy for the cough and spitting of blood.

CHESTNUTS (EARTH.)—{JSMnium Flexuosvm.)

THETare called Earth Nuts, Earth Chestnuts, Ground Nuts,
Ciper Nuts, and in Sussex, Pig Nuts. A description of
them were needless, for every child knows them.
Government and Virtuet.—T\iQj are something hot
and dry in quality, under the dominion of Venus they
provoke lust exceedingly, and stir up these sports she ia
mistress of the seed is excellent good to provoke urine:
;

and ao also the root, but it doth not perform it so forci-

bly ai the seed doth. The root being dried and beaten
into a powder, and the powder made into an electuary,
is as singular a remedy for spitting blood and voiding
of bloody urine as the fonuer chestnut was for coughs.

CHICKWEED.—(^;«n< Media.)

It ia ao generally known to most people, that I shall

not troubU you with the description thereof, nor myself
88 ottlpepbr's oompletjs hsrbau
with setting forth the several kinds, since but only two
or three are considerable for their usefuloess.
—
Flcice, They are usually found in moist and wateiy
places, by wood sides and elsewhere.
7Vm«.—-They flower about June, and their seed is ripe
in July.
—
Government and Virtues. It is a fine soft pleasing
herb under the dominion of the Moon. It is found to be
as effectual as purslain to all the purposes whereunto it
serveth, ezeept for meat only. Tne herb bruised or the
juice applied with cloths or sponges dipped therein to the
region of the liver, and as they dry to have it fresh ap-
plied, doth wonderfully temperate the heat of the liver,
and is effectual for all imposthumes, and swellings what-
soevei, for all redness in the face, wheals, pushes, itch,
scabs the juice either simply used or boiled with hog's
:

ei-ease applied, helpeth cramps, convulsions, and palsy.

The juice, or distilled water, is of much good use for all
heats and redness in the eyes, to drop some thereof into
them ; and is of good effect to ease pains from the heat
and sharpness of the blood in the piles, and generally all
pains ii. the body that arise from neat. It is used also in
not and virulent ulcers and sores in the privy parts of men
and women, or on the legs or elsewhere. The leaves
boiled with marsh-mallows, and made into a poultice with
fenugreek and linseed, applied to swellings and impos-
thumes, ripen and break them, or assuage the swelhngs
and ease the paina It helpeth the sinews when they are
shrunk by cramp or otherwise, and to extend and make
them pliable again by this medicine. Boil a handful of
chickweed and a handful of red rose leaves dried in a
quart of muscadine until a fourth part be consumed, then
put to them a pint of oil of trotters or sheep's feet ; let
them boil a eood while still stirring them well, which
being strained, anoint the grieved piart therewith warm
r'nst the fire, rubbing it well with one hand ; and bind
some of the herb, if you will, to the place, and with
GKxl's blessing it will help in three times dressing.

CHICK-PEASE, OR CICERS.— (C7uj«r Arietinum,)

—
Detcrip. The garden sorts, whether red, black, or
white, bring forth stalks a yard long, whereon do grow
many smaller round leaves dented about the edges,
set on both sides of a middle rib ; at the joints come
 ctulpspkr's oomplits hsrbau M
forth one or two flowers upon sharp foot-stalks, pease fa-
shion, either white or whitish, or purplish red, lighter
or deeper, according as the pease that follow will be, that
are contained in small thick aud short pods, wherein liu
one or two pease, more usually pointed at the lower end,
and almost round at the head, yet a little cornered or
jharp. The root is small, and perish eth yearly.
—
place and Time, They are sown in wardens or fields as
pease, being sown later than pease, aud gathered at the
lame time with them, or presently after.
—
Ooverv.meTU and Virtues. They are both under the
dominion of Venus. The? are less windy than beans, but
noarish more they provoKe urine, and are thought to in-
;

creaae sperm they have a cleansing faculty, whereby they

;

break the stooe in the kidneys to drink the cream of them

;

being boiled in water is the best way. It moves the belly

dowDwards, provokes women's courses and urine, and in-
ereaaee both milk and seed. One ounce of cicers, two ounces
of French barley, and a small handful of marsh-mallow
roots clean washed and cut, being boiled in the broth of a
chicken, and four ounces taken in the morning, and fast-
ing two hours after, is a good medicine for a pain in the
sideti. The white cicers are used more for meat than
medicine, yet have the same effects, and are thought more
powerful to increase milk and seed. The wild cicers are
80 much more powerful than the garden kind, by how
much they exceed them in heat and dryness whereby they
;

do more open obstructions, break the stone, and have all

the properties of cutting, opening, digesting, and dissolv-
ing and this more speedily and certainly than the former.
;

CINQUE FOIL, OR FIVE- LEAVED GRASS, called

ALSO FIVE-FINGERBD QRABS.—{FotmUUla,)
Detcrip. —It spreads and creeps far upon the ground
with long slender strings like strawberries, which take
root again and shoot forth many leaves made of five parts,
and tometimes seven, dented about the edges and some-
what hard. The stalks are slender, leaning downwards,
and bear many small yellow flowers thereon, with some
yellow threads in the middle standing about a smooth
green head, which, when it is ripe, is a little rough, and
eoDtaiueth small brownish seeds. The root is of a black-
jab brown colour, as big as one's little finger, but growing
long with some threads thereat ; and by the small strings
it quickly spreadeth over the ground.
90 OULPBPIR'B COMPLXTS HXftBAL.

PUioe, —It groweth by wood sides, hedge sides, the

pathway in fields, and in borders and comers of them, al-
most through all the land.
—
Time, It flowereth in summer, some sooner, some
later.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. ^This is an herb of Jupiter,
and therefore strengthens the part of the body it rules ;
let Jupiter be angular and strong when gathered ; and
if you give but a scruple (which is but twenty grains)
of it at a time, either in white wine or white wine vine-
gar, you shall seldom miss the cure of an ague, be it what
ague soever, in three fits, as I have often proved to the
admiration both of myself and others let no man de-
:

spise it because it is plain and easy, the ways of God are

all such. It is an especial herb used in all inflammations
and fevers, whether infectious or pestilential, or among
other herbs to cool and temper the blood and humours in
the body ; as also for all lotions, gargles, infections, and
the like ; for sore mouths, ulcers, cancers, fistulas, and
other corrupt, foul, or running sores. The juice hereof
drunk, about four ounces at a time for certain days to-
gether, cureth the quinsey and yellow jaundice ; and
taken for thirty days together, cureth the falling sick-
ness. The roots boiled in milk and dnmk, is a most ef-
fectual remedy for all fluxes in man or woman, whether
the white or red, as also the bloody flux. The roots
boiled in vinegar, and the decoction thereof held in the
mouth, easeth the pains of the tooth-ache. The juice or
decoction taken with a little honey helpeth the hoarse
ness of the throat, and is very good for the cough of the
lungs. The distilled water of both roots and leaves is
also effectual to all the purposes aforesaid ; and if the
hands be often washed therein, and suffered at every time
to dry of itself without wiping, it will in a short time
help the palsy or shaking in them. The root boiled in
Tinegar helpeth all knots, kernels, hard swellings, and
lumps growing in any part of the flesh, beio&r thereunto
applied ; as also inflammations and St. Anthony^s fire ;
all imposthumes and paioful sores with heat and putre-
faction ; the shingles also, and all other sorts of nmuing
and foul scabs, sores, and itch. The same also boiled in
wine, and applied to any joint full of pain, ache, or the
gout in the hands or feet, or the hip gout, called the scia-
ticai and the decoction thereof drimk tiie while, doth
 OULPEPXS'l OOMPLETJ HXBBAL^ 91

eare them^ and easeth mach pain in the bowek. The

roots are likewise effectual to help mpturea or burstiDgs,
being used with other things available to that purpose,
taken either inwardly or outwardly, or both ; as also
bruises or hurts by blows, falls, or the like, and to stay
the bleeding of wounds in any part inward or outward.
Some one holds that one leaf cures a quotidian, three a
tertian^ and four a quartian ague, and a hundred to one if
it be not Dioscorides, for he is full of whimsiea The
truth is I never stood so much upon the number of the
leaves, or whether I give it in powder or decoction : if
Jupiter were strong, and the Moon applied to him, and
his good aspect at the gathering I never knew it miss the*
desired effect.

GIVES.— (iiWtum ScKaenopratum.)

Oallkd also rush leeks, chivefl, civet, and sweth.

—
Temperature and Virtuet. I confess I had not added
these had it not been for a country gentleman, who by a
letter certified to me that amongst other herbs I had left
these out They are indeed a kind of leeks, hot and dry
in the fourth degree, and so under the dominion of Mars.
If they be eaten raw (I do not mean raw opposite to
roasted or boiled, but raw opposite to chemical pre))ara-
tion) they send up very hurtful vapours to the brain,
causing troublesome sleep and spoiling the eyesight ; yet
of them, prepared by the act of the alchymist, may b«
made an excellent remedy for the stoppage of urine.
CliABY.—iSalvia Sdarea.)
—
Deecrip. Our ordinary garden clary hath four square
talks, with broad, rough, wrinkled, whitish, or hoary
green leaves, somewhat evenly cut in on the edges, and of
a strong sweet acent, growing some near the ground, and
some by couples upon stalks. The flowers grow at certain
diftanoea, with two small leaves at the joints under them,
somewhat like unto flowers of sage, but smaller and of a
whitish blue colour. The seed is brownish and somewhat
flat or not so round as the wild. The roots are blackish
and spread not far, and perish after seed time. It is
usually sown, for it seldom rises of its own sowing.
—
Place, This j^roweth in eardeus.
—
Time. It flowereth in June and July, some a little
later than others, and their seed is ripe in August or
UMreabouta.
92 ctjlpepsb'b complete hebbuu
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is under the dominion of
the Moon. The seed put into the e^ea clears them from
motes and such like things gotten within the lids to offend
them, and it also clears them from any white and red
spots which may be on them. The mucilage of the seed
made with water, and applied to tumours or swellings,
disperseth and taketh them away. It also draweth forth
splinters, thorns, or other things got into the flesh. The
leaves used with vinegar, either by itself or with a little
honey, doth help boils, felons, and the hot infUunmations
that are gathered by their pains, if applied before it be
grown too great. The powder of the dried root put into
the nose provoketh sneezing, and thereby purgeth the
head and brain of much rheum and corruption. The seeds
or leaves taken in wine provoketh to venery. It is of
much use both for men and women that have weak backs,
and helpeth to strengthen the reins ; used either by itself
or with other herbs conduces to the same effect, and in
tansies often. The fresh leaves dipped in a batter of
flour, eggs, and a little milk, and fried in butter and
served to the table, is not unpleasant to any, but exceed-
ingly profitable for those that are troubled with weak
bi^kB, and the effects thereof. The juice of the herb put
into aie or beer, and then drunk, bringeth down women's
courses and expelleth the after-birth.
It is a usual course with many men, when they have
got the running of the reins, or women the whites, to run
—
to the bush of clary, exclaiming Maid, bring hither the
frying-pan, and fetch me some nutter quickly. Then they
will eat fried clary just as hogs eat acorns, and this they
think will cure their disease, forsooth ! Whereas, when
they have devoured as much clary as will grow upon an
acre of ground, their backs are as much the better as
—
though they had never touched it nay, perhaps, very
much worse.
We will grant that clary strengthens the back ; but this
we do deny, that the cause of the running of the reins in
men, or the whites in women, lies in the back, though it
be sometimes weakened by them ; and therefore for me-
dicine is as proper as for me, when my toe is sore, to lay
a plaster on my nose.
 OULPSFEB'S complete HXBBl.1^ 99

CLABY (WILD).—(/SoZvui Earminum,)

Wild clarj is moet blasphemously called Christ's e^t»,

because cures diseases of the eyes. I could wish
it
from my soul that blasphemy, ignorance, and tyranny
were ceased among physicians, that they might be happy
and I joyful.
Bescrip. —
It is like the other cUry. but lesser, with
many stalks about a foot and a half high. The stalks are
square and somewhat hairy ; the flowers are of a bush
colour. He that knows the common clary cannot be ig-
norant of this.
Place, — It grows commonly in this nation in barren
places. You may find it plentifully if you look in the
6elds near Gra3r'B Inn, and the fields near Chelsea, and
other such places.
—
TifM. They flower from the beginning of June until
the latter end of August*
—
Oinmnment and Virtue, It is something hotter and
drier than the garden clary is, yet, nevertheless, it is
under the dominion of the Moon as well as that. The
seeds of it beaten to powder, and drunk with wine, is an
admirable help to provoke lust. A
decoction of the leaves
beinffdrunk warms the stomach, and it would be a won-
der u it did not, the stomach being under Cancer, the
boose of the Moon. It also helps digestion, and scatters
eoogealed blood in any part of the body. The distilled
water cleanseth the eyes of redness, waterishness, and
heat. It is a capital remedy for dimness of sight, to take
one of its seeds and put it into the eye, and there let it
remain till it drops out of itself. The pain will be nothing
to fpeak of ; it will cleanse the eyes of all filthy and
patrafied matter, and in often repeating it, will take off
—
a film which covereth the sight a handsomer, safer, and
eMier remedy by a great deal than to tear it off with a
^ oulpspbb'b oomplbte hbrbai»

OLKAVEBa—(6Wwm Aparim.)
—
DMOrip, ^This plant has many common names, as
QooM-grasSf Catchweedy Bed straw etc.
^ It is an annual
lucculent plant, with a weak, procumbent, quadrangu-
lar, retrosely-prickled stem, which grows from two to
six feet high and is hairj at the joints. The leaves are
one or two inches in length, and two or three lines in
breadth, rough on the margin and tapering to the base.
The flowers are white, small and scattered.
Place, — It groweth (?v the hedge and ditch-sides, in
many places of this land, and is so troublesome an inhab-
itant in wardens, that it rampeth upon and is ready to
choke whatever grows near it.
—
Time, It flowereth in June or July, and the seed is
ripe and falleth again in the end of July or August, from
wnence it springeth up again, and not from the old roots.
—
OovemmerU and Virtues. It is under the dominion of
the Moon. The juice of the herb and the seed together
taken in wine, helpeth those bitten with an adder, by pre>
serving the heart from the venom. It is familiarly taken
in broth, to keep them lean and lank that are apt to grow
fat. The distilled water drunk twice a day helpeth the
yellow jaundice ; and the decoction of the herb, in experi-
ence, is found to do the same, and stayeth laxes and bloody
fluxes. The juice of the leaves, or they a little bruised and
M)plied to any bleeding wound, stayeth the bleeding.
The juice also is very go^ to close up the lips of men
wounds, and the powder of the dried herb strew«^ there-
upon doth the same, and likewise helpeth oid ulcers.
Being boiled in hog's grease, it helpeth all sorts of hard
•weUingsor kernels in the throat, being anointed therewith.
The juice dropped into the ears taketh away the pain of
them.
It is a good remedy in the spring, eaten (bein^ first
chopped small and boiled well) in water gruel, to cleanse
the blood and strengthen the liver, thereby to keep the
body in healh, and fltting it for that change of season that
is coming.
 CUIJ>BPXB'B OOMPLBTE RXRBAIi. 9S

CLOWITS WOUND WOBT.-H/'a^o-'^ Coloni,)

Descrip.— It groweth up sometimes to two or three feet
high, but usuaUy about two feet, with square, green,
rough stalks, but slender, joined somewhat far asunder,
and two very long, somewhat narrow dark greeu leaves
bluntly dented about the edges thereof, ending in a long
point The Bowers stand towards the tops, compassing
the stalks at the joints with the leaves, and end likewise
in a spiked top, having long and much gapiug hoods of a
Surplish red colour, with whitish spots in them, standing
1 somewhat round husks, wherein afterwards stand
blackish round seeds. The root is composed of many long
strings with some tuberous long knoos growing among
them, of a pale yellowish or whitish colour yet some
;

times of the year these knobby roots in many places

are not seen in this plant The plant smelleth somewhat
strong.
Place. — It groweth in sundry connties in this land both
north and west, and frequently by path sides in the fields
near London, and within three or four miles distant aboat
it ; yet it usually grows in or near ditches.
—
TifM. It flowereth in June or July, and the seed is
ripe soon after.
—
Oovemment and VirtvM, It is nnder the dominion of
the planet Saturn. It is singularly effectual in all fresh
and green wounds, and therefore beareth not this name
for nothing. It is very available in staunching of blood,
and to diT up the fluxes of humours in old fretting ulcers,
cankers, &c., that hinder the healing of them.
Asyrup made of the juice of it is inferior to none for
inward wounds, ruptures of veins, bloody flux, vessels
broken, spitting, making too much water, or vomiting
blood. Ruptures are excellently and speedily, even to
-admiration, cured by taking now and then a little of the
syrup, and applyiug an oiotmeut or plaster of this herb
to the place. Aloo, if any vein or muscle be swelled,
apply a plaster of this herb to it, and if you add a little
comfrey it will not do amiss. The herb deserves com-
mendalioD, though it has received such a clowui^h name,
and wboever reads this, if he try as I have done, will
commend it ; only take notice that it is of a dry earthly
quality.

m^
96 0XTLPEPEB8 COMPLETE HEBBAIk

COCK'S HEAD, RED FITCHLINQ, ok MEDICK

FITCH,— (Ono6rycAi».)
Vescrip. — This hath divers weak but rough stalks half
a yard long, leaning downwards, but set with winged
leaves longer and more pointed than those of lintels, and
!
whitish underneath ;from the tops of these stalks arise
up other slender stalks, naked without leaves unto the
tops, where there grow many small flowers in the manner
of a spike, of a pale reddish colour, with a little blue
among them ; after which rise up in their places round,
rough, and somewhat flat heaas. The root ia tough,
and somewhat woody, yet liveth and shooteth anew every
year.
—
Place, It groweth under hedges, and sometimeB in the
open fields in divers places of this land.
—
Time. They flower all the months of July and August,
and the seed ripeneth in the meanwhile.
—
Oovemment and Virtues, It is under the dominion of
V'enus, it hath power to rarif y and digest, and therefore
the green leaves bruised, and applied as a plaster, dis-
Serse knots, nodes, or kernels in the flesh ; and if when
ry it be taJ^en in wine, it helpeth the strangury ; and
being anointed with oil it provoketh sweat. It is a
singular food for cattle, to cause them to give store of
milk ; and why then may it not do the like, being boiled
in ordinary dnnk for nurses ?

COLUMBINES.—(^7ttt7<j^u».)
These are so well known, growing almost in every
garden, that I think I may save the expense of time in
writing a description of them.
Time,— They flower in May, and abide not for the most
part when June is past, perfecting their seed in the mean
time.
Oovemment and Virtues, —It is also an herb of Venus.
The leaves of columbines are generally used in lotions
with good success for sore mouths and throats. Tragus
saith that a dram of the seed taken in wine with a
little saJQTron openeth obstructions o^ the liver, and is good
for the yellow jaundice, if the person after the taking
thereof be laid to sweat well in bed. The seed also taken
in wine causeth a speedy delivery of women in child-
birth ; if one draught sumoe not let her drink a second,
 GnLPIPES*B COMPLETI HERBAL. 97

and It will be found et!ectual. The Spaniards used to

eat a piece of the root thereof in a morning fasting, many
dayd together, to help them when troablea with stone in
the reins or kidneja.

COLTS FOOT {COMMO}!f.y~(Tuuaago Farfara,)

Calucd also Ck>agh-wort, Foal's-wort, Horse^hoof, and
Bull's foot.
De9crip, —This shooteth upa tender stalk, with small
jellowish flowers somewhatearlier, which fall away
quickly, and after they are past come up somewhat round
leaves, sometimes dented about the edges, much lesser,
thicker, and greener than those of butter-bur, with a little
down or frieze over the green leaf on the upper side,
which may be rubbed away, and whitish or mealy under-
neath. The root is small and white, spreading much an-
derground, so that where it taketh root it will hardly be
driven away again, if any little piece be abiding therein ;
and from thence spring fresh leaves.
Flac9,^lt groweth as well in wet grounds as in driei
places.
—
Time. And flowereth in the end of February ; the leaves
begin to appear in March.
—
Goffemment and Virtues. The plant is under Venus :

the fresh leaves, or juice, or syrup thereof, is good for a

hot, dry cough, or wheezing, and shortness of breath. The
dry leaves are best for those who have thin rheums and
distillations upon their lungs, causing a cough ; for which
also the dried leaves taken as tobacco, or the root, is very
Sood. The distilled water hereof simply, or with elder-
owers and night-shade, is a singular good remedy against
all hot agues, to drink two ounces at a time, and apply
cloths wet therein to the head and stomach, which also
does much good being applied to any hot swellings or in
flaromations. It helpeth St. Anthony's fire, and burnings,
and is singular good to take away wheals and small pushet
that arise through heat ; as also the burning heat of the
piles, or privy parts, cloths wet therein bemg thereunto
applied.

COMFREY.^^Sr/mphytwm Officinale,)
Deserip. —The common ^preat comfrey hath divers very
large hairy green leaves lying on the ground, so hairy or
prickly, that if they touch any tender part of the handa,
86 ottlpipeb's complete hsbbai^

face, or body, it will cause it to itch : the stalk that riseth

from among them being two or three feet high, hollow
and cornered, is very hairy also, having many such like
leaves as grow below, but lesser and lesser up to the top ;
at the joints of the stalks it is divided into many branches
with some leaves thereon, and at the end stand many
flowers in order one above another, which are somewhat
long and hollow like the finger of a glove, of a pale whitish
colour, after which come small black seeds. The roots are
great and long, spreading great thick branches under-
ground, black on the outside and whitish within, short
and easy to break, and full of glutinous or clammy juicei
of little or no taste at all.
There is another sort in all things like this, only some-
what less, and beareth flowers of a pale purple colour.
—
Flaee, They grow by ditches and water-sides, and in
divers fields that are moist, for therein they chiefly de-
light to grow ; the first generally through idl the land, and
the other but in some places. By the leave of my authors,
I know the first ctows in dry places.
—
Time. They flower in June or July, and give their seed
in August.
—
Government and Virtues. This is an herb of Saturn, and
I suppose under the sign Capricorn ; cold, dry, and earthy
in quality. What was spoken of clown's woundwort may
be said of this. The great comfrey helpeth those that
spit blood, or make a bloody urine. The root boiled in
water or wine, and the decoction drank, helps all inward
hurts, bruises, wounds, and ulcers of the lungs, and causes
the phlegm that oppresses! him to be easUy spit forth.
It helpeth the defluction of rheum from the head upon
the lungs, the fluxes of blood or humours by the belly,
women's immoderate courses, as well the reds as the
whites, and the running of the reins, happening by what
cause soever. A
syrup made thereof is very effectual for
all those inward griefs and hurts, and the distilled water
for the same purposes also, and for outward wounds or
sores in the fleshy or sinewy part of the body whatsover ;
as also take the fits of agues, and to allay the sharpness of
humours. Adecoction of the leaves hereof is available to
all the purposes, though not so effectual as the roots. The
roots being outwardly applied, help fresh wounds or cuts
immediately, being bruised and laid thereto and is special
:

good for ruptures and broken bones ; yea, it is said to be

 OITLPRPIB'S COMPLETE HEBBAI^ 99
00 powerful to consolidate and kuit tOKether, that it4htf
he boiled with dissevered pieces of flesh in a pot, it wiU
join them together again. It is good to be applied unto
women's breasts that grow sore by the abundance of milk
coming into them also to repress the overmuch bleeding
;

of the hemorrhoids, to cool tne inflammation of the parts

thereabouts, and to give ease of pains. The roots of com-
frey taken fresh, beaten small, and spread upon leather,
and laid upon any place troubled with the gout, doth pre-
sently give ease of the pains ; and applied in the same
manner giveth ease to pained joints, and profiteth very
much for running and moist ulcers, gangrenes, mortifica-
tions, and the like, for which it hath by often experience
been found helpful.

CORALWOBT.'^Dentaria,)
It also called by some Toothwort,
is Tooth Violet, Dog-
teeth Violet, and Dentaris.
Descrip.--Oi the many sorts of this herb, two of them
may be tound growing in this nation ; the first of which
shooteth forth one or two winged leaves upon long brown-
ish foot-stalks, which are doubled down at their first com-
ing out of the ground ; when they are fully opened, they
eonsist of seven leaves, most commonly of a sad ^reen co-
lour, dented about the edges, set on both sides the
middle rib one against another, as the leaves of the ash-
tree the stalk ^reth no leaves on the lower half of it:
:

the upper half beareth sometimes three or four, each con-

iiting of five leaves, sometimes of three ; on the top
tends foar or five flowers upon short foot-stalks, witn
lon^ husks ; the flowers are very like the flowers of stock
E'lliflowera, of a pale purplish colour, consisting of four
ftvee a-piece, after which come small pods which con-
tain the seed ; the root is very small, white, and shining
it doth not grow downwards, but creeping along under
the upper crust of the ground, and consisteth of divers
small round knobs set together ; towards the top of the
stalk there grows some si ogle leaves, by each of which
oometh a small cloven bulb, which when it is ripe, if it
be set in the ground^ will grow to be a root.
As for the other ooralwort which groweth in this na-
tion, it is more scarce than this, being a very small plant
much like crowfoot. I know not where to direct you to
it, therefore I shall forbear the descriptioii.
100 citlpeper's complete hebbai*
Place.—'The first groweth in Mayfield in Sussex, In a
wood called Highroad, and in another wood there also
called Foxholes,
—
Time, They flower from the latter end of April to the
middle of May, and before the middle of July they are
gone, and not to be found.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is under the dominion of
the Moon. It cleanseth the bladder and provoketh urine,
expels gravel and the stone : it easeth pains in the sides
and bowels, is excellent good for inward wounds, especial-
W^ such as are made in the breast or lungs, by taking a
dram of the powder of the root every morning in wine ;

the same is excellent good for ruptures, as also to stop

fluxes: an ointment made of it is excellent good for
wounds and ulcers, for it soon dries up the watery hu-
mours which hinder the cure.

COSTMAEY.—("5a/*amiVa VvlgarU.)
Galled also Alecost,Balaam Herb, or Tanzy. This fs
o frequently known to be an inhabitant in almost every
garden, that I suppose it is needless to write a descrip-
tion thereof.
— June and July.
Time. It flowereth in
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is under the dominion of
Jupiter. The ordinary costmary, as well as maudlin,
provoketh urine abundantly, and moisteneth the hardness
of the mother ; it gently purgeth choler and phlegm, ex-
tenuating that which is gross, and cutting that which is
tough and glutinous, cleanseth that which is foul, and
hindereth putrefaction and corruption ; it dissolveth
without attraction, openeth obstructions and helpeth their
evil effects, and it is a wonderful help to all sorts of dry
agues. It is astringent to the stomach, and strengtheneth
the liver and all the other inward parts and taken in
:

whey, worketh more effectually. Taken fasting in the

morning, it is very profitable for pains in the head, that
are continual and to stay, dry up, and consume all thin
;

rheums or distillations from the head into the stomach,

and helpeth much to digest raw humours that are
gathered therein. It is very profitable for those that are
fallen into a continual evil disposition of the body, called
cachexia, but especially in the beginning of the disease^
It is an especial friend and help to evil, weak, and cold
Uvenk The seed is familiarly given to children for the
 OTTLPIPSBS COMPLETB HXRBAU 101

worms, and so i« the infusion of flowers in white wine

giren them to the quantity of two ounces at a time : it
maketh an excellent salre to cleanse and heal old ulcers,
being boiled with oil of olive, and adder's tongue with it
and after it is strained, put a little wax, rosin, and tur-
pentine to bring it to a convenient body.

COWSLIPS, OB TEAGLEQ.-^ Primula veris.)

Both the wild and garden cowslips are so well known,

that I will neither trouble myself nor th 3 reader with a
description of theuL
—
Time, They flower in April and May.
—
Oovemmeni and Virtues. Venus lays claim to thi»
herb as her own, and it is under the sign Aries, and our
city dames know well enough the ointment or distilled
water of it adds to beauty, or at least restores it when it
is lost. The flowers are held to be more effectual than the
leaves, and the roots of little use. An ointment being
made with them, taketh away spots and wrinkles of the
skin, sun-burnings and freckles, and adds beauty exceed-
ingly ; they remedy all infirmities of the head coming of
heat and wind, as vertigo, ephialtes, false apparitions,
frenzies, falling sickness, palsies, convulsions, cramps,
pains in the nerves the roots ease pains in the back and
;

oladder, and open the passages of the urine. The leaves

are good in wounds, and the flowers take away trembling.
If the flowers be not well dried and kept in a warm place,
they will soon putrefy and look green have a special eye
:

over them. Ii you let them see the sun once a month, it
will do neither the sun nor them harm.
Because they strengthen the brain and nerves, and re-
medy paliiea, the Greeks gave them the name paralysie.
The flowers preserved or conserved, and the quantitv of a
nutmes: taken every morning, is a sufficient dose for in-
ward diseases, but for wound spots, wrinkles, and bud-
bumings, an ointment is made of the leaves and hog's
grease.

CRAB'S CLAWS.— ("^empar vivwn Aquatiea,)

Callsd also Water Seagreen,
Knight's Pond Water,
Water Houseleek, Pondweed, and Fresh-water Soldier.
Deterip. —
It hath sundry long narrow leaves, with sharp
prickles on the edges of them, also very sharp-pointed ;
the stalkn which bMT flowere seldom grow so hign as the
108 culfepsb's cokplbte hbbbuu
leaves, bearing a forked head like a crab's claw, oat ol
which comes a white flower, consiBtine of three leaves^
with yellowish hairy threads in the middle it taketh root
:

in the mud in the bottom of the water.

Place. —It groweth plentifully in the fens in Lincoln-
shire.
Time. — It fiowereth in June, and usually from thence
tillAugust.
—
Government and Virtues. It Is a plant under the do-
minion of Venus, and therefore a great strengthener of
the reins : it is excellent good in that inflammation which
is commonly called St. Anthony's fire it assuageth all
:

inflammations and swellings in wounds, and an ointment

made of it is excellent good to heal them there is scarce
:

a better remedy growing than this is for such as have

bruised their kidneys, and on that account evacuating
blood a dram of the powder of the herb taken every
:

morning, is a very good remedy to stop the terms.

CRESSES (BJjACK).^Sisymbrium Nigra.)

Descrip. —It hath long leaves deeply cut and jagged on
both sides,not much unlike wild mustard ; the stalk
small, very limber, though very tough : you may twist
them round as you may a willow before they break. The
stones are very small and yellow, after which come small
pods which contain the seed.
Place.— It is a common herb growing usually by the
wayside, and sometimes upon mud walls in the neigh-
bourhood of London ; but it delights most to grow among
stones and rubbish.
—
Time. It flowers in June and July, and the seed is
ripe in August and September.
—
Government and Vtrtties. It is a plant of a hot and
biting nature, under the dominion of Mars. The seed of
black cresses strengthens the brain exceedingly, being, in
performing that ofllce, little inferior to mustard seed, if
at all ; they aro excellent good to stay these rheums which
may fall down from the head upon the lungs ; you may
beat the seed into powder if you please, and make it up
into an electuary with honey ; so you have an excellent
remedy by you, not only for the premises, but also for the
cough, yellow jaundice, and sciatica. The herb boiled into
a poultice is an excellent remedy for inflammations, both
in women's breasts and in men's testicles.
 OCTLPBFKR'S OOMPLm HIRBlIi. lOt

CRESSES (SCIATICA-)-(^/6«rw Sisymbrium,)

Jhterip, —
These are of two kinds ; the first risetb ap
with a round stalk aboat two feet high, spread into divers
branches, whose lower leaves are somewhat larger than
the upper, yet all of them cut or torn on the edges, some-
what like garden cresses, but smaller the flowers are
;

small and white, growing at the tops of branches, where

afterwards grow husks with small brownish seeds therein,
very strong and sharp in taste, more than the cresses of
thegarden the root is long, white, and woody.
:

The other hath the lower leaves whole, somewhat long

and broad, not torn at all, but only somewhat deeply
dented about the edges towards the ends ; but those tnat
mw up higher are lesser. The flowers and seeds are
Uke the former, and so is the root likewise, and both
root and seeds as sharo as it.
—
Place, They grow oy the way-sides in untilled places,
and by the sides of old walls.
rime.— They flower in the end of June, and their seed
b ripe in July.
—
OovemtMnt and Virtues. It is a Saturnine plant.
The leaves, but especially the root, taken fresh in sum-
mer time, beaten or made into a poultice or salve with
old hog's grease, and applied to the places pained with
the sciatica, to continue thereon four hours if it be on a
man, and two hours on a woman ; the place afterwards
bathed with wine and oil mixed together and then wrap-
ped with wool or skins after they have sweat a little, will
iMuredly not only cure the same disease in hips, huckle-
bone, or other of the joints, as gout in the hands or feet,
but all other old griefs of the head, (as inveterate rheums)
and other parts of the body that are hard to be cured ;
and if of tne former griefs any parts remain, the same
medicine after twenty days is to oe applied again. The
une is diseases of the spleen ; and
also efl'ectual in the
applied to the skin it away the blemishes thereof,
taketh
whether they be scars, leprosy, scabs, or scurf, which,
al though it ulcerate the part, that is to be helped after-
varda with a salve made of oil and wax. Esteem this sm
another secreU
104 OULPIPBB'8 oomplbtx hkbbal.

CRESSES (WATER)—("^wywi^Mm Nasturtium

Aqtuitica,

Desorip, —Our ordinary water cresses spread forth with

many weak, hollow, sappy stalks, shooting out fibres at
the joints, and upwards long winged leaves made of sun-
dry Droad sappy alraost round leaves, of a brownish colour.
The flowers are many and white, standing on long foot-
stalks, after which come small yellow seed, contained in
small lon^ pods like horns. The whole plant abideth
green in the winter, and tasteth somewhat hot and sharp.
—
Place, They grow for the most part in small standing
waters, yet sometimes in small rivulets of running water.
—
TitM, They flower and seed in the beginning of the
ummer.
—
Oovernment and Virtues. It is an herb under the do-
minion of the Moon. They are more powerful against the
scurvy and to cleanse the blood and humours, than brook-
lime IS, and serve in all the other uses in which brook-
lime is available, as to break the stone, and provoke urine
and women's courses. The decoction thereof cleanseth
ulcers by washing them therewith. The leaves bruised,
or the juice, is good to be applied to the face or other
parts troubled with freckles, pimples, spots, or the like,
at night, and washed away in the morning. The juice
mixed with vinegar, is very good for those that are dull
and drowsy, or have the lethargy.
Water-cress pottage is a gocKl remedy to cleanse the
blood in the spring, and helps head-aches, and consumes
the gross humours winter hath left behind those that
:

would live in health may use it if they please, if they

will not, I cannot help it. If any fancy not pottage, they
may eat the herb as a salad.
CROSSWORT.-Y Fo^niia Cruciata.)

Desorip. —Common crosswort groweth up with square

hairy brown stalks, a little above a foot high, having
four small broad and pointed, hairy, yet smooth thin
leaves growing at every loint, each against the other cross-
way, wnich has caused the name. Towards the tops of the
talks at the joints, with the leaves in three or four rows
downwards, stand small, pale, yellow flowers, after which
come small blackish round seeds, four for the most part
set in every husk.
 oulpkpkr's ooMPLira hxrbal. 106

The root is ver/ small, and or threadsf

fall of fibres,
taking good bold of the grouDd, and spreading with the
braDchea a (^reat deal of ground, which pensh not in
winter, although the leaves die every year, and spriug
agaio anew.
Place. —
It groweth in many moist grounds, as well in
meadows as untilled places about Loudon, in Hampstead
churchyard, at Wye m
Kent, and sundry other places.
—
TitM. It flowers from May all the summer long, in
one place or another, as they are more open to the son
the seed ripeueth soon after.
—
Oovemment aiui Virtites. It is under the dominion of
Saturn. This is a singular good wound herb, and is
used inwardly not only to stav bleeding of wounds, but
to consolidate them, as it aoth outwardly anv green
wound, which it quickly soldereth up and healetL The
decoction of the herb in wine helpeth to expectorate
phlegm out of the chest, and is good for obstructions in
the breast, stomach, or bowels, and helpeth a decayed
appetite. It is also ^ood to wash any wound or sore with,
to cleanse and heal it The herb bruised and then boiled,
applied outwardly for certain days together, renewing it
often ; and in the mean time the decoction of the herb in
wine, taken inwardly every day, doth certainly cure the
rupture in any, so as it be not too inveterate ; but very
speedily, if it be fresh and lately taken.

CROWFOOT.—(Ranunculus AuricomuB.)
Mavt are the names this furious biting herb hath ob*
tained ; for it is called Frog's-foot from the Greek name
barrakion; Crowfoot, Gk^dknobs, Qold-cups, King's
Knobs, Baffiners, Trod Flowers, Polts, Locket-gouleons,
and Butter-flowers.
Abundant are the sorts of this herb, that to describe
them all would tire the patience of Socrates himself but ;

because I have not yet attained to the spirits of Socrates^

I shall bat describe the most usuaL
—
Descnp. The most common crowfoot hath many thin
green leaves cut into divers parts, in taste biting and
harp, biting and blistering the tongue ; it bears many
flowers of a oright resplendent yellow colour ; I do not
rtmember that I ever saw anything yellower virgins in —
aoeieot times used to make powder of them to furrow
—
bride-beds after which flowers come small heads, nome
^[>iked and rugged like a pine-apple.
106 ouipbpbr's covflstb hbrbau

—
Place, They grow very common every where ; unless
you tarn yoar head into a hedge you cannot but see them
as you walk.
—
Time. They flower in May and June, even until
September.
Oovemment and Fir^wM.—This fiery and hot-spirited
herb of Mars is no way fit to be given inwardly, but an
ointment of the leaves or flowers will draw a blister, and
may be so fitly applied to the nape of the neck to draw
back rheum from the eyes. The herb being bruised and
mixed with a little mustard, draws a blister as well, and
as perfectly as cantharidea, and with far less danger to
the vessels of urine, which cantharides naturally de-
light to wrong. I knew the herb once applied to a pesti-
lential rising that was fallen down, and it saved life even
beyond hope it were good to keep an ointment and plas-
:

ter of it^ if it were but for that

CUCKOO-PINT.— (^ilrwrn Vulgare.)

It is called Alron, Janus, Barba-aron, Calve's-foot, Bamp^
Starchwort, Cuckoo-pintle^ Priest's- pintle, and Wake
Robin.
—
Deecrip, This shooteth forth three, four or five leaves
at the most fiom one root, every one whereof is some-
what large and long, broad at the bottom next the stalk,
and forked but ending in a point, without a cut on the
edge, of a full nreen colour, each standing upon a thick
round stalk, oi a hand-breadth long or more, among
which, after two or three months that they begin to
wither, riseth up a bare, round, whitish green stalk,
spotted and streaked with purple, somewhat higher than
the leaves ; at the top whereof standeth a long hollow
husk close at the bottom, but open from the middle up-
wards, ending in a point ; in the middle whereof stands
the small, long pestle or clapper, smaller at the bottom
than at the top, of a dark purple colour, as the husk is on
the inside, though green without, which after it hath so
abided for some time, the husk with the clapper de-
cayeth, and the foot or bottom thereof groweth to be a
•inall long bunch of berries, green at the first, and of a
yellowish colour when they are ripe, of the bigness of a
I
hazel-nut kernel, which abideth thereon ahnost until
winter ; the root is round and somewhat long, for the
part lying along, the leaves ohooting forth at the
 OULPBPKR'S COICPLETS HSRBAL. 107

largMt end, which, when it beareth its berries, are some-

what wrinkled and loose, another growing under it which
is solid and firm, with many small threads hanging there-
at. The whole plant is of a very sharp bitter taste, prick-
ing the tongue as nettles do the hands, and so abideth for
a great while without alteration. The root thereof was
anciently used instead of starch to starch linen with.
There is another sort of cuckoo-point with lesser ieares
than the former, and sometimes harder, having blackish
spots upon them, which for the most part abide longer
green in summer than the former, and both leaves and
roots are more sharp and fierce than it ; in all things else
it is like the former.
Place. —
These two sorts ctow frequently, almost under
every hedge-side in many places of this land.
7^im«.—-They shoot forth leaves in the spring, and con-
tinue but until the middle of summer or somewhat later :
their basks appearing before they fall away, and their
fruit showing m April.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is under the dominion of
Mara. Tragus reporteth that a dram weight, or more if
need be, of the spotted wake-robin either fresh and green,
or dried, being beaten and taken, is a present and sure
remedy for poison and the plague. The juice of the herb
taken to the quantity of a spoonful hath the same effect
but if there be a little vinegar added thereto, as well as
to the root aforesaid, it somewhat allayeth the sharp bit-
ing taste thereof upon the tongue. The green leaves
bruised and laid upon any boil or plague-sore, doth won-
derfully help to draw forth the poison. A dram of the
powder of tne dried root taken with twice so much sugar
in the form of a licking electuary, or the green root, doth
wonderfully help those that are pursy and short-winded,
M also those that have a cough ; it breaketh, digestetb.
and riddeth away phlegm from the stomach, chest, ana
lungs :the milk wherein the root hath been boiled is ef-
fectual also for the same purpose. The said powder taken
in wine or other drink, or tbe juice of the berries, or the
Kwder of them, or the wine wberem they have been
iled provoketh urine, and bringetb down women's
oounes, and purgetb them effectually after child-bearing,
to bring away tbe after-birth. Taken with sheep's milk
it healetb the inward ulcers of tbe bowels the distilled
:

water thereof is effectual to all the purposes aforesaid. A

 108 OVLPSPSR'a OOMPLXTX HIRBAL.

fpoonful taken at a time healeth the itch : aud an ounce

or more taken at a time fur some dajs together doth help
the rupture. The leaves either green or dry, or the juice
of them, doth cleanse all manner of rotten and nlthj
ulcers, in what part of the body soever ; and healeth the
stinging sores in the nose, called polypus. The water
wherein the root hath been b oiled, dropped into the eyes,
cleanseth them from any film or skin cloud or mist, which
begin to hinder the sight, and helpeth the watering and
redness of them, or when by some chance they become
black and blue. The root mixed with bean flour and ap-
plied to the throat or laws that are inflamed, helpeth
them. The juice of the berries boiled in oil of roses, oi
beaten into powder mixed with the oil, and dropped into
the ears, easeth pains in them. The berries or roots
beaten with hot ox-dung, and applied, easeth the pains of
the gout. The leaves and roots boiled in wine with a little
oil and applied to the piles, or the falling down of the
fundament, easeth them, and so doth sitting over the hot
fumes thereof. The fresh roots bruised and distilled with
a little milk, yieldeth a most sovereign water to cleanse
the skin from scurf, freckles, spots, or blemishes, whatso-
ever therein.
Authors have left large commendations of this herb yoa
see,but for my part, I have neither spoken with Dr.
Reason nor Dr. Experience about it.
CJJCVMBEBS.—CCucumis ScUiwus.)

OovemmejU and Fir/w«.—There is no dispute to be

made but that they are under the dominion of the Moon,
though they are so much cried out against for their cold-
ness, and if they were but one degree colder they would
be poison. The best of Qalenists hold them to be cold
ana moist in the second degree, and then not so hot as
either lettuces or purslain they are excellent good for a
:

hot stomach and hot liver ; the unmeasurable use of them

fills the body full of raw humours, and so indeed the un-
measurable use of any thing else doth harm. The face
being washed with their juice cleanseth the skin, and is
excellent good for hot rheums in the eyes the seed is :

excellent good to provoke urine, aud cleanseth the passages

thereof when they are stopped ; there is not a better re-
medy growing for ulcers in the bladder than cucumbers
ftre. The usual coarse is to use the see^'^ in emulsions, as
 OTTLPEPEIt'S COMPLETE HERBAI«. 109

they make almond milk ; bat a far better way, in mj

opinion, is this : When
the season of the year ia, take the
incumbers and bruise them well and liiatil the water from
them, and let snch as are troubled with ulcers in the
bladder drink no other drink. The face beinj; washed
with the same water cureth the reddest face that is ; it
is also excellent good for sun-burning, freckles, and mor-
|>hew.

CTTDWEED.—(Onapkalium Vulgars.)

Bbsidks Cudweed, it is called Cottonweed, Cljaffweed,

Dwarf Cotton, and Petty Cotton.
Descrip. —
The common Cudweed riseth up with one
stalk sometimes, and sometimes with two or three, thick
set on all siden, with small, long, and narrow whitish and
woody leaves, from the middle of the stalk almost up to
the top ; with every leaf standeth a small flower of a dun
or brownish yellow colour, or not so vellow as others ; in
which herbs, after the flowers are fallen come small seed
wrapped up with the down therein, and is carried away
with the wmd the root is small and thready.
:

rhere are other sorts hereof, which are somewhat lesser

than the former, not much difierent, save only that the
ftalks and leaves are shorter, so the flowers are paler and
more open.
—
Plae€. They grow in dry, barren, sandy, and gravelly
grounds in many places of this land.
—
Time. They flower about July, some earlier, some
later, and their seed is ripe in August.
—
Oovemmeni and Virtues. Venus is lady of it The
plants are all astringent, binding, or drying, and there-
fore profitable for all deductions of rheum from the head,
and to stay flaxes of blood wheresoever, the decoction be-
ing made into red wine and drunk, or the powder taken
therein. It also helpeth the bloody flux, and easeth the
torments that come thereby, stayeth the immoderate
ecmrsefl of women, and is also good for inward or outward
wounds, hurts, or broiaeik and helpeth children both of
raptures and worms ; ana being drunk or injected for the
dsMMe called tenesmus, which is an often provocation to
stool without doing any thing. Tiie green leaves bruised
and laid to any green wound, ttayeth the bleeding and
liMleih it up quickly. The jafce of the herb is, as Pliny
dtli, a sovereign remedy a^^amst tha mumps and quin*
110 cxtlpepbb's complxtb herbal.
86J : and farther saith, that whosoever shall so take it,
•hall never be troubled with that disease again.

CURRANT-TREE.-<i2i6« Vulgaris^
Descrip. —The Currant-tree well known to be a some-
is
what taller tree than the goose-berry, with larger leaves,
without thorns. The fruit grows in small bunches, of a
red colour, and of a sharp sweetish taste.
Place. —It is usually planted in gardens, but is said to
grow wild in the north of England.
—
Time. It flowers in April, and the fruit is ripe in
June.
Government —
and Virtttee. They are under 'Jupiter
They are cooling to the stomach, quench thirst, and are
somewhat restringent a jelly made with the juice and
;

sugar, is cooling and grateful in fevers.

C YPKESS-TREE. ^Cupreseue.)
—
Desorip, ^This grows to be a large, tall, high tree, co-
vered aU over, almost from the ground, with slender
branches growing close together, making the tree have a
pyramidal shape, with small, short, sharp, and as it were
scaly leaves, which cover over all the young twigs. Tbo
flowers are small and staminous, succeeded by cones or
nuts, as they are called, which are round, near as big as
a wallnut, when ripe opening with several clefts, in which
lie brown flattish cornered seeds.
—
PUice. It is planted in gardens for its pleasant ver-
dure, being a perennial or evergreen, holding its leaves
all winter, and shooting out fresh in the spring. We
have two species growing in our gardens, whereof the f as-
mina, or that whose branches grow closer together, is the
most common, having somewhat longer nuts than the
otherj whose branches are more expanded, and cones or
nuts rounder.
TVmtf.— The fruit is ripe about the beginning of
winter.
—
Oovemm/erU and Virtues. This tree is under the go-
vernment of Saturn. The cones or nuts are mostly used,
the leaves but seldom ; thev are accounted very drying
and binding, good to stop nuxes of all kinds, as spitting
of blood, diarrhoea, dysentery, the immoderate nux ol
the menses, involuntary miction ; they prevent the bleed-
ing of the gums, and fasten loose teeth outwardly, thef
:
 OULPSPBB'S COMFLETB HXBBAl^i 111

are used io styptic restnngent fomentations aud cati^

lajtunB.

DAFFODILL (COMMON.)—("-^cww^tw Pseudo-

narcissus.)

The White Baffodills are also called Primrose Pearls, and

the Yellow Daffodills, Lidelillies, and Daify-downdillies.
Descrip. —
There are several kinds of daflfodills some
:

with a crimson or red purple circle in the middle of the

flower, and others having a yellow circle, resembling a
coronet or cup, in the middle of the flower : there is
another kind that is yellow in the middle, and another
•ort which bears double flowers. The common wild Daf-
fodill grows about a foot high. The leaves are long, nar-
row, grassy, and of a deep green ; and they are nearly as
long as the stalk, which is roundish, but somewhat flat-
tish and edged. The flower is large, yellow, and single :

it stands at the top of the stalk, and by its weight presses

St down a little :the root is round and white.
Place, — It is common in the gardens in its own natural
form, and in a great variety of shapes and colours that
culture has given it. The yellow Daffodil] does not ffrow
naturally in this country, but in gardens where it in
planted.
—
Time. Daffodills flower in March and April.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. Venus govierns all the Daffo-
dilU, except the yellow, which belongs to Mars. The
fresh roots of the former are to be used, and it is very
easy to have them always in readiness in a garden ; and
very useful, for they have great virtues. Given interual-
ly, in a small quantity, either in decoction or powder,
they act as a vomit, and afterwards purge a little and
:

are excellent against all obstructions. The best way of

giving them is in form of the juice, pressed out with some
white-wine ; but their principal uses are externally. The
frei»h roots bruised, and boiled with parched barley-meal»
very suddenly heal fresh wounds ; mixed with honey,
tliey strengthen sprains, and are ffood to apply to cuts,
aud to old aches m
the joints. With darnel-meal and
honey, they break imfK)8thumea, and help to draw out
plinters from the flesh the juice of the bruised root
:

will alla^ swellings and inflammations of the breast The

rooU of yellow Daffodills boiled, and taken in poesei-
drink, cause vomiting, and are used with good success at
112 OULPEPER^e COMPLETB HERBAL.
the apjjearaijce of approaching agues, especially tertian
agues, which are frequently caught in the spring time.
A plaster made of these roots, with parched barlej-meal,
dissolves hard swellings and imposthumes the juice,
:

mingled with honey, frankincense, wine, and myrrh, and

dropped into the ears, is good against all the corrupt filth
and running matter in these parts ; the roots made hol>
low, and boiled in oil, help sore kibed heels the juice of
:

the root is also good for the morphew« and the discolour-
ings of the skin.

DAISIES. (Chrysanthemum Leucanthemvm,)

These are so well known almost to every child, that I
suppose it needless to write any description of them. Take
therefore the virtues of them as foUoweth.
—
OovemmerU and Virtues. The herb is under the sign
Cancer, and under the dominion of Venus, and therefore
excellent good for wounds in the breast, and very fitting
to be kept both in oils, ointments, and plasters, as also
in syrup. The greater wild daisv is a wound herb of good
respect, often u^ in those drinks and salves that are for
wounds, either inward or outward. The juice or distilled
water of these, or the small daisy, doth much temper the
heat of choler, and refresh the liver and the other inward
parts. A decoction made of them and drank, helpeth to
cure the wounds made in the hollowness of the oreast
the same cureth also all ulcers and pustules in the mouth
or toncue, or in the secret parts. The leaves bruised and
applied to the testicles or any other part that is swollen
and hot, doth dissolve it, and temper the heat. A de-
coction made thereof, of wall-wort and agrimony, and
places fomented or bathed therewith warm, giveth great
ease to them that are troubled with the palsy, sciatica, or
the gout* The same also disperse th and dissolveth the
knots or kernels that grow in the flesh of any part of the
body, and bruises and hurts that come of faUs and blows ;
they are also used for ruptures and other inward burn-
ings, with very good success. An ointment made thereof
doth wonderfully help all wounds that have inflamma-
tions about them, or by reason of moist humours having
access unto them are kept long from healing, and such
are those for the most part that happen to joints of the
arms and legs. The iuice of them aropped into the run-
ning eyes of any, dotn much help them.
 JTTLPEPEB'B COMPLETE HERBAL. IIS

DAISY hlTThE.—fBellis Afir^ Perennts.)

Descrip. —
The root of the Little common Daisy fa %
thick bush of fibres, the leaves errow iu a circle close to
the grouod, being thick and fleshy, and are long and nar-
row at the bottom, ending broad and round, not much
bigger than a silver penny, with very few inden tings
about the edges the flowers spring immediately from the
:

roots, upon slender stalks three or four inches high, bear •

ing one small single flower at the end, made of a border
of white set about a yellow thrum ;
petala, or leaves,
sometimes the border edged with a reddish colour, and
is
red underneath. The seed is whitish, slender, and flat.
Place. —
Daisies grow every where in the fields and
meadows.
Time. —They flower in April and May.
Government and —This Daisy
Virtues. isgoverned by
Venus in the sign Cancer. The leaves, and sometimes
the roots, are used, and are reckoned among the trauma-
tic and vulnerary plants, being used in wound-drinks,
and are accounted good to dissolve congealed and coagu-
lated blood, to help the pleurisy and peripneumonia. In
the king's evil the decoction given inwardly, and a cata-
plasm of the leaves applied outwardly, are esteemed by
some extraordinary remedies. This is another herb which
nature has made common, because it may be useful. Its
leaves taste like those of coltsfoot, but more mucilaginous,
and not bitter. An infusion of it just boiled in aases milk,
is very eflPectual in consumptions of the lungs.

DANDELION.—(Zeo7i<o<;fcn TaraxacwrL)
1. Common, 2. Rough, 3. Branchy,
VuLOARLT called Pissa-Beds.
Dcjicrip. —
It is well known to have many long and deep
gashed leaves lying on the ground round about the heads
of the roots the ends of each gash or jag, on both sides
;

looking downwards towards the roots ; the middle rib

being white, which being broken yieldeth abundance of
bitter milk, but the root much more from among the
;

leaTes, which alwa}'8 abide green, arise many slender,

weak, naked foot-stalks, every one of them bearing at the
top one large yellow flower, consisting of many rows of
yellow leaves, broad at the points, and nicked in with
deep spots of yellow in the middU, which growing ripe.
114 OITLPIPEB'S OOMPLETE HEBBAIib
tue green husk wherein the flowers stood turns itself down
to the stalk, and the head of down becomes as round as
a ball, with long reddish seed underneath, bearing a part
of the down on the head of every one, which together is
blown awaj^ with the wind, or may be at once blown awaj
with one's mouth. The root growing downwards exceeding
deep, which being broken off within the ground, will yet
shoot forth again, and will hardly be destroyed where it
hath once taken deep root in the ground.
—
Place. It groweth frequently in all meadows and
pasture grounds.
—
Time. It floweretb in one place or another almost all
the year long.
—
Oovemment and Virtues, It is under the dominion of
Jupiter, It is of an opening and cleansing quality, and
therefore very effectual for the obstructions of the liver,
^1, and spleen, and the diseases that arise from them, as
the jaundice and hypochondriac ; it openeth the passages
of the urine both in young and old ; powerfully cleanseth
imposthumes and inward ulcers in the urinary passages,
and by its drying and temperate quality doth afterwards
heal them ; for which purpose the decoction of the roots
or leaves in white wine, or the leaves chopped as pot herbs
with a few alisanders, and boiled in their broth, are very
effectual And whoever is drawing towards a consumption,
or an evil disposition of the whole body called cachexia, by
the use hereof for some time together shall find a wonder-
ful help. It helpeth also to procure rest and sleep to
bodies distempered by the heat of ague fits, or otherwise :
the distilled water is effectual to drink in pestileniai fevers,
and to wash the sores.
You see here what virtues this common herb hath, and
that is the reason the French and Dutch so often eat them
in the spring ; and now if you look a little farther, you
may see plamly without a pair of spectacles, that foreign
physicians are not so selfisn as ours are, but more com-
municative of the virtues of plants to peoples

DARNEL (RED and WHITK)—(ZoKwm, Rxibrtm et

Allmm.)
It is called Jura and Wary ; in Sussex they call
it Crop,
it being a pestilent enemy amon^
the com.
De$crip, —This hath, aU the winter long, sundry lonff,
<Ukt, and rough leaTefl» whicb, when the stolk riMth, which
 0ULPXP1R8 COMPLBTX HERBAL. 116

[t tlender aud ioiuted, are narrower but rough still ; on

the top groweth a long spike composed of many heads set
one above another, containing two or three husks with
sharp but short beards or awns at the ends ; the seed is
easily shook out of the ear, the husk itself being some-
what rough.
Plcict, — The country husbandmen do know this too weU
to grow among their com, or in the borders and pathways
of other fields that are fallow.
—
OovemmerU and Virtue*, It is a malicious part of sul-
len Saturn. As it is not without some vices, so hath it
also many virtues. The meal of darnel is very good to
•t&y gangrenes and other such like fretting and eating
canker and putrid sores ; it also cleanseth the skin of all
leprosies, morphews, ring-worms, and the like, if it be
used with salt and raddish roots. And being used with
quick brimstone and vinegar, it dissolveth knots and
kernels, and breaketh those that are hard to be dissolved,
being boiled in wine with pigeon's dung and linseed. A
decoction thereof made with water and honey, and the
places bathed therewith is profitable for the sciatica.
Darnel meal applied in a ooultice draweth forth splinter!
and broken bones in the nesh. The red darnel boiled in
red wine aud taken, stayeth the lax and all other fluxes
and women's bloody issues, and restraineth urine that
pMMth away too suddenly.
DEVIL'S BIT,^( Scabwsa Succisa.)

Detcrtp. —
This riseth up with around green smooth stalk
about two feet high, set with divers long and somewhat
narrow, smooth, dark green leaves, somewhat nipped
about the edses for the most part, being else all whole
and not divided at all, or but very seldom, even at the
tops of the branches, which are yet smaller than thoso
below, with one rib ohlj in the middle. At the end of
•ach branch standeth a round head of many flowers set
together in the same manner, or more neatly than scabious,
aud of a more blueish purple colour, which being past,
there foUoweth seed that falleth away. The root some-
what thick, but short and blackish, with many strings,
abiding after seed time many years. This root was longer,
until the devil (as the friars say) bit away the rest of it
for spit«, envying ita usefulueiw to mankind : for sure he
w.a not troubled with any disease for which it is proper.
 116 oulpeper's complsts hkrbal.

There are two sorts hereof, in nothing unlike t&e for-

mer, save that the one beareth white, and the other blush-
coloured flowers.
—
Place, The first groweth as well in dry meadows and
fields as moist, in many places of this land :but the
other two are more rare and hard to be met with, yet
they are found growing wild about Appledore, near Rye,
In Kent.
—
TiTM, They flower not usoally until A ugust.
—
Government and Virtues. The plant is venereal, pleas-
ing and harmless. The herb or the root (all that the devil
hath left of it) being boiled in wine and drank, is very
powerful against the plague, and all pestilential diseases
or fevers, poisons also, and the bitings of venomous
beasts it helpeth also all that are inwardly bruised by
:

any casualty, or outwardly by falls or blows, dissolving

the clotted blood ; and the herb or root beaten and out-
wardly applied, taketh away the black and blue marks
that remain in the skin. The decoction of the herb, with
honey of roses put therein, is very effectual to help the
inveterate tumours and swellings of the almonds and
throat, by often gargling the mouth therewith. It help-
eth also to procure women's courses, and easeth all pains
of the mother, and to break and discuss wind therein, and
in the bowels. The powder of the root taken in drink,
driveth forth the worms in the body. The juice or distilled
water of the herb, is very eflfectual for green wounds or
old sores, and cleanseth the body inwardly, and the seed
outwardly, from sores, scurf, itch, pimples, freckles, mor-
phew, or other deformities thereof, especially if a little
itriol be dissolved therein.

DILL. (Anethum Graveoleni.)

Descrip, —The common Dill groweth up with seldom
more than one high nor so great usually
stalk, neither so
as fennel, being round and fewer joints thereon, whose
leaves are sadder and somewhat long, and so like fennel
that it deceiveth many, but harder in handling, and some-
what thicker, and of a stronger unpleasant scent ; the
tops of the stalks have four branches, and small umbles
of yellow flowers, which turn into sniall seed, somewhat
flatter and thinner than fennel seed. The root is some*
what small and woody, and perisheth every year after it
hath borne seed, and is also unprofitable, being never put
U>aQ7 use.
 culp&ter'b comflets hsrbal. 117

Place. — It is most uauallj sown in gardens and

groands for the porpoee, and is also found wild in many
pkcea
—
Oovemment and Virtues. Mercury hath the dominion
of this plant, and therefore to be sure it strengthens the
brain. The dill boiled and drank, is good to ease both
swellings and pains ; it also stajeth the belly and sto-
mach from casting. The decoction helpeth women that
are troubled with pains and windiness of the mother, if
they sit therein. It stayeth the hiccough, being boiled
in wine, and but smelled unto, being tied in a cloth. The
seed is of more use than the leaves, and more effectual to
digest raw and viscous humours, and is used in medicines
that serve to expel wind, and the pains proceeding there-
from. The seed being roasted or fried, and used in oils
or plaisters, dissolves the imposthumes in the fundament,
ana drieth up all moist ulcers especially in that part
an oil made of Dill is effectual to warm or dissolve humours
or imposthumes, to ease pains, and to procure rest. The
decoction of Dill, be it herb or seed, (only if you boil the
seed you must bruise it) in white wine, being drunk, it
is a i^ant expeller of wind and provoker of terms.

DITTANDEK-^Lepidium Sativum.)
Called also Pepper-wort
Descrip. —
The common Dittander has a small, whit^
slender, creeping root, hard to be got out of a gardeo
where it has ueeu once planted. The lower leaves grow
on long foot-stalks, are smooth, oblong, sharp pointed*
and serrated, four or five inches long the stalks grow to
:

be half a yard high, smooth, and having lesser and nar-

rower leaves growing alternately, sometimes indented
about the edges, and sometimes not The flowers that
grow on the top of the stalks are small, white, and four-
leaved, and the seed-vessels small and round.
Place,^It arowi in moist places, and near rivera
Time.— It flowers in June and July, The whole plant
has a hot and bitiiie taste, like pepper.
—
Ocvemment and Virtues. It is an herb of Venus. The
leaves of Dittander bruised and mixed with hogs-lard, and
applied as a cataplasm to the hip, help the sciatica ; chewed
in the mouth, they cause a great flux of rheum to run out
of it, and by that means are said to help scrofulous ta-
moors in the throat the women in
: Suffolk give them
boiled In ale to hasten ths birth.
118 OULPKFBK'B C0MPL£TB HSRBALi

DITTANY OF CRETE.— ("(V^onwm Dictcmnut.)

—A very pretty plant that grows six or ei^ht
Descinp.
inches high the stalks are square, slender, hard, woody,
;

and braDched the leaves are short, broad, and roundish ;

:

they stand two at every joint, and are covered with a

white downy matter. The flowers are small and purple :

they grow in oblong and slender scaly heads, in the man-

ner of those of origanum and these heads are themselves
:

very pretty, being elegantly variegated with green and

purple. It resembles penny-royal much, only the leaves
are larger.
Place.— It originally came from the isle of Candia, but
grows with us in gardens.
—
Time. It flowers at the latter end of July, and begin-
ning of August.
—
Government and Virtues. It is an herb of Venue, and
possesses the virtues of penny-royal, but in a superior
degree. It is an excellent wound herb, and in much
reputation among the ancients, for which Virgil may bf
quoted. It is good in decoction with wine, to procure
speedy and easy deliverance, or with vervain, hyssop, and
pJenny-royal ; or boiled in ale, is more effectual for the
same purpose. Dittany and milk are good for spitting
of blood. Bruised with polipody, and mixed with hogs*
lard, it draws splinters out of the flesh, and heals ; the
roots are cordial and cephalic, resist putrefaction and poi-
son, and are useful in malignaoc and pestilential distem-
pers. The whole herb is ^ood for diseases of the head,
and to open all manner of obstructions. It is a consi-
derable mgredient in the Venice treacle, mithridate, and
diascordium.

DITTANY (WHITE.)—CiWc^awww* Albus.)

Called also Bastard, or False Dittany, or Dictamnaniy
and Fraxinella.
—
Descrip. This species of Dittany resembles in its
leaves those of the ash-tree, only smaller, and from whence
it derives its name. It grows about three feet high, very
much branched, and very beautiful. The stalks are
round, thick, firm, and of a green and purple colour, ac-
cording to its state of forwardness. The leaves stand
irregularly, the flowers are large and elegant ; they are of
apaleired^ white^ or striped, and sometimes ligbt-bloe,
 oultipek's oomplktje hkrbjll. 119

and thej stand in a kind of spikes at the top of th«

branches. In the summer months, the whole plant ii
covered with a kind of inflammable substance, which is
glutinous to the touch, and of very fragrant smell but if
;

It takes goes off with a flash all oyer the plant.

fire, it
This does it no harm, and maj be repeated after three or
four dajs, a new quantity of the inflammable matte r be-
ing produced in that time.
Place. —
It only grows here in gardens, not being hardy
enough to bear the severity of our climate abroad.
—
Time, It flowers ia June and July.
—
Oovm-nment and Virtues. They are both under the
dominion of Venus. The roots of this kind are the only
part used ; they are cordial, cephalic, resist poison and
putrefaction, and are useful in malignant and pestilential
distempers in fevers, and hysteric cases : however, an
;

infusion of the tops of the plant, are a pleasant and effi-

cacious medicine in the gravel ; it works powerfully by
urine, and gives ease in those colicky pains which fre-
quently attend upon that disorder. The root is a sure
remedy for epilepsies, and other diseases of the bead,
opening obstructions of the womb, and procuring the dii-
eoATges of the terms.

DOCK (COMMON.)-^Rumex Ohtutifoliue,)

Mavt kinds of these are so well known, that I shall

not trouble you with a description of them.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. All Docks are under Jupiter,
of which the Red Dock, which is commonly called Bloodwort;
cleanseth the blood and strengthens the liver ; but the
Yellow Dock root is best to be taken when either the blood
or liver is affected by choler. All of them have a kind of
eooling (but not all alike) drying quality, the sorrel being
most cold, and the blood worts most drying. Of the bur>
dock I have spoken already by itself. The seed of most
of the other kinds, whether gardens or fields, doth stay
laxes and fluxes of all sorts, the loathing of the stomacn
through choler, and is helpful for those that spit blood.
The roots boiled in vinegar helpeth the itch, scabs, and
breaking out of the skin, if it be bathed therewith. The
diitillad water of the herb and roots have the same virtue,
Ind cleanseth the skin from freckles, morphewa, and all
other spots and discolou rings therein.
All Docks being boiled with meat, make it boil th«
ISO OULPSPER'S COMFLKTS HSKBAL.

sooner ; besides, Bloodwort is exceeding strengthening to

the liver, and procures good blood, being as wholesome a
pot herb as any growing in a garden.

DODDER OF TRYME.-^ Cuscuta Europaa.)

Descrip, — ^This first, from seed, giveth roots in the
ground, which shooteth forth threads or strings, grosser
or finer as the property of the plant wherein it groweth
and the climate doth suffer, creeping and spreading on
that plant whereon it fasteneth, be it high or low. The
strings have no leaves at all upon them, but wind and
interlace themselves so thick upon a small plant, that it
taketh away all comfort of the sun from it ; and is ready
to choke or stranorle it. After these strings are risen up
to that height, that they may draw nourishment from
the plant, they seem to be broken off from the ground,
either by the strength of their rising or withered by the
heat of the sun. Upon these strings are found clusters of
small heads or husks, out of which shoot forth whitish
flowers, which afterwards give small pale white-coloured
seed, somewhat fiat, and twice as big as a poppy-seed. It
generally participates of the nature of the plants it clim-
beth upon ; but the Dodder of Thyme is accounted the
best, and is the only true one.
—
Oovemmentand Virtues, All Dodders are under Saturn.
Tell me hot of physicians crying up Epithymum, or that
Dodder which grows upon Thyme, ^most of which comes
from Hemetius in Greece, or Hybla in Sicily, because
those mountains abound with Thyme) he is a physician
indeed that hath wit enough to choose his Dodder, accord-
ing to the nature of the disease and humour peccant We
confess Thyme is the hottest herb it usually grows upon,
and thereK>re that which grows upon Thyme is hotter
than that which grows upon colder herbs ; for it draws
nourishment from what it grows up)on, as well as from
the earth where its root is, and thus you see old Saturn
is wise enough to have two strings to his bow. This is
accounted the most eflectual for melancholy diseases, and
to purge black or burnt choler, which is the cause of
many diseases of the head and brain, as also for the trem-
bling of the heart, faintiugs, and swoonings. It is help-
ful in all diseases and griefs of the spleen, and melancho-
ly that arises from the windiness of the hypocondria. It
pargeth also the reins or kidneys by urine ; it openeth ob-
 OITLnPIB'l OOMPLETI HKBBAL. Mi
ctrnctioiisof the gall, whereby it profiteth them that
have the jaundice ; as also the leaves the spleen ; purg-
ing the veins of choleric and phlegmatic hunc/ours, and
helpeth children in agues, a little worm seed being added
thereto.
The other Dodders do, as I said before, participate of
the nature of those plants whereon they grow : as that
which hath been found growing upon nettles in the west
oouQtry, hath by experience been found very effectual to
procure plenty of urine, where it hath been stopped or
nindereo. And so of the rest
Sympathy and antipathy are two hinges upon which
the whole model of physic turns and that physician who
;

minds them not, is like a door off from the hooks, more
like to do a man mischief than to cure him. Then all
the diseases Saturn causes this helps by sympathy, and
trengthens all the parts of the body he rules ; such hai
are caoaed by Sol it helps by antipathy.

DOG'S GRASS.—CTVtVieum Rtpem.)

C1.IXKD also Couch Grass and Quick Grass.
Descrip. —
It is well known that grass creepeth far about
under ground, with lon^ white jointed roots, and small
fibres fdmost at every jomt, very sweet in taste, as the
TMt ol the herb is, and interlacing one another, from
whence shoot forth many fair grassy leaves, small at the
ends, and cutting or sharp on the edges. The stalks are
iointed like com, with the like leaves on them, and a
large spiked head, with a long husk in them, and hard
rough seeds in them. If you know it not by this de-
scription, watch the dogs when they are sick, and they
will quickly lead you to it
Place, —
It groweth commonly through this land in di-
«r8 ploughed grounds, to the no small trouble of the
husbandmen, as also of the gardener, in gardens, to weed
it out if they can for it is a constant customer to the
;

place \i gets footing in.

Oovemmeru and Virtvisi. —Tis under the dominion of
Jupiter, and is the most medicinal of all the quick grasses.
Bemg boiled and drunk it o)>eneth obstructions of the
liver and ^1, and the stoppings of urine, and easeth the
griping pains of the belly, and inflammations ; wasteth
the matter of the iftone in the bladder, and the ulcers
tbtreol alsa The seed doth more powerfully expel arin«.
122 0ULPEP£K'8 complsts ukbbal.
and stajeth l&xes and vomitinff. The distilled water
alone, or with a little w orm-seed, killeth the worms in
children.
The way of ose is to bruise the roots, and having well
boiledthem In white wine, drink the decoction ; it is
opening, but not purging, very safe ; 'tis a remedy against
all diseases coming of stopping, and such are half those
that are incident to the body of man ; and although a
gardener be of another opinion, yet a physician holds
an acre of them to be worth five acres of carrots twice told
over.

DOG'S MERCURY.—(^J/ercurioZw PerennisJ

—
Deacrip, This is a rank poisonous plant, that grows
about a foot high, and has but few leaves, but they are
lar^e ; the stalk is round, thick, whitish, pointed, and a
littlehairy : the leaves stand principally towards the top,
four, five, or six, seldom more ; they are long, and con-
Biderably broad, sharp-pointed, notched about the edges,
and a little hairy.
—
Place. It is most commonly found under hedges.
—
Oovemment and Danger, This species of Mercury has
been confounded with others of the same name, with
which it has been thought to agree in nature. But there
Sb not a more fatal plant, native of our countrv, than this.
The common herbals, as Gerard's and Parkinson's, in-
stead of cautioning their readers against the use of this
plant, after some trifling, idle observations, upon the
qualities of Mercurys in geueral, dismiss the article with-
out noticing its baneful effects. Other writers, more ac-
curate, have done this ; but they have written in Latin,
a language not very likely to inform those who stand
most in need of this caution. This is one of the reasons
for the compiling of this work ; and, among many others,
evinces the necessity of placing the Latin name opposite
to the English one, to prevent that confusion whicn simi-
larity of English might unfortunately create.

DOG ROSE.—fiZotfa Canina,)

Called also Wild Rose.
Descrip. —
The Dog Rose has winged leaves like garden
roses, but smoother and greener ; the flowers are single,
of five white, and sometimes pale red leaves, and when
"^hey are fallen, there succeed roundish red seed-vessels,
 CULFIPEB*B OOMPUCTE HERBAL. 128

full of pulp, inclosing white cornered seed, covered with

short stiff hairs. On
the stalks of this plant grow a green
spongy excrescence, made by small flies.
P^ace. —
It grows commonly in the hedges about Cam-
bridge.
Time,— It flowers in May
and June, and the seed \%
ripe at the beginning of September.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is under the dominion of
the Moon. The flowers of the Wild Briar are accounted
rather more restringent than the Garden Roses, and by
some are reckoned as a specific for the excess of the cata-
menia. The pulp of the hips has a pleasant grateful
acidity, strengtnens the stomach, cools the heat of fevers,
i« pectoral,good for coughs and spitting of blood, and the
•curvy. The seed has been known to do great things
against the stone and gravel ; and the same virtues are
attributed to the spongy excrescence which grows upon
the stalk. The best way of preserving its virtues is, by
keeping it conserved.

DOG'S TOOTH YlOLEiT.^(Erythroniwm dera CanU,)

Deecrip. —A very
pretty plant, small, with two broad
leaves, and a large drooping flower : it grows five or six

inches high. The stalk is round, slender, weak, and

greenish towards the top, and often white at the bottom.
The leaves stand a little height above ground they are :

oblong, somewhat broad, of a beautiful green, not at all

dented at the edges, and blunt at the end. They inclose
the stalk at the base. The flower is large and white, but
with a tinge of reddish it hangs down, is long, hollow,
:

and very elegant. The root is roundish, and has some

fibres growing from its bottom ; it is full of a slimy pulp.
Place. —It grows frequently in gardens, but must not
be sought for wild.
Time.— Jt flowers in June, and is in perfection till the
fall of the leaf.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. This useful plant is covem-
ed by the Moon. The fresh gathered roots are tne best
to be used, for they dry very ill, and generally lose their
rirtaei entirely. They are good against worms in chil-
dren, and speedily ease the pains of the belly which are
produced thereby. The best way of giving them is, in the
expressed iuice ; or if children will not take that, they
uj be boued in milk, to which they give very little taste.
124 cttlpepeb's complete hebbai*
It should be remembered It Is a very powerful remedy,
and a small dose will take effect, especially of the juice,
BO that it is best to begin with very little ; and as that is
well borne, to increase the quantity.

DOVE'S-FOOT.—C(7eraniwm Molle.)
—
Descrip. This hath divers small, round, pale green
leaves cut in about the edges, much like mallows, stand-
ing upon long, reddish, hairy stalks, lying in a round
compass upon the ground, among which rise up two, or
three, or more reddish weak hairy stalks
jointed, slender,
with such like leaves thereon, but smaller, and more cut
in up to the tops, where grow many very small, bright,
red flowers of five leaves a-piece ; after which follow
small heads with small short beaks pointed forth, as all
other sorts of this herb do.
—
Place, It groweth in pasture grounds, and by the
path-sides in many places and will also be in gardens.
—
Time, It flowereth in June, Julv, and Au^st, some
earlier and some later ; and the seed is ripe quickly after.
—
Oovemment and Vtrtttet. It is a very gentle, though
martial plant. It is found by experience to be singular
eood for wind colic, as also to expel the stone and gravel
in the kidneys. The decoction thereof in wine, is an
excellent remedy for those that have inward wounds,
hurts, or bruises, both to stay the bleeding, to dissolve
and expel the congealed blood, and to heal the parts, as
also to cleanse and heal outward sores, ulcers, and fistu-
las ; and for green wounds many do only bruise the herb
and apply it to the place, and it healeth them quickly.
The same decoction in wine fomented to any place pained
with gout, or to joint-ache, or pains of the sinews, giveth
much ease. The powder or decoction of the hero taken
for some time together, is found by experience to be singu-
lar good for ruptures and burstings in people, either
young or old,
DOWN, OK COTTON-THISTLE.—(CarrfvKj
VtUgatUsimus, )
Descrip, —This bath large leaves lying
on the ground,
somewhat cut in, were crumpled on the edges, of
and as it
a green colour on the upper side, but covered with louff
hairv wool or cotton down, set with most sharp and cruel
pricks, from the middle of whose heads or flowers thrust
 CXTLPEPEB's COMPLiTS HS&BAL. 126

forth Diany purplish crimson threads, and sometimes, al-

though very seldom, white ones. The seed that followeth
In the heads, lying in a great deal of white down, is some-
what large, long, and round like the seed of Ladies Thistle
but somewhat paler. The root is great and thick, spread-
ing much, yet it usually dieth after seed time.
Place.— It groweth in divers ditches, banks, and in
corn fields and highways, generally everywhere through-
out the land.
—
Time. It flowereth and beareth seed about the end of
ummer, when other thistles do flower and seed,
—
Oovernment and Virtues. Mars owns the plant, and
manifests to the world, that though it may hurt your
finger, it will help your body j for I fancy it much for
the ensuing virtues. Pliny and Dioscorides write, that
the leaves and roots thereof taken in drink help those that
have a crick in their neck, whereby they cannot turn
their neck but their whole body must turn also (surely
they do not mean those that have got a crick in their neck
by being under the hangman's hand.) Galen saith, that
the roots and leaves hereof are of a healing quality, and
are good for such persons as have their bodies drawn to-
gether by some spasm or convulsion, as it is with chil-
dren that have the rickets, or rather, as the College of
Physicians will have it, the rachites ; for which name of
the disease they have in a particular treatise lately set
forth by them, learnedly disputed and put forth to public
view, that the world may see they have taken much pains
to little purpose,

DB, AQOtJ,—{Dracontium,)
Tbbt are so well known to every one that plants them In
their £;ardenfl, that they need no description ; if not, let
them Took down to the lower end of the stalks, and see
how like a snake they look.
—
Oovernment and Virtues. The plant is under the do-
minion of MatSj and therefore it would be a wonder if it
should want some obnoxious quality or other: in all herbs
of that quality , the safest way ia either to distil the herb
in alembic, in what vehicle you please, or else to press
out the juice and distil that in a glass-still in sand It
soonreth and cleanseth the internal parts of the body
mightily, and it cleareth the external parts also,
bemg externally applied, from freckle^ morphew, ana
126 OULPEPIR'S COMPLETE HEEBAL.
gun-burnings ; your best way to use it externally is to mix
it with vinegar an ointment of it is held to be good in
:

wounds and ulcers; it consumes cankers, and that flesh

growiug in the nose which they call polypus also the :

distilled water being dropped into the eyes takes away

spots there, or the pin and web, and mends dimness of
sight ; it is excellent good against pestilence and poison
Pliny and Dioscorides affirm, that no serpent will meddlr
with him that carries the herb about him.

DB.OFWORT.—{0e7ianthe Fistulosa, et Crocata.)

Descrtp. —The roots of Dropwort consist of a greai

number of oval glandules fastened together by slender
strings, from which spring several long, narrow, and as
it were pinnated leaves, whose pinnae are serrated, and
not much unlike the smaller burnet saxifrage leaves the :

stalks grow to be about a foot high, having but few leaves

thereon, but on their tops a pretty many flowers in form
of an umbel, which are white within, and reddish on
the outside, made of six leaves, with a great number of
yellowish stamina in the middle ; which are succeeded by
several flattish seeds growing in a head together.
Place. — It grows in chalky grounds,
Ti7ne.— It flowers in June and July ; the root being
chiefly used.
—
Government and Virtues. Pimpernel Dropwort, {Spircea
FiUpendula,} which some have described as a lesser species
of the filipendula, differs in nothing, according to their
own account, from this, but in size, and is evidently a
variety. They are accounted under Venus. Dropwort,
especially the root, is counted diuretic, and good iot the
stone, gravel, and stoppage of urine.

DUCK'S-MEAT, or DUCKWEED.—(i^rw PoZiwrrw.)

Called also Water Lentils.
This is so well known to swim on the tops of standing
waters, as ponds, pools, and ditches, that it is needless
further to describe it.
Oovemment and Virtues. — Cancer claims the herb, and
the Moon will be lady of a word is enough to a wise
it :

man. It is eff'ectual to help inflammations and St. An-

thony's fire, as also the gout, either applied by itself or
in a poultice with barley meal. The distilled water is
highly esteemed by some against all inward inflammationa
 CTJLPEPEBB COMPLETE HSBBaL. 127

and pestilential fevers ; as also to help the redness of the

eyes and swellings of the testicles, and of the breasts be-
fore they be grown too much. The fresh herb applied
to the forehead, easeth the pains of the head-ache coming
of heat.

EGLANTINE.— C/?OM Rubiginota,)

Called also Sweet Bnar, Wild Briar, and Pimpernel

Boee.
Place. —
It is cultivated in most gardens and pleasure-
grounds, and likewise grows wild in the borders of fielda^
and in woods.
Time— It begins to shoot forth its buds early in the
pring, and flowers during the time of other roses.
OovemmerU and Firm^*.— This is under the dominion
of Jupiter. The spongy apples or balls which are found
upon the Eglantine, if pounded to a paste, and mixed with
honey and wood-ashes, are excellent for the alopecia or
falling of the hair, and being dried and powdered, and
taken in white wine, remove the strangury, and strength-
en the kidneys. The same boiled in a strong decoction of
the roots, is good for venomous bites. The red berries
which succeed the flowers, called hips, if made into a
conserve, and eaten occasionally, gently bind the belly,
stop defluxions of the head and stomach, he}p digestion,
sharpen the appetite, and dry up the moisture of cola
rheum and phlegm upon the stomach. The powder of
the dried pulp is gooa for the whites, and if mixed, with
the powder of the balls, and given in small quantities, it
also good for the colic, and to destroy worms,

ELDER—{"iSam^Mctw Nigra,)
JkBcrip. —The Elder-Tree is a common hedge-tree,
who«e spreading branches have a snongr pith in the mid-
dle ;the outside bark is of an aBn-colour, under which
is another that is green. The leaves are pinnated, of two
or three pair of pinnse, with an odd one at the end, which
is larger than the rest ;they are oval, sharp-pointed, and
erra^ about the edges. The flowers grow in large flat
umbels they are small, of one leaf, cut into five sections,
;

with as many small stamina and are succeeded by small

;

round deep purple berries, full of a purple juice.

Flace.~The Elder-tree grows frequently in h«dgf«,
•iptridlj in moist pUoen
128 CTTLPBPSB'8 oompletb hbbbal.
—
Time, It flowers in May, and the berries are ripe In
September. The bark, leaves, flowers, and berries are
used.
Government and Virtues, —This is under the dominion
of Venus. The first shoots of the Commou Elder boiled
like asparagus, and the young leaves and stalks boiled in
hi broth, do mightily carry forth phlegm and choler. The
middle or inwai^ bark boiled in water, and given in drink
works much more violently ; and the berries, either green
or dry, expel the same humour, and are often given with
good success to help the dropsy ; the bark of the root
boiled in wine, or the juice thereof drank, works the same
effects, but more poweriFully than either the leaves or fruit.
The juice of the root taken, mightily procures vomitings,
and pui^ea the watery humours of the dropsy. The de-
coction of the root taken, cures the bite oi an adder, and
bites of mad-dogs. It mollifies the hardness of the mo-
ther, if women sit thereon, and opens their veins, and
brings down their courses the berries boiled in wine, per-
:

form the same effect and the hair of the head wasned
:

therewith, is made black. The juice of the green leaves

applied to the hot inflammations of the eyes assuages them
tne juice of the leaves snuffed up into the nostri^ purges
the tunicles of the brain ; the juice of the berries boiled
with honey, and dropped into the ears, helps the pains of
them ; the decoction of the berries in wine being drunk,
provokes urine ; the distilled water of the flowers is of
much use to clean the skin from sun-burning, freckles,
morphew, or the like ; and takes away the head-ache, com-
ing of a cold cause, the head being bathed therewith.
The leaves or flowers distilled in the month of May, and
the legs often washed with the said distilled water, takes
away the ulcers and sores of them. The eves washed
therewith, it takes away the redness and blood-shot ; and
the hands washed morning and evening therewith, helps
the palsy, and shaking of them.

ELDER (DWARF,)—(Sambucus HumUii.)

—
Detcrip, This is a pretty looking low plant, sending up
Tarions spreading stalks, which faU down every year, and
rise again in the spring ; on the top of these grow
umbels of white flowers, having frequently a dash ol
imrple, each of one small leaf, divided into five segments
which are succeeded by round berries, when ripe, of a
deep purple, or bUtok colour, and full oif a purplish juices
 dTLFEPBB'B OOMPLBTB HBBBll* 12^

The root i« thick, &nd civtrpiog ud the itarface of th«

earth.
Place.—The Dwarf Elder grows wild in many placei ot
Eo^Und.
Time, —
Most of the Elder trees flower in June, and
their fruit is ripe for the most part in August. But the
Dwarf Elder, or Wallwort, flowers somewhat later, and
its fruit is not ripe until September.
—
OovemmerU and Virtues, The Dwarf Elder is also
under Venus, and is more powerful than the Common
Elder in opening and purging choler, phlegm, and water,
in helping the gout, piles, and women's diseases ; co'
lours tne nair buu:k, helps the inflammations of the eyes,
and pains in the ears, the bite of serpents, or mad dogs,
burnings and scaldiugs, the wind colic, colic and stone,
the difficulty of urine, the cure of old sores, and fistulous
ulcers.
Of the Dwarf Elder, the bark and seeds are in most re-
pute, for the jaundice and dropsy ; in the same intention
a decoction of the root and seeds is commended, but
should be joined with proper correctors, they beins very
violent in their operation without. The expressed oil of
the seed is by some outwardly used to assuage the pain of
the gout
The inner bark of the Common Elder decocted, operates
both by vomit and stool The same effect is observed but
in a milder degree, of the young buds, if in the spring,
eaten as young^ salad, and these in pottage gentlv relax
the bowels. The inner bark outwanily applied, is com-
mended in bums.
The flowers are sudorific and anodyne ; infused in sharp
vinegar, with the addition of some spices, thev make a
more reviving liquor to smell to, and to rub the temples
with iu faintinga of women in labour, and after delivery,
than the vouttile salts put together.
all
Take of Elder flowers, half u pound, the flowers of red
rosea, rosemary, and lavender, each four ounces, of nut-
meg and cloves each two drams, of cinnamon three drams,
pour upon them five pints of the sharpest white wiue vine-
gar, let all infuse a month or six weeks, and after having
pressed it out well, and the Honor is settled, put it into
Dottles and keep it well stopf>ea for usa
The berries are likewise sudorific, and of admirable use
la recent colds, and beginning feverish heats, in which
IJW cttlpbpee's complete heebal.
oases nothing is so proper as the juice, without any addi-
tion, boiled over a very gentle fire to the consistence of an
extract this is commonly called the Rob of Elder, but is
;

rarely made by apothecaries, though vastly superior to the

syrup which constantly kept in the shops.
is To make
this Rob still more useful in the abovementioned disorders,
I would recommend to the patient to take half a dram of
fine levigated crabs' eyes, mixed up with half a spoon-
ful of water, and immediately after six drams or an
ounce of the said Rob, and to lie down and cover himself
well. This will excite a gentle fermentation in the sto-
mach, throw the person into a beneficial sweat, and pro-
duce a wonderful amendment. The truth of this has been
so generally experienced by the Qermans, that one shall
haraly travel through a town or village where the inhabi-
tantA are unprovided with this Rob.
The juice of the Elder berries mired with one third part
in weight of the genuine powder of liquorice, witn a
few drops of oil of aniseeds, and boiled to a proper con-
sistence, is a far better remedy on account of its acidity,
for cutting the phlegm, and taking off the irritation to
cough, than the juice of our liquorice, or the Spanish juice
alone. A
wine made of the juice of these berries it very
wholesome.

ELECAMPANE, or EJjFWOB,T.'-(Inula Seleniunu)

Deacrip, —This
a robust and stately plant ; a peren-
is

nial, with an upright handsome appearance. The leaves

are of a dull faint green ; and the root, which is long and
large, contains the virtues of the plant.
Place. —
It grows in moist grounds and shadowy places,
almost in every county in England.
Time.— It flowers In the end of June and July, and
the seed is ripe in August. The roots are gathered for
use, as well in the spring before the leaves come forth, as
in autumn or winter.
—
Government and Virtues, It ffi under Mercury. One
of the most beneficial roots nature affords for the help of
the consumptive. It has a fragrant, very agreeable smell
and a spicy, sharp, and somewhat bitterish taste. It is
good for all diseases of the breast, and has great virtues
in malignant fevers ; in strengthening the stomach, and
assisting digestion, not like a bitter, but as a warm, in-
vigorating, animating medicine ; and it has not its equal
 culpkpeb'b completb herbal. 181

in the cure of the hooping-cough iu children, when all

other medicines fail. The fresh roots of £lecampane
preserved with sugar, or made into a syrup or conserve,
are very effectual to warm a cold windy stomach, or the
pricking therein, and stitches in the sides caused by the
spleen and to help the cough, shortness of breath, and
;

wheezing in the lungs. The dried root made into powder,

and mixed with sugar, and taken, serves to the same pur-
pose ; and is also profitable for those who have their
urine stopped, or the stopping of women's courses, the
pains of the mother, and of the stone in the reins, kid-
neys, or bladder it resists poison, and stays the spread-
;

ing of the venom of serpents, as also putrid and pestilen-

tial fevers, and the plague itself.

ELM-TREE.— f Ulmxis.)
Descrip. —The
Elm is one of the commonest trees we
have ; has a rough thick bark, and the branches are
it
clothed with somewhat rough, crenated, green leavea
The fiowers are small and staminous, coming out early in
the spring before the leaves. The seed is round and
foliaceoua.
PicLce, — It is common in the fields, and all over the
country.
—
G&oemmerU and Virtues. It is a cold and Saturnine
plant. The leaves thereof bruised and applied, hea.
green wounds, being bound thereon with its own bark ;
the leaves or the bark used with vinegar, cure scurf and
leprosy very effectually the decoction of the leaves, bark,
:

or root, being bathed, heals broken bones. The water

that is found in the bladders on the leaves, while it is
Vesh, is very effectual to cleanse the skin, and make it
fair ; and if cloths be often wet therein, and applied to
the rupturetfi of children, it heals them, if they oe well
bound up with a truss. The said water put into a glass,
and set into the ground, or else in dung for twenty-five
days, the mouth thereof being close stopped, and the bot-
tom set upon a lay of oniinary salt, tnat the foeces may
settle ana water become clear, is a singular and sovereign
balm for green wounds, being used with soft tents the :

decoction of the bark of the root fomented, mollifies hard

tomonra, and the shrinking of the 8inewi»
 132 orn^PEPBtt's complbts hebbal^

ENDIVE.—<C'wAorti«m Endivia.)
Descnp, —Common garden Endive bears a longer and
larger leaf than succory, and abides but one year, quicklj
running up to stalk and seed, and then perishing. It has
blue flowers, and the seed is so much like that of succory,
that it is hard to distinguish it.
Place. — It is chiefly cultivated in gardens.
—
Time. The first sowing should be in May.
—
Oovernment and Virtries. It is an herb of Jupiter, and
is a fine cooling cleansing plant : the decoction of the
leaves, or the juice, or tLe distilled water of Endive,
serves to cool the excessive heat of the liver and stomach,
as also the hot fits of agues, and all other inflammations.
It cools the heat and sharoness of the urine, and the ex-
coriations into the uritory parts. The seeds have the same
properties, though rather more powerful, and besides, are
available for faintings, swoonings, and the passions of the
heart Outwardly applied, they serve to temper the
Bharp humours of fretting ulcers, hot tumours ana swell-
ings, and pestilential sores ; they greatly assist not only
the redness and inflammation of the eves, but the dimneBS
of flight, and also allay the pains of the gout.

ERINGO, OB SEA B,01AjY .-^Eryngium Maritimum,)

Detcrip, —Common Eryngo has pretty large, white, and
long roots, which spread much in the earth, and run deep
in the same. The leaves are hard, stiff, and veiny, nar-
row at bottom, and broad and roundish at the end, with
several lacinise terminating in sharp prickles ; the stalk
arises not to any great height, being smooth, crested, and
channelled ; the leaves on the stalks are less, and rather
stiffer, set on without foot-stalks, with prickly edges. At
the ends of the branches come forth round, somewhat
{)rickly, heads,beset with stiff narrow leaves, growing
ike a star under them ; the flowers are set in these heads,
of a greenish white colour, each in a separate calyx, like
the teasel, succeeded by flattish seed.
—
Place. It grows by the sea-side, in many places, in
sandy ground.
Time.— It flowers in June and July. The roots only
are used.
—
Oovemmeiit and Virtues. The plant is venereal, and
breeds seed exceedingly, and strengthens the spirit pro-
 CULPErXR's COirPLFTB HERBAL. 133

ereative ; hot and moist, aud under the celestial

it ii
balance. Thedecoction of the root hereof in wine, is
very effectual to open obsti-uctions of the spleen an d liver,
and helps yellow jaundice, dropsy, pains of the loins,
wind colic, provokes urine, expels the stone, and procures
women's courses. The contmued use of the aecoction
for fifteen days, taken fasting, and next to bed ward, helps
the strangury, the voiding of urine by drops, the stop-
ping of urine, and stone, and all defects of the reins and
Kidneys if the said drink be continued longer, it is said
:

that it cures the stone. It is found good against the

venereal. The roots bruised and applied outwardly, helps
the kernels of the throat, commonly called the king's-evil ;
or taken inwardly, and applied to the place stung or bitten
by any serpent, heals it speedily. If the roots be bruised,
and boiled inhog's grease, or salted lard, and applied to
broken bones, thorns, &c. remaining in the flesh, they not
only draw them forth^ but heal up the place again, gather-
ing new flesh where it was consumed. The juice of the
leaves dropped into the ear, helps impoethumes therein.

EVEWEED, OK DOUBLE ROCKET.)—(iTaptfrw

Matronalit.)

Descrip. —This grows with a round, upright firm stalk,

but the top of it usually droops. The leaves are placed
irregularly on it, and are oblong and broad at the base
they are dented along the edges, and sharp at the point
their colour is a dusky green at the bottom, but the upper
onee grow lighter. The flowers are large, sometimes
white and blue, or purple.
Place, —
It is a native of our northern counties, Cum-
berland and Westmoreland.
—
Time, It flowers in May.
—
Qomrwi i ent and Virtue*. It is a plant of Majrs, yet it
is aocoanted a good wound herb. Some eat it with bread
and butter on account of its taste, which resembles gar-
lick. Its juice, taken a spoonful at a time, is excellent
against obstructions of the viscera it works by urine.
:

In some places it is a constant ingredient in clysters.

VTEBBIQUT,— (Euphrasia Offlcinalis,)

Deterip.— Common Eyebright is a small low herb,

rising up usually but with one blackish green stalk a
tpan nigh, or not much more, spread from the bottom
184 culpepbr'b oompletk herbal.
into landiy braDches, whereon are small and almost
round, yet pointed, dark green leaves, finely snipped
about the edges, two always set together, and very thick :
at the joints with the leaves, from the middle upward,
iX)me forth small white flowers, steeped with purple and
vellow spots, or stripes ; after which follow small round
heads, with very small seed therein. The root is long,
small, and thready at the end.
—
Place. ^It grows in meadows and grassy places in this
country.
—
Time, It flowers in July.
—
Oovemmeni and Virtues. It is under the sign of the
Lion, and Sol claims dominion over it. The juice, or
distilled water of Eyebright, taken inwardly in white
wine or broth, or dropped into the eyes, for divers days
together, helps all infirmities of the eyes that cause dim-
ness of sight. Some make conserve of the flowers to the
same effect. Being used any of these ways, it also helps
a weak brain, or memory.
FAVEREL (WOOLLY.)— (i)ra6a Incana,)
Deecrip. —
^The root is composed of many long and thick
fibres, and the leaves grow in tufts at the bottom of the
stalk ; they are of a deep green, oblong pointed, and very
rough and harsh to the touch. The stalk is upright,
slender, and green there are no leaves on it, but towards
;

the top grow small star-like pale green flowers, with yel-
low threads in the centre. The seed vessel is small, and
the seeds are numerous and brown.
—
Pla/ie, They are common in Yorkshire and Westmore-
land, and other northern counties,
Tijne. — They sometimes flower as early as April, and,
according to their situation, may not come out June.
till
Oovemmeni and Virtues. —They are under the domi-
nion of the Moon. The leaves and roots are commended
by the ancients against the sciatica, being beaten into a
cataplasm with hog's lard, and applied to the part aflect-
ed, and kept on four hours to a man, and two to a wo-
man, and the place afterwards washed with wine and oil.
FELWORT.—(^iMrtia Perennit,)
Deecrip. —Aspecies approaching gentian, for which it
is often taken by the common herbalists. The root is
gmall, long, brown, and divided, and has a bitter taste.
 CULPEPER'8 complete nBUBAIu 115

The stalks are of a brownish colour, rigid, firm, straight,

A little branched, and from three to eight or ten inches
high. The leaves are of a dusky green, and the flowers
are blue. The seed is small and brown.
Plac€,—lt is common in hilly pastures,
TimA— It flowers in April and May.
—
Oov«rnment and Virtues. It is like gentian under the
dominion of Mars, and a very good stomachic, but infe-
rior to that great kind, the foreign gentian. The country
people use it as an ingredient in making bitters, mixing
it with orange peel, steeped in wine.

FENNEL {COMiiiO^.y-iArethum Fcenicidum.)

Detcrip. —It has large, thick, white roots, which run
deep into the ground, much dividing, beset with small
fibrea It has large winged leaves, of a dark green,
divided into many segments, of long, slender, very fine,
capilaceous parts. The stalk grows to four feet in height,
much divided, and full of whitish pith. The flowers are
found at the top in flat umbels, of small yellow five-leaved
flowers, each of which is succeeded by a couple of round-
ish, somewhat flat, striated brown seed. The whole plant
has a very strong, but not unpleasant smelL
—
Place. It is generally planted in gardens, but it grows
wild in several parts, towards the sea-^xxast, and in the
northern counties.
—
Time. It flowers in June and July,
GiUMmmmU and Virtue*. —Fennel is good to break
wind, to provoke urine, and ease the pains of the stone,
and helps to break it The leaves or seed, boiled in barley
water, and drunk, are good for nurses, to increase their
milk, and make it more wholesome for the child. The
iMves, or rather the seeds, boiled in water, stays the hic-
cough, and takes away the loathings, which oftentimes
happen to the stomachs of sick and feverish persons, and
.illays the heat thereot The seed boiled in wine and
Irunk, is good for those that are bit with serpents, or
have eat poisonous herbs, or mushrooms. The seed, and
the roots much more, help to open obstructions of the
liver, spleen, and gall, ancl thereoy ease the {>ainful and
windy swellings of the spleen, and the yellow jaundice ;
as also the gout and cramps. The seed is of good use in
medicines, to help shortness of breath and wheezing, by
stopping of the lungSi It asuiats also to brini; down tbit
186 CTJLPEPKR'B COMPT.ETE HEBBiXb

courses, and to cleanse the parts after deliverj. The roots

are of most use in physic drinks and broths, that are
taken to cleanse the blood, to open obstructions in the
liver, to provoke urine, and amend the ill colour in the
face after sickness, and to cause a good habit through the
body. Both leaves, seeds, and roots thereof, are much
used in drink or broth, to make people lean that are too
fat. The distilled water of the whole herb, or the con-
densed juice dissolved, but especially the natural juice,
that in some counties issues out of its own accord, drop-
ped into the eyes cleanses them from mists and films that
binder the sight.

FENNEL (SOW or KOG'S.)-^Peucedanum Officinale.)

Callbd also Hoar-strange, Hoar-strong, Sulphur-wortt

and Brimstone-wort.
Detcrip,— The common Sow-Fennel has divers branched
stalks of thick and somewhat long leaves, three for the
most part joined together at a place, amon^ which arises
a crested straight stalk, less than Fennel, with some joints
thereon, and leaves growing thereat, and towards the
tops some branches issuing from thence ; likewise on the
tops of the stalks and branches stand divers tufts of yel-
low flowers, whereafter grows somewhat flat, thin, and
yellowish seed, bigger than Fennel seed.
Place. — It grows plentifully in the salt low marshes near
Faversham in Kent
Time,— It flowers plentifully in July and Au^st
—
Oovemment and Virtues. This is also an herb of Mer-
cury. The juice of Sow-Fennel, says Dioscorides, and Ga-
len, used with vinegar and rose water, or the juice with a
little Euphorbium put to the nose, helps those that are
troubled with the lethargy, frenzy, giddiness of the head,
the falling sickness, long and inveterate head-ache, the
palsy, sciatica, and the cramp, and generally all the
diseases of the sinews, used with oil and vinegar. The
juice dissolved in wine, or put into an egg^ is ^od for a
cough, or shortness of breath, and for those that are trou-
bled with wind in the body. It purges the belly gently,
expels the hardness of the spleen, gives ease to women
that have sore travail in child-birth, and easeth the pains
of the reins and bladder, and also the womb. A little of
the juice dissolved in wine, and dropped into the eai-s,
eases much of the pains in them, and put into a hollow
tooth, easeth the pains thereof.
 CITIiPSPSB'B COUPLETS HSRBJLL. 187

FENNEL TLOWEEL-^NtgeUa Sativa,

D^scrip. —
Thii plant has a imall sticky root, which
perishes ever year, after ripening the seed. The stalk
rises to be a foot and a half, or two feet high, hollo^^
branched and channelled, having several finely lacinated
leaves, pretty much resembling those of lark-spurs, set al-
ternately on them. The flowers ctow on the end of the
branches, of five small, white, sharp-pointed leaves a-
piece, with several stamina in the middle, and are suc-
ceeded by oblong round tumid heads, having on their tops
five or six crooked horns ; the seed is black and somewhat
sweet
—It sown in gardens.
Plac€. is
— flowers in June and July,
Time. It
Oovemment and Virtuei, —This also under Mercury.
is
The seed only is used. It is accounted heating and dry-
ing, and is said likewise to provoke urine, and to help ter-
tian and quartan agues ; but is seldom used.

FENUGREEK.— (T'ri^onetta Fcenum Orcecvm,)

Called Greek Hayea

also
—
Ducrip. It STOWS up with tender stalks, round, black-
ish, hollow, and full of branches the leaves are divided
:

into three parts, like those of trefoil : the flowers are pale
or whitish, not much unlike the blossoms of lupines, but
smaller. After these are fallen away, there follow Ions
husks, crooked and sharp pointed, wherein is contained
the seed, which is of a yellowish colour. The root is full
of mail hanging hairs.
Plae€. — It is a native of France, and ii found here in
thegardens of the curious.
Tinu. —It bloMoms in July, and the seed is ripe in
August.
—
Uawmment vnd Virtues. It is under the influence of
Mercury, hot in the seoond degree, and dry in the first.
The seed which is sold by druggists and apothecaries, is
only used in medicine. The decoction, or broth of the
seed, drank with a little vinegar, expels and purges all
superfluous humours which cleave to the bowels the :

same decoction, first made with dates, and afterwards

made into a syrup with honey, cleanses the breast, chest,
and lungs, and may be taken with success for any com-
plaint thereof, provided the patient be not alHicted with
198 citlpipeb's completb hchbal.

a fever or head-ache, aa this lynip being hurtful to th«

head, would rather increase than alleviate those disorders.
It is of a softening and dissolving nature, therefore
the meal thereof being boiled in mead, or honey-water,
consumes, softens, and dissolves hard swellings and
imposthumes also a paste thereof, with saltpetre and
:

vinegar, softens and wastes the hardness and swellings

of the spleen. It is good for women who are afflicted
with an imposthume, ulcer, or stoppage in the matrix,
to bathe and sit in a decoction thereof ; also a suppository
made of the juice of this plant, and conveyed to the
neck of the matrix, wUl mollify and soften all hardness
thereof.

FERN (BRAKE or BRACKEN).—CP^tfrii Aquilina,)

Detcrip, —
Of this there are two kinds principally to be
treated of, viz. the Male and Female. The Female grows
higher than the Male, but the leaves thereof are lesser,
and more divided or dented, and of as strong a smell aa
the Male the virtues of them are both alike.
:

—
Place. They grow but too frequently upon commons
and heaths.
Time.— They flower and seed at Midsummer.
—
Government and Virtues. They are under the dominion
of Mercury, both Male and Female. The roots of both those
sorts of Fern being bruised and boiled in moad, or honeyed
water, and drunk, kills both the broad and long worms in
the body, and abates the swelling and hardness of the
spleen. The green leave}> eaten, purge the belly, and ex-
pel choleric and waterish humours that trouble the stomach.
They are dangerous for women with child to meddle with
by reason they cause abortions. The roots bruised and
boiled in oil, or ho^s grease, make a very profitable oint-
ment to heal wounds, or pricks gotten in the flesh. The
powder of them used in foul ulcers, dries up their malig-
nant moisture, and causes their speedier healing.

FERN (OSMOND ROYAL, or WATER.}-^ Otmunda

Eegdlis.)

JDescrip. —This
is the biggest of our English Ferns,
ending forth several large branched leaves, whose long
broad pinuulie are not at all indented about the edges
like the other Ferns ; they are of a light yellow colour ;
among these arise several stalks, which have the like leaves
 ottlpepxr'8 complstx herbal. 18V
growing on them, set one against another, longer, narrower,
and not nicked on the edges as the former.
Place. —It fi^rows on moors, bogs, and watery places, In
many parts of this country.
Time. — Itis green all the summer, and the root only
abides in winter.
Oovemment and Virtues. —
Saturn owns theplant. This
has the virtues mentioned in the former Ferns, and is
all
much more effectual than they, both for inward and out-
ward uses ; and is accounted singularly good in wounds,
bruises, or the like ; the decoction to be drunk, or boiled
into an ointment of oil, as a balsam or balm, and so it is
singularly good against bruises, and bones broken, or out
of joint, and gives much ease to the colic and splenetic
diseases ; as also ruptures and burstings.

FEVERFEW, or FEATHERFEW.— (Pyrc^Arwrn, or

Matricaria Parthenittm,)
Descrip. —Common Featherfew has large, fresh, greet
leaves, much
torn or cut on the ed^es. The stalks are hard
and round, set with many such like leaves, but smaller ;
and at the tops stand many single flowers, upon small
foot-stalks, consisting of many small white leaves, stand-
ing round about a yellow thrum in the middle. The root
is somewhat hard and short, with many strong fibres about
it The scent of the whole plant is very strong, and the
taste is very bitter.
—
Place. This grows mild in many places of the country,
but is for the most part nourished in ^rdens.
—
TVme. It flowers in the months of June and July.
Oovemment and —
Venus commands this herb,
Vvrtvse.
and has commended to succour her sisters (women,) to
it
be a general strengthener of their wombs, and to remedy
such infirmities as a careless midwife has there caused ; if
they will be pleased to make use of her herb boiled in white
wine, and drink the decoction, it cleanses the womb, ex-
pels the afterbirth, and does a woman all the good she can
desire of an herb. And if any grumble because they can-
not get the herb in winter, tell them. If they please, they
may make a syrup of it in summer: it is chieuy used for
the disease of the mother, whether it be the strangling or
rising of the mother, or hardness or inflammations of ths
same, applied outwardly thereunto. Or a decoctiou of the
flowers in wine, with a little nutmeg or mace put there.
140

and drank often in a daj, is an approyed remedy to bring

down women's courses speedily, and helps to expel the
dead-birth and after-birth. For a woman to sit over the
hot fumes of the decoction of the herb made in water or
wine, is effectual for the same and in some cases, to ap-
;

ply the boiled herb warm to the privy parts. The decoc-
tion thereof, made with some sugar or honey put thereto,
is used by many with good success to help the cough and
stuffing of the chest, by colds ; as also to cleanse the reins
and bladder, and helps to expel the stone in them. The
powder of the herb taken in wine, with some oxymel, pur-
ges both choler and phlegm, and is available for those that
are short-winded, and are troubled with melancholy and
heaviness, or sadness of spirits. It is very effectual for all
Eains in the head coming of a cold cause, the herb being
ruised and applied to the crown of the head : as also for
the vertigo, that is, a running or swimming of the head.
The decoction thereof drank warm, and the herb bruised,
with a few corns of bay-salt, and applied to the wrists
before the coming of the ague fits, does take them away.

PEVEKFEW (CORN.)—PyreMntm, or Matricaria'

ChamomUla.
—
Descrip, ^This is an hateful weed to farmers ; but yet
itpossess virtues that may recompense all the damage it
can do among the com. It sometmies grows to a foot and
a half high, with a pale, slender, branchy stalk : the leaves
are of a pale green, and they have no smell. The flowers
are large and white, with a high yellow disc in the middle,
and the leaves are cut into many parts as fine as threads.
—
Plaice, ^They are found commonly in com-field&
—
Time, They bloom in July.
—
Oovemment and Virtues, ^These have the virtues of
the flowers of camomile, but with more cordial warmth.
For those who have cold and weak stomachs, scarcely any
thins equals them. They are best taken by way of infu-
sionlike tea.
FEVERFEW (SEA.)-(P^eMrMm» or Matricaria
Maritima,)
—
Descrip, This grows about eight inches high, upright,
and branchy. The stalk is thick and ruddy ; and the leaves
are of a dull green, thick, swelled up, hollow underneath,
and composed of many parts, which are again cut down to
the rib. The flowers are white, with a low yellowish disc.
 141

—
Plae€. This ii a sea-side pereuaiiil plant, fretjueutlj
foand in Cornwall.
Time, — Tbey bloom in August
Government and rir^M^.— This is a weed of our waste
marshes, where it grows in its greatest perfection. Some
curious physic gardeners have produced it, but it is not
then so full of virtue as when found wild. The virtues of
Feverfew are very great It is an excellent deobstruent.
It is, as observed before, a great promoter of the menses,
and cures those hysteric complaints which rise from their
obstruction. It also destroys worms. In short, the
virtues of any sorts of Feverfew are beyond all praise,
and above all valae.

FEVERFEW (SWEET.)—(Pyrtf^Arttm, or Matricaria

Siiaveolens.)

—
Detcrip. The leaves of these Feverfews are stringy
and very narrow, but the flower indicates the species.
The stalks ai*e stiff, round, or striated, two feet high or
more, clothed with smaller leaves, and pretty much
branched towards the top, on which grow large flat um-
bels of flowers, made of several white petals, broader and
shorter than those of camomile, set about a yellow thrum.
The root is thick at the head, having manv flbres under
it ; the whole plant has a very strong, and, to most, an
ODpleaaant smell
Place. —
They grow in hedges and lanes.
Time,— They flower in June and July. The leaves and
flowers are used.
—
Govemnieni and Virtues. The virtues of Feverfew are
very great it is an herb particularly appropriated to the
;

female sex, being of great service in all cola flatulent dis-

orders of the womb, and hysteric affections ; procuring
the catamenia, and expelling the birth and secundines.
The joioe to the quantity of two ounces, given an hour
before the fit, is good for all kinds of agues. It likewise
destroys worms, provokes urine, and is ^>od for the dropsy
and jaundice.
FlQ.TREE.—(Ficu8 Carica.)
Detcrip. —
The Fig-tree seldom grows to be a tree of any
§reat bigness in our parts, being clothed with large leaves
igger than vine-leaves, full of nigh veins, and divided for
ine most part into five blunt-pointed segments, yielding a
thin milky juice when broken. It bears no viable flowera.
14S oulpepbr's complete herbal.

Place. —Thej prosper very well in our English gardens,

yet are fitter for medicine than for any other profit that
is gotten by the fruit of them.
—
Oovernment and Virtues. ^The tree is under the domi-
nion of Jupiter. The milk that issues out from the leaves
or branches where they are broken off, being dropped
upon warts, takes them away. The decoction of the
leaves is excellent good to wash foreheads with. It clears
the face also of morphew, and the body of white scurf,
scabs, and running sores. If it be dropped into old fret-
ting ulcers, it cleanses out the moisture, and brings up the
flesh ; because you cannot have the leaves green all the
year, you may make an ointment of them whilst you can.
A decoction of the leaves being drunk inwardly, or rather
a syrup made of them, dissolves congealed blood caused
by bruises or falls, and helps the bloody flux. The ashes
of the wood made into an ointment with hog's grease, helps
kibes and chilblains. The juice being put into a hollow
tooth, eases pain ; as also deafness and pain and noises in
the ears, being dropped into them. An ointment made
of the juice and hogs* grease, is as excellent a remedy for
the biting of mad do^s, or other venomous beasts, as most
are ; a syrup made of the leaves, or green fruits, is excel-
lent for coughs, hoarseness, or shortness of breath, and all
diseases of the breast and lungs it is very good for the
:

dropsy and falling-sickness.

FIG-WORT, OB TBB,OATWOB,T.-^ Scrophularia

Nodosa,)
—
Bescrip. Common Great Figwort sends divers great,
strong, hard, square, brown stalks, three or four feet high,
whereon grow large, hard, and dark green leaves, two at
a joint, harder and larger than nettle l^ves, but not sting-
ing ; at the tops of the stalks stand many purple flowers
set in husks, which are sometimes gaping and open, some-
what like those of water betony ; after which come hard
round heads, with a small point in the middle, wherein
lie small brownish seed. The root is great, white, and
thick, with manv branches at it, growing aslope under the I
upper crust of the ground, which abides many years, but
keeps not its green leaves in winter.
— grows frequently in moist and shadowy
Place. It
woods, and in the lower parts of the and meadows.
fields
Time. —It flowers about July, and the seed will be ripe
about a month after the flowers are fallen
 OtTLPKPKR'8 OOMPLKTE HKREAL. 148

Oovemment and Virtues. —

Some Latin authors call it
Cervicaria, because appropriated to the neck ; and we
it is
Throat-wort, because it is appropriated to the throat.
Venus owns the herb, and the Celestial Bull will not denj
it ; therefore a better remedy cannot be for the king's-
tvii, because the Moon that rules the disease is exalted
there. The decoction of the herb taken inwardly, and
the braised herb applied outwardly, dissoWes clotted and
congealed blood within the body, coming by any wounds,
bmiBe, or fall and is no less effectual for the king's-evil,
;

ar any other knobs, kernels, bunches, or wens growing in

the flesh wheresoever ; and for the haemorrhoids, or piles.

FIGWORT (WATEK)—{8crophularia AquaHca.)

—
Descrip. This has lar^r and taller stalks than the
former, less branched, havmg larger leaves, round-pointed,
and in shape like betony, growmg on longer foot-stalks.
The flowers are in shape like the former, but a little
larger, and of a redder colour ; the seed-vessel and seed
much alike. But the root has none of the knots or tuber-
clea.
Place. — It CTowi b^- watery-places, and ditch sides.
Time. — It flowers m June. The root is used.
Government and Virtues. — It is much of the nature of
the former, and where that is not to be had, it may supply
its place ; it is likewise detersive and vulnerary, ana is
commended by some as good against the itch.
FILIPENDULA.—(''Siptrea FilipendtUa.)
Called also Dropwort
Descrip. —
It shoots forth many leaves of various sizes,
growing on each side of a rib, and much dented on the
edm^ somewhat resembling wild tansy or agrimony, but
feel much harder among these rise up one or more stalks,
:

two or three feet high, spreading itself into many branch-

es^ each bearing several white sweet-smelling flowers
consisting of five leaves a-piece, with small threads in the
middle they stand tofjetner in a tuft or umbel, each up-
:

on a small foot-stalk, and are succeeded by round chany

heads, like buttous, which contain the seed.
Place. — It grows in manv places of this kingdom, in
the comen of dry fields and meadows, and also by hedge-
tidet
7tm«.— They flower in Jane and July, and their seed \m
ripe in AagoAt.
144

—
Chv§minent and Virtues. It is under the dominion ci
Venus, and is very serviceable to open the urinary pas-
sages, to help the strangury, and all other pains of the
bladder and reins, and to expel the stone ana gravel, by
taking the root in powder, or a decoction of these in white
wine, sweetened with sugar the same also helps to expel
:

the after-birth. The root made into powder, and mixed

with honey, after the manner of an electuary, is good for
those whose stomachs are swollen (breaking and expelling
the wind which was the cause thereof) as also for all dir*
eases of the lungs, for the shortness of breath, wheezings,
hoarseness, coughs, and to expectorate cold phlegm. It is
called Dropwort, because it gives ease to those who evacu-
ate their water by drops.

FIR-TREE.—)PtnM« Picea.)

Detcrip. —There are two sorts of Fir ; one called the

Silver or Yew -leaves, which is reckoned an exotic, com-
ing originally from Germany, and only planted in gardens ;
but the common pitch- tree, or picea, which is a native
with us, differs from it only in that the leaves are smaller
and slenderer, sharp and prickly at the ends, standing
thicker together, and encompassing the stalk without any
order. The cones are longer than those of the Yew-leaved,
and hang downwards.
—
Plac9. It grows wild in the northern parts of Eng-
land, but the Scotch Fir is another distinct species from
both these : it is the wild pine. The leaves are long and
blueish.
Oovernment and Virtuet, —Jupiter owns this tree. The
leaves and tops of both sorts are used in diet-drinks for
the scurvy, for which they are higMy commended by the
inhabitants of the northern countries. From this tree, of
which there grow great numbers in several parts of Ger-
many, is gotten the Strasburg turpentine, which is clearer,
of a pale colour, and of a thinner consistence than Venice
turpentine, of a bitterish taste, and of a pleasant smell, a
little like lemon-peel. It is of a mollifying, healing, and
cleansing nature ; and, besides its uses outwardly in
wounds and ulcers, is a good diuretic, and of great use in
a gonorrhsea and the fluor albus ; given in clysters mixed
with the yolk of an eggf it is very serviceable against the
stone and gravel It is likewise a good pectoral, and often
i^Ton in anections of the breast and iongi.
DyentOud. J^J^otmL hirdedDoek.

Lftop¥fot%.
EadJiNut'.
fyeBri^l
Fro^Ui.
Fever hw.
 CUIiPEPEB'S COBfFLSTB HERBAL. 14i

Tar is likewise the product of these trees, wlicb is by

some accounted a good pectoral medicine, and used for ob-
structions of the luDgs, and shortness of breath.
From the young branches of the Piniu i46t«»*i8 produced
the famous spruce beer and the juice which runs from the
;

trunk, upon its being tapped, is what is sold in the shops

here under the name of the Balm of Gilead. The young
tops of this tree make an excellent antiscorbutic either
infused or boiled in beer or wine ; experience has suffi-
ciently confirmed their efficacy in that distemper in oui
American plantations, where the inhabitants used to be
severely afflicted vitb it, who since they have taken to
brewing a kind of liquor or molasses, in which they boil
the youne Fir-tops in the room of hops, they are very
little troubled with the scurvy ; and many of our sailors
whose diet on board of ships makes them subject to it,
have had reason to commend that liquor. This tree yields
two resinous substances ; a thin liquid sort, which comes
forth from the young Firs, and is known in the shops by
the name of Strasburg turpentine ; and a dry substance
resembling frankincense, to which it is not unlike in
quality.

FLAG (YELLOW,) or FLEUR-DE-LYS.—T/rw

Ptettdacorut,)

CAIiLXD also Myrtle Flag, and Myrtle Grass.

Descrip. —
This plant is distiu^uished from all others,
in that, among its leaves, which are much longer and
narrower than the Garden Fleur-de-Lys, there arises one
or two like the rest, only somewhat narrower, thicker
and rounder towards the top, near to which come forth
single juli, rarely two, in shape like the catkin of the
hazel, or like long pepper, but ending more taper, and
standing up obliquely from the leaf. The root is thick,
full of joints, and spreads itself on the upper part of the
earth, transversely, and not sinking deep in it, being full
of large white fibres, increasing much, and soon taking a
great deal of ground. It has a strong smell, not so plea-
sant while green, but growing more grateful and aromatic
as it dries.
—
It growi in several rivulets, and watery places
Pl<iC6.
in England, as about Norwich, and in Cheshire and Surrey,
•ocorcung to Mr. Ray ; but what is osed in the shops, if
mosUj imported from abroad
146 cttlpeper's complete hebbal.
Titne. —
It produces its catkins in July and August
Government and Virtiies.—Fl&ga are under Lunar domf-
niou. The roots, which only are used, are hot and dry,
opening and attenuating, and good for the obstructions of
the liver and spleen provoke urine and the menses, help
;

the colic, resist putrefaction, are useful

against pestilen-
tialcontagions and corrupt noxious air ; are an ingredient
in the theriaca and mithridate, and are outwardly used in
Bweet bags and perfumes.

FLAG (BASTARD WATER.)— (Acorus Adultennut.)

Descrip. —This iris, that grows so common in ditches
and watery places, bears leaves like the common Fleur-
de-Lys, only somewhat longer and narrower ; the stalk
rises higher, on the top of which grow three or four
flowers, one above another, flowering gradually in shape
like an ordinary Fleur-de-Lys, only that they want the
upright leaves, instead of which they have only small
pieces of leaves in their places. The flowers are succeeded
oy large triangular seed-vessels, containing three rows of
flat seed.
Oovemment and Virtties. — It is under the dominion
of the Moon. The spicy bitterness of the root of this
plant bespeaks it a streugtheuer of the stomach and head,
and therefore may fitly be put into any composition of
that intention. The root preserved may with good suc-
cess be used by itself, and both the Oermans and Turks
are very fond of it, and reckon it a great preservative
against infectious air, which makes them commonly eat a
piece of the preserved root fasting. The leaves having a
very grateful flavour, are, by some nice cooks, put into
sauce for fish.
FLAX. (Linum Utitatissimum.)

Descrip, —Flax has round slender

nnbranched stalks, a
yard or more high, clothed with many long, narrow,
sharp-pointed, glaucous leaves on the tops of the stalks
;

grow a pretty many small five- leaved blue flowers, soon

Falling oflf and are followed by round heads, or seed-
;

vessels, each divided into about ten partitions, containing

asmany oblong, flattish, shining brown seed. The root
issmall and woody, and dies as soon as the seed is ripe.
Of the bark of the stalks of this plant, which is tough,
and made up of a great many slender filaments, is made
linen cloth.
 CITLPEPER'S complete HBSBAxi. U7
Place. — It is sown in fields.
— It flowers in June, the seed only used,
Time. is
Oovemment and Virtues. — Mercury owns this useful
Elant Theseed, which is usually called linseed, is emol-
ent, digesting, and ripening ; of great use against inflam-
mations, tumours, and imposthumes, and is frequently
put into fomentations and cataplasms, for those purposes.
Cold-drawn linseed oil is of great service in all diseases
of the breast and lungs, as pleurisies and peripneuemoiiia,
coughs, asthma and consumption. It likewise helps the
colic and stone, both taken at the mouth, and given in
clysters. The oil, by expression, is the only officinal
preparation.

FLAX-WEED.—("Zinana vulgaris.)
Called also Toad-Flax.
Descrip. —
Our common Flax weed has divers stalks full
fraught with long and narrow ash-coloured leaves, and
from the middle of them almost upward, stored with a
number of pale yellow flowers, of a strong unpleasant
scent, with aeeper yellow mouths, and blackish flat seed
in round heads. The root is somewhat woody and white,
especially the main downright one, with many fibres, abid-
ing many years, shooting forth roots every way round
about, and new branches every year.
Place.— T\i\% grows by the way-sides and in meadows,
as also by hedge -sides and upon the sides of banks, and
borders of tieldsj
Time. —
It flowers in summer, and the seed is ripe usu-
ally before the end of August.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. Mars owns the herb. In
Saasex we call it gallwort, and lay it in our chickens' water
to cure them of the gall ; it relieves them when they are
drooping. This is frequently used to spend the abundance
of those watery humours by urine, which cause the dropsy.
The decoction of the l^erb, both leaves and flowers, in wine
taken and drunk, does somewhat move the belly down-
wards, opens obstructions of the liver, and helps the yellow
jaundice ; expels jjoison, provokes women's courses, drives
forth the dead child, and after-birth. The distilled water
of the herb and flowers is effectual for aU the same pur-
poses ; V>eing drunk with a dram of the powder or the
needs of bark or the root8 of wall-wort, and a little cinna-
Boo. for certain ditys together, it is held a singular remedy
148 CULPEPPER'S COMPLETE HERB1.I1
for the dropsy. The juice of the herb, or the distilled
water, dropped into the eyes, is a certain remedy for all
beat, inflammation, and redness in them. The juice or
water put into foul ulcers, whether they be cancerous or
fistulous, with tents rolled therein, or the parts washed
and injected therewith, cleanses them thoroughly from
the bottom, and heals them up safely. The same juice or
water also cleanses the skin wonderfully of all sorts of
deformity, as leprosy, morphew, scurf, wheals, pimples,
or spots, applied of itself, or used with some powder of
lupiii«3.

(FLEABANE (CANADA,)— Erigeron Canaderue,)

Called also Simson.
Detcrip. —
The stalk is of a dusky green, tinged with
brown, and the lower leaves are broad, and rudely dent-
ed ; the upper narrow and undivided, and all of a dead
green. Tne flowers are white, but of no beauty.
Place, —
This is an annual, that grows on our dry banks,
and among rubbish sometimes it is found not six inches
:

high, sometimes two feet or more.

—
Time. They bloom in August and September.
—
Oavemment and Virtttes. It is under Venus. The
juice of this, as well as the sweet Fleabane, or Eri^eron
Acre, is an excellent pectoral ; but being unpleasant is not
often used ; however, if the decoction or infusion be
sweetened with capilary or syrup of Maidenhair, it may
be used with success in consumptive cases.
FLEABANE (MAKSH.)—^^c/wjcu) wdgarit.)
Called also Common
Rag- wort or Rag- weed, Groundsel,
St. James's-wort, Stagger- wort, Hammer-wort, and by
some confounded with Segruiu.
—
Descrip. This has many large and long leaves, of a
fresh ^een, very smooth and delicate, lying on thf
ground; the leaves are deeply cut at the edges, fron.
which rise up sometimes but one, and sometimes two or
three square or crested blackish or brownish stalks, three
or four feet high, sometimes branched, bearing divers such-
like leaves upon them, at several distances unto the top,
where it branches forth into many stalks bearing yellow
flowers, consisting oi divers leaves, set as a pale or border,
with a dark yellow thrum in the middle, which abides a
great while, but wX last are turned into down, and, with
 OVLPEPER'8 cokpletx hebbau 149

the maall blackish grey seed, are carried away with the
wind. The root is made of many fibres, whereby it ia
firmly fastened into the ground, and abides many years.
Place.— They grow wild in pastures, and untillea
grounds.
—
Time. They flower in June and July, and the seed is
ripe in August.
OovemmerU and Virtue*. —Fleabane or Ragweed ia under
the command of Dame Venus ; and cleanses, digests, and
discusses. Thedecoction of the herb is good to wash the
mouth or throat that has ulcers or sores therein ; and for
iwellinga, hardness, or imposthumations, for it thorough-
ly cleanses and heals them ; as also the (^uinsey, and the
king's-eviL It helps to stay catarrhs, thm rheums, and
defiuxions from the head into the eyes, nose, or luuga
The juice is found by experience to be singularly food to
heal green wounds, and to cleanse and heal all old filthy
ulcers in the privities, and in other parts of the body, as
also inward wounds and ulcers ; stays the malignity of
fretting and running cankers, and hollow fistulas, not
Butfering them to spread farther. It is also much commend-
ed to help aches and pains either in the fleshy part, or in
the nerves and sinews as also the sciatica, or pain of the
;

hipe or huckle-bone, to bathe the places with the decoc-

tion of the herb, or to anoint them with an ointment made
of the herb, bruised and boiled in hog's-suet, with some
mastic and oLibanum in powder added to it after it is
strained forth.

FLEABANE {MABSO.,)-^ Engeron viscoeum.)

Called also Bird's Tongue.
Descrit). —This the Pulicaria of Lobel, and so called,
is
because by its smell it drives away and destroys fleas and
gnats, has a small strini^y root full of fibres, from which
spring round, succulent, striated stalks, which are shorter
or taller, according to the soil it grows in, and frequently
of a reddish colour, the lower leaves are about two inches
long, and half an inch broad the flowers grow on the
;

tops of the branches, without any petals or border, con-

sisting only of fistular yellow flowers, growing in a green
striated calyx, which afterwards turns into down.
i"a^«.— It grows in moist places, and where water La#
•iohI all wint^ff.
Time, — It flowers in August and 2>4'pUuub«r,
 150 ctjlpepeb's complete herbal.
—
Government and Virtues. The juice of this herb taken
in ale, is accounted by some a gentle vomit, and of use
to help pains in the stomach, and evacuate choler, and to
help the jaundice ; it likewise destroys wormai Out-
wardly applied it is useful in scrofulous tumors and in-
flammations of the breast, and helps scald-heads. It is
under Venus. The juice provokes urine, and expels gra-
vel in the reins or kidneys, a dram thereof being given in
oxymel, after walking or stirring of the body. It helps
also the sciatica, griping of the belly, the colic, defects of
the liver, and provokes women's courses. The fresh herb
boiled, and made into a poultice, applied to the breasts of
women that are swollen with pain and heat, as also the
privy parts of man or woman, the seat or fundament, or
the arteries, joints, and sinews, when they are inflamed
and swollen, does much ease them and used with some
;

salt, helps to dissolve knots or kernels in any part of the

body. The leaves and flowers, with some fine frankin-
cense in powder, used in wounds of the body, nerves or
sinews, oo singularly help to heal them. The distilled
water oi iLe herb performs well all the aforesaid cures,
but especially for inflammations or watering of the eyes,
by reason of the defluxions of rheum into them.
FLEABANE (MOUNTAIN.)—(^^cTwcio Jacohcea.)
Called also Mountain Rag-wort, or Brag-weed.
Descrip. —This is a weed of our high pasture ground,
but not common ; its height never exceeds a foot ; it is
found to grow upright, and has no branches. The leaves
are pale, thick, and downy, and the flowers are of a light
yellow : they grow in a cluster at the top of the stalk, and
have a circle of narrow leaves under them.
—
Time. They bloom in June and July ; and the seed is
ripe in August.
—
Government and Virtues. This is also under Venus.
Taken inwardly it is an acrid and dangerous purge, but
its juice applied outwardly, is of good ettect It is inju-
rious to sheep, as their wool grows loose on eating it

FLEABANE (SMALL.)—(Pw/icaria DyserUerica,)

Descrip, —This another ill-looking annual weed, fre-
is
quent in our waste places.The rays of the flower are
very short and waved it grows to eight inches high,
:

bat commonly lies in part upon the ground. The stalk

 oulpspbr's complstb herbal. 161

is of a ruddy brown ; the leaves are short, small, and of

a dull dead green ; the flowers are small, very poor, and
ot a dirty yellow.
—
Time. They bloom in August.
0<yvemment and Virtues.— The smell of this and the
former is supposed delightful to insects, and the juice de-
structive to them, for they never leave it till the season
of their deaths.

FLEA-WORT.— ^.fiV^eiwi viscosum.)

Dt9crxp. —
Ordinary Flea-wort rises up with a stalk two
feet high or more, full of joints and tranches on every
side up to the top, and at every joint two small, long, and
narrow whitish green leaves somewhat hairy : at the top
of every branch stand divers small, short, scaly, or
chaffy heads, out of which come forth small whitish yel-
low threads, like those of the plantain herbs, which are
the bloomings of flowers. The seed inclosed in these
heads is small and shining while it is fresh, very like
onto fleas both for colour and bigness, but turning black
when it grows old. The root is not long, but white, hard,
and woody, perishing every year, and rising again of its
own seed for divers years, if it be suffered to shed the
:

whole plant is somewhat whitish and hairy, smelling like

rosin.
There is another sort hereof, differing not from the
former in the manner of growing, but only that this stalk
and branches being somewhat greater, do a little more
bow down to the ground : the leaves are somewhat
greater, the heads somewhat lesser, the seed alike ; and
the root and leaves abide all winter, and perish not as the
former
—
Place. The first grows only in gardens, the second
plentifully in fields that are near the sea.
Time. — They flower in July, or thereabouts.
Government and Virtues,— The herb is cold, dry, and
Saturnine. I suppose it obtained the name of Flea-wort,
because the seeds are so like fleas. The seed dried, and
taken, stays the flux or lax of the belly, and the corro-
sions that come by reason of hot choleric, or sharp and
malignant humours, or by too much purging of any vio-
lent medicine, as scammony, or the like. The mucilage
of the seed made with rose water, and a little sugar-candy
pat thereto, is very good in all hot agues and burning f»-
162 culpepsr's complbts hbrbal.

rera, and other inflammations, to cool thirst, and lenify

the dryness and roughness of the tongne and throat. U
helps all hoarseness of the voice, and diseases of the
breast and lungs, caused bj heat, or sharp salt humours,
and the pleursj also. The mucilage of the seed made
with plantain-water, whereunto the yoke of an egg or
two, and a little populcon are put, is a most safe and
sure remedy to ease the sharpness, pricking, and pains of
the hemorrhoids or piles, if it be laid on a cloth and
bound thereto. It helps all inflammations in any part of
the body, and the pains that come thereby, as the head-
ache and vapours, and all hot impostbumes, swellings,
and breaking out of the skin, as blains, wheals, pushes,
purples, and the like ; as also the joints of those that are
out of joint, the pains of the gout and sciatica, the burst-
ing of voung children, and the swellings of the navel, ap-
plied thereunto. The juice of the herb with a little honey
put into the ears, helps the running of them, and the
worms breeding in them the same also mixed with hog's
:

grease, and applied to corrupt and filthy ulcers, cleanses

and heals them.

FLIXWEED, OR FLUXWEm^. —(Sisymbrium

Sophia.)

Deicnp, — Flixweed, or Fluxweed, has a white hard

woody root full of small fibres at the bottom, perishing
after having ripened seed ; the stalks rise to be aoout two
feet high, more or less, beset with many long, winged,
and very finely and neatly divided green leaves, prettv
much resembling those of the true Roman wormwood,
beset with very short fine hairs. The flowers grow at the
end of the branches, being small, yellow, and four-leaved
and are succeeded by very slender seed-vessels, about an
inch or thereabout in length, full of very small reddish
seed.
—
Plcice, It grows frequently in sandy ground, and
among rubbish.
Time.— li flowers in June.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. This herb is Saturnine,
Both the herb and seed of Flixweed is of excellent use ta
stay the flux and lax of the belly, being drunk in water
wherein gads of steel heated have been often quenched
and is no less effectual for the same purpose than plantain
and comfrey, and to restrain any other flux of blood in
 odlpetir's comflvtx hxrbal. 153

mau or woman ; as also to consolidate bones broken or

out of joint. The juice thereof drank in wine, or the de-
coction of the herb drank, does kill the worms in the sto
mach or bellj, or the worms that grow in putrid and fil-
thy ulcers and made into a salve does quickly heal all
;

old sores, how foul and malignant soever they be. The
distilled water of the herbs works the same effects, although
somewhat weaker yet it is a fair medicine, and more ac-
;

ceptable to be taken. It is called Fluxweed because it

cures the flux ; and for its uniting broken bones, &c. Pa-
racelsus extols it to the skies. It is fitting that syrup*
oiutment, and plasters of it, were kept in all houses.
There is another sort, differing in nothmg save only that
it has somewhat broader leaves, a strong evil savour, and
of a drying taste.

FLEUBrDELYS (GARDEN oe BLUE.—("/rw.;

—
Ducrxp. The roots of Common Fleur-de-Lys spread
themselves pretty much on the surface of the earth, oeing
of a reddish brown colour on the outside, and whitish
within ; round, an inch and more in thickness, with seve-
ral transverse rings or circles, and shooting out long fibres.
The leaves are nervous, broad and flat, thickest in the
middle, with thin ed^es like a sword they grow in thick
:

clumps together ; the flowera are made of nine leaves like

the former, of a purplish blue colour, and have the like
•eed-veasels, which are full of angular seed.
—
Place. It CTOws with us only in gardens.
—
Time, It flowers in May and June.
—
Oovemment and Virtues, This herb is Lanar. The
juice of the root, which is the only part used, is a strong
errhine ; being snuffed up the nostrils, it purges the heai^
and clears the Drain of tnin serous phlegmatic humours.
The same likewise, or a strong decoction of the root^
given inwardly, is a strong vomit^ and accounted good for
the dropsy, jaundice and agues ; but by reason it very
much vellicates and offends the stomach, it is rarely used
without honey and spikenard. The same being drunk,
does ease the pains and torments of the belly and sides,
the shaking of agues, the diseases of the liver and spleen,
the worms of the belly, the stone in the reins, convulsions
and cramps that come of old humours ; it also holps those
whose seed pass from them unawares it is a remedy
:

•gainst the bitings and stingings of venomous ctvatures,

154 oi7LrK?n's completb hssbau
being boiled in water and vinegar, and drunk boiled in
:

water, and drunk, it provokes urine, helps the colic, brings

down women's courses ; and made up into a pessary with
honey, and put up into the body, draws forth the dead
child. It is much commended against the cough, to ex-
pectorate tough phlegm ; it much eases pains in the head,
and procures sleep ; being put into the nostrils it procures
sneezing, and thereby purges the head of phlegm : the
juice of the root applied to the piles or hemorrhoids, give
much ease. The decoction of the roots gargled in the
mouth, eases the tooth-ache, and helps a stinking breath.
Oil called oleum irinum, if it be rightly made of the great
broad flag Fleur-de-Lys, (and not of the great buloous
blue Fleur-de-Lys, as is used by some apothecaries) and
roots of the same of the flaggy kinds, is very efiectual to
warm and comfort all cold joints and sinews ; as also the
gout and sciatica ; and mollifies, dissolves and consumes
tumours and swellings in any part of the body, as also of
the matrix ; it helps the cramp, or convulsions of the
sinews the head and temples anointed therewith, helps
:

the catarrh of thin rheum distilled from thence ; and

used upon the breast or stomach, helps to extenuate the
cold tough phlegm ; it helps also the pains and noises in
the ears, and the stench of the nostrils. The root itself,
either green or in powder, helps to cleanse, heal, and in-
carnate wounds, and to cover the naked bones with flesh
again, that ulcers have made bare ; and is also very good
to cleanse and heal up fistulas and cankers that are hard
to be cured.

FLUELLEIN, LLUELLIN SPEEDWELL, OE

PAUL'S BETONY.— C Veronica Officincdit.)
Descinp.— It shoots forth many long branches, partly
lying upon the around, and partly standing upright, set
with almost red leaves, yet a little pointed, and sometimes
more long than round, without order thereon, somewhat
hairy, and of an evil greenish white colour ; at the joints
all sdong the stalks, and with the leaves, come forth small
flowers, one at a place, upon a very small, short foot-stalk,
gaping somewhat like snap-dragons, or rather like toad-
flax, with the upper jaw of a yellow colour, and the lower
of a purplish, with a small heel or spur behind ; after
whicn come forth small round heads, containing small black
seed. The root is small and thready, dying every year,
and raises itself again of its own sowing.
 0ULPSPER*8 COMPLBTV HimiAL. IM
There is another sort of Fluellein which has longer
branchee wholly trailing upon the ground, two or three
feet long, and somewhat more thin, set with leaves thereon,
upon small foot-stalks. The leaves are a little larger,
somewhat round, and cornered sometimes in some places
on the edges ; but the lower part of them being the
broadest, has on each side a small point, making it seem
as if they were ears, sometimes hairy, but not hoary, and
of a better green colour than the former. The flowers
come forth like the former, but the colours therein are
more white than yellow, and the purple not so far : it is a
large flower, and so are the seed and seed-vessela The
root is like the other, and perishes ever year.
—
Place. They grow in divers corn-fields, and in borders
about them, and abundantly in other fertile grounds
about Southdeet in Kent at Buchrite, Hamerton, and
;

Rick nmns worth in Huntingdonshire, and in divers other

places.
rtm«.— They are in flower about June and July, and
the whole plaint is dry and withered before August is
over.
—
Oavemment and Virtues, It is a Lunar herb. The
leaves bruised and applied with barley-meal to watering
eyes, that are hot and inflamed by defluxions from the
head, very much help them ; as also the fluxes of blood
or humours, as the lax, bloody-flux, women's courses, and
stay all manner of bleeding at nose, mouth, or any other
place, or that comes by any bruise or hurt, or bursting a
vein it wonderfully helps all those inward Darts that
:

need consoUdating or strengthening ; and is no less effec-

tual both to heal and close green pounds, than to cleanse
ind heal all foul or old ulcers, fretting or spreading can-
kers or the like. Fluellein is a vulnerary plant, and ac*
x>unted good for fluxes and hemorrhages of all sorts.

FOX-GLOVE.—('Z>i^a/u Purpurea,)
Leecrip. —
It has many long and broad leaves, Ijring
opon the ground, dented upon the edges, a little soft or
woolly, and of a hoary green colour, among which rise up
sometime sundry stalks, but one very often, bearing such
leaves thereon from the bottom to the middle, from
whence to the top it is stored with large and long hollow
raddish purple flowers, a little more long at the lower edge,
with some white spots within them, one above another,
166 CULP1BPBR8 COMPLKTE HERBAL.

with small greeo leaver at every one, but all of them turn-
ing their heads ooe way, and hanging downwards, having
some threads also in the middle, from whence rise round
heads, pointed sharp at the ends, wherein small brown
seed lies. The roots are so many small fibres, and some
greater strings among them ; the flowers have no scent,
ut the leaves have a bitter hot taste.
Place, —
It grows on dry sandy ground for the most
part, and as well on the higher as the lower places under
nedge-sides in almost every county of England.
—
Time. It seldom flowers before July, and the seed is
lipe in August.
—
Government and Virtues. The plant is under the domi-
nion of Venus, being of a gentle cleansing quality, and
withal very friendly to nature. The herb is familiarly
and frequently used by the Italians to heal any fresh or
green wound, the leaves being but bruised and bound
thereon ; and the juice thereof is also used in old sores, to
cleanse, dry, and heal them. The decoction hereof made
up with some sugar or honey, is available to cleanse and
purge the body both upwards and downwards, sometimes
of tough phlegm and clammy humours, and to open ob-
structions of the liver and spleen. It has been found by
experience to be available for the king's-evil, the herb
bruised and applied, or an ointment m^e with the juice
thereof, and so used ; and a decoction of two handfuls
thereof with four ounces of polypody in ale, has been
found oy late experience to cure divers of the falling sick-
ness, that have been troubled with it above twenty years.
I am confident that an ointment thereof is one of the best
remedies for a scabby head.

¥\5^lT0B.Y.'-(Fumcma Oficinalis.)

Descrip, —
The Common Fumitory is a tender sappy
herb ; it —
sends forth from one square a slender weak
stalk, and leaning downwards on all sides— many branches
two or three feet long, with finely cut and jagged leaves
of whitish, or rather bluish, sea-green colour at the tops
:

of the branches stand many smaD flowers, as it were, in a

long spike one above another, made like little birds, of a
reddisn purple colour, with whitish bellies ; after which
come small round husks, containing small black seeds.
The root is yellow, small, and not very long, full of juice
wliile it is green, but quickly perishes with the ripe seed.
In the corn-tielcU of ComwaiI» it bears white flowers.
 culpkpkr's completb bkrbal. 157

Flace.^Xt jrrows In corn-fields almost every where, rm

well as in gardens.
TitM.^ It flowers in May, for the most part ; and the
seed ripens shortly after.
—
Oovernment and Virtues. Saturn owns the herb, and
presents it to the world as a cure for his own disease, and
strengthener of the parts of the body he rules. The juice
or syrup made thereof, or the decoction made in whey by
itself,with some other purging or opening herbs and roots
to cause it to work the better (itself being but weak) is
very effectual for the liver and spleen, opening the ob-
structions thereof, and clarifying the blood from saltish,
choleric, and adust humours, which cause leprosy, scabs,
tetters, and itches, and such like breakings out of the skin ;

and, after the pnrgings, strengthens all the inward parts.

It is also good against the yellow jaundice, eradicatmg it
by urine, which it procures in abundance. The powder
of the dried herb, given for some time together, cures me-
lancholy, but the seed is strongest in operation for all the
former diseases. The distilled water of the herb is also
of good effect in the former diseases, and conduces much
against the plague and pestilence, being taken with good
treacle. The distilled water also, with a little water and
honey of roses, helps all the sores of the mouth or throat,
being gargled often therewith. The juice dropped into
the eyes, clears the sight, and takes away reauess and
other defects in them, although it procures some pain for
the present, and causes tears. Dioscorides says, it hinders
any fresh springing of hairs on the eyelids (after they are
pulled away) if the eyelids be anointed with the juice
oereof with gum arable dissolved therein. The juice of
the Fumitory and docks mingled with vinegar, and the
places gentlv washed or wet therewith, cures ail sorts of
caba, pimples, blotches, wheals, and pushes which rise on
the face or hands, or any other parts of the body.

FURZE-BUSH.-—("C^** Europeua.)

Called also Gorze and Whins.

—
Ducrip. A common shrub, four or five feet high, and
very spreading. The leaves are very small, oblong, of a
bluish green, and fall soon after their appearance in
spring. The branches are all the year clothed with innu-
merable green thorns, and the flowers are large and yellow.
The l«Mer and the Needle Furze are two otner fipecies o/
the same genus-
158 CX7IJ»VPSR*B COMPLETE HERBAL.
Place. —
^They are known to grow on dry barren heaths,
and other waste, gravelly, or sandy grounds, in all counties
of England.
Time. —^They also flower in the summer months.
Oovemment and — Mars owns the herbs.
Virtues. They
are hot and dry, and open obstructions of the liver and
spleen. A
decoction made with the flowers thereof has
been found effectual against the jaundice ; as also to
provoke urine, and cleanse the kidneys from gravel or
stone engendered in theuL Mars does this also by sym-
pathy.

GALINQALE.—<Cypen« Longue.)
Descrip. —The English Galingale has a great many nar-
row rough and hard in handling, among
graJOfy leaves,
which a triangular stalk about two feet high, on the
rises
top of which grows a tuft, or pannicle, consisting of small
brown scaly spikes, with a few short leaves set on at their
bottom. The root is long and slender, of 8 dark brown
colour on the outside, and lighter within, of a pleasant
cent, and a little hot and bitter in taste.
Place, —
It grows in some parts of England, in the
marshes ; but we have it generally brought from Italy.
—
Time, It flowers in June and July.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. This is a martial plant, being
heating and drying, expelling wind, and strengthening
the bowels ; they help tne colic, provoke urine, and the
terms, and prevent the dropsy: they are cephalic, and
good for the swimming of the head and giddiness and ;

are sometimes in abstersive gargarisms for ulcers in the

mouth and gums.
QALL-OAK.'^Quercus Infectoria.)

—
Descrip. The strong Gall-Oak, so called from the fruit
itbears, does not grow so large or high as other oaks,
but shorter, and very crooked, with fair spreading
branches, and produces long leaves very much cut in on
the edges, and hoary underneath. This tree flowers and
bears acorns, as also a round woody substances, which are
called galls, and the timber is very hard. There are
other kinds, much shorter, bearing leaves more or less
cut or jagged on the edges, and producing a great quantity
of galls, and no acorns : some bear large galls, others
mall ; some knobbed or bunched, and others smooth
 CTOiPEPER^B COMPLETE HERBAL. 159

Ihey are of diiferent colours white, red, yellow, and

green.
Place,—Thej chiefly grow in hot countries, Italy,
Spain, &c
Time.—Thej shoot forth their long catkins or blossoms
early in spring, which fall away for the most part before
the leaves appear. The acorns are very seldom ripe before
October.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. The acorns differ but little
from those produced in our own country. The small
gall is Saturnine, of a sour harsh nature, dry in the third
degree, and cold in the secoud. It is effectual in draw-
intr together and fastening loose and faint parts, as the
overgrowing of the flesh it expels and dries up rheums
:

and other fluxes, especially those that fall upon the gums,
almonds of the throat, and other places of the mouth.
The other whiter gall also binds and dries, but not so
much as the former, having a less quantity of that sour
harshness in it it is good against the dy sentry and bloody
:

flux. The decoction of them in water, is of a mean as-

triction, but more powerful in harsh red wine. Being
sat over, it remedies the falling of the mother, or the galls
being boiled and bruised, and applied to the fundament
when fallen, or to any swelling or inflammation will prove
a certain cure. The pods of burned galls bein^ quenched
in wine and vinegar, are good to staunch bleeding in any
place. They will dye hair black, and are one of the chief
ingredients for making ink it is also used by dyera for
:

colouring black.
The oak apple is much of the nature of galls, though
inferior in quality, but may be substituted for them with
success to help rheums, fluxes, and other such like oain-
ful distempers,

GARLIC. (Allium ^mpeloprasum,)

Descrip.— The root consists of several cloves, or small
bulbs of a reddish white colour, set together in a round
compass, and enclosed in one common skinny coat or
cover, having several small fibres at the bottom the ;

leaves are broad and long, like those of Ireks on the top
;

of the stalk, which grows two or three feet high, stands

an nmbel of small white five-leaved flowers. The whole
plant, especially the root, is of a very strong and offensive
sell
160 CTJIiPEPBB'8 COMPLETE HEBBAI%
Place,— It is a Dative of the East, but for its use is
enltivated every where in gardens.
—
Time. It flowers in June and July.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. Mars owns this herb. This
was anciently accounted the poor man's treacle, it being a
remedy for all diseases and hurts (except those which it-
self breeda) It provokes urine and women's courses, helps
the biting of mad dogs, and other venomous creatures ;
kills the worms in children, cuts and voids tough phlegm,
purges the head, helps the lethargy, is a good preserva-
tive against, and a remedy for, any plague, sore, or foul
ulcer ; takes away spots and blemishes in the skin, eases
pains in the ears, ripens and breaks imposthumes, or
other swellings ; and for all those diseases the onions
are as effected. But the Garlic has some more peculiar
virtues besides the former, viz. it has a special quality
to discuss inconveniences, coming by corrupt agues or
mineral vapours, or by drinking corrupt and stinking
waters ; as also by taking wolf -bane, hen-bane, hemlock,
or other poisonous and dangerous herbs. It is also held
good in nydropic diseases, the jaundice, falling-sickness,
cramps, convulsions, the piles or hemorrhoids, or other
cold diseases. Authors c^uote many other diseases this is
good for ; but conceal iVt vices. Its heat is very vehe-
ment ; and vehement hot things send up but ill-sa-
all
voured vapours to the brain. In choleric men it will add
fuel to the fire in men oppressed by melancholy, it will
;

attenuate the humour, and send up strong fancies, and as

many strange visions to the head therefore let it be taken
;

inwardly with great moderation ; outwardly you may

make more bold with it.
GARLIC— (BROADLEAVED WlU>.)-^( Allium
A mpeloprasum.
—
Descrip. The root of this is round and whitish ; the
leaves are oblong, very broad, of a fine deep green. The
stalk of a pale green, three square, and ten inches high,
whereon grow small white flowers.
Place. —It common in damp grounds in the western
is
counties.
Ttm£. — It flowers in April
Oovemment and Virtue. — It under Mars as well as
is
the former. The root is only known in physic ; it is a
powerful opener, and on acconxit of its subtle parts, in
 CUI^EPKK'8 completb hebbal. 161

which it aboQDda, discussiye : it seldom agrees with drj

constitationa, but it performs almost miracles in phleg-
matic haWilfi of body. It wonderfully opens the lungs,
and gives relief in asthmas ; nor is it without its merit in
wind colick" and is a good diuretic, which appears by the
;

smell it communicates to the urine. It is very useful in

obstructions of the kidneys, and dropsies, especially in that
which IB called anasarca. It may oe taken in a morning
fasting, or else the conserve of Garlic which is kept in the
shops may be used.

GEin:iAN,—(Sivtrtia Perennis.)
Called Baldmony, and Felwort.
also
It is confessed that Gentian, which is most used among
Qfl, was brought from beyond the sea, yet we have several

sorts of it growing frequently in this country, which, be-

sides the reasons so often alleged, why English herbs should
be fittest for English bodies, has been proved, by the ex-
perience of divers physicians, not to be a whit inferior in
virtue to that which comes from beyond sea therefore be
;

pleased to take the description of them as follows :

—
Descrip. There are two sorts, the greater of which has
many small long roots thrust deep down into the ground,
and abides all the winter. The stalks are sometimes more,
sometimes fewer, of a brownish green colour, and frequent-
ly two feet high, if the ground oe fruitful, having many
long, narrow, dark green leaves, set by couples up to the
top the flowers are long and hollow, of a purple colour,
:

ending in fine comers. The smaller sort, which is to be

found in this country, grows up sundry stalks, not a foot
high, parted into several smaller branches, whereon grow
divers small leaves together, very like those of the leaser
centuary, of a whitish green colour ; on the top of these
stftlks grow divers perfect blue flowers, standing in long
busks, but not so big as the other : the root is very small
and full of threads. Autumnal Gentian, or Lung-flower,
with large bell-Bhaped blue flowers ; Perfoliate Gentian,
and Centaury Gentian, with small blue flowers, constitute
all the species natives of Britain ; and their difference has
occasioned some to divide them into several imaginary
sorts but their virtues are alike, and their flowers declare
;

them of the same genus.

Place. —
They are common on hilly pastures, but are
kept in botanic (;arden^
162 culpspeb'b completb hebbaj*
Time.—They flower in August.
Oavemment and — Thej are
Virtues. under the domin-
ion of Mars, and one of the principal herbs he is ruler
of. These resist putrefactions a more sure
and poison ;

remedy cannot be found to prevent the pestilence than it

is ; it strengthens the stomach exceedingly, helps diges-
tion, comforts the heart, and preserves it against faintings
and swoonings the powder of the dry root helps the bit-
:

ing of mad dogs and venomous beasts ; opens obstructions

of the liver, and restores the appetite. The herb steeped
in wine, takes away weariness and cold lodging in the
joints, if drank ; it helps stitches and griping pains in the
sides ; it is an excellent remedy for such as are bruised by
falls. It provokes urine and the terms exceedingly, there-
fore let it not be given to women with child the same is
:

very profitable for such as are troubled with cramps and

convulsions, to drink the decoction alsr* they say it breaks
:

the stone, and help ruptures most ceitainly. It is excel-

lent in all cold diseases, and such as are troubled with
tough phlegm, scabs, itch, or the fretting sores and ulcers
it is ail admirable remedy to kill the worms, by taking
half a dram of the powder in a morning in any convenient
liquor ; the same is exceedingly good to be taken inward-
ly for king's-evil. It helps agues of all sorts, and the yel-
low-jaundice as also the bots in cattle
: when kine are
:

bitten on the udder by any venomous beast, stroke the

place with the decoction of any of these, and it will in-
stantly heal it.

GERMANDER.—(^rcMortwrn Marum.)
Descrip. —
Germander has a spreading creeping root,
which sends forth several square nairy branches, scarce a
foot high, having two small leaves at every joint, on short
foot-staiks, about an inch long, and half an inch broad, cut
in with several sections, something resembling in shape the
leaves of on oak, somewhat hard and crumpled, green
above, and hoary white underneath. The flowers grow to-
wards the tops of the branches among the leaves, whorle-
fashion, of a purplish red colour they are labiated, the lip
;

turned upward but they want the galea, having in its

;

place several stamina standing erect. The seeds grow four

together in the hairy five- pointed calyces.
Flcui€, —
It grows with us only in gardens.
—
TifM. It lowers in Jmoe and JiUy. The leu ve.s and
to{*y are use*^^
 cttlpbpeb's oompletb herbal. 163

Oovemment and Virtues, — Gteniiander is an herb of

warm tbiu parta, under Mars, opening obstructions of the
liver, spleen, and kidneys : and of use in the jaundice,
dropsy, and stoppage of urine. It is a good emnienagogue
and is commenaed by some as a specinc for the gout,rheu*
matism, and pains in the limbs. It is undoubtedly a good
vulnerary, both detersive and healing ; and is a proper in-
gredient in pectoral decoctions. Some extol it for a great
antiscorbutic, but the brook limes exceed it in this parti-
cular, which abound in subtle pungent parts, and there-
fore are better suited to cut those viscidities which are the
cause of scorbutic blotches. The juice is very justly re-
commended among the rest of the antiscorbutic juices to
be taken in the spring for some time.
OLADIOLE (WATER.)—(Butomut Umbellatui.)
Called also Flowering Hush.
Descrip.— This marshy plant has a thick bulbous root»
with many short fibres. The stem is round and upright,
and the leaves are long and upright also, springing from
the root. The flowers grow at the top of the stalk in a
very stately manner, in the umbellous form, and they are
yellow, and sometimes of a greenish white.
—
Place and Time, We find Gladiole growing on the sides
of our ditches issuing from the Thames, and on the sides
of the Thames itself, it is also found in the marshes near
Botherhithe, Deptford, and BlackwalL It flowers from
July to September.
—
Uovemfnent and Virtues. Gladiole is under Saturn, as
all rushes are. It is seldom used in medicine. The flow-
ers are of a cooling nature, good for hot humours, inflam-
jations, imposthumes, and green wounds.

GLADWIN.—(/nj Foetidissinui,)
—
Dtscrip. This is one of the kinds of fleur-de-lys, having
divers leaves rising from the roots, very like fleur-de-lys,
but that they are sharp-edged on both sides and thicker
in the middle, of a deep green colour, narrower and sharp-
er pointed, and of strong scent, if they be bruised between
the fingers. In the middle rises up a strong stalk, a yard
high at the least, bearing three or four flowers at the top,
resembling the flowers of the fleur-de-lys, with three up-
right leaves, of a dead purplish ash-colour, with some veins
discoloured in them : the other three do not fall down, nor
ai» the three other small ones so arched, oor oover the
164 CtTLPEPEBlB COMPLETl? HEBBAU
lower leaves as the fleur-de-l^s does, but stand loose or
asunder from them. After they are passed, there come
up three square hard husks, opening wide into three parts
when they are ripe, wherein lieth reddish seed, turning
back when it has abode long. The root is like that of the
fleur-de-lys, but reddish on the outside, and whitish with-
in, very sharp and hot in the taste, of as evil scent as the
leaves.
Place. —This grows well in upland grounds as in moist
places, woods, and shadowy spots by the sea-side in many
places of this country, and is usually nursed up in gardens.
—
Time, It flowers not until July, and the seed is ripe in
August or September yet the Imsks, after they are ripe,
;

opening themselves, will hold their seed with them for two
or three months, and not shed them.
Government and Virttce8.—li is supposed to be under the
dominion of Saturn. It is used by many country-people to
purge corrupt phlegm and choler, by drinking a aecoction
of the roots the sliced roots and leaves in ale serve well
;

for weak stomachs. The juice of the root snuffed up the

nose causes sneezing, and draws coiTuption from the head.
The powder drank in wine helps those troubled with cramp
and convulsions, or with gout and sciatica; and gives ease
to the most griping pains of the body and belly, and helps
those that have the strangury. It stays fluxes, by cleans-
ing and purging them. The root boiled in wine procures
womens' courses and, used as a pessary, works the same
;

effect, but causes abortion to women with child. Half a

Iram of the seed beaten to powder, and taken in wine,
speedily relieves those troubled with a stoppage of the
urine. The same taken in vinegar, dissolves the hardness
and swellings of the spleen. The root used with a little
verdigris and honey, and the great centuary root, is very
effectual in all wounds, especially in the head :as also t^
draw forth any splinters or thorns, or any other thing,
sticking in the fleah, without causing pain. The same
boiled in vinegar, and laid upon any swelling or tumour,
very effectually dissolves and consumes them ; it is also
good for king's-eviL The juice of the leaves or roots, heals
the itch, spreading sores, scabs, blemishes, and scars.

GOAT'S BEAKD (Y ELhOW. y-(Tr(u/opogon Potri/o-

Hue.)
Descrip. —
This grows on a firm, upright stalk, of a light
|>leasant graen, and a foot high. The leaves are flat, gra^
 OlTLPEPSB'f COMPLKTV HESBIX. 166

A pretty bluish green tender and milky when bro-

iy, of ;

ken. The flowers are yellow, large and beautiful they ;

dose at mid-day, and country- people therefore call it,

Qo-to-bed-at-Noon.
—
Place. This is a handsome biennial frequently in our
;

pastures, and very plentiful in the north of £ngland.

—
Time, It blooms in July.
OopemmerU and Virtuet.—This herb is under the domi-
nion of Jupiter. A
large double handful of the entire
plant, roota, flowers, and all bruised and boiled, and then
strained, with a little sweet oil, is an excellent clyster in
the moat desperate case of strangury or suppression of
urine, from whatever cause, A decoction of the roots is
ffood for the heart-burn, loss of appetite, disorders of the
breast and liver ; expels sand and gravel, slime, and even
small stones. The roots dressed like parsnips, with but-
ter, are good for cold watery stomachs. Boiled or cold, or
eaten as a raw salad, they are grateful to the stomach ;
strengthen the thin, lean, and consumptive, or the weak
after long sickness. The distilled water gives relief to in-
ward impoethumea, pleurisy, stitches, or pains in the sides.
GOATS BEARD (PVRPIjE).^( Tragopogion Fratensis.)
Detcrip. —
Purple Goat's Beard grows on a firm, upright
stalk, near a yard high. The leaves are larfi^e, long, of a
fine fresh gieen, resembling the leaves of leeks. The flow-
er-stalk grows thick at its top the flowers are purple, and
;

their long green cups behind add greatly to their oeauty.

Place, —
This is a biennal a wild plant in our pastures,
;

very stately and beautiful ; aud it thrives best where

there is some moisture.
Time. — They bloom in June
and July, and shut up at
noon as the other. There is a beautiful variety of this,
with the centre of the flower yellow, the rest purple.
OovemmerU and Virtue*. —
The virtues of this are the
same as the other, only less pleasant, therefore more bit-
ter, astringent, detersive, and medicinal. This, however,
may be eaten in great nuantities aud so will be useful in
;

chronic complaints. The roots are particular! v specific in

obstruction of the gall, and the jaundice ; tiie Ibest way to
use them, is stewed like chardoons.

GOATS UVK—(Oalega OJicinalia,)

De»crip. — Goat*i Rue has many hollow, striated

tall,
Wancbes about a yard in height, with long, pinnatsd
166 CITLPSPSB'S COMPLETE HEBBAL
leaves growing alternately on the joints, consisting of six
or eight pair of long oval pinnae, smooth and not indented
about the tdges, which are apt to be folded together. The
flowers grow in long spikes, hanging downwards in the
shape of pea-blossom, but less, of a pale whitish blue co-
lour J the seed grows in long erect pods : the root is thick,
spreading in the earth, and abiding long.
Pla/ce, —It is a native of Italy, but grows in our gardens
Tifnt, — It flowers in June and July.
—
Oovemment and Virtttes. Goat's- Kue is under Mer-
cury in Leo, and is accounted cordial, sudorific, and alexi-
Eharmic, and good against pestilential distempers, expel-
ug the venom through the pores of the skin ; and is of
use in all kinds of fevers, small-pox and measles ; it like-
wise kills worms, and cures the bites of all kinds of veno-
mous creatures. Some commend a decoction of it for the
gout ; and a bath made of it is very refreshing to wash
the feet of persons tired with overwaJking. In the north-
em countries they use this herb for making their cheeses,
instead of Kennet, whence it is called also Cheese- Rennet:
the flowers containing an acidity, which may be ^ot by
distillation. This plant is selddin used in the shops.

GOAT'S THORN, or TBAQAlirr.-^Astragalu*

Tragaccmtha.
Desorip, —
It grows with a woodv tough root, the stem
ismoderately thick, and furnished with branches which
are covered with dark green leaves the flowers are pro-
;

duced in clusters at the tops of the branches, and they are

small and white. The blossom, when it appears, is but-
terfly-shaped ; the standard or upper petal, is longer than
the rest, reflected on the sides, and notched at the end ;
the winffs, or side petals, are shorter than the standard,
and the Keel, or lowermost of all, is notched at the end.
A
Place.— native of the East, but grows in our gardens.
—
Time, It flowers here in August
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is under the dominion of
Mars. Agum, known by the name of gum dragant, or
tragacanth, is the produce of this little shrub, and sweats
out at the bottom of the stem during the heats of summer.
It is good for tickling coughs; arising from sharp acrid
humours, and against the strangury and heat of urine i
but it is far from being a pleasant medicine.
 CIXLPSPER's complete HIBBIX. lOT

GOLD OF TLEAS\JB.E.—( Mi/agrum Sativum,)

Descrtp. — has a long, slender, white, fibrous root.
It
The stalk round, firm, upright, a foot and a half high,
is
and divided into a great number of branchea The leaves
are numerous ; and they are placed with an agreeable re-
gularity, from the bottom to the top : they are obloug.
narrow, and of a pale green they adhere to the stalk by
;

a broad base, and are from thence smaller to the extrem-

ity, where they terminate in a point. The lower leaves
are sharply serrated at the edgea The flowers grow along
the tops of the branches, and are of a golden yellow.
P'ace. —It is found in some of the corn-fields of England.
—
Time. It flowers in July.
—
Oovemment and Virtuet. Jupiter governs this useful
but much neglected plant. In some part of this country
where they raise flax, it is very common. The seeds pass
unnoticed, consequently, it rises with the flax from one
year to another. The seeds give a useful oil in ^reat quan-
tity, little inferior to olive oil, and will answer its purpose
ytry well The seeds are good against gravel, and are of
a powerful diuretic quality.

GOLDEN ROD {C01AMO^),—(Solidago Fra^ans,)

Descrip. —
This rises to two feet high, a very handsome
plant, with a small reddish brown upright stalk, turned
and bent a little from the joints, and terminated by a long
and beautiful spike of flowers. The leaves are of a deep,
but not very fine green, and they feel a little harsh. Thd
flowers are gold yellow, and numerous though small, and
all turned one way when they are ripe, they change
;

into down, and are carried away by the wind. The root
consists of many small fibres, which grow near the surface
of the ground, but survives the winter, and in spring shoots
out new branches.
Place. — This
is a perennial, that grows by wood-sides,
in copees, in moist as well aa dry grounds, and on heaths
and among thickets.
7\me. — It flowers about the month of July, and lasts
tm Aagust
—
Oovemment and Virtues. Venus rules this herb. It is
alMklsamic vulnerary herb, lon^ famous against inward
harts and bruises, tor which it is most efl'ectual in a dis-
tilled watsr, and in which shape it is an exc4;llent and safs
168 OTTLPSPSB'S complete HEBBAIa.
diuretic ; few things exceed it in the gravel, stone in th«
reins and kidneys, strangury, and where there are small
stones so situated, as to cause heat and soreness, which are
too often followed with bloody or purulent urine then its
;

balsamic healing virtues co-operate with its diuretic qual-

ity, and the parts at the same time are cleansed and heal-
ei It is a sovereign wound- herb, inferior to none, both
for inward and outward use. It is good to stay the im-
moderate flux of womens' courses, the bloody flux, ruptures,
ulcers in the mouth or throat, and in lotions to wash the (
privy parts in venereal cases. No preparation is better
than a tea of the herb for this service : and the young
leaves, green or dry, have the most virtue.

GOLDEN ROD (NARROW-LEAVED.)—(^^o^t^ioi^o

AngiLstifolicL )

Descrip. —Thisis another species of the same plant same;

in height,but has few or no oranches. The stalk is very

weak, tender, of a dark green colour, tinged with a ruddy
brown. The leaves are of a bright grassy green, smooth,
and prettily dented at the edges the flowers are of a pale
:

yellow, ana stand in a loose spike.

Place. — This is a perennial, native of Ireland, and ael-
dom found with us there it adorns the rocky hills.
;

Time.- The> flowers bloom in Jul} and August.

—
Oovenimeat and Virtues. It resembles the preceding
in virtues as in fonn. Venus claims the herb, and appli-
ed outwardly it is good for green wountls, old ulcers and
sores. As a lotion it is effectual in curing ulcers in the
mouth and throat, and privy parts of man or woman. The
decoction helpe to fasten the teeth that are loose.

GOLDEN ROD {W'&1&IL.)^( Solidago Cambrica,)

Descrip. —This grows upon a simple upright brown stalk,
six or seven inches high. Its leaves are long, narrow, pale,
and a little downy ; the flowers are of a gold yellow, and
numerous.
Place.— This is a pretty perennial, a native of the Welsh
mountains, and a favourite food for the goats.
—
Tims. The flowers bloom in August, and last till Sep-
tember.
—
Oovemmsnt and Virtues. It possesses the same virtues
as the first kind, though in an inferior degree. The leaves
and tops are the parts used. It is accounted one of our
best vulnerary plants, much used in apozems, and woand«
 c«jlfxpxr's complete heubal. 169

drinks and ontwardly in cataplasms and foraentationi.

;

It is somewhat astringent, and useful in spitting of blood,

and is of great service against the stone.

GK)LD£N SAMPHIRE.— ("/ntt/a Crithmifolia.)

Deserip, — This
a perennial, and grows to a ^ard high,
is
with many branches. The leaves are three-pointed, of a
blue green, thick and juicy, the tlowers of a gold colour.
Dtierip. —It grows on the margin of oar sea marshes.
—
Time. It blooms in June and July.
—
Oovemmeni and Virtues. The leaves of the flowers
make an excellent and agreeable antiscorbutic. An infu-
sion of the whole plant, sweetened with sugar, is good after
a drunken surfeit. It is under the dominion of Jupiter in
Libra. The flowers are cooling, moistening, and laxative,
good in affections of the breast and lungs, nelping coughs
and pleuritic pains. The syrup is given to children to
open and cool their bodies. The flowers are cooling and
opening, and frequently put into clysters, as well as into
ointments against inflammations. The seed is reckoned
good for the stone and gravel

GOOSEBEKliY-BUSfl.-Y^*^ Gfrossularia),

Deicrip.— The Gooseberry-Bush is well known to every

body. I need not describe it, the leaves are little and jag-
ged, the flowers small and green, and the berries round or
oval, Including several seeds in a iuicy pulp, sourish when
green, but when ripe of a sweet pleasant taste.
Place, —
It grows in gardens.
—
Time, It flowers early, the berries are ripe in July.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. These berries, which are the
only parts used, are cooling and astringent, creating an
appetite, and quenching thirst. They are under the domi-
nion of Venus. While they are unripe, being scalded or
baked, they are good to stir up a fainting or decayed appe-
tite, especially where the stomach is afflicted by choleric
homoors they are excellent good to stay the longings of
:

women with child. The decoction of the leaves cool hot

swellings and inflammations, and St. Anthony's fire. The
ripe Gooseberries are excellent to allay the violent heat of
both the stomach and liver. The young leaves break the
•tone, and expel gravel both from the kidneys and blad-
der. All the evils they do to the body of man is, thoy are
supposed to bre«d crudities, and, by crudities, worms,
170 OirLPEPBB'S COMPLETE HEBBIX.

GOSMORE (LONG-ROOTED).—(J7y^oc^flprw Radkata,)

Called also HawkweeH
jDescrip. —Thisrises from a moderately thick and long
brown with leaves in a cluster at the bottom thej
root, ;

are oblong, broad, and of a deep green, widely notched at

the edges, rather rough to the touch. The stalks are slen-
der, tough, and branched, a foot and a half high, and of a
pale green ; they have rarely any leaf upon them. The
flowers are of a gold colour, and grow on the tops of the
branches.
Plac6, It— is common in pastures, and hilly situations. I
Time.—lt flowers in June.
—
OovemmerU and Virtites, This Gk>smore, as well as the
following, is an herb of Venus, and very useful to the la-
dies. They are good for stone and stoppage of unne, and
promote the menstrual flux, and to that end are frequent-
ly mixed with chalybeates they are likewise good for the
;

gout and sciatica ; outwardly they are used for the itch,
either the juice or powder mixed with a proper ointme ut.

GOSMORE {S1^00TK).'-(ffypochceris Glabra,)

Deserip. —
The stalk is hard, leafless, and of a pale green
the leaves a bright shining green ; the flowers a pale yel-
low, their cups having a pretty appearance.
P/ac«.—This is a biennial little plant on high grounds,
but not common. It is mostly found in Warwickshire,
and about Bristol and Denham.
Time. — It blooms in August.
Oovemment and —
It has the taste of the for-
Virtues.
mer, but faint and unpromising ; is seldom used it is ;

warming, aperient, and useful in disorders of the kidneys,

aa stone and strangury, provoking urine ; it expedites the
birth, and brings away the after-birth. It is likewise ac-
counted alexipharmic, and good against the bites and
stings of venomous creatures.

GOSMORE (SPOTTED.)—CiTyjoocAoTW Maculata.)

Detcrip. —The stalk is greyish, and naked like the for-
mer ;has slight Alms, and a single branch ; the leaves are
oblong or oval, undivided, of a pale green, and spotted
with black. The flowers are of a fine light yellow.
—
Place. This is a biennial, native of our heaths ; a small,
but singular plant ; it grows upon Newmarket heath, but
it is not conunon.
 CUIiPEPEB'B COMPLETl HXBBUt. l71

TitnA, — It blooms iu August

Oovemment and Virtuf-n.—Thh plant is very useful to
the ladies, aud ought to he found upou their toilets. Its
decoction will take away freckles which are brought on by
the heat of the sun. It is so innocent, that no harm need
be feared from its application.

GOAT-HERB, GOUTWEED, or GOUTWORT.—

(^gopodium Podagraria),
Callkd also Ground- Ash, Herb Guard, and Ash weed.
Descrip. — It a low herb, seldom rising half a yard,
is
having sundry leaves standing on brownish green stalks
by threes, snipped about, and of a strong: unpleasant bsx-
our the umbels of the flowers are white, and the seed
:

blackish, the root runs broadly in the ground.

Place.— li grows by hedge and wall-sides, and often in
the borders and corners of fields, and in gardens also.
—
Time. It flowers and seeds about the end of July.
—
Oovemment and Virtttes. Saturn rules it. Neither is
ft to be supposed that Goutwort has its name for nothing,
but upon experiment it heals the gout and sciatica ; as
also joint-aches, and other cold pains.
GREEN (WJKIER.}—(Trie7Uali8 Europcea.)
Descrip, — The stalk is round, thick, upright, and ten
inches high. The leaves somewhat resemole those of the
pear-tree, but scarcely so large ; they all grow from the
root, for the stalk is naked. The flowers are small^ and of
a very bright white they stand in a kind of loose spike
;

on the tops of the stalk, and are composed of five leaves,

which are succeeded by cornered seed-vessels, full of very
mall seed. The root is small, slender aud fibrous.
Place.— It grows wild in some parts of England, but is
no where common.
Time. — It flowers in July.
Oovemment and Virtites.—W iuier-Qreen is under the
dominion of Saturn, and isamngular good wound-herb,
and an esf^ecial remedy to heal ^een wounds speedily, the
green leaves being bruised ana applied, or tne juice of
them. A salve made of the green herb stamped- or the
juice boiled with hog's- lard, and tury^entine added to it, ia
a sovereign salve. The herb boiled in wine and water,
and given to them that have any inward ulcers in their
kidreyu, or neck of the bladder, does wonderfully help
17S -TTTLPBPSR'S COMPLETE HERBAL.
them. It Btajs all fluxes, as the lax, bloody flux, se-
mens' courses, and bleeding of wounds, and takes away
inflammations rising upon pains of the heart it is no less
;

helpful for foul ulcers hard to be cured ;as also for can-
kers or fistulaa The distilled water eflectuallj perform!
the same things.

GROUND PINE (COMMON. )-Y4^a CKamoepityt,)

—
Descrip, The root is long, slender, and divided. Th«
stalks are numerous, weak, and three inches high ; they
are or a greyish colour, much branched, and covered thick
with leaves. These stand in pairs at small distances, and
they have numerous young ones in their bosoms ; they are
of a pale yellowish green, oblong, narrow, and at the end
divided into three points. The flowers rise from the blos-
soms of the leaves, and are small and yellow ; but the
a pper lip la spotted with purple on the inside.
Place.— It grows in fallow fields and chalky groundi,
particularly in Kent, in great plenty.
Time.— It flowers in June and July.
Oovemment and Virtues. —Ground Pine is a martial
Slant, hot and dry, warming and strengthening the nerves ;
elps the palsy, gout, sciatica and rheumatism, the scur-
ry, and all p ains of the limbs. It is a strong diuretic,
opens obstructions of the womb, and powerfully promotes
the menses, it ought not to be given to pregnant women.

GROUNDSEL (COMMON,)—(Senecio Vulgaris,)

—
Deecrip. The stalk is of a round green, rather brownish
colour, spreading towards the top into branches, set with
long and somewhat narrow leaves, cut with deep irregular
notches about the edges. The stalk is tender, iuicy, weak,
and about eight inches high. At the tops of the branches
stand many small green heads, out of which grow many
small yellow threads, or thrums, which are the flowers,
and are poor and numerous. These continue many days
blown in this manner, before they pass into down, and,
with the seed are carried away by tne wind. The root is
small and stringy, and soon perisnes, and as soon rises up
again of its own sowing, so that it is seen often in one
year, both green, in flower, and in seed.
—
Place. This annual weed mws everywhere in fields
jmd gardens, both in tilled and untilled ground.
—
Tiine* It flowers all the summer round.
 CT7LPRPKR*8 COVPLm HERBAL. 171

Ocvemmeni and Virtues.—Groundsel is under the domi-

nion of Venus ; and, though common has many virtues.
It is cooling and digesting in inflammations ; it is an easy
emetic when made like tea. Taken in ale, it acts against
the pains of the stomach, strangury, and jaundice ; it de-
stroys worms, and is useful in scrofulous tumours and in-
flammations of the breasts and scald head. Its juice is a
good purgative, but the dose should not exceed two ounces.
The leaves bruised and applied outwardly to the stomach,
produces the like etfect, and there is no better application
for the gripes and colic of infants. For the sore breasts
of women, pick a handful of the fresh juicy leaves, bruise
them, and make a poultice with a little bread boiled in
milk, then lay the poultice on, and repeat as often as need-
ful, and an effectual cure will be the result The juice also
provokes urine, and expels the gravel in the reins and kid-
neys, when taken in wine. A
dram of the juice is suffi-
cient to be taken inwardly, and caution should be used so
that it may not work mischief. A
poultice of it, with a
little salt, dissolves knots and kernels in any part of the
body. The leaves and flowers, with frankincense in pow-
der, ii a good vulnery ; the distilled water performs every
thing that can be expected from its virtues, especially for
inflammations or watering of the eyes, when proceeding
from defluctions of rheum into them. An infusion of it
taken inwardly cores staggers and bot-worms in horses.

GROUVDSEL (COTTON OR STlNKll^O.)-'(Senecio

Viscoitu.)

—
Deserip, This is another sort, like the former, except
that it grows not so tall, the leaves are not so finely jag-
ged, nor of so dark a green colour, but rather whitish, soft,
woolly, thick and clammy to the touch, and the flowers
are usually paler. The whole plant stinks so rankly, that
it is called Stinking Groundsel.
—
Place. It is an annual, found upon our dry ditch banksi
—
Time, It blooms in July, until the end of summer.
—
OovemmerU and Virtues. This has been praised in
flaxes of the belly, and the dysentery; it has the power of
ipecacuanha, but in a less degree, and not so agreeable a
manner, it is very good in hysteric complaints. The leaves
are carminative, and may be used in poultices, fomeuta
tiona, and baths, but more esf)ecially tne flowers. Inward-
ly, an infuaion will expel wind, strengthen the stomach.
1*74 CRJLPEPKR*8 COMPLETE HERBAL.
and stop vomiting. Two spoonfuls of this herb, with a
few drops of the spirit of vitriol given in some broth is
said to cure the most violent fit of ague.

GEOUNDSEL (HOARY.)— (>Senmo BrucefoUus,)

Descrip. —
The stalk is upright, and a yard high, of a
pale green, and furnished with many branches. The leaves
are of a pale green, and somewhat hoary ; the flower iis
large, handsome, of a light yellow colour, and spreads flat
round the thrum.
Place. —
This is a perennial plant that loves shade, and
is found on the sides of woods, and thrives best in moisture.
Time.— It blooms in July and August.
—
Government and Virtues. Its virtues are similar to the
others of its kind, and it resembles them in its tasre and
smell. A strong decoction is an excellent gargle in a «ore
throat, spitting it out immediately but its outward uses
;

are considerable. inflammations, dissolves

It takes ofi*
hard swellings, and assuages pain in old ulcers, wneiner
applied by way of poultice, ointment, or plaster.

GROUNDSEL (MOUNTAIN.)— (.Senecio Sylvaticui.)

Descrip. —
This is a strong tall plant, the stalk is a yard
high, of a dull green, tinged with brown. The leaves are
smooth, firm to the touch, of a faint green. The flowers
are numerous, of light yellow, and their rays turn back.
FkLce. — This is an annual, common on our ditch banks,
and other waste and dry places.
—
Time. It blooms in July and August
—
Oovemment and Virtites. It is externally good against
pains and swellings. It is detersive, and proper allm
glandular obstructions ; it is antiscorbutic, and its fresh
juice, which is the best, may be taken in broths or medi-
cinal ales. The seeds, which are kept dry, are very light
are met with in the shops, but are not so good as the green
herb, for it loses its virtues by drying.

GROUNDSEL {WATEB,.)---{Senecio Jacobcea.)

Called also Water Ragwort

Descrip. —This water plant grows
about two feet high,
and spreads out wide branches. The root leaves are broad,
with a few jags at the base, those on the stalks are deeply
divided down almost to the rib, and they are of a Uveiy
 oulpkpkr's oomplxtb herbal^ 17ft

green, smooth, glossy, sometimes of a reddish colour. The

flowera are of a beautiful bright yellow.
P/ ace.— This is a handsome perennial, commonly found
at ditch-sides, or where water stands during the winter.
—
Time. It blooms in July or August.
—
Oavemment and Virtue*. Thei*e is an acrid sharpness
in this plant, but the juice of it is cooling and astringent,
and of use in bums, inflammations in the eyes, and also in
cancerous ulcers it takes the pain from the stings of bees,
:

and assuages the pain of the gout, if applied outwardly.

GUM THISTJjK—(Euphorbia ffelioscopia.)

Descrip. —
This plant has no leaves, the root is hung with
numerous large fibres, the stem is of dark green colour,
thick, upright, and armed all the way with sharp prickles,
and from the angles of the stem towards the top proceed
the small flowers, which are of a yellowish green colour.
Place. —A native of Africa, but grows in our meadows.
—
Time. It is perennial, flowers from June to September.
—
Qovemnveri and Virtues. It is under Mars, and is hot
and dry, being a perfect caustic, of thin parts. A plaster
vade of twelve times as much oil, and a little wax, heals
all aches of the joints, lameness, palsies, cramps, and
shrinkings of the sinews. Mixed with oil of bay and bears'
urease, it cures scurvy and scalds in the head, and restores
lost hair ; applied with the temples, it heals the
oil to
lethargy, and by putting it nape of the neck, pre-
to the
vents the apoplexy. Mixed with vinegar it removes all
blemishes in the skin, or with other ointments, heals the
parts that are cold, and heals the sciatica. Taken inward-
ly, it frets the entrails, and scorches the whole body, for
that reason, it must be beaten small, and tempered with
something that lubricates and allays its heat, and then it
purges water and phlegm. Pills of Gum Thistle greasily
nelp dropsy, pains in the loins and guts by moisture, but
should only be given in desperate cases, as it operates vio-
lently. The oil of this plant, if snufled up the nose purgei
the head of phlegm, and is good in old and cold pains of
the jointo, liver, and spleen, also cold diseases of the nerves
and brain, the head-ache, and pains in the side. It cures
cold pains in the kidneys, bladder and womb, by anointiug
with it. It provokes lust and heals numbness and stif
De« of th» pnvitiet proceeding from cold, by anointing.
176 oulpbpsr's compucte herbal.

HARE'S EAR (SUAJLL,y-( Bvpleura RotundifoUum.)

Descrip.-^Th\% has a long slender white root ; the stalks

are numerous, and very small ; they are a foot and a half
high, and divided toward the top into a few branches :

the leaves stand alternately on them ; and they ire long,

narrow, grassy, and of a pale green. The flowers stand
on very small umbels at tne tops of the stalks, and on the
foot-stalks rising at the bosom of the leaves ; and they are
little and white. The seeds are small and dark-coloured.
Plouie, —We have it in dry pastures, and by road-sides
in Essex, Sussex, an^ Cambriage
—
TiTM, It flowers in June.
—
Oovemment and Virtties. It is somewhat of the nature
of Thorough- wax, but of inferior degree. The juice is ca-
thartic and diuretic, good to purge phlegmatic watery hu-
mours, and ser\'iceable against dropsy and jaundice, and
obstructions of the liver and spleen ; it is not often used in
England. Venice and Castile Soap are made from its ashes.

HARE'S TOOT,--(Pes Leporimu,)

—
Descnp. This plant seldom rises very high, but spreads
out into many slender branches, having small narrow
hairy trefoil leaves set at every joint on the tops of the
;

branches grow short round heads composed of small papi-

lionaceous pale purple flowers, each set in a soft woolly
calyx, making the heads appear soft and downy. The seed
is small, lying at the bottom of the calyx ; the root is lit-
tle, and peiishes yearly.
Place. — It is frequently found in fallow and corn-fielda
Time.— It flowers in June and July. The whole plant
is used, though not very often.
Oovernment and Virtiies, —Hare's Foot is a Mercurial
herb, drying and binding ; accounted good for diarrhoea
and dysentery, and to stop the too great flux of the cata-
menia and the fluor albua It helps the ulceration of the
bladder, and heat and pain in making water. It is a
powerful astringent, and recommended in all cases where
SAtringents are safe. The leaves worn in the shoes pre-
vent the feet sweating. It is also a good vulnerary herb.
f/rru/ufpint. Gouh^oti Olassvtod.
 Hcundsicnyue. /!
Venicau. HemloeJi-.
 OULPXPER'S COMP1.ETS HKRBAU 171

HARTS TONGUE.—CJ«p^^ium Scolopendrium or

Scolopendrium Oficinarum.)
Descrip, — Tliiahas divers leaves arising from the root,
every one j^everally which fold themselves in their first
;

sprin^ng and spreading ; thej are a foot lon^ when full

grown, smooth and green above, but hard and with little
sap in them, streaked on the back, thwart on both sides of
the middle rib, with small and somewhat long and brown-
ish marks ; the bottoms of the leaves are a little bowed on
each side of the middle rib, somewhat narrow with the
length, and a little small at the end. The root is of many
black threads, folded or interlaced together.
—
Time. Green all winter, but fresh leaves grow yearly,
—
Oovemment and Virtues. Jupiter claims dominion over
this herb, and it is a good remedy for the liver, both to
strengthen it when weak, and ease it when afflicted ; a
syrup of it should be made, for I think the leaves are not
green all the year. It is commended for hardness and
stoppings of the spleen and liver, and the heat of the sto-
mach, lax, and the bloody-flux. The distilled water is
very good against the passions of the heart, to stay the
hiccough, to help the falling of the palate, and to stay the
bleeding of the gums, by gargling with it.

HAWK-WEED (COMMON BROADLEAYED.)—

I Descrip. — It
(Uyeracia Mxtrorum,)
has many large leaves lying upon the
ground, much torn on the sides like Dandelion, but with
greater parts, more like the smooth Sow-Thistle, from
among which rises a hollow, rough stalk, two or thi^ feet
high, oranched from the middle upward, whereon are set
at every joiut longer leaves, little or nothing rent or cut,
bearing at the top sundry pale ligulated yellow flowers,
consisting of many small, narrow leaves, broad pointed,
and uickea in at the ends, set in a double row or more, the
outermost being larger than the inner, which, from most
of the Hawk- weeds, (for there are many kinds) do hold,
which turn into down, and, with small brownish seed, is
blown away with the wind. The root is long, somewhat
greater, and with many fibres thereat. The most common
Hawk-weeds are tho«e here represc^nted, viz., the narrow-
leaved, with umbeliferous flowers ; the Wall Uawk-weed,
with hairy Htalks and leaves the Succory-leaved Hawk'
;
178 OVLPEPKB'B COMPLBTS HBBBAl..
weed ; the Mouse-ear Hawk-weed, with bare green stalks
and fairei jellow flowers ; the Auricular narrow-leaved
Hawk-weed ; the Mountain Hawk-weed, with a rou^h
bare stalk, and fine yellow flowers ; and the Scotch Hawk-
weed, the largest Hawk-weed of any, with a rough stalk,
and small yellow flowers. The virtues are the same in all.
—They grow about
Place, and
field-sides path-ways io
the dry grounds of the hilly-part of Westmoreland.
—
Time, They flower and seed late in the summer.
Oovemment and —Saturn owns
Virtues. it. Hawk-weed
somewhat drying and binding, and good for the
is coolinff,
beat of the stomach, and gna wings therein for inflam-
;

mations, and the hot fits of agues. The juice of it in wine

helps digestion, dispels wind, hinders crudities abiding in
the stomach, and helps the difficulty in making water, it
is good against all poisonous bites. Ascruple of the dry
root given in wine and vinegar, is profitable for dropsy.
The decoction of the herb taken in honey digests phlegm,
and with hyssop helps the coughs The decoction of the
herb and wild succory with wine, helps the wind colic and
hardness of the spleen, it procures rest and sleep, hinders
Tenery, cools heat, purges the stomach, increases blood,
and helps diseases of the reins and bladder. Outwardly
applied, it is good for the defects and diseases of the eyes,
used with some womens' milk ;it may be used with suc-

cess for healing spreading ulcers. The green leaves bruis-

ed, with a little salt, applied to bums and scalds, greatly
helps them as also iSt. Anthony's fire, and all pushes ind
:

eruptions, and hot and salt phlegm. Applied with meal

poultice, it eases and helps cramps and convulsions. The
distilled water takes away wrinkles, freckles, spots, &c.

HAWTHORN.—Ci/«pi^i« OxyacarUha,)
/>Mcn/>. —ITiis is well known. The young twigs are
reddish, clothed with small leaves, divided into three and
sometimes five segments, coming over against the thorns.
The flowers grow in clusters, consisting of five white
leaves, with roddish apices in the middle ; of a pleasant
tmell, and are succeeded by small, round, and umbelicated
berries, of a fine red colour, containing a pretty big stone
divided into two, and covered with a little pulp.
—
Place, These trees grow in hedges, and flower in May.
—
Tide The berries or haws are ripe in September
The flowers and fruit are used.
Government and Virtue*.— It is a tree of Mars. Th*
 OnLFSFEB*S COMPLETE HERBAIi. 179

seeds in the berries beaten to powder being drunk in wine,

are good against the stone and dropsy. The distilled water
of the flowers stays the lax. The seeds cleared of the
down and bruised, being boiled in wine, are good for in-
ward pains. If the distilled water be appUed to any pUce
pierced with thorns or spUnters, it will draw them out.

HAZEL NUT. {Corylus AveUana.)

De^crip. —The Hazel tree is of small magnitude, rising

from the root are a number of long, smooth, tough, pliable
branchea, bearing large, round, rough leavea, indented
about the ed^ea, before whose appearing there comes forth
on the branches a great many loug, loose juli, or catkins.
The nuts grow two, three, or four together, on one stalk,
covered with a husk, open and jagged at the top ; when
ripe, the shell is hard and brittle, having a sweet kernel
Place, — This tree grows in the woods and hedges.
Time, — It flowers in
May.
Oovemment and Virtues.—They are under the dominion
of Mercury. The parted kernels matie into an electuary,
or the milk drawn from them with mead or honied water,
is good to help an old cou^h, and a little pepper put in
draws rheum from the head. The dried husks and shells,
to the weight of two drams, taken in red wine, stays lazness
and womens' courses, the skins answer the same purpose.

HEAJIT'S EASE.—C 7*0^ Tricolor,)

Called also Fansies.

Descrip. —
From a long, slender, divided fibrous root, rise
numerous weak stalks, of a faint green ; they spread upon
the ground, and raise themselves up for flowering, and are
six or eight inches long, and brancned. The lower leaves
are short, roundish, and lightly indented ; but the upper
ones are longer and more deeply cut, and some towards
the top divided to the rib by numerous segments. The
flowers are of a beautiful purple, variegated with yellow ;
and there is more or less white or blue, among them. The
wild white violet is a species of this genus ; many are of
a white colour from being starved, and this is the case in
respect to the white violet.
Place, —They are found wild in barren placet in our
ftelda, and cultivated often in our ganiens.
TVuM.— They flower all the spring and summer long.
—
Oowmmmeru and Virtue*. The herb is really Saturnine,
MflMthing oold, vitoous, and slimy. A strong dscoctioo
180 oxtlpepeb's complete hebbai*

or syrup of the herb and flowers, is an excellent cure foi

the venereal disease. The spirit of it is excellent good for
convulsions in children, and a remedy for falling sickness,
inflammation of the lungs and breasts, pleurisy, scabs, itch,
&C. The flowers are cooling, emollient, and cathartic it
:

is best to make a syrup, as their virtues are lost by drying.

HEDGEWEEDS. —(Erysimum Officinale, and Erysimum

Barbarasa,)
Descrip. — Common and Winter Hedgeweeds are often
taken for Hedge Mustard, as there is a resemblance both
in appearance and virtues, it is not of much consequence.
The roots of these weeds are long, white, woody, furnished
with many fibres. The stalks are round, firm, upright, of
a pale green, or purplish ;they erow two feet and a half
high, and not much branched. The leaves of the first are
long, pointed, and notched at the edges ; but of the Win-
ter Hedgeweed they are broader, thicker, more deeply in-
dented, and rounder. They are of a pale green colour, a
bitter taste ; the pith and the stalk have the same taste.
The flowers are small and yellow, and the seed-vessels
are long, slender, and squared :they stand in a kind of
pikes along the upper part of the stalk, when the plant
has been some time in flower. Garlic Hedgeweed, or as
ome call it, Jack by the Hedge (Allicuria Officinalis,) has
the taste of the former, but the appearance is somewhat
different, for this has smaller white flowers and rounder
leaves, of a finer green, and not rough at the edges, not
BO much resembling Wormwood or Southernwood as those
do ; but the seed-vessels are the same shaped, and the
eed looks the same.
—
FloM. They are common in waste places, which are
overrun with water ; the fens in the Isle of Ely, in Cam-
bridgeshire, and in Derbyshire, produce them abundantly.
—
TvmA, They are sometimes in flower in April, and
ometimes not till September.
Oovemment and Virtiies,—Thej are martial plants, hot
and astringent ; the juice, or a strong decoction, is good
to stop efi'usion of blood in a very safe manner. The seed,
which is the best part that is used, is drying and binding,
of service in all kinds of fluxes and hemorrhages, either
from the bowels or any other part ; they help the inconti-
nenoe of urine, and the making bloody urine. They are
also alexipharmic; and good in pestilential fevers; they re-
ttst poison* And the bites and stmgs of venomous creatorea
 CXTIf KPES'8 COMPLETR HEBBAL. 181

HELLEBORE {BLACK.y-( Eelleborut Niger,)

Callxs alao Setter-wort, Setter-graaa, Bear's-foot,
Christmas herb, aod Christmas- flower.
Detcrip. — It has sundry fair green leaves rising from
the root, each of them standing alx>ut a handful high
from the earth each leaf is divided into seven, eight, or
;

nine parts, dented in the middle of the leaf to the point

ides, abiding ^een all the winter about Christmas- time,
;

if the weather De any thing temperate, the flowers appear

upon foot-stalks, also consisting of five lar^e, round, white
leaves a- piece, which sometimes are purplish towards the
edges, with many pale yellow thrumos in the middle the ;

•eeds are black, and in form long and round. The root
consists of numberless blackish strings all united into one
head. There \a another species, which grows in the woods
very like this, but only tne leaves are smaller and narrow-
er, and perish in the winter, which this does not.
—
Place. The first grows in f^ardens. The second is com-
monly found in the woods in Northamptonshire.
T'im*.— The first flowers in December or January ; the
second in February or March.
—
Government ana Virttcet. It is an herb of Saturn, and
therefore no marvel if it has some sullen conditions with
it, and would be far safer, being purified by the alchymist

than given raw. Goat's milk is an antidote for it, if any

one suffers from taking too much. The roots are very ef-
fective in quartan agues and madness, they help falling sick-
neea, the leprosy, Iwth the yellow and black jaundice, th«
gout, sciatica, and convulsions. Used as a pessary, the
roots provoke the terms exceedingly ; also being beaten to
powder, and strewed upon foul ulcers, it eats away the
dead flesh, and instantly heals them nay, it helps gan-
:

grenes in the beginning. Twenty grains taken inwardly

IS a siiflicient dose for one time, and let that be corrected
with half as much cinnamon.

HELLEBORE (WHITE,) or INDIAN POKE.— (^

Ftfro.
trum Viride.)
Descrip. —The roots are thick at the head, white on the
inside, and very
full of fibres all round, of a hot nauseous
taste. The
stalks a»e numerous, about a foot high ; they
are round, green, firm, and upright. l*he lower leaves are
large, of a deep green, divided into several parte, sharp
182 CXTLPEPEB'S COMPLETB HERBAL.
pointed and serrated at the edges. The flowers are umbel-
liferous, large, and singular they have no cup, they are
;

green, but paler than the leaves, and they have a great
number of tnreads, with white buttons in their centre.
The seed-vessels appear among these, and afterwards ri-
pen the flower not falling, but remaining with them.
;

Pl<ice. —It is a scarce plant. It has been found in woods

in Kent and Sussex, and in Buckinghamshire.
—
Time. It flowers early in spring.
Oovemment and VirtiLes.— Like the former it is a cold
Saturnine plant, and poHsesses but in an inferior degree
the virtues of Black Hellebore. The leaves dried and
powdered, are giveu to robust habits ; as also the infusion
of the leaves, but it is a verj harsh medicine, and should
be given with caution. The powder of the dried root ought
not to be given to pregnant women.

'E.BMJjOCK.—( Conium Maculatum.)

—
Ducrip. The common great Hemlock grows up with
a green stalk, four or five feet high, or more, full of red
spots sometimes, and at the joints very large winged leaves
one set against the other, dented about the edges, of a sad
green colour branched towards the top, where it is full of
umbels of white flowers, and afterwards with whitish flat
seed ; the root is long, white, and sometimes crooked, and
hollow within. The whole plant, and every part, has a
strong, heady, and ill-favoured scent.
Place, —It grows by walls and hedges throughout all
parts of this country.
—
Time. It flowers and seeds in July, or thereabouts.
Oovemment and Virtuee. —Saturn claims dominion over
this herb. Hemlock is exceedingly cold, and very dan-
gorous, especially to be taken inwardly. It may safely be
applied to inflammations, tumults, and swellings in any
part of the body, as also to St. Anthony's fire, wheals,
pushes, and creeping ulcers that arise of hot sharp hu-
mours, by cooling and repelling the heat ; the leaves bruis-
ed and laid to the brow or forehead, are good for red and
swollen eyes ; as also to take away a pin and web grow-
ing there ; take a small handful of this herb, and half as
much bay-salt, beat together, and applied to the contrary
wrist <rf the hand, removes it in two applications. The root
roasted and applied to the hands, helps the gout Pui«
wine is the best antidote if too much of this herb is taken
 OTTLPBPES't OOlfPLSTI RSBBAL. 188

Poifionous Water Hemlock, CtciUa Virota, and Thick Wa-

ter Hemlock, are but accidental yariatiouB which situation
and soil naturally produce, they are thought to be poivon-
OQB, but there is nothing certain on this head.

B.'EM'?,-^ Cannabis Sativa.)

Descrip. —Thestalks grow to five or six feet high, an-
gular, covered with a strong tough bark : and clothed with
many digitated or fingered leaves, each leaf composed of
five, six, or seven parts, long and narrow, sharp- pointed,
and serrated about the edges, the middlemost being long-
est, set together upon one long footstalk they are green
;

above, hoary underneath, and rouffb in handling. The

flowers grow toward the tops of the stalks, in that they
call the male, in small and staminous bunches, which per-
ish without bringing any seed ; that being produced by
the female only, without any previous flowers.
Place.— It is cultivated in many counties.
—
Time, It is sown at the end of March, or beginning of
April ; and is ripe in August or September.
—
Government and Virtues. It is a plant of Saturn. The
eed expels wind, and too much use of it dries up the seed
for procreation ; yet being boiled in milk, and taken, helps
such aa nave a hot or dry cough. The emulsion of the
seed is good for the jaundice, if there be ague accompany-
ing it, for it opens obstructions of the (?all, and causes di-
gestion of choler. The emulsion or decoction of the seed
itays the lax and continual fluxes, eases the colic, and al-
lays the troublesome humours of the bowels, it also stays
bleeding at the mouth, nose, or other placea It is good to
kill worms in man or beast ; and the juice dropped into
the ears kills worms in tbem, and draws forth earwig or
other living creatures. The decoction of the root allays
inflammations of the head, or any other parts ; the herb
or the difltilled water of it, does the same. The decoction
of the root eases the pains of the gout, the hard hu-
mours of knots in the joints, the pains and shrinkings of
the sinews, and the pains of the hips. The fresh root mix-
ed with a little oil and butter, is good for burns.

HENBANE (COMMON.)—('^yo^cyamta Niger,^

Descrip. —
Our Common Henbane has very large, thick,
soft,woolly leaves, lying on the ground, much cut in, or
torn on the edges, of a dark, ill greyish green colour
;
184 ctjlpeper's complete hebbai*
among which arise up divers thick and short stalks, two
or three feet high, spread into divers small branches, with
lesser leaves on them, and many hollow flowers, scarce ap-
pearing above the husk, and usually torn on one side,
ending in five round points, growing one above another,
of a deadish yellow colour, paler towards the edges, with
many purplish veins therein, and of a dark yellowish Dur-
ple in the bottom of the flower, with a small point o{ the
same colour in the middle, each of them stand in a hard
close husk, which, after the flowers are passed, grows ra-
ther sharp at the top points, wherein is contained much
small seea, very like poppy seed, but of a ausky grejrish
colour. The root is great, white, and thick, branching
forth divers ways under ground, so like parsnips that it
has deceived many. The whole plant, more than the root,
has a very heavy, ill, offensive smelL
Fliice, — It grows by way-sides, and under hedgea
—
TifM4 It flowers annually in May, June and July.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. This herb is under the domi-
nion of Saturn. The leaves cool inflammations of the
epres, and any part of the body, and are good for theswel-
Imgs of the t^ticles, or womens' breasts, or elsewhere, if
they be boiled in wine, and either applied themselves,
or the fomentation warm it also assuages the pain of the
;

^out, the sciatica, and other pains in the joints which arise
from a cold cause, and applied with vinegar to the tem-
ples and forehead, helps tne head-ache, and want of sleep
in hot fevers. The juice of the herb or seed, does the
same. The oil of the seed is ^ood for deafness, noise, and
worms in the ears, being dropped there ; the juice of the
herb or root acts the same. The decoction of the herb or
seed, kills lice in man or beast. The fume of the dried
herb, stalks and seeds, burned, quickly heals swellings,
chilblains or kibes in the hands or feet, by holding them
in the fumes thereof. This herb must never be taKen in-
wardly, it is altogether an outward medicine. Goat's milk,
Honey water, and Mustard-seed, are amongst the best
antidotes when Henbane has been taken inwardly,

HENRY (GOOJ).y-( Mercurialis Annua.)

Called also English Mercury.
Descriv.—This plant has a thick, yellowish, perennial
root, witSi several hbres
; the leaves grow upon long foot-
stalks of a triangular shape, like spinach, of a yellow
 OUI«PEPEB'8 COMPLETE HEBBAJU i8S

gnen colour, feeling greasy or unctuous in handling. The

stalks grow about a foot high, with several of the like
leaves growing on them; and, on their tops, spikes of small
herbaceous flowers, inclosiug little round black seeds.
Place, —It grows in waste places, amongst rubbish.
Time, —
It flowers in spring.
—
Oavemment and Virtues, It is under the dominion of
Mercury. This herb is detersive and diuretic, and ought
to have a place in vulnerary decoctions and fomentations.
It is preferred to spinach, and is much superior in firm-
ness and flavour. The young shoots, the succeeding
leaves, and at last the flowery tops, are fit for kit«hen pur-
poses. It is good for scurvy, and provokes urine ; out-
wardly it is much used in clysters, and a cataplasm of the
leaves helps the pains of the gout
HERB CHRISTOPHER.—("ilc^cpa Spicata,) '

Descrip. —
This is a species of the Bane-berry. The root
is lone and thick, black on the outside, yellow within,
and o? a disagreeable taste. The first leaves are large, and
divided into a great mauy parts three together ; so that
Shey resemble some of the umbelliferous plants they are :

of a dusky green, and of a glossy surface. The stalk ie

round, green, upright, brancned, and a yard high ; the up-
per leaves resemble those of the root ; they are large, and
their separate parts are broad, serrated, and have also a
kind of trifid division. The flowers are small and white ;
they stand in clusters upon tender foot-stalks, forming a
kind of spike, and the berries are large, of a roundish, but
somewhat of an oblong figure, and black.
Place^— It found in woods in our northern counties.
is

Time. — It flowers in July, the berries ripen in August.

OovemmerU and Virtues. — It under the dominion of
is
Saturn. The berries are poisonous. Outwardly the leaves
are good for inflammations, and supply the place of Com-
mon Nightshade. They may also be applied with good
Qooees to hard tumours or swellings on the breast.
HERB BjOBERT,^ Oeranium Robertianum.
Descrip. —
It rises up with a reildish stalk two feet hi^h,
having divers leaves tnereon, upon very long and reddish
foot-stalks, divided at the ends mto three or five divisions,
each of them cut in on the edges, some deeper than the
othen, aod all dented likewise about the edges, which
186 CXTLPEPBK'B OOMPLBTl HEBBAL.
ometimes turn reddish. At the tops of the stalks come
forth divers flowers made of five leaves, much larger than
the dove's-foot, and of a more reddish colour ; after which
come black heads, as in others : the root is small and
thready, and smells as the whole plant, very strong.
—
Place. This grows every where, by the way-sides, on
ditch banks, and upon waste grounds.
—
Time, It flowers in June and July, and the seed is ripe
shortly afterwards.
—
OovernmerU and Virtiies, It is under the dominion of
Venus, and is commended against the stone, and to stav
blood, where or however flowing ; it speedily heels all
green wounds, and is effectual in old ulcers in the priv^
parts, or elsewhere. All geraniums are vulnaries, but this
herb more particularly so, only rather more detersive and
diuretic, which quality is discovered by its strong, soapy
smell ; it answers very well taken inwardly with wine in
Sowder, and also outwardly applied, for old ruptures. A
ecoction of it has also been of service in obstructions of
the kidneys and in gravel.

HERB TRUE-LOVE.—('Porw Quadrifdui.)

Gallbd also One- Berry.
—
Descrip. True- Love has a small creeping root running
under tne uppermost crust of the earth, shooting forth
stalks with leaves, some of which carry no berries, and
others which do every stalk smooth without joints, and
;

blackish green, about a foot high, if it bear berries, otherwise

seldom so high ; at the top there are four leaves set di-
rectly one against another, in the manner of a cross or rib-
band tied, in a true-love's knot, which are each of them
apart, like the Nightshade leaf, but somewhat broader,
having sometimes three, sometimes five, sometimes six,
leaves, and those sometimes greater than in others; in the
middle of the four leaves rises up one small slender stalk,
about an inch high bearing at tne tops one flower spread
;

open like a star, consisting of four small and long narrow

pointed leaves of a yellowish green colour, and four others
lyini» between them less than they; in the middle thereof
stands a dark round purplish button or head, compassed
about with eight small yellow mealy threads with three
colours. This button or head becomes a blackish purple
berry, full of juice, about the size of a grape, having many
white seeds. The whole plAnt is without taste.
 OTTLPIPBRI OOMPLSTl HimBAL. l87

Fiac€. —
It CT0W8 in wooda and copses, and sometimes in
the borders of fields and waste grounds, in many parts of
this country, and abundantly in the woods about Cbisle-
hurst aud Maidstone in Kent.
Time,— They spring up in April or May, and flower
•oon after, and the berries are ripe in May and June.
—
Oovemnieni and Virtries, Venus owns it ; the leaves oi
berries are good as antidotes agaiust all kinds of poison,
especially that of ^iconites, and pestilential disorders. The
roots in powder, taken in wine, ease the pains of colic ;
the leaves are very effectual for green wounds, and to heal
filthy old sores and ulcers, and powerful to discuss all
tumours and swellings in the privy parts, the groin, or any
other part of the body, and to allay all inflammations.
The juice of the leaves applied to felons, or those nails of
the hands or feet that have sores or imposthumes at the
roots of thcin, heals them in a short time.

HOLLY. HOLM, or HULVEB-BUSH.—(^/^«»

Aqui/olium.)
Descrit). —
This is a well-known large bush. The bark
is whitisn on the trunk, but the young shoots are green.
The leaves are oblong, irregular at the edges and prickly ;
the flowers are greenish, and the berries black. Another
species has thinner leaves, and yellow berries.
Place. —This is often planted as a garden-hedge.
—
Time, It flowers in May.
Oovemment and Virtues.— The tree is Saturnine. The
berries expel, and are profitable in the colic The berries
have a strong faculty in them; if you eat a dozen of them
in the morning fasting, when they are ripe and not dried,
they purge the body of gross and clammy phlegm ; but it
you ary the berries, and beat them into a powder, they
bind the body, and stop fluxes, bloody-fluxes, and the
terms in women ; the bark and the leaves also are excel-
lent, being used in fomentations for broken bones, and
each memoers as are out of joint.
HOLLY {SEA.}-'( Eryn^um Maritirmm.)
Callbd also Sea Eryngo.
Ducrip.—The first leaves of our Sea Holly are not lo
bard ana prickly as when they grow old, being almost
round, ana deeply dented aboutI the edges, bard and sharp
tne eag(
^nted, and a little cmmpled, of a blubluish green colour,
,
188 CITLPEPEB'S GOMPLBTB HESBAL.

every one upon a long foot-stalk ; but those that grow

up higher with the stalk, encompass it about The stalk
is round and strong, crested with joints and leaves, divid-
ed, shaip and prickly ; the branches rising from thence,
which have likewise other small branches, each of them
having several round prickly heads, with many small,
jagged, prickly leaves under them, standing like a star,
and sometimes found greenish or whitish ; the root grows
to eight or ten feet in length, set with circles on the up-
per part, cut smooth, and without joints lower down,
orownish on the outside, and very white within, with a
pith in the middle, of a pleasant taste, but much more^
oeins artificially preserved, and candied with sugar.
—
PlcKe. It is found plentifully about the sea-coast.
—
Time, It flowers at the end of summer, and gives ripe
seed within a month afterwards.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. Sea Holly is under the Moon:
the roots are hepatic and diuretic, opening obstructions of
the liver, helping the jaundice and dropsy, provoking
uhne, and easmg the strangury. Candied with sugar, the
roots are very restorative, good for consumptive persons,
and those wasted with long illness and too much venery,
thev are reckoned strengtheners to the parts of generation,
and are recommended for the lues venerea and gonorrhoea.

HOLLYHOCKS (GARDEN.)— M^^/^a Rosea.)

—
Descrip, This is a tall plant, six or seven feet high,
with thick round stalks, and large hairy round leaves; the
lowers grow upon the stalk, coming forth with the leaves,
being very large, of one leaf cut into five segments, of a
pale red colour, having a spiked umbo in the middle, full
of dusty apices. The roots are branched, white and Large.
—
Plao0, It grows only in gardens.
—
THme. It flowers in July and August.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. This species of mallows is of
the nature of Common Marsh -mallows, but less mollify-
ing ; it is mostly used in gargles for the swelling of the
tonsils, and the relaxation of the uvula. All the parts
of the plant have a rough and austere taste, but more es-
pecially the root, which is of a very binding nature, and
may be used to advantage both inwardly and outwardly,
for incontinence of urine, immoderate menses, bleeding
wounds, spitting of blood, the bloody-flux, and other fluxes
of the belly. It is also of efficacy in a spongy state of the
 Ct7LPfiPBft*8 COMPLKTl HIBBIX. 189

^nifi, attended with looseness of the teeth, and soreiieas

in the mouth. Dried and reduced to powder, or boiled iu
wine, and partaken of freely, it prevents miscarriage,
helps ruptures, dissolves coagulated blood from falls,
blows, &o., and kills worms in children.

HONEWORT (CORN.)—("-Suon, Segetony or Cryptokenia

Canadensis,)

Detcn'p. —
This rises from a long, thick, white root, the
stalks are numerous, round, fleshy, and a foot and a half
high, of a pale and bluish colour. The leaves grow at equal
distances ; they are usually drooping, large, finely cut at
the edges, and pointed, sometimes spotted with white, the
colour is a bluish ereen. The flowers are few, and, like
the leaves of the plant, hang down ; they are yellow in the
upper part, and purple at the base, though some are white.
Fiace.— It grows in corn-fields, and in thick hedges.
—
Time, It flowers in July.
—
0<n>«rnment and Virtues. It is a flower of the Sun ; a
mat vulnerary. The flowers contain a deal of honey-
juice, they are cooling and moistening, good for inflamma-
tions of the liver, St. Anthony's fire, r^ness and pimples
in the face, being applied to the parts affected as a cata-
plasm, or cloths dipped in the juice, laid on, and now and
then shifted ; made into a poultice with hogs'-lard, it
helps hot swellings and tumors.

HONEWORT (SLENDER.)—("/Swan Ammonium.)

Descrip, —This
a species of stone parsley, a weak plant*
is

of two feet and a half

in height ; the stalk is brown, and
very slender, supporting itself by leaning against the
bashes the leaves are of a fine green ; the flowers are
:

mall and white and the seeds are of an olive brown.

:

Place. —
It is found in damp thickets, and moist hedges.
Tim^. —
It flowers in July.
—
Oavemment and Virtues. This little plant is under the
dominion of Venus, iu the sign Cancer, and is excellent to
allay swellings, which are called Hones. The leaves are to
be f reah gathered, and beat in a mortar with a kind of paste.
UtK) <tre iben to be laid on a swelling that is red, pain*
/ul, and threatens bad counequences, which they disperse
It is good for disorders of the skin, and even in the king's-
evil. The Com ilonewor poflseases still more virtue.
loo

HONEY-SUCKLE.— ("Zonujora CapHfolium,)

Called also Woodbine.
Des(vip. —
The trunk or bodv of this bush is seldom
much thicker than the wrist, shooting out long, twining,
slender stalks, which twist about anything they meet
with the leaves grow two together, at a joint, of a long
:

round form, pointed at the end, of a bluish green colour;

the flowers are made up of several long slender tubes set
together, open at the top, with broad lips, turned back
with several stamina in the middle, of a pale red colour,
and a pleasant smell, succeeded by small red berries.
Place, —It pfrowB every where in the hedges.
—
Time, It flowers nearly all summer
—
Oovemment and Virtuee. This is a hot martial plant
fn the sign of Cancer. The leaves are the only parts used,
and are put into ^garisms for sore throats. Some re-
commend a decoction for a cough, and the phthisic, and to
open obstructions of the liver and spleen. The oil made
by infusion of the leaves, is healing and warming, and good
for the cramp and convulsions of the nerves

HONEY-SUCKLE (T>WAB.¥,y^C(ymus Herhacea.)

—
Descrip. The root is long, slender and spreading, and
it fttmisned with many fibres. The stalk is round, slen-
der, upright, and about five inches high. The leaves are
in pairs, large, oblong, broad-pointed at the ends, and
marKed with high ribs : they have no foot-stalka, and
their colour is of a bluish green. The flower is large and
white, and stands at the top of the stalk, but there usual-
ly rises two little shoots from the same point ; each of
which has two or four leaves on it like the others. The
fruit consists of several small berries joined together, of a
fine red. As this plant decays it becomes more red.
—
Place, It grows on hills in the north of England
—
Time, It flowers in May.
—
Oovemment and Virtties. This is a martial herb. The
root la bitterish to the taste, the leaves mildly acid ; boiled
up with sugar, the leaves make a very agreeable ielly,
which is of great use In hot bilious fevers, and putrid dis-
orders. A decoction of the bark is a good lotion for the
itch, and other cutaneous eruptions.
 OTTLPKPBR'B CX)MPLRK HSRBAL. 101

HONEY- WORT.— rCtfn^Ae Major.)

Descrip. —
There are eeveral species of the Honey-worts,
consisting of the great, small, and the rough, as the great-
er yellow and red, the greater yellow and purple, and the
lesser yellow and white. The greater Honey-wort ^ws
upon a thick green stock to a moderate height, having a
number of deep-pointed green leaves, placed one above
another towards the top of each stalk come umbels of
:

very sweet flowers, thick set, and rising up spiral or crest-

ed of a bright yellow colour, though some are red, others
;

and some perfectly white.

purple,
//ac«.— They grow in England in gardens.
Time,—They spring up in April, and flower from May
to August, but perish in the winter.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. They are under Mercury, and
are of a cold quality, and somewhat astringent. They stop
bleeding at the mouth and nose, immoderate fluxes of the
belly, and womens* courses. The juice of the herb, with a
little saffron dissolved in it, is an excellent remedy for
weak, watery, bleared ejeA^ and is used to heal foul ulcers,
after they have been cleansed, particularly in tender parts
of the body. It is used instead of Bugloss and Borage.

ROTS.—(Humulns Lupuius.)
Descrip. —
The Hop runs to a great heieht, climbing up,
and twisting round the poles which are placed for its sup-
port; the branches are rough and hairy, being large, rougn,
vine-like leaves, divided into three p>art8, serrated about
the edges. On the tops of the stalks, grow clusters of large,
loose, scaly heads, of a pale greenish yellow colour when
ripe, and a pretty strong smell.
Place, — The manured hops are cultivated in gardens :
the wild are found frequently in hedges*
—
Tims. They are ripe in Septembei.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is under the dominion of
Mara This will open ohHtnictions of the liver and spleen,
cleanse the blood, looeen the belly, cleanse the reins from
gravel, and provoke urine. The decoction of the tops
cleanses the blood, cures the venereal disease, and all kinds
of scabs, itch, and other breakings out of the body ; as also
tetters, ringworms, spreading sores, the morjjhew, and all
discolounngs of the skin. The decoction of the flowers
and tops help to expel poison. Half a dram of the seed in
192 Ot7LPI5PK1l'« OOMPLBTIt HERBAL.

So^vler, taken in drink, kills worms in the body, brings

own womens' courses, and expels urine. A
syrup made
of the juice and sugar, cures the yellow jaundice, eases the
head-ache that comes of heat, and tempers the heat of the
liver and stomach, and is profitable given in long and hot
agues that arise from choier and blood. The young hop
sprouts, which appear in March and April being mild, if
Doiled and served up like asparagus, are a very wholesome
as well as a pleasant tasted spring food. They purify the
blood, and keep the body gently open.

H0REH0UND.--(^i/iirw6twm Vulgcure.)

Descrip. —Common Horehound grows up with square

hairy stalks, half a yard or two feet high, set in the joints
with two crumpled rough leaves of a sullen hoary greeii
colour, of a good scent but a bitter taste. The flowers are
smalL white, and gaping, set in a rough hard prickly husk
round about the joints, with the leaves from the middle of
the stalk upward, wherein afterward is found small round
blackish seed. The root is blackish, hard and woody, with
many strings ; and abides many years.
—
Place, It is found in waste dry grounds in England,
—
Time, It flowers in July, the se^ is ripe in August.
—
Oovemment and Virtvss. It is an herb of Mercury. A
decoction of the dried herb, with the seed, or the juice of
the green herb taken with honey, is a good remedy for a
cough, or consumption. It helps to expectorate tough
phlegm from the coest, being taken with the roots. It is
given to women to bring down their courses, to expel the
afterbirth, and to them that have sore and lon^ travails ;
aa also to persons who have taken poison. The leaves used
with honey, purge foul ulcers, stay running and creeping
sores, and the growing of the flesh over the nails. It also
helps pains in the sides. The juice, with wine and honey,
helps to clear the eyesight, and snuffed up the nostrils, it
purges away the yellow jaundice ; and, with oil of roses,
dropped into the ears, eases the pains of them. It opens
obstructions both of the liver and spleen, and used out-
wardly it cleanses the chest and lungs. Adecoction of
Horehound is available for those that have hard livers, or
those who have the itch or running tetters. The powder
taken, or the decoction, kills worms ; the green leaves
bruised, and boiled in ho^*s-grease into an ointment, heals
the bites of dogs, abates trie swollen part and pains which
 C^LPEPBR^^ COMPLKT4 BERSAL. 1^3

come by pricking tborna, with vinegar, it cleanses and

heals tetters. The syrup of Horehound is excellent for
cold rheums in the lungs of old people, and for those who
are asthmatical or short-winded.

HOREHOUND {BhACK.y-(Balota Nigra.)

Descrip. —The
Black Horehound grows taller, and is
more branched than the white, with taller darker leaves, of
a keen earthy smell. The flowers are found among the
leaves, in two clusters on each side of the stalk, towards
the fore part of it, each cluster on a common foot-stalk,
and every flower in a wide-mouthed five-cornered large
calyx of a red colour, being galated and labiated, they ap-
pear a little above the calyx the seeds are in the bottom,
:

small and oblong. The root is long, and spreads much.

Place, —
It grows in bye-paths and in hedges.
—
Time, It flowers in July.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. This is also under Mercury,
but has not as much virtue as the former. The leaves and
top only are used. The leaves beaten with salt, and ap-
plied to the wound, cures the bites of mad dogs, and the
juice, mixed with honey, cleanses foul ulcers. It is recom-
mended as a remedy against hysteric and hypochondriac
affections. It is an intense bitter, which bespeaks it to be
a stren^thener of weak stomachs it is endowed with the
;

properties of a balsam, and is a powerful alterative, and

capable of opening obstructions of any kind it is a pro-
;

moter of the menses some praise it very much as a pec-

;

toral in coughs and shortness of breath ; but it is neces-

mrj to observe some caution, viz, that it ought only to be
administered to gross phlegmatic people, and not to thin
plethoric persona. The powder is good to kill worma.
nOBSE-TAlJj.'-( Equisetum,)
Detcrip. —There are many kinds of this herb,
which are
but knotted some with leaves and others without.
ruiihea,
The great Horse-tail at the first has heads resembling A»-
parai^s, and afterwards grow to be hard, rough, hollow
stalks, joined at sundry places at the top, a foot high, so
made asthe lower parts were put into the upper, where
if
ffrow on each side a bush of small long rush -like hard
Mavet, each nart resembling a horse- tail At the top of the
rtalks come forth small catkins, like those of trees. The
root creeps in the ground, having joints at sundry places^
Id4 OULPIPIr's COMPLXTl HBRBAL.

—
Place, This herb growa in wet grounds.
—
Time. It springs up in April, and its catkins in July ;
it seeds in August, and perisnes.in winter.
—
Oavemment and Virtues. This herb belongs to Saturn.
It is very powerful to stop bleeding either inward or out-
ward, the juice of the decoction being drunk, or the juice,
decoction, or distilled water applied outwardly. It also
stays laxea or fluxes in man or woman, and heals the in>
ward ulcers, and the excoriation of the entrails, bladder,
&c. It solders together the tops of green wounds, and
cures all ruptures in children. The decoction, taken in
wine, provokes urine, and helps the stone and strangury ;
and the distilled water drank two or three times a day,
and a small quantity at a time, also eases the entrails or
guts, and is effectual in a cough that comes by distillation
from the head. The juice or distilled water, used as a
warm fomentation is of service in inflammations, pustules
or red wheals, and other breakin^s-out in the skin, and
eases the swelling heat and inflammation of the funda-
ment, or piivy parts, in men or women.

ILOnSE-TOl!^GlJK—( ffippoglossum,)

Descrip. —The root of this plant has a thick head, from

which spring several hard whit« thready fibres. The stalks
are about six or eight inches high, tough and flexible, it
has lar^ nervous leaves, pointed at the ends, thick and
full of haid veins, rising sometimes alternately, and some-
times two opposite ; on the middle of the upper part of
each leaf, but in shape or make like the former; at the
setting on of this grow one or two small mossy flowers,
which are succeeded by round red berries.
— It cultivated only in botanic gardens.
Place. is
Time.— It flowers in June and July.
Government and —This plant under Mars in
Virtues. is
Libra. It is heating and drying ; and serviceable in dis-
orders and suffocations of the womb, and hysteric fits, as
likewise to hasten the birth, expel the afterbirth, and pro-
cure the catamenia but it is very rarely used. There is
:

a lesser species, more compaon, but it does not possess as

many virtues. They are b<>th very drying and astringent,
and good for all sorts of fluxes, hemorrhages and bleedings,
both inward and outward, and to stren^hen the joints.
 191

HOUND'S-TONGUE.—(' Cyno^^o«*ttm OjfficinaU,)

—
Descriv. The root of the CommoD Hound's-Tongue is
thick ana long, of a dark brown coloar on the outside, and"
whitish within ; the lower leaves are near a foot lon^, and
two or three inches broad, pointed at the ends, and soft
and wooUj to the touch ; the stalk rises two or three feet
high, with shorter and narrower leaves, and having several
flowers growing in clusters on the top, of a sullen red co-
lour, appearing a little above the caljoes they stand in ;
each flower is followed by four flat seeds, standing about
the pistillium, like a shield or buckler. The whole plant
has a foetid smelL
Place.— It is found bj hedges and road-sides.
—
Time. It flowers in June and July, the root only is used.
—
Qovemment and Virtues. The plant is governed by Mer-
cury. The root is cold, drying, and binding, it is useful
in catarrhous defluxions upon the lungs, and to temper ths
sharpness of the blood and, by consequence, excellent for
;

all kinds of fluxes, and hemorrhages, as well as for gon-

orrhoea. It is likewise reckoned among the vulneraries,
and helpful in scrofulous tumours, both taken inwardly
and applied outwardly as a cataplasm. The leaves boiled
in wine or water, and oil and salt, mollify and open ths
belly downwards. It also cures the bites of mad dogs,
some of the leaves being applied to the wound; the leaves
bruised, or the juice of them boiled in hog's-lard and appli-
ed, helps the falling away of the hair, which comes oi not
and sharp humours ; as also for an^ place that is scalded
or burnt ; the leaves bruised and laid to any green wound,
heals it up quickly : the root baked under the embers,
wrapped in paste and a suppository made thereof, and put
into or applied to the fundament, does very eflfectually help
the paintul piles or hemonhoids. The distilled water of
the herbs and roots is a remedy for all the purposes afore-
said, to be used inwardly to drink, and outwaixlly to wash
any sore place, for it heals all manner of wounds, and all
the foul ulcers that arise by the venereal disease.

ROVSEliEEK,'--(Sempennvum Tectorum,)
Called also Sengren.
Descrip. — Houseleek has a great many thick, succuleat
leaves, set together in a round form, convex on the out-
xide, flattish within, sharp-pointed, with hairy edcces. The
1^ ClTLPEPBB^fl COMPLETE HfeBBAU
stalk grows about a foot high, reddish, with a succulent
bark, covering a pithy substance, the leaves on the top
are thinner and longer than those below from the top
;

of these stalks rise reflected spikes of starry flowers made

up of several nanow, sharp-pointed, reddish petals, set
about a greenish hollow crown, which is afterwards en-
larged into small, hollow, horned pods or seed-vessels,
which inclose very small seed. The root is long, woody,
and full of fibres;
— grows on the tops of houses this country.
Place. It in
—It flowers July.
Time. in
Oovemment and —It an herb of Jupiter. Our
Virtties. is
ordinary Houseleek is good for the inward heats as well as
outward, and in the eyes or other parts of the body; a pos-
set made of the juice of Houseleek, is good in hot agues,
for it cools and tempers the blood and spirits, and quench-
es thirst, and is also good to stay hot deductions or sharp
and salt rheums in the eyes, the juice being dropped into
them, or into the ears, helps them. It helps also other
fluxes of humours in the bowels, and the immoderate
courses of women. It cools and restrains all violent in-
flammations, St. Anthony's fire, scalds and bums, the
shingles, fretting ulcers, cankers, tetters, ringworms, and
the like ; and much eases the pain of the gout proceeding
from any hot cause. The juice also takes away warts and
corns in the hands or feet, being bathed with it, and the skin
and leaves laid on them afterwards. It eases head-ache, and
distempered heat of the brain in frenzies, or through want
of sleep, if applied to the temples and forehead. The leaves
bruised and laid upon the crown of the head, stays bleed-
ing at the nose quickly. The distilled water of the herb
is profitable for all the diseases aforementioned. The leaves
gently rubbed on the places stung by nettles or bees, will
quickly remove the pain.

HOUSELEEK (SMALL,)^Sedum Minus.)

Descrip. —The stalks of this Sedurtij before they flower,
are of a bluish green colour, beset, especially towards the
tops, with fat, thick, succulent, blunt- pointed, round leaves;
wnen they rise to flower, they have a few of the like leaves
growing alternately on them ; they have on their tops small
umbels, of white five-leaved flowers, which are succeeded
by as many little homed seed-vessels, full of very small
seed. The root is fibroufl.
 OULPEPKB'B COMPLXTB HBBBUi. 197

—It
PUtee, upon old stone- walls and buildings.
fifrows
— It flowers summer.
Tim&, in
Oovemment and Virtue*. — The leaves and stalks are
used, bein^ mach of the nature of the Sempervivum TectO"
rum, and. Tike that, cooling, and good for all kinds of in*
flammations. It is also under Jupiter.

HOUSELEEK (STONE-CROP.)—(^«<iwm Minut

HoemcUodes.)
Detcrip. —
This Sedum in manner of growing is much like
the last, the chief difference is, that the leaves are slender-
er, sharp-pointed, flattish in the iuside, and seeming onlj
tuck on the stalks, the lower parts of them turning up a
little. The flowers grow in umbels, being yellow, of six
sharp-pointed leaves, with as mauj stamina and apices in
the middle. The seeds grow in horned pods, as the other,
and the root much alike ; it grows upon old walls, and on
the tops of houses, and is much more frequent than the last,
flowering at the same time, and may very well supply its
place, being cooling, and serviceable in many respects.
—
Oovemrrumt and Virtues, The flouseleek is cooling and
astringent, though not often given inwardly, yet is recom-
mended by some to quench thirst in fevers, mixed with
posset-drink as also for heat and sharpness of urine.
;

Three ounces of the juice of this and Penicaria Maculata

boiled to the consistence of a julep, are recommended to
allay the heat of inflammations.

HOUSELEEK (WALL PEPPER)—(^^crfum Acre.)

iJescrip. —Wall-Pepper, or Small Stone-crop, has its

stalks four or five inches long, wholly covered with thick,
fat, triangular, blunt leaves, and on their tops a few star-
like, five-leaved, yellow flowers, with several stamina in
the middle. The root is small and fibrous.
place. —It grows upon walls, and the tops of low houses.
Time.— \i flowers in May and June. It has a very hot
biting taste, from which it is often called Pepper- wort
—
Oovemment and Virtues. This is sometimes sold for
Sedum Afmu4, but its qualities are directly opposite to the
other Sedumt, and mure apt to raise inflammations than
cure them, it ought not to oe put into the Unguent Popur
leon^ nor into any other medicine for it It is good for
•cnrry, both inwardly in decoctions, and outwardly bath-
ed as a fomentation. It is al»o commeDded for king'a-eviL
198 cttlpbpeb's ooxplsti hbbbal.

HOUSELEEK (WATER>—(*S'em;xjr vimrn Aquatica.)

Callbd also Water Parsnep, and Crab's Claws.
Descrip,— It has sundry long narrow leaves, with sharp
prickles on the edges, very sharp-pointed ; the stalks on
which the flowers grow do not rise as high as the leaves,
but bear a forked head like crab's claws, out of which a
white flower comes, consisting of three leaves, with yel-
lowish threads in the middle ; it takes root in the mud at
the bottom of the water.
—
Place. It grows in the fens In Lincolnshire.
—
Time, It flowers from June until August.
Oovemment and Virtues,— li is under the dominion of
Venus, and is a great strengthener of the reins ; it is good
against St. Anthony's fire, and assuages swellings and in-
flammations in wounds; an ointment made of it is good to
heal bruised kidneys. A dram of the powdered herb if
taken every morning, stops the terras.

HYACINTH.— (5ya<nn/At«.)
Called Harebell, {Campanula RotundifoHoy) and Blue-
bell, (Bi/acinthtu non Scriptus.)
—
Descrip. There are many species of Hyacinths. The
following are reckoned the most beautiful : 1. The Hya-

cinth with the flowers alternate, and a little drooping ; 2.

The Hyacinth with irregular flowers, divided into six
parts ; 3. The campanulated Hyacinth, with the flowers
cylindric at the base, and lightly divided at the edge into
six segments; 4. The Hyacinth with a clustered conic tuft
of flowers, or Peruvian Hyacinth ; 5. The Hyacinth with
funnel-shaped flowers, lightly divided into six parts at the
rim, and swollen at the base; 6. The funnel-flowered Hya-
cinth, with the flowers swollen at the base, and lightly cut
at the edge into six segments ; 7. The Hyacinth with a
clustered and rounded head of flowers, or grey starry Hy-
acinth ; and 8. The scaly-rooted Hyacinth, or autumnal
starry Hyacinth.
Place.— It is common under hedges, and in gardens.
—
Time. It flowers in the beginning of May.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. The root is full of a slimy
]aice, a decoction of which operates by urine. Dried and
reduced to powder, it is of a balsamic and styptic nature.
Its virtues are little known, it will cure the wnites. The
fresh root is poisonous, and may be made into starch.
 CULPEPER'8 COMPLXTB HSSBAL. 19t

EYVOCISTnS.'-(Cytinut Eypoctttis.)

Ihtorip. — This plant does not derive its nourishment

from the earth, but from some other plant to which it at-
taches itself. It is composed of a single leaf with a cyliu-
dric tube, and expanded or spreading border, which is di-
vided into four obtuse coloured ssi^ments. It has a great
number of broad, short, skinny films, by way of leaves,
and the flowers grow at the top intermixed with them,
and are large and beautiful.
Plaoe.— It is a native of the Grecian Isle, but it ! found
on the roots of the Cistus shrub in this country
Time.- It flowers in the middle of summer.
—
Oovemment and Virtues, The berries abound with a
large quantity of glutinous juice, which being evaporated
over the fire till it acquires the consistence of Spanish juice,
or liquorice, it is a good medicine in violent purgings, at-
tended with bloody stools; likewise in excessive menstrual
evacuations, and other hemorrhages. The best method of
giving it is in an electuary made with conserve of rosea.

HYSSOP.-^iTyMo^m* Officinalis.)

Descrip,— Out Common Hyssop grows to about a foot

high or more, with many stalks which are square at first,
but grow round as they come to flower. The leaves are
long, narrow, and sharp- |X)inted, set two at a ioint the
;

flowers grow in long spikes, made of thin whorles, of pret-

ty large blue leaves disposed all on one side of the stalk.
They have a galea cut in two, and the labella divided into
four segments ; the seeds are black, growing four together
in the calyx. The root is thick, woody, and much divided;
the whole plant is of a prettv strong aromatic smell.
Place.— It is sown in gardens, but is a native of Italy.
Tirne.— It flowers in August. The whole plant is used.
—
Oovemmant and Virtues. The herb is Jupiter's, and the
ign Cancer. It strengthens all the parts of th^ body un-
der Cancer and Jupiter. Hyssop boiled with honey and
rue, and drank, helps those that are troubled with coughs,
hortneaf of breath, wheezing and rheumatic distillations
upon the lungs taken with oxymel, it purges gross hu-
;

mours by stool with honey kills worms in the belly; and

;

^ith fresh new figs bruised, helps to loosen the belly, and
more forcibly if fleur-de-lys ana cresses be added thereto.
It amends and cherishaa the uativa colour of the bod/
200 CXTIiPXPKB'B COMPLETE HERBAL.
spoiled by the yellow jaundice, and taken with figs and nl-
kre, helps the (Iropsy and spleen ; being boiled with wine,
it is good to wash iuHammations, and takes away the blue
and black marks that come by strokes, bruises or falls, if
applied with warm water. It is an excellent medicine for
the quinsy, or swelling in the throat, to wash and gargle it,
when boiled with figs ; it helps to cure tooth-ache, if boil-
ed in vinegar, and the mouth rinsed with it. The hot va-
pours of the decoction taken by a funnel in at the ears,
eases the inflammations and singing noise of them. Being
bruised with salt, honey, and cumin seed put to it, helps
those stung by serpents. The head anointed with the oil,
kills lice, t^es away the itching of the head. It is good
for falling sickness, expectorates tough phlegm, and is ef-
fectual in all cold griefs, or diseases of the chest and lungs,
when taken as a syrup. The green herb bruised with su-
gar, quickly heals any cut or green wounds, if properly
applied. The pains and discolourings of bruises, blows, and
falls may be (Quickly removed by a cataplasm of the green
leaves sewed in a linen cloth, and put on the place.

HYSSOP (HEDGE.)— COVo^io^a OffidnalU,)

Descrip. —
Two oi three sorts of this herb grow in this
country, the description of two I shall give. The first is a
smooth, low plant, not a foot high, very bitter in taste,
with many square stalks, diversely branched from the top
to the bottom, with divers joints, and two small leaves at
each joint, broader at the bottom than they are at the end,
A little dented at the edges, of a sad green colour, and full
of veins. The flowers stand at the joints, of a fair purple
colour, with some white spots \n them, in fashion like those
of dead nettles. The seed is small and yellow, and the roots
spread much under ground. The second seldom grows half
a foot high, sending up many small branches, whereon
grow many small leaves set one against the other, some-
what broad, but very short The leaves are like the flowers
in fashion, but of &pale reddish colour. The seeds are small
and yellowish. Tne root spreads like the other, neither
will it yield to its fellow one ace of bitterness.
—
Place, They grow in low wet grounds, and by the wa-
ter-side43 ; the last may be found on Hamj)stead Heath,
and in the north of Scotland.
—
TVme, They flower and seed in June and July.
—
Oovemment and Virtues, They are heibs of Mara, and
 CULPEPEB> COMPLBTX HESBAU 201

Are most violent purges, especially of choler and phlegm.

It is not safe taking them inwardly, unless they be recti-
fied by the art of the alchymist, and only the purity of
them given ;so used they may be very helpful for the
dropsy, gout, and sciatica ;outwardly used in ointments,
they kill worms, the belly anointed with it; and are excel-
lent to cleanse old and filthy ulcers. The best way is, to
powder the root, and give it in small doses ; in which form
it is excellent against worms ; it also removes all the mu-
cous matter from the intestines, which harbours thena. It
approaches to the nature of the Fox-glove in qualities as
well as in form and should be very moderately used, as
;

its powers are very great.

rVY-TREE.— (Zr«^a Helix.)

Descrip. — The leaves of Ivy run on the ground, and are

angular and cornered ; but when the stalks rise up, and
are fastened to a wall or tree, they become rounder, ending
in one point The leaves of both are of a firm texture,
and a oark green colour ; those of the first full of small
white veins, the branches insinuate themselves by short
cirrhi into a wall, or the body of the tree that it climbs on.
The flowers grow in corymbi or umbels, consisting of small
six-leaved yellowish flowers, followed by round umbellica-
ted berries, black when ripe, bearing several angular seeds.
—
Place* It erows in woods upon the trees, and on stone
walls of churches, houses, &c, and sometimes it grows alone.
—
Time. It flowers in July ; and the berries are ripe at
when they have felt winter froats.
Christmas,
Oovemment and Virtuet.—li ut under the dominion of
Saturn. A pugil of the flowers, about a dram, drank twice
a day in rea wine, helps the lax and bloody-flux. It is an
enemy to the nerves and sinews, being much taken in-
wardly, but very helpful to them being outwardly applied.
The yellow berries are good against the jaundice, and a
drunken surfeit, it helps tho spitting of blood ; tho white
berries taken inwardly, or applied outwardly kill worms
in the belly. The berries prevent and heal the plague, by
drinking the powder in wine, two or three days together,
this drink breaks the stone, provokes urine and womens'
eouraes ; and the fresh leaves boiled in vinegar, and appli-
ed warm to the sides of those that are troubled with the
pleen, ache or stitch in the sides, do give much ease ; tbs
same applied with rose-water and oil of roses to the tern-
20S CULPBPSB'S COMPLSTS RXSBAXn
Dies and forebead, eases the long-standing head-ache. The
*esh leaves boiled in wine, will cleanse old ulcers, if waah-
d with it. It also quickly heals green wounds, and
is ef •
fectual to cure all burns and scalds, and all kinds of exul-
cerations coming thereby, or by phlegm or humours in
other parts of the body ; the juice of the berries or leaves
snuffed up the nose, purges the head and brain of thin
rheum that makes deflux^ons into the eyes and nose, and
cures the ulcers and stench therein ; the same dropped
into the ears, helps the old and running sores of them.

JESSAMINE.—(Jcwminwwi OJicinale.)

Descrip, —This tree

or shrub shoots oat long, slender,
green twigs or branches, which must be supported, or else
they hang down ; they are clothed with long, pinnated
leaves, m«ule of several sharp-pointed pin nee, set opposite
to each other, with an odd one at the end, larger than the
rest. The flowers come forth among the leaves, several to-
gether on a common foot-stalk ; but each standing on a
slender short one of its own, being longish tubes, spread-
ing out at the top into five broad segments, standing in
very short calyces, so that they easily fall off, when full
blown : they are of a white colour, and a pleasant agreea-
ble smell ; each flower is succeeded by a berry, divided
into two parts, but seldom coming to perfection here.
—
Plac€, It is usually planted in gardens.
—
Time, It flowers in June and July.
Oovemmmit and Virfitet, —Jessamine is a warm, cordial
governed by Jupiter
plant, in the sign Cancer. The flow-
ers only are used. It w^rn^s the womb, and heals schirr-
thi therein, and facilitates the birth ; it is useful for cough,
difficulty of breathing, &c. The oil made by infusion of
the flowers, is used for perfumes. It disperses crude hu-
mours, and is good for cold and catarrhous constitutions,
but not for the hot. The oil is good also for hard and con-
tracted limbs, it opens, warms, and softens the nerves and
tendons, if used as a liniment to the parts, or taken in
drink, or clysters. It removes diseases of the uterus, and
ia of service in pituitous colics. Apoultice of the leaves^
boiled in wine, dissolves cold swelling and hard tumours.

JEWS-EAK^ Exidia Auricula Judce.)

Detcrip, —A membranaceous fungus which grows in the
•hap« of an ear, it ii luiiaUy ash-coloured beneath, black-
 crrLPBPSB'i noxPLiTX hibbal. 208

i«h on the top, and the taste is earthy and flat, but has no
mell. It sticks close to the bodj of the tree, and has lit-
tle or no pedicle.
Place, — It fjTOws at the bottom of old elder-trees.
—
Time. Mild damp weather is the most favourable.
—
OovemTMnt and Virtues. This is under Saturn, in the
sign Virga It is astringent and drying, but is seldom ta-
ken inwardly, as it is dangerous. However, they are good
for sore throats, quinsy, and swelling or inflammation of
the tonsils.

JOHN'S WORT {^T.)— (Hypericum Perfcyratum,)

Bescrip. —Common St John's Wort shoots forth brown-
ish, upright, hard, round stalks, two feet high, spreading
many branches from the sides up to th€ tops of them, with
two small leaves set one against another at every place,
which are of a deep greeu colour, somewhat like the leaves
of the lesser centaury, but narrow, and full of small holes
in every leaf, which cannot be so well perceived, as when
they are held up to the light ; at the tops of the stalks
and branches stand yellow flowers of five leaves each, with
many yellow heads in the middle, which being bruised do
yield a reddish juice like blood; after which do come small
round heads, which contain small blackish seed, smelling
like rosin. The root is hard and woody, with divers strings
and fibres, of a brownish colour, which abides in the ground
many years, shooting anew every spring.
—
P^ace. This grows in shady woods and copses.
—
Time. It flowers about Midsummer, and its seed if
ripe in the latter end of July or August.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is under the celestial sign
Leo, and the dominion of the Sun. St. John's Wort is
ape rati ve, detersive and diuretic, helpful against tertian
and quartan agues, is alexipharmic, and destroys worms ;
it is an excellent vulnerary plant. A tincture of the flow-
ers in spirit of wine, is commended against melancholy and
madness. Outwanlly, it is of great service in bruises, con-
tusions, and wounds, especially in the nervous parts, if it
be boiled in wine: made into an ointment, it opens obstruo-
tions, dissolves swellings, and closes up the lips of wounds.
The decoction of the herb and flowers, especially the seed,
being drunk in wine, with the juice of knot-gass, help all
Banner of vomiting and spitting of blood, it is gooa also
for those who cannot make water, and are bitten or stung

I
204 cttlpepbb's complete herbal.
by yenomous creatures. Two drams of the seed made into
powder, and drank in broth, expels choler or congealed
Dlood in the stomach. The seed taken in warm wine, is
recommended for sciatica, falling-sickness, and the palsj.
It is yalnerarj and abstersive, and opens obstructions and
scours the urinary passages.

JULY FLOWER,— (Motthiala Inconcu)

Called also Gilly-Flower and Wild-Pink.

Descrip, —Thiis plant grows in almost every garden, and
is so well known, that it needs little to be said about it.
It has long, narrow, hoary, or whitish leaves, set alter-
nately on the stalks ; the flowers are large, of four leaves
each, sometimes white, red, and frequently striped, of a
pleasant, sweet scent The seed is flat and round, growing
in long hoary pods, divided in two parts in the middle.
Place.— It grows only in gardens.
—
Time. It flowers about Midsummer.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is under Jupiter ; all the
species of Wild Pinks have the same medicinal virtues, and
tneir quality is principally in the flowers, the purple kind
possessing most ; they are cordial and cephalic ; good in
lain tings, head-aches, and other nervous aiaorder. tinc- A
ture of the flowers is the best medicine for these disorders.

JUNIPER-TREE.—("/umjDtfrw Communis.)
Descrip. —This grows only to the size of a bush or shrub.
The branches are thick-set, with narrow of a
stiff leaves,
bluish green colour, sharp and prickly at the ends ; the
flowers are small, mossy, and staminous; the berries round,
green for the first year, and afterwards of % dark purple
or black colour, each containing three-cornered seeos.
—
Place. It grows upon the heaths of this country.
—
Time. The berries are not ripe the first year, but con-
tinue creen two summers and one winter before they are
ripe, they are black, and ripen with the fall of the leaf,
—
Oovemment and Virtues. The berries are hot in the third
degree, and dry in the first, being counter- poison, and a
resister of the pestilence, and excellent against the bites of
yenomous beasts; it provokes urine, and is available in dy-
senteries and strangury. It is a remedy against dropsy, and
brings down the terms, helps the fits of the mother, expeli
the wind, and strengthens the stomach. Indeed there is
no better remedy for wind in any part of the body, or the
 oulpkpsb's complktk herbal. ¥>b

colic, than the chymical oil drawn from the berries. They
Ere good for cough, ahortuesd of breath, consumption, pains
in the belly, rupture, cramps, convulsions, and speedy deli-
very to pregnant women ; they strengthen the Drain, for-
tify the signt, by strengthening the nerves, are good for
agues, help the gout and sciatica, and strengthen the limbs
of the body ; it is also a speedy remedy to such as have
the scurvy, to rub the gums with; the berries stay all flux-
es, help the hemorrhoids or piles, and kill worms in chil-
di«n: a lye made from the asoes of the wood, and the body
bathed with it, cures the itch, scabs and leprosy ; the ber-
ries break the stone, procure appetite when it is lost ; and
are good for all palsies, and fallmg-sicknesa.

KARSE (DITTANDEK) -fr.epidium Sativum.)

Dwcrip.— The root is fibrous, and the first leaves are
very large, of a deep green, they stand on long slender
foot-stalks ; they are oblong, broad, and serrated at the
edges they are large near the base, and sharp-pointed.
:

The stalk is round, firm, upright, considerably branched,

and three feet high. The leaves grow at the joints, with
long slender foot-stalks, like those from the roots, but are
smaller and paler. The flowers stand in great numbers at
the tops of numerous branches, and they are small and
white. The seed is small and brown.
Place, —Itgrowsin Essex, and thenorth, on damp plains.
—
TitM, It flowers in July.
—
OovemwMnX and Virtues, The taste is acrid. This is
ery raooeHfol for the sciatica, gout, and pains in the joints.
The leaves bruised, and mixed with hogs' lard, and applied
to the places affecte will give relief ; it also amends de-
.

formities or discolounugsof the skin, and takes away scars,

marks, scabs and burns. The juice is j^ven in ale to pro-
care women a speedy delivery in travail.
KIDKEYWOKr.-^(Cott/lecUm Umbtlicui.)

Callxd also Wall Pennyroyal, or Penny- wort

Demrip. — It has many thick, flat, and round
leaves, all
having a long foot-etalk, fastened underneath, about the
middle of it, and a little unevenly weaved about the edges,
of a pale green colour, and somewhat yellow on the upper
ide, from which rise one or more tender, smooth, hollow
irtAtks half a foot high, with two or three small leavei
thereon, usually long and divided at the edges ; the tops
806 CULPBPaR*8 COMFLBTB HXKBAL.

are somewhat divided into long branches, bearing a num*

ber of flowers, set round about a long spike one above ano-
ther, which are hollow and like a little bell, of a whitish
green colour, after which come small heads containing verj
small brownish seed, which falling on the ground, will
plentifully spring up before the winter, if it have moisture.
The root is round, and most usually smooth, greyish with-
out, and whitish within, having small fibres at the head of
the root, and bottom of the stalk.
—
Place, It grows plentifully on stone walls, rocks, and
in stony places upon the ground, at the bottom of old trees.
—
Time. It flowers in the beginning of May, the seed ri-
pens soon afterwards, but the plant dies in winter.
—
Oovernment and Virtues. Venus challenges the herb
under Libra. The juice or distilled water if drunk is good
to cool inflammations and unnatural heats, a hot stomach,
a hot liver, or the bowels ; the herb, juice, or distilled wa-
ter applied outwardly, heals pimples, St. Anthony's tire,
and other outward heats. It also helps sore kidneys, torn
by the stone, or exulcerated within it provokes urine, is
:

available for dropsy, and helps to break the stone. Being

used as a bath, or made into ointment, it cools the painf id
piles or hemorrhoidal veins. It gives ease to hot gout, the
sciatica, and the inflammations and swellings in the testi-
cles ; it helps the kernels or knots in the throat, called the
kinfips evil ; the juice heals kibes and chilblains, if bathed
with it, or anointed with ointment made from it, and some
of the skin of the leaf upon them ; it is also used in green
wounds to stay the blood, and to heal them quickly.
KNAPWEED (COMMON.)—<C?tfntottr« Scabiosa,
JDetcrip.— It has broad dark green leaves, rising from
the root, dented at the edges, sometimes rent on botn sides
in two or three places, and somewhat hairy ; among
which rises a long round stalk, four or five feet high, divi-
ded into many branches, at the tops whereof stand great
scaly green heads, and from the middle of them thrust
forth a number of dark purplish red thrumbs or threads,
which after they are withered and past, there are found di-
vers black seeds, lying in a great deal of down, somewhat
like unto thistle-seed, but smaller ; the root is white, hard
and woody, with fibres, which perish not, but abide with
leaves thereon, during winter, shooting afresh in soring.
PUtce,— It grows in moist places, ab^ut borders, nedge&
And waste grounds in meadows, almost every where.
 CULFBrBR'S COMFLBTB HBRBAL. , 207

Time, — It flowers in June, the seed ripens shortly after.

Oovemment and Virtues.— Saturn owns this herb. It is
good to slay fluxes of blood both of the mouth and nose,
other outward paita, and the veins that are broken inward-
ly, as also Buxes of the belly it stays distillation of the
;

thin and sharp humours from the head upon the stomach
and lung«; it is good for those who are bruised by any fall,
blows, or otherwise, by driuidDg a decoction of the herb
roots in wine, and applying the same outwardly to the
place. It is good in all running sores, cancerous and fis-
tulous, drying up the moisture, and healing them up gent-
ly, without sharpness; it does the same to running sores or
cabs of the head or other parte. It is of especial use for
sore throat, swelling of uvula and jaws, and excellently
good to stay bleeding, and heal up ail green wounds.
K^APWORT HAESHWEED.—</Sasw«i Jaceaides.)
—
Ducrip. This much resembles the last. The root has
innumerable thick, long, and brown fibres. The stalk is
robust, brown, two and a half feet in height, variously and
irregularly branched. The leaves are la^ge, and some of
them are entire; others divided to the rib into many parts,
of a deep green, and the flowers stand at the tops of the
branches ; they grow out of green heads ; they are large,
and of a lively purple. The seeds are lai^ and brown.
Placs. —It is common in hilly pastures.
—
Time. It flowers in July.
—
OovemmerU and VirtTies. This is under Saturn. It is
BO astringent, and is best given in decoction ; but, as the
qoantity to have any efl'ect, must be large, it is but seldom
used. Inwardly it is opening, attenuating and healing,
ffood to cleanse the lungs of tartareous humours, and help-
nil Bflaiost coughs, asthma^ difficulty of breathing, and
oold^stempers; as a cephalic, it is good for diseases of the
head and nerves. Outwardly, the bruised herb is famous
for taking away black and blue marks out of the skin.

BINOT QRASS.—(ni€cebrum VerticOlcUwm,)

Dwcrip. —The stalks of this plant incline pretty much
to the earth, being smooth and finely channelled, slender,
and branched, full of knots and joints, at which grow long
'Oval sharp- pointed leaves, set alternately on snort foot-
stalks. Some are broader and more oval than others. At
tiM joints witli the leaves, grow several small staminoos
208 . culpbpeb's complete hebbal.
blinking flowers ; sometimes of a white, and sometimes of
a reddish colour ; a small black seed grows in each. The
root is long and lar^e, and strikes deep in the earth.
Place. — It grows m the way-sides and foot-paths infields.
—
Time, It springs up late in spring, but dies in winter.
—
Qovemment and Virtues. Saturn owns this herb. The
juice is effectual to stay bleeding at the mouth, if drank in
red wine, and the bleeding of the nose, if applied to the
forehead or temples. It will allay the heat of the blood
and stomach, and stay any flux of blood and humours, as
laxes, bloody-flux, womens' courses, and running of the
reins. It provokes urine, and helps the strangury ; it ex-
pels the stone in the kidneys and bladder, a dram of the
powdered herb being taken in wine for some days toge-
ther, boiled in wine and drank, it is profitable for those
bitten oi stung by venomous creatures, and to stay all de-
fluctions of rheumatic humours upon the stomach, quiets
inward pains that arise from heat, sharpness and corrup-
tion of blood and choler. The distilled water taken by it-
self, or with the powdered herb, is effectual for all the pur-
poses beforementioned. It also cleanses foul ulcers, can-
cers, sores, imposthumes, and green and fresh wounds, and
speedily heals them. The juice dropped into the ears, will
cleanse all runnings in them. It is very prevalent for the
premises ; as also for broken joints and ruptures.

LADIES MANTLE.—(^^^cA^mi^/a Vulgarii.)

Descrip,— It has many leaves rising from the root, stand-

ing upon long hairy foot-stalks, being almost round, and a
little cut on the edges, into eight or ten parts, making it
seem like a star, with so many comers and points, and
dented round about, of a light green colour, somewhat hard
in handling, and as it were folded at first, and then crum-
pled in divers places, and a little hairy, as the stalk is also,
which rises up among them to the height of two or three
feet ; it is so weak that it cannot stand upright, but bends
to the ground, divided at the top into two or three small
branches, with yellowish green heads, and flowers of a
whitish colour breaking out of them ; which being past,
there comes a yellowish seed like poppy-seed the root is
:

long and blaclt, with many strings and fibres thereat

Place. — It grows in pastures and wood-sides in Hert-
fordshire, Wiltshire, Kent, and other parts of this country
—
rinM. It flowers in May M^d Jane, and is always green.
 culpepxr's completx herbal. 209

Government and Virtues. — Venus claims this herb. It is

proper for those wounds that have inflammations, and ii
effectual to stay bleedings, vomiting and
fluxes of all sorts,
bruises bj fails or otherwise, and helps ruptures, and wo-
meu who have over-flagging breasts, causing them to grow
less and hard, both when drank and outwardly applied ;
the distilled water drank for twenty days together, helps
conception, and to retain the birth, if the woman do some-
times sit in a bath made of the decoction of the herb. It
is also a good wound-herb both inwardly and outwardly,
by drinking a decoction, or bathing and fomenting, for it
dries up the humidity of the sores, and heals inflanimation.
It draws the corruption from, and heals ereen wounds ;
it curee all old sores, though fistulous and hollow.

LADY'S SKOCK,—( Cardamine Pratensis,)

Called also Cuckoo Flower.

Deterip, —
The root is composed of many small white
threads, from whence spring up divers long stalks of wing-
ed leaves, consisting of round, tender, dark green leaves,
set one against another upon a middle rib, the greatest be-
ing at the end, amongst which rise up divers tender, weak,
round, greeu stalks, somewhat streaked, with longer and
smaller leaves upon them; on the tops of which stand flow-
ers, almost like the stock gilliflowers, but rounder, and not
so long, of a blushing white colour ; the seed is reddish, and
grows to small bunches, being of a sharp biting taste, and
so is the herb.
PlcLce. —They grow in wet places, on brook-sides.
—
Time, They lower in April and May, and the lower
leaves oontiDue green all the winter.
—
OovemmerU and Virtttes. They are under the dominion
of the Mood, and very little inferior to water-cresses in all
their operations ; they are good for the scurvy, provoke
urine, break the stone, and effectually -varm a cold and
weak stomach, restore lost appetite, and help digestion.
LANG DE h(WY.--(Belminthia Echioides,)
Called also Ox-Tougne.
Detcrip. —
A species of the Bugloss and Borage. It rises
from a tnick brown root, and sends forth large, rou^rh,
hairy leaves, half a foot long, narrow and sharp-pointed.
The stalks rise to the height of two or three feet, full of
short 8ti£f hairs, on which grow long narrow leaves set on
tlO oulpiper's complktb bxrbal.

without foo t-8talks ; the flowers grow several toother at

the top of the branches, in long rough calyces, of a single
leaf cut into five round partitions, of a purple colour at first,
and turning to a bright blue as they stand, and are suc-
ceeded by four-cornered rough seed.
Place, — It grows in gardens, and wild in the fields.
—
IHme. It flowers in June and July.
—
Oovemment and Virtttes. It is under Jupiter. Its vir-
tues are best preserved in a conserve of the flowers. A de-
coction of the whole plant is deobstruent, and good to purge
melancholy, and for that purpose the tops are frequently
put into wine and cool tankards ; they are likewise alezi-
pharmic, and good in malignant fevers.

liAYEKDEK-^Lavandula Spica.)
Descrip. —^The
common Lavender is a shrubby plants
Having a great many woody branches, thick-set with long
hoary narrow leaves, two at a joint, which are round-point-
ed and broadest at the end from among these spring se-
;

veral square stalks, having but few leaves upon them, and
those narrower than the lower, bearing long spikes, of blue
galeated and labiated flowers, set in hoary calyces.
Place, —
It is a native of France and Spain, where it
grows wild, but is cultivated with us only m gardens.
Time, — It flowers in July.
Oovemment and Virtttes.—Mercury owns this herb. It
is of especial use in pains of the head and brain which pro-
ceed from cold, apoplexy, falling-sickness, the dropsy, or
sluggish malady, cramps, convulsions, palsies, and often
faintings. It strengthens the stomach, and frees the liver
and spleen from obstructions, provokes womens' courses,
and expels the dead child and afterbirth. The flowers if
steeped in wine help those to make water that are stopped,
or troubled with the wind or colic, if the place be bathed
therewith. A decoction made of the flowers of Lavender,
Horehound, Fennel and Asparagus-root, and a little Cin-
namon is profitable to help falling-siv^kness, and the giddi-
ness or turning of the brain to gargle the mouth with a
:

decoction thereof, is good against the tooth-ache. Two

spoonfuls of the distilled water of the flowers help them
tnat have lost their voice, the tremblings and passions of
the heart, and fainting and swoonings, applied to the tem-
ples or nostrils, to be smelt unto, but it is not safe to use
it where the body is replete with blood and humours, be-
 CULPEPSK*B COMPL.ETI HSBBAL. Sll

caoBe of the hot aad subtle spirit wherewith it ii posses-

led. The oil used with the Oil of Spike, ia of a fierce and
piercing quality, and ought to be carefully used, a very
few drope being sufficient for inward or outward maladies
LAVENDER (COTTON.)— (Zavanc?wZa Tamina.)
Descrip. — Thisis a shrubby plant, with a roundish lea^
holding itsleaves all the winter. It has many woody,
brittle, hoary stalks, beset with long, white, hoary leaves,
that appear four-square, resembling the leaves of our com-
mon heath ; of a strong though not unpleasant scent, and
a bitter taste. On the tops of the branches stand Ions
stalks, each bearing a single naked flower, made up only oi
a thrum of small yellow flstular five-cornered flosculi, with-
out any border of petala; standing together in a scaly caljrx.
The seied is small, longish, and striated ; the root firm,
hard, and durable, divided into several fibrous branches.
Place^ — It is a native of Italy, but is planted in oar gar-
dens, where it serves for borders and edgings.
—
Tims. It flowers in July and August
Oovemment and Virtvss, —The leaves, and sometimes
the flowers are used ; it destroys worms, the leaves and
flowers being boiled in milk, and taken facing ; it is an
antidote for all sorts of poison, and the bites and stings of
venomous creatures, and good against obstructions of the
liver, the jaundice, and to promote the menses. dram ofA
the powdered leaves taken every morning fasting, stops
the running of the reins in men, and whites in women.
The se«d beaten into powder, and taken as worm-seed,
kills the worms, not only in children, but also in people of
riper years; the herb acts the same, bein^ steeped in milk,
and the milk drank ; the body bathed with a decoction of
iU helps scabs and the itch. It is under Mercury.

LAUREL (EVERGREEN, oe 8PURGE.)-Y2>apAn#

Laureola,)
Deicrip, —This a low shrub, seldom growing above
is
two or three with a woody stem about a finger
feet high,
thick, covered with an ash-coloured bark it is divided to-
;

wards the top into several branches, clothed with thick,

long, smooth, and shining green leaves, which are found at
the tops of the branches. The flowers grow among these.
Tkej are small, considered singly, of a sad, yellowish green
•okKir, and unpleasant smelL The seed is roundish.
Plac4. — It grows wild in the woods and hedges.
sit OULPSPSR's OOltPLBTS HERBAL.

—
Time, It flowers in March, the fruit is ripe in Aneust.
Virtues,—Yery happy effects have been produced by the
nse of this plant in rheumatic fevers. It is a rough purga-
tive, and is an efficacious medicine for worms, out it re-
quires some caution in the administration, and might in
unskilful hands, be productive of dangerous consequences.
The whole plant has the same qualities, but the bark is the
strongest, and a dose of not more than ten grains should
be given. An infusion of the leaves is a good emetic and
purgative, and cures the dropsy. Dried and reduced to
powder, they are useful in the venereal disease.
LENTILS.— C^Ehmm Lens.)
—
Descrip, ^This plant has many long-winged leaves, con-
sisting of many small oval pin nsB, set opposite, with clasp-
ers at the end of the leaf. The flowers are small and white,
standing for the most part singly on a lon^ foot-stalk, and
are succeeded by short flattish pods, containing two round
seeds less than tares, and flatter.
Place.—They grow in in
fields parts of England.
all
Time, —They flower in May, and the seed ripe in July. is
Government and —They are under Venus. The
Virtues.
flour or meal of them is goood as emollient cataplasms, and
stops fluxes. Eaten with their skins they bind the body,
ana stop looseness, but the liquid they are boiled in loosens
the belly ; the flower of them may be used outwardly in
cataplai&B for the same purposes as bean-flower.

LETTUCE (COMMON GARDEN.)—("Zoc^wca Sativa,)

—
Government and Virtues, The Moon owns it The iuice
mixed or boiled with oil of roses, applied to the forehead
and temples, procures sleep, and cures the head-ache pro-
ceeding from a hot cause being eaten boiled, it helps to
;

loosen the belly. It helps digestion, quenches thirst, in*

creases milk in nurses, especi^dly griping pains in the sto-
mach or bowels that come of choler. It abates bodily lust,
represses venereous dreams, being outwardly applied to the
testicles with a little camphire. Applied in the same man-
ner to the region of the heart, liver or reins, or by bathing
the said place with the juice of distilled water, wherein
some white sanders, or red roses are put also it not only
:

represses the heat and inflammations therein, but comforta

and strengthens those parts ; and also tempers the heat of
urine. The seed or distilled water works the same effects
 OTTLPBPIR'8 OOMPLm HIRBAL. SIS

In all things ; but the ase is forbidden to those who spit

blood, or are imperfect in their langs.

LETTUCE (GREAT WlLD.)^Lactu€a Virota.)

Descriv, — This plant grows to five or six feet high. Th«

Btalk is thick, round, very upright, branched and of a red-
dish yellow, or rather brown. The leaves at the bottom
are very large, a foot long, and five inches broad, of a fresh
fine green ; those higher up the stalk are smaller, they are
deeply indented at the edgei ; and the innumerable little
flowers with which its top and branches are crowned, are
perfectly like those of the common Lettuce of the gardens,
and are of a light yellow. From whatever the plant if
wounded, there flows out a milky juice, which has the smell
of opium, and its hot bitter taste.
Place.— It grows in our hedges, and ditch-sides.
—
Time, It has the greatest vigour in the month of April
—
OovemmerU and Virtiiss. It is under the government
of Mars. The smell and taste is much like opmm. sy-A
rup made from a strong infusion of it, is an excellent ano-
dyne ; it eases the most violent pains of the colic, and other
disorders, and gently diaposes the patient to sleep, for it
has none of the violent enects of other opiates. The best
way of giving it is, to dry the juice which runs from the
roots by incision ; this dissolves freely in mountain wine,
ounce be put into a gallon of wine there is produ<*
Pone an excellent quieting medicine, a teaspoonf ul of which .
lose in a glass of water. This takes off spasms, convol-
«i% stays flaxes of all kinds proceeding from irritation.
LXQHTWORT {SFiA.)—(Pneumaria Maritima.)
—
Descrip. This is an elegant plant. It is of the Lung-
wort species, the root is long, thick, and white, and is fur-
nished with many fibres. The first leaves are numerous,
and large, broad, and sharp-pointed, rough and of a beau-
tiful green colour, with numerous branches, about a vard
high. The flowers are of a beautiful blue, and stand all
over the tope of the stalks and branches ; the seed is dark.
Place. — It grows in the |>aHture8 of Kent and Essex.
TVum.— It flowers in July.
Oavtmmeni and Virtues, —It a plant of Jupiter, and
is
has considerable virtues. It is balsamic and astringent,
and is good against coughs. It may be used with suc-
cess for the whites, and the powdered root is good for re-
straining blof) Iv Htools, and the piles, &c.
fl4 OVLPEPSB'B OOMPLIBTB TTERVAU

LILY OF THE YALLEY. ^Oonvalearia MajalU,)

Calledalso May Lily.
Detcrip. —
It has a slender creeping root that runs upon
the surface of the earth, shooting out two or three leaves,
oblong, round, and full of nerves, five or six inches long,
from the middle of which rises a stalk about a span hish,
angular and slender ; bearing six or seven flowers in a spike,
one above another, and looking all one way ; they are small,
hollow, and round, of one leaf cut into five parts, of a
pleasant grateful scent, which are succeeded by small round
red berries, like those of Asparagus.
—
Place. It grows on heaths and other open situations.
—
Time, It flowers in May, the seed ripens in September.
—
Government and Virtues, It is under the dominion of
Mercury, and therefore strengthens the brain. The distil-
led water dropped into the eyes helps inflammation there.
The spirit of the flowers distilled in wine, restores speech,
helps the palsy, and is ^ood in the apoplexy, and comforts
the heart and vital spirits. It is also of service in disor-
ders of the head and nerves, such as epilepsy, vertigo, and
oonvolsions of all kinds, swimming in the head ; and are
made use of in errhines and cephahc snuff.
LILY (WATER)—("-^wjpAoa Odorata.)
—
Deeorip, The white Lily has very lar^e and thick dark
green leaves Ijring on the water, sustained by long and
thick foot-stalks, that rise from a great, thick, roun(^ and
tnberous black root, spongy or loose, with many knobs
thereon, like eyes, and whitish within ; from which rise
similar stalks, sustaining one great flower thereon, green
on the outside, but as white as snow within, consisting of
divers rows of long and somewhat thick and narrow leaves,
mailer and thinner the more inward they be, encompas-
smg a head with many yellow threads or thrums in the
micldle where, after they are past, stand round like pop-
;

py-heads, full of broad, oily, bitter seed. The yellow kind

IS different only in having fewer leaves on the flowers, and
greater and more shining seed, and a whitish root, within
and without The roots of both are somewhat sweet.
—
Place. They grow in pools, and standing water, and in
slow nmnine rivers in different parts of this country.
—
Time. They flower mostly about the end of May, and
th« leed is ripe in August.
 OVLPEPKB'B COMPLETE RBIAU 215

GovemfMnt and Virtues. —It ia under the dominion of

the Mood, and therefore cools aod moistend like the former.
The leavee and flowers are cold and moist, bat the roota
and seeds are cold and drj ; the leaves, both inward and
outward are good for agues ; the syrup of the flowers pro«
cures rest, and settles the brain of frantic persona. The
seed as well as the root is effectual to stay fluxes of blood
or humours, either of wounds or of the belly; but the roota
are most used, and are more effectual to restrain all fluxea
in man or woman ; also running of the reins, and passing
awaj of the seed when one is asleep, but the frequent use
extingiiisbes venereous actions. The root will also cool hot
urine if boiled in wine and water, and the decoction drank.
The distilled water of the flowers is effectual for all the
di aeaa cs aforesaid, both inwardly and outwardly ; and will
alao take away freckles, spots, sunburn, and morphew from
the face and other parts of the body. The oil of the flowera
ooola hot tumours, eases pains, and helps aorea.

LILLY (WHITE QA}iDE^,)—(Lilium Candidtm,)

—
Descrip. This is a very common plant, having a round
acaly root, and a stalk three or four feet high, with long,
narrow, thick leaves, and on the top sevenJ large sweet,
white flowers, with several yellow apicea in the middle.
—
Plac€. It grows in gardens.
—
T\m6, It flowers in June.
—
Government and Virtues. The flowera and roota are
oaed, but chiefly in external applications ; they are emol-
lient, suppliug and anodyne, good to dissolve and ripen hard
tumours and swelliDga, ana to break imposthumationsi
They are under the dominion of the Moon, and are good
antidotes for poison ; they are excellent in pestilential fe-
vers, the roots being bruised and boiled in wine, and the
decoction drank. The juice, being baked with barley-meal,
aod eaten, is good for the dropsy ; and ointment made of
the roota and hogs'-grease, is excellent for scald-heads, it
unites the biiiews when they are cut, and cleanses ulcers.
The root boiled in any convenient decoction, gives delivery
to women In travail, and expels the afterbirth, roasted, the
root mixed with hog's-grease, makes a good poultice to ri-
pen aod break plague sores. This ointment ia good for
swellings io the privities, andcurea burna and scalds with-
out fear, and trimly deck a blank place with hair.
916 OTTLPEPBB'S OOMPLETB HSR^Uk

LIME TREK—CTilia.)
Called also Linden Tree.
Descrip. —This tree is well known, having a handsome
body with a smooth bark, spreading its branches round in
a regular manner; the leaves are broad and roundish, with
a sharp point, serrated about the edges, at the foot of
these, in thesummer, spring out thin leafy ligulas, of a yel-
low colour, from the middle of the back ribs of which rise
stalks about an inch long, divided into four or five shorter
ones, each bearing a yellow, five-leaved, sweet flower, full
of stamina, after which comes a small fruit as big as a pea.
Place, —
It jzrows in parks and gentlemen's gardens.
—
Time. It flowers in July.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. Jupiter governs the Lime-
tree. The flowers are the only parts used, and are a good
cephalic and nervine, excellent for apoplexy, epilepsy, ver-
tigo, and palpitation of the heart They are put into the
aqita poeon. comp. and the spirit lavandtUce, The aqua
jCorwnk tilice takes its name from them.

hiqVOBlCE.—CGli/cyrrhiza Olabra.)
Detcr^. —Our English Liquorice rises up with divers
woody stalks, whereon are at several distances, many
set,
narrow, long, green leaves, set together on both sides of
the stalk, and an odd one at the end, very well resembling
a young ash tree, sprung up from the seed. This by many
years continuance in a place without removing, and not
else, will brin^ forth flowers, many standing together spike
fashion, one above another upon the stalk, of the form of
pea-blossoms, but of a very pale blue colour, which turn
into long, somewhat flat and smooth pods, wherein is con-
tained the seed, round and hard ; the roots run very deep
into the ground, with divers other small roots ana fibres
growing with them, and shoot out suckers from them in
roots all about, whereby it is much increased, of a brown-
ish colour on the outside, and yellow within.
—
Place, It is planted in gardens and fields and divers
places of this country, and a good profit is made from it.
—
Time. It flowers in August.
—
Chyvemment and Virtues. It is under the dominion of
Mercury. Boiled in water, with some Maiden-head and
figs, makes a good drinK for those who have a dry cough
or hoarseness, wheezing or shortness of breath, and for ail
 OUXPXPEB'B COMPLETl HEBBAIi. 217

the pftinB of the breasts and laDgs, phthisic or consump-

tioDB caused by the distillation of salt humours on them.
It is also good for pains of the reins, the strau<4ury, and
the heat of urine : the fine powder of the root blown into
the eyes through a quill of tnose that have a pin and web,
or rheumatic distillHtions in them, does cleanse and help
them the juice is effectual in all the diseases of the breast
:

and lun^ the reins and bladder, as the decoction. The

juice distilled in rose-water, with some gum tragacanth, is
a fine medicine for hoarseness, wheezing, &c. The root of
this plant is deservedly in great esteem, and can hardly be
said so be an improper ingredient in any composition of
whatever intention. It is a great sweetener of the blood,
detersive, and at the same time soften in</ and emollient^
and therefore balsamic. It is good for dropsy, and allays
thirst. It is an excellent pectoral, and the juice prepared
to a proper consistence, is the best form, and excels Spa>
nish juice, A strouir decoction of the root given to chil-
dren looeens the bowels, and takes off feverish heats which
attend coetiveness. It is likewise a corrector of cathartics.
The juice, or extract is made by boiling the fresh roots in
water, straining the decoction, and when the impurities
have subsided, evaporating^ it over a gentle heat till it will
no longer stick to the fingers. It is better to cut the roots
into small pieces before boiling^ them, as the virtues will
by that means be better extracted. A pound of Liquorice-
root boiled in three pints down to one quart will be found
the best for all purposes. The juice is the most effectual,
and may be obtained by saueezmg the roots between two
rollers. When made with due care, it is exceedingly sweet,
of a much more agreeable taste than the root itself, and has
an agreeable smell. Put into boiling water, it totally dis-
solves without depositing any sediment.

LIVERWORT (COMMON.)—f^«pa^uJa.;
Duorip. —Common Liverwort grows close, and spreads
mnch upon the ground in moist and shady places, with
many small green leavee, or rather, as it were, sticking flat
to one another, very unevenly cut in on the edges, and
eruropled ; from among which arise small slender stalky
AH inch or two high, bearing small star-like flowers at the
top. The roots are very fine and smalL
Place.— It grows plentifully In Nottingh ^m-Park, Mid
OD I^pford LbgB, and in most dry barren pUcesL
H*
 S18 CULPBPER'S COMPLETE HBBBATm
7HtM.—lt is in its prime in October &nd November,
—
Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of
Jupiter, and under the sifi^n Cancer. It is a singular good
herb for all diseases of the liver, both to cool and cleanse
it, and helps inflammations in any part, and the yellow

jaundice; biding bruised and boiled in small beer, if drank,

It cools the heat of the liver and kidneys, and helps the
running of the reins in men, and the whites in women, it
is a good remedy to stay the spreading of tetters, ring-
worm, and other fretting or running sores and scabs and ;

is an excellent remedy for such as have livers that are cor-

rupted by surfeits, which cause their bodies to break out :
for it fortifies and sti-engthens the liver exceedingly. It
is recommended for the bites of mad-dogs, if used in the
following manner take nine or ten ounces of blood from
:

the body for four mornings successively, and give the pa-
tient the followiog in warm cow's milk take ash -coloured
:

Liverwort, half an ounce, black pepper, two drams, both

finely powdered, mixed, and divided into four equal parts.
Having first taken the four doses, let the person, for one
month, Imtbe two or three times a day in the sea, and the
longer he stays in the better.

LOOSESTRlTK-^Lytimachia,)
Called Yellow Willow
Descrtv. —^The Loosestrife hasHerb.
also
several brown hairy stalks,
two feet nigh or more,having sometimes three or four, but
oftener only two leaves at a joint, which are of a yellowish
^^reen colour, hairy underneath, and darker, about three
inches long, and an inch broad in the middle, growing nar-
rower at both ends. The flowers stand several together
on the tops of the branches, consisting of a single leaf di-
vided into five parts, with several stamina in the middle,
of a yellow green colour. The seed-vessels are round, and
parted in two, containing small seed ; the root is long and
slender, and creeps upon the surface of the earth.
Place. —It grows in watery places, and by river-sides.
—
Time. It flowers from June to August
—
Oovemment and Virtues. This herb is good for all man-
ner of bleeding at the mouth or nose ; for wounds, and all
fluxesof the belly, and the bloody-flux, given either to
drink, or else taken by clyster; it stays also the abundance
of womens' courses ; it is good for green wounds, to stay
tt« bleeding, and quickly closes up the lips of the wouncL
 OTTLPEPBB'S OOXPLETl HERBAL. 21f
if the herb be bruised and the jaice onlj applied. It ii
good as a gargle for sore-throats. The smoke drives away
flies and gnats, when they are troublesome.

LOVAGE. (Ligusticum Leuuticum,)

Descrip. — has many long and great stalks, of large
It
winged leaves, divided into many parts, every leaf being
cut about the edges, broadest forward, and smallest at the
stalk, of a sad green colour, smooth, and shining, from
among which rise sundry strong, hollow CTeen stalks, five
or six, sometimes seven or eight feet hignt, full of joints,
but lesser leaves set on them than grow nelow and with
;

them towards the tops come forth large branches, bearing

at their tops large umbels of yellow flowers, and after them
flat brownish seed. The root grows thick, great and deep,
spreadin;^ much, and enduring long, of a brownish colour
on the outside, and whitish \vithin. The whole plant and
every part of it smells strong and aromatically.
Place.— It is planted in gardens, where it grows large.
—
Time, It flowers in July, and seeds in August.
—
Oavemment and Virtiies. It is an herb of the Sun, un-
der the sign Taurus. It opens, cures, and digests humoun^
and provokes womens' courses and urine. Half a dram at
a time of the dried root in powder taken in wine, warms a
cold stomach, helpA digestion, and consumes all raw anc
superfluous moisture therein; eases all inward ^ripings and
pains, dissolves wind, and resists poison and infection. The
decoction of the herb is a remeay for ague, and pains of
the body and bowels which proceed from cold. The seed
is efl'ectual for all the purposes aforesaid, except the last,
and works more powerfully. The distilled water helps the
quinsy in the throat, if the throat and mouth be garbled
with It, and it helps the pleurisy, if drank three or four
times. It takes away the redness and dimness of the eyei
if dropped into them ; it removes spots and freckles from
the face. The leaves bruised, and tried in hog's-lard, and
laid hot to any blotch or boil, will quickly break it.

LUNGWORT.—CPu^moncPTKi Offlcinalis,)
Deicrip. — This
is a kind of moss that grows on oak and
beech with broa^i, flrrevish, rough leaves, diversely
trees,
folded, crumpled, and gashed on the edges, some are spot*
ted on the upper aide. It never bears any stalk or flower.
Oovfrnment and Kir^uM.— Jupiter owns this hefb. It
220 OXrLPEPBBB OOMPLXTE HXBBAL.
is of great use in diseases of the lungs, and for cougha,
wheezings, and shortness of breath, which it cures, ft is
profitable to put into lotions to stay the moist humours
that flow to ulcers, and hinder their healing, as also to
wash ulcers in the privy parts. It is drying and binding,
good to stop inward bleeding, and the too great flux of the
menses. It is good for consumptions and disorders of the
breast^ boiling it in pectoral drinks, and making syrups of
it. It is commended as a remedy against yellow- jaundice.

hVl^lKE.—(Lupinut,)
Detcripj, —The white Lupine has a hairy stalk, on which
grow digitated leaves, set in a round compass, upon long
foot-stais, consisting of nine parts, narrow near the stalk,
and ending in an obtuse point, soft and hairy. The flow-
ers grow in verticillated spikes on the tops of the branches,
in shape of pea-blossoms, of a white colour, and are suc-
ceeded by upright flat hairy large pods, including three or
four flat white seeds. There are several kinds of Lupines:
the great white Lupine ; the spotted white Lupine ; the
blue Lupine, because it has blue flowers, and the small
blue Lupine.
—
They are sown every year in gardens.
PlcLce.
7\rM.— They flower in June, and the seed ripens in July.
—
Government and Virtues, They are governed by Mars
in Aries. The seeds are somewhat bitter in taste, opening
and cleansing, good to destroy worms, to bring down the
menses, and expel the birth and secundines. Outwardly
they are used against deformities of the skin, scabby ul-
and other cutaneous distempers.
cers, scald heads,

MADDER— ("^wtia Tinctorum.)

Descrip, —
The roots of Madder are thick, round, and
much branched, of a reddish colour, clear and transparent,
having a small slender hard tough string in the middle, of
a sweetish taste, with a little bitterness; from these spring
many sauare rough weak stalks, full of joints, about which
are set five or six long sharp-pointed leaves, that are broad-
est in the middle, and narrow at both ends, rough almost
to prickliness. The flowers grow in long spikes, coming
forth at the joints with the leaves, small and yellow, of
one leaf cut into four segments, each succeeded by two
small moist blackish berries, containing two round umbil-
licated seeds.
 OtJLPEPKB'e COMPLBTK HURBAL. 2S1

—It cultivated in many parts of England.

P^ae€. is
—The flowers appear in July.
Time,
Oovemment and — It an herb of Mars. The
Virtues. is
roots are the only parts used for medicinal purposes, and
they have a weak, bitterish, and somewhat astringent taste.
A strong decoction is diuretic and good in obstructions of
the viscera. It disperses congealed blood, cures the jaun-
dice, and is useful in dropsy. It also cleanses the kidneye
and urinary organs from gravel ; it is also valuable for
the palsy and sciatica, and effectual for bruises inward and
outward, and is therefore much used in vulnerary drinks.
The root is good for all the aforesaid purposes, if boiled in
wine or water, as the case requires, and some honey and
sugar put in afterwards. The seed taken in vinegar and
honey, helps the swelling and hardness of the spleen. The
decoction of the leaves and branches is a good fomentation
to bring down the courses. The leaves and roots beaten
and applied to aoy part that is discoloured with freckles,
morphew, the white scurf, or any such deformity of the
skin, cleanses thoroughly, and takes them away.

MAIDENHAIR {COMMON.)— {Adiantum CapUlut

Veneris,)

—
Descn^. From a number of hard black fibres, grow a
a Domber of blackish shining brittle stalks, hardly a span
loDg, in many not half so long tbey are set on each side
;

very thick, with small round dark green leaves, and spot-
ted on the back of them like a fern.
Place,— It grows plentifully about rock-holes, and upon
stone walls in the western parts, and in Kent. It is also
found by the sides of springs and wells ; in moist and
shady places ; and is always green.
—
Time. The seed appears in August and September..
—
Oovemm,ent and Virtties. This and all other Maiden-
hairs are onder Mercury. This is a goodremedy for coughs,
asthmas, pleurisy, &c, and on account of its being a gentle
diuretic, also, in the jaundice, ^vel, and other impuri-
ties of the kidneys. All the Maidenhairs should be used
green, and in conjunction with other ingredients, because
their virtues are weak.

MAIDENHAIB {OOLDEJff. )-( Adiantwm Aweur/L)

—
Descrip. This is a large kind of moss, with a stalk
three or four inches high, whoee lower part is covered with
t22 CXTIiPEPBBB COMPLETK HB&BIX.

•mail, short, hard, and stilf browu leaves ; the upper part
is bare to the top, on which erows a seed-vessel, covered
with a woolly, pointed reddish-yellow cap, which falls of
as the head grows ripe. The root is small and stringy.
Place,— It grows on heathy barren and boggy ground,
and frequently on old ant-hills.
—
Virtues. This is rarely used, but it is very good to pre-
vent the falling off of the hair, and to make it grow thick,
being boiled in water or lye, and the head washed withit^

MAIDENHAIR (WHITE.)— Ujp^<mii*w Ruta

Muraria.)
Called also Wall Rue.
Descnp, — This a small low plant, growing about two
is
or three mches high, its slender stalks being of a whitish
colour, whereon grow a few small roundish stiff leaves,
crenated a little about the edges, of a whitish-green co-
lour above, covered underneath, when come to its full
growth, with brown dusty seed.
Place.— It grows on old stone walls and buildings, its
little fibrous root abiding several years.
—
Virtues. This is used in pectoral decoctions, and diure-
tic apozems. The decoction being drunk, helps those that
are troubled with cough, shortness of breath, yellow-iaun-
dice, diseases of the spleen, stopping of the urine, and helpf
to break the stone in the kidneys. It provokes womens*
courses, and stays both bleeding and fluxes of the stomach
and belly, especially when the herb is dry; for being green
it loosens the belly, and voids choler and phlegm from the
stomach and liver; it cleanses the lungs, and by rectifying
the blood, causes a good colour to the whole body. The
herb boiled in oil of camomile, dissolves knots, allays swel-
lings, and drys up moist ulcers. The lye made thereof is
singularly good to cleanse the head from scurf, and from
dry and running sores ; stays the shedding or falling of
the hair, and causes it to grow thick, fair, and well -co-
loured ; for which purpose boil it in wine, putting some
imallage-seed thereto, and afterwards some oil.

MALLOWS {COMMON. y-(MalvaSi/lvestris.)

Descrip. —
The common Mallow grows three or four feet
high. The stalk is round, thick, and strong. The leaves
are roundish, but indented and divided at the edges ; and
the flowers are numerous, large, and red- The seeds are
 OflTLriPBR's COMPLETB HBRBAL. 2t3

flattish and round. The root is long and white, of a firm

texture, and has no disagreeable taste.
Ftace. —
It crows every where by way-sides.
—
Time. It flowers in May and June.
—
Oovemment and Virtue, All the Mallows are under
Venus. The whole plant is used, but the root has most
virtue. The leaves dried or fresh, are put into decoctions
for clyuters the root may be dried, but it is best fresh, if
;

chosen whenthere are only leaves growing from it, not a

stalk. When boiled in water, the strong decoction is good
if drank, to provoke urine, take off the strangury, sharp

humours of the bowels, and the gravel Sweetened with

syrup of violets, it cures the dysury or pain of making wa-
ter with heat ; for which a conserve of Mallow flowers is
good, or a syrup of the juice, or a decoction of turnips, or
willow, or lime-tree ashes, or the syrup of ground-ivy.
There is a smaller kind of Mallow, with white flowers,
which lies flat on the ground. It has a more pleasant taste,
with all the virtues of the foregoing. A
tea made of the
roots and tope is agreeable, and gowi to promote urine.

MALLOWS (COMMON UABSR.)'-(AlthceaOJicinali$,)

Descrip. — Our common Marshmallows have divers soft
hairy white stalks, three or four feet high, spreading forth
many branches, the leaves are soft and hairy, smaller than
the other Mallow leaves, but longer pointed, cut, for the
most part, into some few divisions, but deep. The flowers
are many, but smaller than other Mallows, and white, or
bluish coloured. After which come long, round cases 2lnd
seeds, as in other Mallows. The roots are manv and long,
shooting from one head, of the size of a thumo or finger,
very pliant, tough, like Liquorice, of a whitish yellow co-
lour on the outside, and white within, full of a slimy juice,
which if laid in water will thicken, as if it were a jelly.
P'ace. — It grows in most of the salt marshes, from
Woolwich down to the sea, and in other places.
—
Time. It flowers all the summer months.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. I'he leaves and roots boiled
in water, with parsley or fennel roots, helps to open the
body, C(X)1 hot apues, and other di8teni|)€rs of the Dody, if
the leaves be applied warm to the belly. It not only voids
hot choleric, ana other ofl'ensive humours, but eases the
pains of the belly ccniing thereby ; and are therefore used
to all clysters, and for giving abundance of milk to nurswi
fS4 culpeper's complete herbal.

The decoction of the seed made in milk or wine, doth help

excoriations, the phthisic, pleurisy, and other diseases of
the chest and lungs. The leaves and roots work the same
effects. They help also in the excoriations of the bowels,
and hardness of the mother, and in all hot and sharp dis-
eases thereof. The juice drank in wine, or the decoction
of them therein, helps women to a speedy and easy deli-
very. The syrup also, and conserve made of the flowers,
are very eflfectual for the same diseases, and to open the
body. The leaves bruised, and laid to the eyes with a lit-
tle honey, takes away the imposthumations of them. The
leaves bruised or rubbed upon any place stung with bees,
wasps, or the like, takes away the pain, inflammation and
swelling ; the decoction of the roots and leaves is an anti-
dote for poison. A poultice made of the leaves, with some
bean or barley flour, and oil of roses, is au especial remedy
against all hard tumours and inflammations, imposthumes,
or swellings of the testicles, or other parts, and eases the
pains of them ; as also against the hardneiss of the liver
or spleen, if applied to the places. The juice of Mallows
boiled in old oil, takes away roughness of the skin, scurf,
or dry scabs in the head, or other parts, if they be anoint-
ed with the decoction, and preserves the hair from falling
off. It is effectual against scalds and burns, St. Anthony^
fire, and all other hot and painful swellings in any part of
the body. The flowers boiled in oil or water, and a little
honey and alum put in is an excellent gargle to heal sore
throat or mouth in a short time. If the feet be washed in
the decoction, it will draw the rheum from the head. The
Cn leaves, beaten with nitre and applied, draws thorns
I the flesh. The decoction opens the strait passages,
and makes them slippery, whereby the stone may descend
the more easily, and without pain, out of the reins, kid-
neys, and bladder, and eases the pains thereof. But the
roots are of more special use for those purposes, as well
for coughs, hoarseness, shortness of breath, and wheezinffs,
being boiled in wine or honeyed water, and drunk. The
roots and seeds being boiled in wine or water, are profita-
ble against ruptures, cramps or convulsions of the sinews,
and boiled in white wine, for kernels that rise behind the
ears, and inflammations or swellings in womens' breasts.
The dried root boiled in milk, and drunk, is g:ood for the
chin-cough. The decoction of the roots, or juice, is good
to drink for thoM who are wounded, and ready to faint
y
 culpkper's complstb hxrbal. 2S5

through loss of blood, and apply the same, mixed with ho-
ney and roein, to the wounds. As also, the roots boiled in
wine, for hurts, bruises, falls, blows, sprains, or disjointed
limbs, or any swelling pain, or ache in the muscles, sin-
ews, or arteries. The mucilage of the roots, and of linseed
and fenugreek put together, is much used in poultices,
ointments, and plasters, to mollify and digest hard swel-
lings, and the inflammation of them, and to ease pains in
any part of the body. The seed either green or dry, mix-
ed with vinegar, cleanses the skin of morphew, &c

UANDRAKE.—(Mandragora.)
Deacrip. —This has a large brown root, sometimes single
and sometimes divided into three parts, growing deep,
from which spring several large dark green leaves, a foo*
or more in length, and four or five inches broad, sharp
pointed at the ends, of a foetid smell ; from among these
spring the flowers, each on a separate footstalk, about the
height and size of a primrose, of a whitish colour, and of
one bell- fashioned leaf, cut into Ave segments, standing in
a lard« five-cornered calyx, and are succeeded by smooth
roand fruit, about as big as a small apple, of a deep yel-
low colour when ripe, and of a very strong smell.
Place.— It comes from Spain, but grows in our gardens.
—
Time, It flowers here in July and August.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is governed by Mercury.
The been accounted poisonous, but without cause.
fruit has
The leaves are cooling, and are used for ointments, and
other external applications. The fresh root operates veij
powerfully as an emetic and purgative, so that few consti-
tutions can bear it The bark of the root dried, acts as a
rough emetic. The root formerly was supposed to have the
human form, but it really resembles a carrot or parsnips
MAPLE-TREE.—(^Jc«r.;
There are many varieties of this tree, according to the
place of its growth, and the taste of the planter ; but the
principal ar^ *he Greater and the Less ; Greater striped-
leavea Maple ; Smaller or Common Maple ; another with
red seed ; Virginian Ash- leaved Maple ; Norway Maple,
with plane- tree leaves; Striped Norway Maple; Virginian
Scarlet- flowering Maple ; Sir Charles Wager's Alaple ;
American Sugar Maple ; Pennsylvania Mountain Maple
226 CULPEPIR'S COMPLKTK HERBAL.
Italian Maple, or Orpalos ; MoDtpelier Maple ; Cretan
Ivy-leaved Maple ; Tartarian Maple.
Descrip, —It is so well known, that little need be said
here about it.
—
Place. It grows in hedges, and in gentlemens' parks.
—
Time. It blossoms from March to the end of May.
—
Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of
Jupiter. The decoction of the leaves or barks strengthens
the liver very much. It is good to open obstructions of
the liver and spleen, and eases the pam which proceeds
from thence. The larger Maple, if tapped, yields a con-
siderable quantity of liquor, of a sweet and pleasant taste,
which may be made into wine. The wood boiled as sugar-
cane, leaves a salt hardly to be distinguished from sugar.

MAEJORAM (COMMON WILD.)— (Origanum

Vulgare.)

Called also Origane, Origanum, Eastward Marjoram,

Wild Marjoram, and Grove Marjoram.
Descrip. —
Wild or Field Marjoram has a root that
creeps much under ground, which continues a long time,
sending up sundry brownish, hard, square stalks with
small dark green leaves, very like those of Sweet Marjo-
ram, but harder and broader, at the top of the stalk stand
tufts of purplish-red flowers. The st'ed is small, and ra-
ther blacker than that of Sweet Marjoram.
Pla4ie. —It grows in borders of corn-fields, and in copses.
—
Time. It flowers towards the end of the summer.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. This is under the dominion
of Mercury. It strengthens the stomach and head much ;
there is scarcely a better herb growing for relieving a
sour stomach, loss of appetite, cough, consumption of the
lungs it cleanses the oody of choler, expels poison, reme-
;

dies the infirmities of the spleen, and helps the bites of

venomous beasts. It provokes urine and the terms in
women, helps the dropsy, scurvy, scabs, itch, and yellow
jaundice. The juice dropped into the ears, helps deafness,
pain and noise in them. The whole plant is a warm aro-
matic, and an infusion of the dried leaves is extremely
grateful. The essential oil poufed on a little lint, and put
into the hollow of an aching tooth, removes the pain. It
is an excellent medicine in nervous cases. The leaves and
tops dried, and given in powder, are good in head-aches.
The tops made into a conserve, ar^ gwA for disorders of
 oxtlpepeb'b complbte herbal. 227

the stomach and bowels, such as flatulencies, and indiges-

tion ; an infusion of the whole plant is serviceable in ob-
structions of the viscera, and against tho jaundice.

MAEJORA.M (SWEET.)—(Origanum Marjorana.)

Sweet Marjoram is so well known that it is needless to
write any description of it, or of either Winter Sweet
Marjoram (Oric/anum Heracleoticum^) or Pot Marjoram
(Oriaanum Onttes.)
Place. —It grows commonly in gardens; some sorts grow
wild in the borders of corn-fields and pastures.
—
Time. It flowers in the end of summer.
QovemmerU and —
It is an herb of Mercury, and
Virtues.
under Aries, and an excellent remedy for the brain and
is
other parts of the body. Our Common Sweet Marjoram
is warming and comforting in cold diseases of the head,
stomach, sinews, and other parts, taken inwardly or out-
wardly applied. The decoction thereof being drunk, helps
diseases of the chest, obstructions of the liver and spleen,
old griefs of the womb, and the windiness thereof, and the
loss of speech,by resolution of the tongue. The decoction,
made with some Pellitory of Spain, and long pepper, if
drunk, is good for dropsy, for those who cannot make wa-
ter, and against pains in the belly. It provokes womens*
courses, if put up as a pessary. Made into powder, and
mixed with honey, it takes away tho marks of blows, and
bruises ;it takes away the inflammation and watering of
the eyes, if mixed with fine flour, and laid into them. The
juice dropped into the ears, eases the pains and singing
Doise in them. It is profitably put into ointments and
salves that are warm, and comforts the outward pai-ts, as
the joints and sinews for swellings also, and places out
;

of joint. The powder snuff'ed up mto the nose provokes

sneezing, and thereby purges the brain ; chewed in the
mouth, it draws forth much phlegm. The oil is very warm
and comforting to the joints that are stiff, and the sinews
that are hard, to mollify and supple them.

MARIGOLD {CO'RS.)—(Chrytanthemwn Segetwn.)

Ih$erip. —
This grows with leaves pretty thick and juicy,
of % pale yellow-green colour, broauer at the end than at
that part next the stalk, somewhat clammy in handling; the
talks grow a foot or more high, beset with smaller leaves.
TliS flowers grow singly at the end of the stalks, cousiBtiog
of a Ixiider of gold yellow petil, set about the middle
 S28 OULPKPIR'S COMPLETE HERBAL.

thrum, of a dark reddish fistular flosculi, of a strong, some-

what resinous smell, standing in green scaly calyces. Tl»«
seed is large and crooked, of a brownish colour.
Place. —It grows in gardens.
Time.— It flowers in summer the flowers are frequent-
:

ly double. The leaves and flowers are used.

—
Oovemment and Virtues. This plant is hot and dry,
therefore under the Sun. It is accounted cordial, alexi-
pharmic, good in all kinds of fevers ; it promotes sweat,
and is frequently used to drive out small-pox and measles;
it also helps the jaundice. A
good quantity of the juice is
put into treacle water. The juice is recommended for sore
eyes, and to take away warta
MASTERWORT.—("/mpera^ona Ostruthium.)

Descrip. —
Common Masterwort has divers stalks of
winged leaves divided into sundry parts, three for the
most part standing together at a small foot-stalk on both
sides of the greater, and three likewise at the end of the
stalk, somewhat broad, and cut in on the edges into three
or more divisions, all of them dented about the brims, of a
dark green colour, from smaller leaves near the bottom rise
up two or three short stalks about two feet high, and slen-
der, with such like leaves at the joints which grow below,
with lesser and fewer divisions, bearing umbels of white
flowers, and after them, thin, flat black seeds. The root
is somewhat great, growing rather sideways than down
deep in the ground, shooting forth sundry heads, which
taste sharp, biting the tongue, and is the hottest and sharp-
est part 01 the plant, and the seed next unto it being some-
what blackish on the outside, and smelling well.
—
Place. It grows in gardens with us in England.
—
Time. It flowers and seeds about the end of August.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is an herb of Mars. The
root is hot, and very available in colds and diseases of the
head, stomach and body, dissolving very powerfully up-
wards and downwards. The root is of a cordial sudorific
nature, and stands high as a remedy of great efficacy in
malignant and pestilential fevers. It is most efficacious
when taken out of the ground, and if given in a light in-
fusion. It ik also used in a decoction with wine against
all cold rheums, distillation upon the lungs, or shortness
of breath. It provokes uriue, and helps to break the stone,
and expel the ;;rayel from the kidneys: provokes womens*
 OTLPXPER'S COMPLETE RBBBAL. 229
eouwes, and ezpek the dead-birth ; is singularly good for
strangling of the mother, and other such feminine disor-
ders. It is effectual against the dropsy, cramps, and fall-
ing sickness ; the decoction in wine oeing gargled in the
mouth, draws down much water and phlegm from the
brain, purging and easing it of what oppressed it. It is of
a rare quality against all sorts of cold poison, to be taken
as there is cause ; it provokes sweat. But lest the taste of
the seed should be too offensive, the best way is to take
water distilled both from the herb and root. The juice
dropped into green wounds or filthy ulcers, and envenom-
ed wounds, does soon cleanse and heal them. The same is
also very good to help the gout coming of a cold cause.

MASTIC BEBB—CTki/rmu Mastichina.)

Calljcd also SummerSavory.
Descrip. —This a shrubby plant, full of round slender
is
brown stalks, a foot high or more, having small leaves at
a joint. The flowers grow on the tops of the stalks, in soft,
downy, verticillated spikes, by wnich it may be known
from the other plants of this kind they are small, white,
:

and galeated. The whole plant has a pleasant smell.

PUice.— It is a native of France, but grows in our gardena
—
Time. It flowers in June and July.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. This is a mild but martial
plant. The tops when in flower, gathered and dried, are
good in disorders of the head and nerves, and against stop-
pages in the viscera, being of a warm aromatic nature. The
resinous concrete substance commonly known by the name
of gum -mastic, is the produce of the foreign tree. Thia
mastic is recommended in doses of from half a scruple to
half a dram, as a mild corroborant, and restringent medi-
cine in old coughs, spitting of blood, looseness, weakness
of the stomach, &c.

MAYWEED {STlKKUJQ.)—(Ft/rethrumPartheniunL)
—
Deterip, It grows to a foot high, branched and spread-
ing ; the stalk is ruddy, and the leaves are of a deep and
blackish green, and of an ill smell The flower is white,
with a high yellow disk, pointed at top, and the divisions
of the leaves swell in the middle.
—
Place. This is an annual weed, found in ploughed soiL
—
Time. It flowers in May and June.
—
Virtues. The flowers have, bat in a rsiy inferior dm-
190 CTTLPRPKR'S complete HESbJkXi.

eree,some of the yirtaes of camomile, and are far more

disagreeable in taste. The leaves operate bj urine, and in
some constitutions by stool ; but both ways roughly, and
hould be very cautiously tampered with.
MEADOW -SWEET.-—(Spircea Ulmaria,) .

—
2>escrip. It has a long reddish fibrous root, from which
spring several pinnated leaves, having two or three pair
of opposite, large, serrated pinnie, with an odd one at the
end, cut into three parts; tney are hoary underneath, and
green above, wrinkled, and full of veins, and having seve-
ral small pieces between the pinnae ; the stalk is red and
angular, growing two or three feet high, beset in an alter-
nate order with the like leaves. The flowers grow upon
the tops of the stalks in umbel-fashion, being small, nve-
leave(t and full of apices, of a white colour, followed by
little round heads, screw-fashion, of several seeds together.
—
Place, It grows in moist meadows and by river-sides.
—
Time, It flowers in June. The leaves and tops are used.
—
OovemmerU and Virtues. Jupiter is recent of the Mea-
dow-sweet. The flowers are alexipharmic and sudorific,
and good in fevers, and all malignant distempers ; they are
likewise astringent, binding, and useful in fluxes of all
sorts. An infusion of the fresh-gatbered tops of this plant
promotes sweating. It is an excelleut medicine in fevers
attended with purgiugs, and may be given to the quantity
of a moderate bason full, once in two or three hours. It ui
a good wound-herb, whether taken inwardly or externally
applied. A water distilled from the flowers is good for
inflammations of the eyes.
MEDLAR. (Mespilus Oermanica.)
—
Detcrip. The branches grow to a reasonable size, with
long and narrow leaves, not deuted aboat the edges. At
the end of the sprigs stand the flowers, made of white,
great pointed leaves, nicked in the middle with some white
threads, after which come tbe fruit, of a brownish green
colour, being ripe, bearing a crown as it were on the top,
which were the five green leaves ; and being rubbed ofl^ or
fallen away, the head of the fruit is seen to be somewhat
hollow. The fruit is very harsh before it is mellowed, and
hath usually five hard kernels within it.
Place.— It is a native of Germany, and is cultivated in
oar gardens and orcharda for the sstke of its fruit.
 OTTLPIPEB'B COMPLETE UERBIX. 231

—Its blossoms appear in April and May, and the

Tiwie.
September and October.
fruit ripens in
Oovm-nmerU and —The fruit Saturn's. It stays
Virtue*, is
womens' looginga. A plaster made of the fruit dried be-
fore they are rotten, and other convenient things, and ap-
plied to the reins of the back, stops miscarriage in preg-
nant women. They are very powerful to stay fluxes of
blood or humours in men or women ; the leaves also have
this quality. The fruit, if eaten by pregnant women, stays
their longings for unusual meats. The decoction of the
fruit is good to gargle the mouth, throat, and teeth, when
there are any defluctions of blood to stay it, or of humours,
which causes the pains and swellings. It is a good bath
for women to sit over, whose courses flow too abundantly ;
or for bleeding piles. If a poultice or plaster be made with
dried medlars, beaten and mixed with the juice of red
roses, whereunto a few cloves and nutmegs may be added,
and a little red coral also, and applied to the stomach that
is given to loathing of meat, it will effectually help. The
dried leaves in powder strewed on fresh wounds, restrains
the blood, and heals up (quickly. The Medlar-stones made
into powder, and drank in wine, wherein some parsley-
roots are infused all night, or a little boiled, breaks the
atone in the kidneys, and helps to expel it

MELILOT.—C Trifolium Melilotut.)

Called alao King^s-Clover.
—
Detcrip, The Melilot has a large, woody, spreadinff
white root, from which spring many slender channelled
smooth stalks, two or three feet high, having at every joint
three oblong, round-pointed green leaves, set together on
one footstalk, serrateii about the edges. The flowers grow
on long spikee, and are of a yellow colour ; succeeded by a
rough round pod. The whole plan^ but especially the
flowers, hai« a strong pleasant smell.
Place, —it grows frequently among com, and in hedges.
—
Time, It flowers in June and July. The leaves and
flowers are used.
OovernmerU cmd Virtuss. —Melilot, boiled in wine, and
applied, softens all hard tumours and inflammations in the
eyes, or other parts of the body, as the fundament and
prirj parts of men or women ; and sometimes the yolk of
a FQMted egg, or flne flour, or poppy seed, or endive, is
added onto it. It helps spreading ulcers in the head if
kdfl oulpspbr's complbtb hbkbal,

washed with a lye made of it. It helps the pains of the

stomach, being carefully applied fresh or boiled with any
of the aforenamed things ; it will ease pains in the ears, if
dropped into them ; steeped in vinegar or rose-water, it
mitigates the head-ache. The flowers of Melilot and Cam-
omile, are used together in clysters to expel wind, and ease
pains; also in poultices for the same purpose, and to as-
suage swelling tumours in the spleen and other parts, and
helps inflammations in any part of the body. The juice
dropped into the eyes, is a singular good medicine to take
away the film that dims the sight. The head often wash-
ed with the distilled water of the herb and flowers is good
for those who swoon, also to strengthen the memory, to
comfort the head and brain, and to preserve them from
pain, and the apoplexy. A plaster made of this herb boil-
ed in mutton-suet, wax and rosin, is drawing, and good for
green wounds ; the fresh plant makes an excellent poul-
tice for hard swellings and inflammatory tumours, at once
ripening them, and taking away the pain.

MERCURY (FBENCR,)^(Mercurialu Gallium.)

Descrip.— French Mercury, male and female, grows a
foot high, full of smooth angular stalks, beset with narrow
leaves, about an inch and a half long, broadest in the mid-
dle, and sharper at both ends, indented about the edges,
of a pale yellow green colour, growing in spikes, which rise
from the bosom of the leaves. Those of the female fall off
without any seed. The male has a couple of testiculated
seeds at the end of the spike. The root is fibrous, and per-
ishes after it has flowered and given seed.
Place,— It grows among rubbish in waste places.
—
Time. It flowers in June.
—
Oovernm^nt and Virtues. This plant is under the domi-
nion of the Moon. The leaves and stalks are used, and are
aperitive and mollifying; the decoction purges choleric and
serous humours it is also used in clysters.
: A decoction
of the seeds with wormwood, is commended for the yellow
jaundice. The juice takes away warts.

MEZEREON SPURGE.—C2>apAn« Mezereum,)

Called also Olive Spurge, Flax or Dwarf Bay.
Descrip. —
It has a woody root, tough and spreading,
and the stem is shrubby, full of branches, covered with a
roughish grey bark, and irrows five or six feet high. The
 OirLPXPBR*8 OOlfPLVTE HIRBAL. 883

leaves grow in clusters from certain small protuberancef

in the bark ; they are oblong, smooth on the surface, en-
tire at the edges, and of a dark green colour. The flowers
are so numerous aa to make the branches appear almost
the whole length, of a beautiful red colour ; sometimes,
however, they are white. The seed grows single, nearly
round, and of a fleshy substance.
—
Place and Time, It is found wild in several parts of
England and is kept in most gardens for the beautiful ap-
pearance it makes in January, February, and March, the
months in which it flowers.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is Saturnine. The whole
plant has an exceeding acrid biting taste, and is very cor-
rosive. An ointment prepared from the bark, or the ber-
ries isa serviceable application to foul ill-conditioned ul-
cers. A decoction made of a dram of the bark of the root
in three pints of water, till one pint is wasted, and this
quantity taken in the course of a day, for a considerable
time together, has been found very efficacious in resolving
and dispersing venereal swellings and excrescences. The
bark of the root, or the inner bark of the branches, is to
be used, but it requires caution in the administration, and
must only be given to people of robust constitutions, and
very sparingly even to those ; for if given in too large a
dose, or to a weakly person, it will cause bloody stools and
vomiting it is good in dropsy and other stubborn disor-
;

A light infusion is the best mode of giving

ders. it.

GARDEN MINT, or GARDEN SPEAR -('i/en/Aa

Viridia.)

—
Descrip. This Mint has many souare stalks, which, in
good ground, will grow to two or three feet hi^h, having
two long fiharp-pointed leaves, set opposite at a ]oint, with-
out footstalks, nigh-veined underneath, thinly serrated at
the edges. The flowers grow in long spikes on the tops of
the stiilks, set on verticillatim, being small and purplish,
having a galea and labella so small, that they are hardly
perceiveablk a white, long pontel standing out of their
mouths. The root creeps and spreads much in the earth,
being long and slender. The leaves, stalks, and flowers,
have a pleasant and agreeable smell.
Place, — It is planted in gardens.
TiJiK.— It flowers in July.
Oov€nmerU and KirruM.— It Li an herb of Venus, and
234 CITLPBPEB'S COMPLETE HERBAL.

has a bindiDg, drying quality; the jnioe taken in rinegar,

itays bleeding, stirs up venery, or bodily lust ; two or
^hree branches taken in the juice of four pomegranates,
stays the hiccough, vomiting, and allays the chbler. It dis-
solves imposthumes, being laid to with barley-meal. It is
good to repress the milk in womens' breasts. Applied with
salt, it helps the bites of mad dogs : with meaa or honey-
ed water, it eases the pains of the ears, and takes away
the roughness of the tongue, being rubbed thereupon. It
suffers not milk to curdle in the stomach, if the leaves be
steeped or boiled in it before being drunk ; it is very pro-
fitable to the stomach. Often using it will stay womens'
courses and the whites. Applied to the forehead and tem-
ples, it eases the pains in the head, and is good to wash
the heads of young children with, against ail manner of
breakings out, sores or scabs, and heals the chops in the
fundament. It is also profitable against the poison of ven-
omous creaturea The distilled water of mint is available
for all the purposes aforesaid, yet more weakly. But if a
spirit thereof oe chemically drawn, it is more powerful
tnan the herb. It helps a cold liver, strengthens the belly,
causes digestion, stays vomiting and the hiccough ; it is
good agamst the gnawing of the heart, provokes appetite,
takes away obstructions of the liver, but too mucn must
not be taken, because it makes the blood thin, and tuns it
into choler, therefore choleric persons must abstain from
it. The dried powder taken after meat, helps digestion, and

those that are splenetia Taken in wine, it helps women

in their sore travail in child-bearing. It is good against
the gravel and stone in the kidneys, and the strangury.
Being smelled unto, it is comforting to the head. The de-
coction gargled in the mouth, cures the mouth and gumi
that are sore, and amends an ill-favoured breath. Mint is
an herb that is useful in all disorders of the stomach, as
weakness, squeamishness, loss of appetite, pain, and vomit-
ing ; it is likewise very good to stop gonorrhcea, the flu or
albus, and the immoderate flow of the menses; a cataplasm
of the green leaves applied to the stomach, stays vomiting,
and to womens' breasts, prevents the hardness and curd-
ing of the milk. A decoction is good to wash the hands
of children when broken out with scabs and blotches.
Officinal preparations of Mint are, a simple water and
spirit, a compound spirit, and a distilled oiL
 CTTLPBPBB't COMPLKTl HVBBAL. 28(

MINT (PEPPEK.)— ^ir«UAa Piperita,)

Detcrip.-^The leaves of thia Mint are broader and lome-
what shorter than Spear-mint, growing on footstalks, half
an inch long, sharply serrated about the edges. The stalka
are square, about two feet high. The flowers are numer-
ous, and grow in loose obloug spikes on the tops of the
branches ; they are bigger than those of Spear-mint, but
ol the same colour, and more thickly set Both leaves and
flowers have a pleasant scent, and a hot biting taste, like
pepper. The root is slender and creeping.
—
Place. It grows in several places, tx)th on the banks ot
rivers, and is an inhabitant of almost every garden.
—
Tims. It blossoms in July and August,
—
Virtues. This herb has a strong, agreeable, aromatic
nelL, and a moderate warm bitterish taste; it is useful for
complaints of the stomach, such as wind, vomiting, &c. for
which there are few remedies of greater efficacy. It is good
in poultices and fomentations to disperse curdled milk io
the breajsts, and also to be used with milk diets. All Mints
are astringent, and of warm subtle parts ; great strength-
oners of the stomach. Their fragrance betokens them ce-
phalics ; they effectually take off nauseousness and retch-
mgs to vomit; they are also of use in looseness. The sim-
ple water given to children, removes the gripes; but these
Tirtues more particularly belong to Spear and Pepper-mint.

MINT (WATEB,).-^Mentha AquoUica.)

—
Deeorip. This Mint has square, hairy, brown stalks, a
foot high, or more, with two pretty large leaves at a joint,
set on short footstalks, broad at the basis, and narrower
at the edges, of a very strong smelL The flowers grow on
the tops of the stalks, in round spikes, with one or two of
the same a little lower on the stalks, at the setting on of
the upper leaves. They are larger than common mint, of
a pale purple colour. The root is astringent and fibrous.
Place.— It grows in damp watery places, wild, and is cul-
tivated in most gardens for its medicinal qualities.
—
Time. The flowers appear in August.
—
Virtuet. The distilled water of this plant is well known
M a carminative and antispasmodic ; it relieves colic, and
other disorders of the stomach and bowels most instanta-
iMoaaly ; and is good in the gravel. It is a valuable medi-
«ia» in flatulent colics, hysteric depressions, and other
<
236 CTTLPBPSB'8 COMPLBTX HSBBAL.
plaiDts of a similar nature. Water Mint expels wind ont
of the stomach, ojiens the obstructions of the womb, and
produces catamenia. The juice dropped into the ears, eases
pain and helps deafness, though not much used.

MINT (WILD, OE HORSE.)— (^JTenrAa Sytvettrii,)

pescrip,— This Wild-Mint grows not so tall as Garden

Afint, or so much branched, having square hoary stalks,
with two long, sharp-pointed leaves, noary likewise, es-
pecially underneath, and serrated about the edges, without
any footstalks. The flowers grow at the end of the stalks,
in long narrow spikes, being small and purple. The whole
plant has a strong but not unpleasant smell.
—
Virtites, It is good for wind and colic in the stomach,
to procure the menses, and expel the birth and secundiues.
The juice dropped into the ears eases the pains of them,
and destroys the worms that breed therein. The juice laid
on warm, helps the king's-evil, or kernels in the throat.
The decoction or distilled water helps a stinking breath,
proceeding from corruption of the teeth ; and snuffed up
the nose, purges the head. It helps the scurf or dandruff
of the hestd used with vinegar.

MISSELTOE.— (Tiwia Querous.)

Descrip. —^This plant fixes itself and takes root on tht
branches of trees. It spreads out into large bushes, hav-
ing many woody branches, covered with a yellow-green
bark, of different sizes, being full of joints that easily part
asunder, having at each two thick firm leaves, narrowest
at the bottom, and broader and round at the ends. It bears
several small yellow fou" leaved flowers, to which succeed
round, white, almost pellucid berries, as big as white cur-
rants, full of a tough viscid juice, in the middle of which
lies one flat heart-mshioned seed. It grows upon several
trees, as the apple, the crab, the hazel, the ash, the maple,
the lime, the willow, the whitethorn, and the oak; this last
is best of all.
—
Oovemment and Viriuet. This is under the dominion of
the Sun, with something of the nature of Jupiter. Both
the leaves and berries do heat and dry, and are of subtle
parts ; the bird-lime mollifies hard knots, tumours, and
imposthumes, ripens and discusses them, and draws forth
thick as well as thin humours from the remote parts of the
body, digesting and separating them, being mixe i with
 CULPKPXR'S OOMPLETB HEBBAIi. 837

equal parUof rosin and wax, mollifies the hardness of the

spleen, and helps old ulcers and sores, mixed also with
sanderic and orpiment, it helps to draw off foul nails,
and if quick lime and wine lees be added thereto, it works
the stronger. Made into powder, and given to drink, it is
good for falling-sickness. The fresh wood bruised, and the
juice thus extracted dropped into the ears is effectual in
curing the imposthumea in them. Misseltoe is a cephalic
and nervine medicine, useful for convulsive fist, palsy, and
vertigo. The bird-lime which is made of the berries of
Misseltoe is a powerful attractive, and is good to ripen
hard tumours and swellings.

l&OifKTWOB.T,—{ Li/nmachia Nummularia.)

Called also Herb Twopence.
Descrip.— The common Moneywort sends forth from a
small thready root divers long, weak, and slender branch-
es, running upon the ground two or three feet long, set
with leaves one against another at equal distances, which
are almost round, but pointed at the ends, smooth, and of
a good green colour. At the joints with the leaves from
the middle forward come forth at every point sometimes
one yellow flower, and sometimes two, standing each on a
small footstalk, and made of five leaves, narrow-pointed at
the end, with some yellow threads in the middle, which be-
ing past, there comes small round heads of seeds.
Place. —It grows plentifully in moist grounds by hedgo-
lides, and in the middle of grassy fields.
—
Time. It flowers in June and July, and the seed is
ripe shortly afterwards.
—
Oovemmt 4 and Virtues, Venus owns it It is good to
stay all fluxis in man or woman, whether they be laxes,
bloody-fluxes, or the flowing of women's courses ; bleeding
inwaridly or outwardly; the weakness of the stomach that
is given to casting. It is good also for ulcers or excona-
tioni of the lungs, or other inward parts. It will (quickly
heal green woanda, and old spreading ulcers. The juice of
the herb, or the powder drauK in water, wherein hot steel
has been quenched, will act the same for the aforenamed
purpose*, as well alsj a decoction of the green herb, drank
10 wine or water, or to bathe the outward wounds. The
juice LB effectual also for overflowings of the menses, and
ih« roots dried and powdered, are good in porgingsi
288 OXTLPEPEB'S complete HEftBlX.

MOONWOET.—("Omwrwto Lunaria.)
Descrip. —
It has one dark, green, thick and flat leal^
standing upon a short footstalk, two fingers in breadth \
when it flowers it bears a slender stalk, four or five inches
high, having one leaf in the middle, divided on both sides
into five or seven parts, each part is small like the middle
rib, broader forwards, pointed and round, resembling a half
moon, the uppermost parts being bigger than the lowest
The stalks rise above this leaf two or three inches, bearing
many branches of smaller tongues, of a brownish colour,
which, after continuing a while, resolve into a mealy dust.
The root is small and fibrous. This has sometimes divers
leaves like those before described, with many branches
arising from one stalk, each divided from the other.
—
Place. It grows on grassy hills and heaths.
—
Time. It is found only in April and May,
Oovemment and Virtues. —
The Moon owns this herb. It
is and drying, and is available for wounds both out-
cold
ward and inward. The leaves boiled in red wine, and
drank, stay immoderate courses and the whites. It stays
bleeding, vomiting, and other fluxea It helps all blows
and bruises, and consolidates all fractures and dislocations.
It is ffood for ruptures, and is put into oils and balsams to
heal u'esb and green wounds.

MOSS (GROUND.)—fZycA^n TerrestrU.)

Descrip. —This grows in barren ground, and at the roots

of trees. on the ground, with numerous slen-
It spreads
der having small triangular leaves set close to the
flagellaj,
stalks, among which spring reddish stalks an inch long,
almost as fine as hairs, bearing on the tops little hollow
dusty cups, of a whitish colour.
—
Place^ It grows in our moist woods, in boggy ground,
in shadowy ditches, and such like places.
—
Ocyvemment and Virtues, It is under Saturn, and is
good to break the stone, to expel and drive it forth by
urine, if boiled in wine, and drank. The herb, bruised
and boiled in water, and applied, eases all inflammations
ind pains from a hot cause ; and is useful too to ease
the gout The tree moss is cooling and binding, and par-
takes of a digesting and mollifying quality. Each moss
partakes of the nature of the tree on which it grows, the
oak is binding, and of good effect to stay fluxes, vomiting
 OITLPEPEB'8 oompletb hxsbal. 88^

and bleeding, if the powder be taken in wine. The decoc-

tion in wine ifl good to bathe or sit in, to stay the overflow-
ing of the coarsea. The powder taken in drink is available
for dropey. The oil witn the moss steeped in it for a time,
and afterwards boiled and applied to the temples and fore-
head, eases the head-ache coming of a hot cause, and the
distillations of hot rheums in the eyes, or other parts.

MOTHERWORT.-H'Xtfonttna Cardiaccu)
—
Detcrip, This has a hard, square, brownish, rough
strong stalk, rising three or four feet high, spreading into
many branches, whereon grow leaves on each side, with
long footstalks, two at every joint, somewhat broad and
long, as if it were rough and coupled, with nxany great
reins therein of a sad green colour, deeply dented about the
edges, and almost divided. From the middle of the branch-
es up to the tope of them, which are long and small, grow
the flowers round them in distances, in sharp pointed, hard
rough husks, of a red or purple colour, after which come
small, round, blackish seeds in great plenty. The root
sends forth a number of long strings and small fibres, tak-
ing strong hold in the ground, of a dark yellowish or
brownish colour.
Place. —It grows only in gardens with us in England.
—
TifM. It flowers in July or the beginning of August.
Chvemment and Virtties, —Venus owns the herb, and it
is under Leo. There is no better herb to take melancholy
vapours from the heart, and to strengthen it. It may be
kept in a syrup or conserve it makes mothers joyful, and
;

settles the womb, therefore is it called Motherwort. It is

of use for the trembling of the heart, fainting and swoon-
ing. The powder, to the quantity of a spoonful, drank in
wine, helps women in sore travail, as also for the su£focat-
ing or rising of the mother. It provokes urine and wo-
mens' courses, cleanses the chest of cold phlegm, kills the
worms in the belly. It is of use to digest and disperse
them that settle in the veins, joints, and sinews of the
body, and to help cramps and convulsions.

MOUSE-EAR.— ("CtfTCMritm Vulgatum.)

Descrip. — This is a low herb, creeping on the ground by
imall strings, whereby it shoots fortn small roots, whereat
grow many small and short leaves, set in round form toge-
ther,and very hairy which being broken, give a whitisb
240 CtTLPEPBE'S COMPLETE HERBAL.
milk ; from among these leaves spring up two or three
small hoary stalks a span high, with a few smaller leaves
thereon at the tops whereof stand usually but one flower,
;

consisting of many pale yellow leaves, broad at the point,

and a little dented in, set in three or four rows, the great-
er uppermost, a little reddish underneath about the edges,
especially if it grows in a dry ground ; which, after they
have stood long in flower, do turn into down, which, witn
the seed, is carried away by the wind.
Place. —
It grows in dry ditches, and ditch-banks.
—
Time, It flowers in June or July, and is green all winter.
—
Government and Virtues. The Moon owns this herb.
The juice taken in wine, or the the decoction drank, helps
the jaundice, if taken morning and evening. It is a special
remedy against the stone, and the pains thereof and the
:

griping pains of the bowels. The decoction, with succory

and centaury, is efiectual to help the dropsy, and diseases
of the spleen. It stays the fluxes of the blood, either at
the mouth or nose ; it is good also for inward or outward
wounds, and stays bloody-flux and womens' courses. A
syrup made of the juice and sugar, is good for coughs or
phthisic. The same is good for ruptures or burstings. The
green herb bruised, and bound to any cut or wound, quick-
Ij solders the lips thereof. And the juice, decoction, or
powder of the dried herb, is efficacious to stay spreading
and fretting cancers and ulcers in the mouth and secret
parts. The distilled water of the plant is available in all
the diseases aforesaid, and to wash outward wounds and
sores, by applying tents of cloth wet therein.

MUGWORT (pO^UO^.y-fArtemisia Vulgaris,)

—
Descrip, Common Mugwort has many leaves lying on
the ground, much cut, and divided into many sharp parts,
of a dusky green on the upper side, but white and noary
underneath. The stalk is ruddy brown, firm and hard,
four feet and a half high, upright, full of branches with
Bpiry tops, whereon grow many chaffy flowers, of a yellow
brown colour, like buttons, which, after they are gone, are
succeeded by small seeds inclosed in round heads. The root
is long and hard, with many small fibres growing from it,
whereby it takes firm hold of the ground, spreading much.
It survives the winter, and blooms afresh in spring.
PlOfCe. —
This is a perennial, frequent in waste grounds by
*Ai% sides of waters and foot-paths.
/anniA. /iHa/Mt¥*i/ /o^tAii^fJieHiiipt '9^t?AitX^.
 rmnsiurei. ^^^I'eT,. Persiemrta m^^f^crf.

marsA/Z/a^L
^eaacw Sutee^.
^ftciker of T^ume.
 culpbper's ooxflste herbal. 241

—
Time, It flowers in June and July, when it is readj
for use ; the seed is ripe at the end of summer.
OovemmerU and —
Virtues. This is an herb of Venus. Its
tope, leaves and flowers are full of virtue; they are aro-
matic, and most safe and excellent in female disorders.
For this purpose the flowers and buds should be put into
a teapot, ana boiling water poured over them, and when
just cool, be drunk with a little sugar and milk this may
;

De repeated twice a day, or oftener, as occasions require.

Itis boiled among other herbs for drawing down the courses,
by sitting over it, and for hastening the delivery, and helps
to expel the afterbirth, and is good for the obstructions
and inflammations of the mother. It breaks the stone and
provokes water. The juice made up with myrrh, and put
under as a pessary, works the same eflfects, and so does the
root Made up ^vith hogVgrease into an ointment, it
takes away wens, hard knots and kernels that grow about
the neck, more efi'ectually if some daisies be put with it.
The herb itself being fresh, or the juice, is a special reme-
dy upon the over-much taking of opium. Three drams of
the powder of the dried leaves taken in wine, is a speedy
and certain help for the sciatica. A decoction made with
camomile and agrimony, and the place bathed therewith
while it is warm, takes away the pains of the sinews, and
the cramp. The moxa, so famous in the eastern countries
for curing the gout by burning the part affected, is the
down which grows upon the under side of this herb.
MULBERRY-TREE.—(^JTortw JVigra,)
Detcrip. —There are two kinds of mulberries, the com-
mon black, and the white. It grows to a large tree, with
a brown rugged bark, shooting out its leaves very late in
the spring, which are large, and rough or scabious, broad
at the bajie, and growing narrower towards the end, ser-
rated about the edges, and set on sho^ footstalks. The
flowers stick close to the branches, each composed of four
small leaves, growing in clusters. The fruit is oblong, con-
sisting of a great number of acini, set together in a round
form, of a dark purple, almost black when ripe, full of a
sweet, pleasant, purple juice.
—
Place. It grows in gardens.
7Vm«.— The fruit is ripe in August and September. The
bftrk of the root, and the fruit are used.
Oovemmmt and Fir^u^i.— Mercury rales the tree. It is
I
242 culpepbr's complktb herbal.

of diflferent parts; the ripe berries open the bodj, and the
unripe bind it, especially when they are dried, and then
they are good to stay fluxes, laxes, and womens' courses.
The bark of the root kills the broad worms in the belly.
The juice, or syrup made of the juice of the berries, helps
all inflammations or sores in the mouth or throat. The
juice of the leaves is a remedy against the bites of serpents,
and for those that have taken aconite. A decoction made
of the bark and leaves, is good to wash the teeth when
they ache. The leaves stay the bleeding at the mouth or
nose, or the bleeding of the piles, or of a wound, if bound
onto the places.

MULLEIN (BLACK.)-^ Verbascum Nigrum.)

Descrip. —^The stalk is round and hoary, arising usually
single, about as as a man. The lower leaves are large,
tall
a foot long, and three or four inches broad, sharp pointed
at the end, slightly indented about the edges, covered with
a hoary down. Those which grow on the stalk, have their
middle ribs affixed to it for half their length, which make
the stalk appear winged. The flowers grow in a long spike,
set thick and close, each consisting of one leaf cut into five
segments, of a yellow colour, with as many wooUv stamina,
having purple apices. The seed-vessels are oblong and
pointed, opening in two when ripe, and showing a small
brownish seed. The root is single, and small.
Place, — It jgrows in highways, and by hedge-sides.
—
Time. It flowers in July. The leaves are used.
VirUies.— They are accounted pectoral, and good for
coughs, spitting of blood, and other affections of the breast;
they are likewise good for griping and colic pains, arising
from sharp humours ; outwardly used in fomentations or
fumigations, they are reckoned a specific against the pains
and swelling of the hemorrhoids, or piles.
MULLEIN {VfRlTE.y^VerhascwmLychnitit.)
—
Descrip. This has many fair, large, woolly white lea ves^
lying next the ground, somewhat larger than broad, point-
ed at the end, and dented about the edges. The stalk rises
to four or five feet high, covered over with such like leaves,
but less, so that no suJk can be seen for the number of
leaves set thereon up to the flowers, which come forth on
all sides of the stalk, without any branches for the most
part, and are many set together in a long spike, in some
 OULPKPKH'S OOMPLRTK UERBAm. S4t

of a yellow colour, in othei>» luore pale, consisting of five

round pointed leaves, which afterwards have small round
heads, which contain small brownish seed. The root is long,
whit«, and woody, perishing after it hath borne seed.
Place, — It grows by way-sides and lanes, in many place-s
in the west of England.
Time,— It flowers in July, or thereabouts.
OovemmeTit and —
Virtues. It is under the dominion of
Saturn. A small quantity of the root is commended
against laxes and fluxes of the body. The decoction, if
drunk, is profitable for those that are bursten, and for
cramps, convulsions, and old coughs. The decoction garg'
1^, eases tooth-ache, and the oil made by infusion of the
flowers, is of good effect for the piles. The decoction of the
root in red wine or water, is good for ague ; when red-hot
steel has been quenched in it, if drank it will stay bloody-
flux, and opeu obstruction of the bladder and reins. A de-
coction of the leaves, with sage, marjoram, and camomile
flowers, and the places bathed therewith, is good for colds,
stiff sinews, and cramps. Three ounces of the distilled
water of the flowers drank morning and evening is a reme-
dy for the gout The juice of the leaves and flowers laid
on rough warta, as also the powder of the dried roots rub-
bed on, takes them away. The powder of the dried flow-
ers is a remedy for bowel complaint, or the pains of the
colic. The decoction of the root and the leaves, is of great
effect to dissolve the tumours, swellings, or inflammationa
of the throat The seed and leaves boiled in wine, draw
forth spee<lily thorns or splinters from the flesh, eases the
pains, and heals them. The seed bruised and boiled in
wine, and laid on any member that has been out of joint,
and newly set again, takes away all swelling and pain.

MUSHEOOM (GARDEN.)-fJ^anin^ Campettrii.)

Deicrip.—Thia is much better than that which grows in
the field, which is often unwholesome and pernicious. It
ii a fungous plant, without the least appearance of leaves,
flowers, or seed. It rises from the ground in its perfect
form, with a straight stem, an inch or more high, covei-ed
with a round, high, thick, soft white head underneath it
;

is of a reddish fleah-colour, and when the plant has arriv-

ed at its full growth, the head is expanded almost flat,
forming a lar^e flap, which, if Dot gathered, falls to the
gronno, ah^dding what is supposed to b« ih« seed. This
 244 CDLPEPIR'S complete HERBAlb

Mushroom is distinguishable from the others, by its im-

parting an agreeable smell. As it increases in size, the
fleshy colour underneath turns redder, and the edges be-
come a blackish red, but without losing or changing its
fleshy colour within.
—
Place, In the field it owes its origin to the putrefaction
of earth or dung. From this beginning they discover them-
eelves under the form of a white, mouldy substance, called
Xwn, which produces numerous white knots, or embryo
, Qts, gradually increasing to the perfect Mushroom.
—
Time, In fields it is of very short duration and growth
at particular times ; but in gardens it is propagated from
rotten horse dung and putrid moist litter all the year.
—
Government and Virtues. Mushrooms are under Mer-
furv in Aries. Boasted and applied in a poultice, or boiled
with white lily roots, and linseed, in milk, they ripen boils
and abscesses better than any preparation that can be
made. Their poultices are of service in quinsies, and In-
flammatonr swellings. Inwardly, they are unwholesome,
and unfit lor the strongest constitutions.

MUSTARD (BLACK.}—(Sinapie Nigra,)

—
Descrip. ^The lower leaves are large and rough ; the
stalk grows four or five feet high, smooth, branched, and
with smaller leaves than those oelow, thick, smooth, and
less cut in, a little serrated about the edges, and hanging
down on long footstalks. The flowers are small and yel-
low, of four leaves each, set many together, and flowering
by degrees ; before they have done flowering, the spike of
the seed-vessel is extended to a great length ; they are
squarish, clasping close to the stalks, and sharp-pointed at
the end, full of round, dark, brown seed, of a hot biting
taste. The root is whitish, branched, and full of fibrea
—
Place. It grows frequently in waste plavM^ and among
rubbish ; and is frequently sown in gardena
—
Time. It flowers in June.
—
Government and Virtues. It is an excellent sauce for
clarifying the blood, and for weak stomachs, being an herb
of Mars, but unfit for choleric people ; it also sti^ngthens
the heart and resists poison. Jjet such as have weak sto-
machs take of Mustard-seed and Cinnamon, one drana ea^^u,
beaten into powder, with half a dram of powdered mastic
and gum-arabic dissolved in rose-water, made into troches
of hiUf a dram each in weight, one of these troches to be
t
0ITLPEPKR8 COKTLWn HBRBAL. 14$

taken an hoar or two before meals. Old people maj take

nuch of this medicine with advantage. Mnstard-seed has
the virtue of heat, diacuasing, ratifying, and drawing out
splinters of bones, and other things of the flesh. It is good
to bring down the courses, for falling-sickness or lethar^,
to use it both inwardly and outwardly, to rub the nostrils,
forehead, and temples, to warm and quicken the spirits ;
it purges the brain by sneezing, and draws down rheum
and other viscous humours, and with some honey added it
is good for old coughs. The decoction of the seed made in
wine and drank, resists poison, the malignity of mush-
rooms, and the bites of venomous creatures, if taken in
time. The seed taken either in an electuary or drink, stirs
op lust, and helps the spleen and pains in the sides, and
gna wings of the Dowels used as a garjzle it draws up the
;

palate of the mouth, if fallen ; and it dissolves swellings

about the throat, if outwardly applied. Chewed in the
mouth, it helps the tooth-ache. The outward application
upon the pained place of the sciatica, discusses the humours,
and eases the pain as also the gout and other joint-achefr
;

and is often used to ease the pains in the sides or loins, the
hoolders, or other parts of the body, upon the applying
thereof to raise blisters, and cures the disease by drawing
it to the outward parts of the body. It is also used to help
the falling off of the hair. The seed Druised, with honey, and
applied, or made up with wax, takes away marks, spots, or
broises, the roughness or scabbiness of the skin, as also the
leprosy, or lousy evii The distilled water of the herb,
wnen in flower, is drank to help in any of the diseases be-
forenamed, either inwardly, or outwardly for scabs, it^h,
or such like infirmities, and it cleanses the face from spots,
freckles, and other deformities.

MUSTAKD (EEDQE.)—(Siiymbrium Oficinale,)

—
Deserip. This grows up with one blackish green stalk,
SMJ to bend, but tough, oranched into divers parts, and
sometimes with divers stalks, set full of branches, whereon
grow long, rough, or hard rugged leaves, much torn on the
edges in many parts, some large, and some small, of a dirty
green colour. The flowers are small and yellow, that grow
on the tops of the branches in long spikes, flowering by de-
grees ; so that continuing long in flower, the stalk will have
small round cods at the l>ottom growing upright and close
to the stalk, while the ton flowers yet show themselven, in
S46 oulpbpkr'b cohplcte hsrbal

which are cootained small yellow seed, sharp and stroDg,

as the herb is also. The root grows down slender and
woody, yet abiding and springing again every year.
Place.— It grows by way and hedge-sides, and sometimes
in open fields. It is common in the Isle of Ely.
Time.— It flowers most usually about July.
—
Oovemment and Virtue*. Mars owns this herb also. It
is good in diseases of the chest and lungs, and hoarseness;
by the use of the decoction lost voice has been recovered.
The juice made into a syrup with honey and sugar, is ef-
fectual for the same purpose, and for coughs, wheezing,
and shortness of breath. The same is profitable for the
jaundice, pleurisy, pains in the back and loins, and colic, if
used in clysters. The seed is a remedy a^inst poison and
venom, and worms in children. It is good for the sciatica,
and in joint-aches, ulcers and cankers in the mouth, throat,
or behind the ears, and for hardness and swelling of the
testicles, or of womens' breasts^

MUSTARD (WB.lTE,)^Sinapii Alba.)

—
Descrip. This does not grow tall, but is branched ; its
branches bear leaves, which are rough, hairy, and divided.
The flowers are larger than other mustards, of a deep yel-
low colour, the seed-vessels stand from the stalks, hairy,
ending in a long, empty point, containing four or five
white seed, larger than the common, which make the seed-
vessel appear knotted they are not quite so hot as the other.
:

—
Place,. It grows wild in several places, but is scarce.
—
Time. It flowers about July.
—
Oovernment and Virtues. It is like Black Mustard in
its virtues, which are considerable. The young shoots are
eaten with other salads, and this way it is very whole-
some. The seed bruised and infused in wine or ale, is of
service against the scurvy and dropsy, provoking urine and
the menses. Mustard outwardly applied is very drawing
and ripening: and laid on paralytic members it recalls the
natural heat. Poultices made with Mustard-flower, crumbs
of bread, and vinegar, are freouently applied to the soles
of the feet in fevers, and may be used to advantage in old
rheumatic and sciatic pains. In short, whenever a strong
stimulating:^ medicine is wanted to act upon the nerves, and
not excite heat, there ia none preferable to Mustard-seed.
 GULPEPKB*8 COMPLETE HSRBAI*. 247

MTRRH (ENQLISHO—f Cfoi*/arui Odorata.)

Descrip.— The leaves of English Myrrh are large and
wiuged, with several loug pinnse on eacn side; of a pleasant
aromatic smell the stalks are somewhat hairy and chan-
;

nelled, beeet with the like leaves, but smaller, bearing on

their tops umbels of white five-leaved flowers, which are
succeeded by pretty large long seed, deeply furrowed, and
having five sharp ridges. The root is thick and spreading,
with many fibres.
Place. — It is sown in wardens.
—
Time. It flowers in May and June. The leaves and
seed are used.
—
Oavemment and Virtueg, This plant is of a hot nature,
it LB of fine aromatic parts, and under Jupiter. A large
spoonful of the unbruised seeds taken every morning, iB
excellent against rheumatic complaints and falling sicknesa
They operate by urine, and promote the menstrual dis-
charge; and while they are producing these good effects,
they strengthen the stomach, expel wind and create appe-
tite. Eaten as a salad, it is an excellent antiscorbutic.

MYETLE THEE,—(Mt/rtut Communu,)

Dttcrip. — This is a little tree or bush, shooting forth
many slender tough branches, sometimes brown and some-
times of a reddish colour, on which grow small, oblong,
sharp-pointed, green leaves, set alternately on the stalks,
of a pleasant aromatic smell, among these come forth the
flowers, each singly on short footstalks, consisting of five
white round leaves, full of a great many white stamina,
which being &llen, the calyx becomes a small, round, black
berry, with a small crown on the top, full of white seeds.
Place, —It grows wild in the soutn of Europe; but with
OS an ornament of our gardena
is
Time. —
It flowers in August.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. This tree is under Mercuij.
The leaves sometimes, but chiefly the berries are used.
They are both of them drying and binding, good for diar-
rhoea and dysentery, spitting of blood, and catarrhous de-
flactions upon the breast, the fluoralbus, the falling down
of the womb or fundament, both taken inwardly, and used
outwardly, in f^owders and injections
248 OITLPEPEB'S COMPLl^TB HERBAL

NAILWOET, OB WHITLOW QK^BS.—(Draba Vema.)

—
Descrip, This has do roots, sav^e a few strinps, and
grows only about a hand-breadth high; the leaves are small
and long, among which rise up divers slender stalks, bear-
ing white flowers one above another, which are small ;

after which come small flat pouches containing the seed,

which is very small, but of a sharp taste.
Place. —
It grows on old stone and brick walls, and fn
heltered gravelly grounds, where there is ^rass or moss.
—
Time. It flowers early in January, ana in February ;
and perishes immediately afterwards.
—
Government and Virtues. It is good for imposthumes
in the joints and under the nails, called whitlows, felons,
andicons, and nailwheals. It is an excellent wound herb,
and under Jupiter. Inwardly taken, it is a balsamic me-
dicine, a remedy for the whites, and weaknesses occasion-
ed by venereal disorders. It operates by urine, brings
away gravel, and is good in disorders of the lungs.
NAVELWORT.~<Co^y?eflfon UmbCiciu.)
—
Descrip, This plant has a thick knobbed root, with
fibres at the bottom; from which spring several fat succu-
lent leaves, the lowermost of which have their footstalks
set on upon th< <iide of the leaf, which is roundish and
crenated alout the edges but the upper leaves have the
:

footstalk inserted in the middle, they are round and some-

what hollow; the flowers grow on the tops of the branches
in long spikes, of a whitish green colour, hollow, and of an
oblong cylindrical shape ; each of which is succeeded by
two little horned vessels, which contain many small seeds.
Flixce. —
It grows upon old stone walls and buildings, in
divers parts of England.
—
Time. It flowers in May. The leaves only are used.
Oovemm£nt and Virtites. —
Saturn owns this plant. It \a
cooling and moistening, useful in hot distempers of the
liver; it provokes urine, and takes off the heat and sharp-
ness thereof. The juice outwardly applied, helps the shin-
gles, St. Anthon/s fire, the pain and inflammation of the
piles . it is likewise useful against kibes and chilblains.
It is an ingredient of the Ungtkentvm PopuLeon

l^AYEW.—(B^assica Campestris.

—
Descrip, The first leaves are moderately broaa and long,
of a pale green. The stalks grow two or three feet high, set
 CULPEPER'8 complete HEBBJLIk 249

With smaller leaves, smooth as well as the stalk, a little

torn, especially thosewhich grow high upon the branches,
which are round and broad at the bottom, and encompass
the stalk, ending in a narrow point, of a bluish green co-
lour. The flowers grow on the tops of the stalks, of four
bright yellow leaves, succeeded by long cylindrical nods,
containing small round black seed, the root is white, longi
and slender.
Place, —
It is sown in gardens.
—
Time, It flowers in April The seed is used in medicine.
Government and Ftr^w«.—This is a plant of Venus. The
seed is good against all kinds of poison, and the bites of
venomous creatures, to provoke urine, and the terms. It
isextolled against all kmds of infectious distempers, aad
to expel the malignity, and drive out the small -pox and
measles. It is an ingredient in the Theriaca AndromackL

KEF.—(I^epeta Cataria,)
Called also Cat-Mint.
Descrip,— It shoots forth hard, foot-square stalks, with
a hoariness on them, about a yard high, full of branches,
bearing at every point two broad leaves, soft, white, and
hoary, nicked about the edges, and of a strong sweet scent.
The flowers grow in long tufts at the tops of the branches^
and underneath them likewise on the stalks many together,
of a purplish white colour. The roots are composed of
many long strings or fibres, fastened firmly in the ground,
ind abide with green leaves thereon all the winter.
—
PloM. It is only nursed up in our cardena
— It flowers in July, or thereabouts.
Time.
Oovemment and Virtues. — It isan herb of Venus, and
if generally used to procure womens' courses, taken out-
wardly or inwardly, either alone, or with other convenient
herbs in a decoction to bathe them, or sit over the hot
fames ; and by frequent use it takes away barrenness, the
wind and pains of the mother. It is used in pains of the
head commg of ai^y cold cause, catarrhs, rneums, and
swimming and giddiness ; and is of use for wind in the
itomach and belly. It is efiectual for cramp or cold aches,
and is used for colds, coughs, and shortness of breath. The
juice drunk in wine, is profitable for bruises by accidents.
The green herb bruised and applied, eases the piles ; the
jaioe made up into an ointment, is effectual for the same
parooee. The head washed with the decoction, takes away
•caoi. and will do the same for other parts of the body
250 CULPEPFTl'S COMPLKTE HERBAU

NETTLE {COMMOJif.)--{UrticaI>ioica,)
Dtscrip. —^The root
is creeping, the stalk is ridged, and
^rows a yard or more high, beset with little prickles or
stings, with a perforation at the point, and a bag at the
base ; when the sting is pressed, it reai^ilj enters the skin,
and the same pressure forces an acrid liquor from the bag
into the wound, which produces a burning tingling sensa-
tion. The leaves are large, broad, oblong, shiu-p -pointed,
serrated,and covered with the same prickles. The flowen
are greenish and inconsiderable.
Plac4. —
It is common by way-sides, and in hedges.
Tims, —It flowers in July.
Oovemment and Vvrtvsa. —
This is an herb of Mara. It
consumes the phlegmatic superfluities in the body of man,
that the coldness and moisture of winter ha* left behind.
The roots or leaves boiled, or the juice of either of them,
or both, made into an electuary with honey and sugar, is a
8:ife and sure medicine to open the passages of the lungs,
which is the cause of wheezing ana shoitness of breath,
and helps to expectorate phlegm, also to raise the impos-
thumed pleurisy it likewise helps the swelling of both the
;

mouth and throat if they be gargled with it. The juice is

effectual to settle the palate of the mouth to its place, and
heal the inflammations and soreness of the mouth and
throat. If the decoction of the leaves be drunk in wine, it
will provoke the courses, settle the suffocation and strang-
ling of the mother, and all other diseases thereof ; as also,
applied outwardly, with a little mvrrh. The same, or the
seed, provokes urine, and expels tne gravel and stone. It
kills the worms in children, eases pains in the sides, and
dissolves the windiness in the spleen, as also the body. The
juice of the leaves taken two or three days together, stays
bleeding at the mouth. The seed being drunk, is a reme-
dy against the bites of mad dogs, the poisonous qualities of
hemlock, henbane, nightshade, mandrake, or such herbs as
tupify the senses ; as also the lethargy, especially if used
outwardly, to rub the forehead or temples in that disease.
The distilled water is effectual, though not so powerful,
for the diseases aforementioned as for outward wounds or
;

ores to wash them, and to cleanse the skin from morphew,

and other discolourings thereof. The seed or leaves bruis-
•d, and put into the nostrils, stays the bleeding of them,
and takes away the polypus. The iuice of the leaven, or
 culprper's complete herbal. 251

the decoction of the root, is good to wash either old, rot-

ten, or stinking sores or fistulas, and gangrenes, and such
as fretting, eating, or corroding scabs, manginess, and
itch, in any part of the body ; as also green wounds, by
washing them therewith, or applying the green herb bruis-
ed thereto. It eases the pains, and dries or dissolves the
deductions. An ointment made of the juice, oil, and a lit-
tle wax, is good to rub cold and benumbed members. One
handful of the leaves of green nettles, and another of Wall-
wort, or Deanwort, bruised and applied simply themselves
to the gout, sciatica, or joint aches in any part, hath been
found an admirable help thereunta

NIGHTSHADE (COMK01^.)--(Solanum,)
Descrip, —This has an upright, round, green, hollow
talk, about a foot high, with many branches, whereon
grow several green leaves, somewhat broad and pointed at
the ends, soft and full of juice, and unevenly dented at the
edges. At the tope of the stalk and branches come forth
three or four, or more, white flowers, consisting of five small
pointed leaves each, standing on a stalk together, one above
another, with yellow pointeis in the middle, composed of
four or five yellow threads set together, which afterwards
run into as many pendulous green berries, of the size of
small peas, full of green juice, and small, whitish, round
flat seeds. The root is white, and a little woody after the
4ower and fruit are past, and has many small fibres in it.
Hie whole plant is of a waterish, insipid taste, but the
juice of the berries is somewhat viscous, and of a cooling
and binding quality. There are two varieties of this, which
are found growing in England; the most common is an up-
right plant, with oval acute pointed smooth leaves, and
black Dcrries (Solanum Nigrum :) the other is a low branch-
ing plant, with indented leaves, and greenish yellow berries
{SoUnum Nigrum baccii viridii.)
Place. — It grows wild under our walls, and in rubbish,
the common paths, and sides of hedges and fields ; also in
gardens, where it becomes a very troublesome weed.
—
Time. It dies every year, and* rises again in the latter
end of April and its berries are ripe in October.
;

—
Oovemm^nt and Virtue*. It is a cool Saturnine plant.
It is used to cool hot inflammations, either inwaroly or
outwardly, being in no way dangerous, as most of the
Nightshades are vet it must be used moderately.
; The
d*«*tiUed water of the whole herb ii* H^ifedt to be taken in-
252 oxtlfbpeb's complete hbsbal.

wardly ; the juice also clarified and taken, being mingled

with a Uttle vinegar, is good for an inflamed mouth and
throat ; but outwardly, the juice of the herb or berries,
with oil of roses, and a little viuegar and ceruse beat toge-
ther in a lead mortar, is good to anoint all hot inflamma-
tions in the eyes. It also does good for the shingles, ring-
worms, and in all running, fretting, and corroding ulcers,
if applied thereto. A pessary dipped in the juice, and
dropped into the matrix, stays the immoderate flow of the
courses ; a cloth wet therein, and applied to the testicles,
upon any swelling therein, gives ease also to the gout, if
;

it comes of hot and sharp humours. The juice dropped into

the ears, eases pains that arise from heat or inflammation :

it is good for hot swellings under the throat. Be sure you

do not mistake the Deadly Nightshade for this.
NIGHTSHADE (DEADLY.)— (il^ropa Belladonna,)
Called also the Dwale.
—
Descrip. This is the largest of the Nightshades. It is
five feet high, having several long spreading roots, that
hoot many long angulated stalks of a deep green, beset
with dull green leaves, shaped like common Nightshade,
but larger. The flowers are set on among the leaves, grow-
ing singly on long footstalks arising from the bosom of the
leaves, and have a dismal aspect. They are large, hollow,
and hang down like bells. On the outside they are of a
dusky colour, between brown and green, and within they
are purple. They are succeeded by berries of the size of
cherries, black and shining when ripe, and full of a pur-
plish iuicy pulp, of a sweetish and mawkish taste.
Place.— It is seldom found wild, but often in gardens.
—
Time, It flowers in July.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. Only a part of this plant has
its uses. This Nightshade boars a very bad character as
being of a poisonous nature. It is not good at all for in-
^^urd uses ; but both leaves and root may with good success
be applied outwardly, by way of poultice, to inflammatory
swellings. An ointment made of the juice evaporated to
the consistence of an extract, does wonders in old sharp ul-
cers, even of a cancerous nature. The leaves applied to the
breasts of women, will dissipate any hard swellings of those
parts. A poultice made of the roots boiled in milk, has
oeen found serviceable in hard ill-conditioned tumours, and
foul alcers. Sometimes even the outward application is
 oulfbpsr's complsts herbal. 203

^aogerons as the following instance proves :

—A lady, trou-
bled with a Bmall ulcer a little below one of her eyes, which
was supposed to be of a cancerous nature, applied a small
piece of the green leaf to it at night, and the next morning
the uvea of that eye was affected in so frightful a manner,
that the pupil would not contract in the brightest light^ while
the other eye retained its usual powers. The leaf being re-
moved, the eye was gradually restored to its original state,
and this effect could not be accidental, for the experiment
was repeated three different times, and the application was
always attended with the same results.

OAK TBJ£,^^(Quercus Rohur.)

—
Detcrip. This tree grows to a vast height, spreading out
into innumerable and irregular branches. The leaves are
oblong, obtuse, deeply finulated, and of a dark green. The
flowers are both barren and fertile on the same tree ; the
former are collected into loose catkins ; the latter are seat-
ed in the buds, and both sorts are small and inconsiderable.
The seed is oval-formed, of a leather-like coat, which ap-
pears as if rasped at the base, and is fixed to a short cup.
Place,— It is too common to require a particular specifi-
cation of the place of its growth.
—
Time, The flowers appear in April, and the acorns are
ripe in October and November.
—
OovemrneTU and Virtue*. Jupiter owns the tree. ITie
leaves and bark, and the acorn cups, bind and dry much.
The inner bark and the thin skin that covers the acorn, are
used to stay the spitting of blood, and the flux. The de-
coction of that bark, and the powder of the cups, stay vo-
miting, spitting of blood, bleeding at the moutn, or other
flux of blood in man or woman ; laxes also, and the invo-
luntary flux of natural seed. The acorn in powder taken
in wine, provokes urine, and resists the poison of venom-
ous creatures. The decoction of acorns and bark made in
milk, and taken, resist^ the force of poisonous herbs and
medicines ; as also the virulence of cantharides, t^hen the
bladder becomes ulcerated by taking them, and voids bloody
urine. The distilled water of the ouds, before they break
out into leaves, is good to be used either inwardly or out-
wardly, to assuage inflammations, and to stop all manner of
fluxee in man or woman. The same is singularly good in
peatilential and hot burning fevers; for it resists the foroe
of the infection* and allays heat ; it ooola the hea of the
S54 oulpeper's completjs herbal.

liver,breaks the stone, and stays women's courses. The de-

coction of the leaves work the same effects. The water that
is found in the hollow places of Oaks, is very effectusJ
against any foul or spreading sciibs. The distilled water
of the leaves is one of the best remedies for the whites.

OATS.—C^wna Sativa.)
Bescrip. —^The root is fibrous, the stalk hollow, jointed t^

yard hign; the leaves are long, narrow, and of a pale green.
The flowers are in a loose panicle, and terminate the stalk.
Place. —It grows wild from seed, but is cultivated.
—
Time. It is reaped early in harvest.
Oovemment and Fir^t^M.— Oats fried with bay salt, and
applied to the sides, take away the pains of slitches and
wind in the sides of the belly. A
poultice made of the
meal of oats, and some oil of bays added, helps the itch
and leprosy ; as also the fistulas of the fundament, and dis-
solves hard imposthumes. The meal of oats boiled with
vinegar and applied, takes away freckles and spots in the
face, and other parts of the body.

01^10^.-^ AlHum Cepa.)

This plant is so common and well known that it needs no
description.
Place.— It is not a native of this country, but is largely
cultivated in our gardens, for esculent purposes.
—
Time. The flowers appear early in Summer.
—
0(yvemment and Virtues. Mars owns them. Thev are
flatulent, or windy, and provoke appetite, increase thirst,
ease the bowels, provoke the courses, help the bites of mad
dogs, and of other venomous creatures, used with honey
and rue ; increase sperm, especially the seed they kill
:

worms in children, if they drink the water fasting wherein

they have been steeped all night. Being roasted under the
embers, and eaten with honey, or sugar and oil, they much
conduce to help an inveterate cough, and expectorate tough
phlegm. The juice being snuflFed up the nostrils, purges
the head, and helps the lethargy, yet often eaten is said to
procure pains in the head. The juice is good for either
scalds or bums. Used with vinegar it takes away all blem-
ishes, spots, and marks in the skin and dropped into the
;

ears, eases the pains and noise in them. Applied also with
figs beaten together, helps to ripen and break imposthumes,
and other sores. Ijeeks (Allium Porrnm) are like them in
 culpspsr's complete hbrbai.. 85B

qoAlity ; they are a remedy against a surfeit of mushrooms, if

baked under the embers and taken ; and being boiled and
applied warm, help the piles. Though leeks possess the qua-
lity of onions, they are not so powerfuL Asyrup made of the
juice of onions and honey, isan excellent medicine in asthma-
tical complaints. Onions are good for cold watery humoun^
but injurious to persons of bilious habit, affecting the head,
eyes, and stomach. When plentifully eaten, they procure
sleep, help digestion, cure acid belchinga, remove obstruc-
tions of tne viscera, increase the urinary secretions, and
promote insensible perspiration. Steeped all night in spring
water, and the infusion given to children to drink in the
morning fastiug, kills worms. Onion bruised, with the
addition of a little salt, and laid on fresh burns, draws out
the fire, and prevents them blistering. The use is fittest
for cold weatner, and for aged, phlegmatic people, whose
lungs are stuffed, and breathing short.

OBACB^—(Atriplex Patula.
—
Descrip. Under the article Arrach, AtripleXy is describ-
ed a species of this herb. It grows to four feet high ; the
stalks are whitish, the leaves of a faint green, and the flow-
ers of a greenish white. The seeds are olive-coloured.
Place, — It grows wild on waste land, but the seeds of the
manured kind are the best for use.
Tinie, — It flowers in July ; the seed is ripe soon after.
—
Oovemment and Virtuen. It is under Venus. It may be
eaten soon after as salad ; but the virtues lie in the seed.
These are to be gathered when just ripe; for, if suffered to
stand longer, they lose part of their virtue. A pound of
these bruised, and put into three quarts of spirit, of
moderate strength, after standing six weeks, afford a light
and not unpleasaut tincture ; a tablespoonful of which, ta-
ken in a cup of water-gruel, has the same effect as a dose of
ipecacuanha, only that its operation is milder, and does not
bind the bowels afterwards. The patient should go to bed
after taking the dose, and a gentle sweat will follow, car-
rying off whatever ofiTending matter the motions have dis-
lodged ; and thus preventing long disease. It cures head-
aches, wandering pains, and the first attacks of rheuma-
tism. As some stomachs are harder to move than others,
If the first dose does not perform its of&ce, a second table-
spoonful may be taken without fear.
856 CTTLPEPEB'S COMPLBT8 HEBBAJi.

OB.CRlS.'^SatyriunLj
Callkd also Dog-stones, Goat-stones, Fool-stouea, Fox-
stones, Satirion, Cullians, &c., &c
Descrip,— To describe all the several sorts of it would be
an endless piece of work. The roots are the only parts used,
and a description of them will be sufficient. The roots of
each sort are double within, some of them round, in others
like a hand ; these roots alter every year by course, when
one rises and waxes full, the other waxes lank and perish-
es : now, that which is full is to be used in medicines, the
other being either of no use at all, or else it destroys the
virtue of the other, cjuite undoing what the other does
Plouie,— It grows in meadows.
—
Time, One or other may be found in flower from the
beginning of April to the latter end of August.
—
Oovemment and Virtties. They are hot and moist in
operation, under the dominion of Venus, and provoke lusl^
which the dried and withered roots do restrain. They kill
worms in children; if bruised and applied to the place they
heal the king's-evil. There is another sort, called the Fe-
male Orchis. It is a less plant than the former, having no
spots on the leaves ; the spike of the flowers is less, of a
paiplish colour ; it grows in the same places, rather later.
The root has the same virtues and shape. They all pro-
voke venery, strengthen the genital parts, and help concep-
tion. Applied outwardly in the form of a cataplasm, they
dissolve nard tumours and swellings. Sa)ep is a prepara-
tion of the roots, of which there are many species, accord-
ing to the soil they grow in. It is one of the most valuable
plants growing, llie best way to use it is, to wash the new
root in water ; separate it from the brown skin which co-
vers it, by dipping it in hot water, and rubbing it with a
coarse linen cloth. When a sufficient number of roots have
been thus cleaned, they are to be spread on a tin plate, and
placed in an oven heated to the usual degree, where they
are to remain five or six minutes, in whicn time they will
have lost their milky whiteness, and acc^uired a transpa-
rency like horn without any diminution m bulk. When
arrived at this state, they are to be removed in order to be
dried and hardened in the air, which will require several
days to effect ; or by using a gentle heat, they may be fin-
ished in a few hours. This Salep contains the greatest
quigntity of nomiflhiueot in the smallest bulk, and will sup-
 CITLPEPBBS COMPLBTE HBBBAL. 257
port the system in privation and during famine, it is good
for those who travel long distances and are compelled to
endure exposure without food.
OB:PJNE.—(Sedum Telephitm,)
Descrip. —Common Orpine grows with div^ers round brit-
tle stalks, thick set with flat and without or-
flesh leaves,
der, and a little dented about the edges, of a green colour.
The flowers are whitish, growing in tufts, after which come
small chaffy husks, with seed like dust in them. The roots
are thick, round, white tuberous clocks; and the plant grows
less in some places than in others where it is found.
Place. —It grows wild in ahadowy fields and woods in
almost every county, and is cultivated in gardens, where it
rises greater than the wild.
—
TVme. It -flowers about July, the seed ripens in Au^usu
Chvemment and Virtue*. —The Moon owns this herb. It
isseldom used in inward medicines. The distilled water is
profitable for gnawings or excoriations in the stomach and
Dowels, or for ulcers in the lungs, liver, or other inward
parts; and in the matrix, it helps all those diseases, if
drank for some days together. It stays the bloody flux,
and other fluxes in the body or in wounds. The root acts
with the like effect. Outwardly it cools any inflammation
upon any hurt or wound, and eases the pain it also cures ;

bums or scalds, if the juice be beaten with some green

salad-oil, and anointed. The leaves bruised, and laid to
any green wound in the legs or hands, heals them ouickly,
and if bound to the throat, helps the quinsey; it helps also
ruptures. It is of a styptic astringent nature, and the roots
contain the principal virtues. Bruised and applied exter-
nally they are serviceable in wounds, bums, and bruises.
The leaves boiled in milk, and the decoction, and a large
teacupful taken taken three or four times a-day, promotes
the urinary discharge, and is senriceable for piles and othei
hemorrhages.

PAKSLEY {COUMOlf. y^Petroselinvm Sativum.)

Descriv. —
The roots are long, thick, and white, having a
wrinkled bark from which spring many shining, greeu,
;

wint^ed leaves, growing on lung footstalks; which are divi-

ded into three sections, and each of those subdivided into
three more, which are triangular and cut in at the ends.
The stalks grow to be two feel hi^ mach branched ao4
S58 culfkpir's complbtb bsrbal.

divided : they are smooth and striated, beset with smaller

and finer leaves ; and on their tops have small umbels
of little, five-leaved, white flowers, which are succeeded by
small, round, striated, brown seed.
Place. —It is sown in gardens.
—
Time, It flowers in summer. The roots, leaves, and
seeds are used.
—
Oovernment and Virtues. It is under the dominion of
Mercury; is very comforting to the stomach; helps to pro-
voke urine and the courses, to break wind, both in the sto-
mach and bowels, and op)ens the body, but the root much
more. It opens obstructions both of liver and spleen, it is
good against falling-sickness, and to provoke urine, especi-
ally if the roots be boiled, and eaten like parsnips. The
seed provokes urine, and women's courses, expels wind,
breaks the stone, and eases the pains thereof; it is efi'ectual
in the lethargy, and good against coughs. The distilled wa-
ter is a familiar medicine with nurses to give children when
troubled with wind in the stomach or belly, and it is also
of service to upgrown persons. The leaves laid to the eyes
inflamed with heat, or swollen, helps tbem, if used with
bread or meal, or fried with butter, and applied to womens*
breasts that are hard through the curding of their milk, it
abates the hardness, and takes away black and blue marks
coming of bruises or falla The juice dropped into the
ears with a little wine, eases the paina It helps the jaun-
dice, falling-sickness, the dropsy, and stone in the kidneys
in this manner Take of Parsley seed, fennel, annise, and
:

carraways, of each one ounce, of the roots of Parsley, bur-

net, saxifrage, and carraways, of each an ounce and a half;
let the seeds be bruised, and the roots washed and cut small,
let them lie all night and steep in a bottle of white wine;
and in the moniing be boiled in a close earthen vessel to a
third of the quantity ; of which being strained and cleared,
take four ounces night and morning lasting. This opens
obstructions of the liver and spleen, and expels the dropsy
and jaundice by urine.
PABSLEY PIERT, oe PARSLEY BREAKSTONE.—
( Alchemilla Arvensis.)
Dcscrip. —
The root is very small and thready, yet it con-
tinues many years, from whence arise many leaves lying
along the ground, each standing upon a long small foot-
stalk, the leaves are as broad as a man's nail, very d^i^ply
dented on the edges, of a dusKy ^reen colour The stalks
 GfULPEFKR's OOMPLITB HERBAL. S50

•re weak and slender, three or four fingers in length,

set so fall of leaves that they can hardly be seen, either
having no footstalk at all, or but a very short one, the flow-
ers are so small that they can hardly be seen, and the seed
is very small also.
—
Place, It is found in barren, sandy, moist places. It
grows plentifully about Hampstead-Heath, Hyde Park,
and in Tothill-fields.
—
Time. It may be found all the summer-time, even from
the beginning of April, to the end of October.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. In its operation it provokes
urine, and breaks the stone. It is a good salad herb. The
whole plant is to be used, and is best when gathered fresh*
A strong infusion is good against the gravel, for it operates
by urine, and cleanses the kidneys and urinary passages
or all concretions. It is good in jaundice, and other
complaints arising from obstructions of the liver or any
other viscera. This herb may be dried, or a syrup made
of it for use. If a dram of the powder be taken in white
vine it will bring away gravel from the kidneys, without
-^uch pain. It also helps the strangury.

PARSLEY (ROCK.)-^Feucedanum Officinale,)

Called also Hog's Fennel

Deecrip. —
This has a long striated stalk, with small gras-
sy leaves, of a pale green, and they are in a very elegant
manner divideci into narrow and pointed segments. It
grows about a foot high, upright, and much branched. The
flowers stand at the tops of the branches, so that the plant
appears to be covered with them ; they are small ana yel-
low. The seed is brown, and the root long and slender,
and hung about with several fibres.
Place.— It is frequent upon the hills and exposed parts
of the north of England, and St. Vincent's rock at Bnstol.
—
Time. It flouens in August.
—
Virtues. The i>eed8are the only parts used in medicine^
They are mild and gentle vx tlieir operation, and are there-
fore given in powder. This powder increases the secretion
by the kidneys, promotes the menstrual discharge, and is
ffood in the colic and gravel. It is likewise recomm«inded
for the dropsy and jaundice.
860 OULPEPIER'S COMPLVTB HBRBAU

FAHSLEY (COMMON BTOl^y-fSison Amomum;)

PAESLEY (SMALL ST01ifE)---( CauccUis Arvensis ;)
& PAESLEY (SMOOTH &TO^E.)—(CaucalU Lep-
tophylla,)

—
Descrip, These plants have the flower umbelliferous, on
a few branches, with numerous subdivisions ; there are
Bome narrow leaves, both at the base of the larger branches
and of the smaller. The first has white flowers, but the
other two are pale purple ; the leaves are of a good green,
and deeply notched; the three plants grow to about a foot
long, and the seeds are oblong, rough, small, and brown.
—They grow near Aylesbury and Kingston.
Place,
Time. — They flower in June, the seed
ripe soon
is after.
Government and —AH the Parslevs are undei
Virtues.
Mars. The seeds contain an essential oil, and will cure in-
termitting fevers or agues. A
strong decoction of the roots
is a powerful diuretic, and assists in removing obstructions
of the viscera. They are good against the jaundice and
gravel, and moderately promote the menses.

PARSNIP (COW.)-'(Beracleum Sphondylium.)

Descrip, —This grows with three or four large, spread-
winged, rough leaves, lying often on the ground, or raised
a little from it, with long, round, hairy footstalks under
ihem, parted usually into five divisions, the two couples
standing each against the other ; and one at the end, and
each leaf being almost round, yet somewhat deeply cut in
on the edges in some leaves, and not so deep in others, of a
whitish green colour, smelling somewhat strongly ; among
which rises up a round, crested, hairy stalk, two or three
feet high, witn a few joints and leaves thereon, and branch-
ed at the top, where stand large umbels of white, and, some-
times reddish flowers ; and after them flat, whitish, thin,
winged seed, two always joined together. The root is long
and white, with two or three long strings growing into the
ground, smelling likewise strongly and unpleasant.
—
Place, It grows in moist meadows, and the borders and
corners of fields, and near ditches, throughout this land,
—
Tim^e, It flowers in July, and seeds in August.
—
Government and Virtues. Mercury has dominion over it.
The seed is of a sharp cutting quality, and is a fit medicine
for a cough and shortness of breath, the falling-sickness
and jaundice. The root is available for all the purposes
aforesaid, and is of use to take away the hard stin thai
 CIILPBPER'S complete HERbAL. 261

mw8 on a fibtula, if it be but scraped upon it. The seed

Deing drunk, cleanses the belly from tough phlegmatic mat-
ter, eases those who have overgrown liver, as well if drank
as by receiving the fumes uuderneath, and likewise raises
Buch as are fallen into a deep sleep, or have the lethargy,
by burning it under their nose. The seed and root boiled
in oil, and the head rubbed therewith, helps not only those
that are fallen into a frenzy, but aLiO the lethargy or
drowsy evil, and those that have been long troubled with
the head-ache, if it be likewise used with rue. It helps also
the running scab and the shingles. The juice of the flow-
ers dropped into the ears that run and are full of matter,
cleanses and heals them.

PABSNIP (UPRIGHT WATER.)— (^/Siwin

Angv>&tifolium.)

Dttcrip.— This water plant has large, deep, green leave*

consisting of several longish pinnae, broad at the bottom,
narrow, and sharp- pointed at the end, much cut in about
the edges. The stalks are tall, hollow, and channelled, hav-
ing several small leaves growing on them; and on the tops
lai^ umbels of white flowers, succeeded by small striated
seed. The root is large, having several long stringy fibre*
—
Place, It grows in rivers and large waters.
—
Time. It flowers in May and June. The leaves are used.
There are other varieties of growth, as that distinguish-
ed by the name Creeping Water Parsnip, Sium Nodiflorum^
with white flowers, which grows also in watery places, and
lowers in June ; and the Great Water Parsnip, Sium Lor
tifolium^ common about ditches, with white flowers, blow-
bg iu July. Of these latter, the seeds only are used.
—
Virtues. They are accounted opening and attenuating,
useful for obstructions of the liver and spleen, and the womb;
help the stone and strangury, and scorbutic affections; out*
wardly applied, they are commended against cancerous tu-
mours in the breasts. Reduced to powder and taken in
doees of about a scruple, it stops purging, and is good in all
kinds of hemorrliagefly but particularly in excessive men-
strual discharges, and spitting of blood. Taken in larger
doses, it cures intermitting fevers and agues. A strong de-
eoction is good for sore mouths. The leaves infused in the
manner of tea allaji the heat in burning fevers. The roots
boiled in vinegar, and applied in the form of a poultice,
disperaes swellmgs or inflammations in any part of tne body;
and applied to old patrid sores, cleanses and disposes them
for healing. The juice ii good to bath inflamed and sore
482 culpbper's complete heubai*

eyes with, and draok to the amount of four oonces a day

for several days together, is a certain cure for the jaundice,
[t is of service in the whites and other female disorders.

PEACBi'TB.EE,—{Am2/gdcUus Petnca.)
Descrip, —The Peach-tree spreads branches reasonably
well, from which spring small reddish twigs, whereon are
set long and narrow green leaves dented about the edges.
The blossoms are large, of a light purple colour ; the fruit
is russet,red or yellow, waterish or nrm, with a frieze or
cotton all over, with a cleft therein like an apricot, and a
large rough stone, with a bitter kernel therein.
Place. —
It is a native of the East, but flourishes with us,
and in warm seasons its fruit ripens without artificial heat,
—
IKme. It flowers in Spring, and fructifies in Autumr..
Oovemmient and Virtues. —Venus owns this tree. For
children and young people, nothing is better to purge cho-
ler and the jaundice, than the leaves or flowers of this tree,
being made mto a syrup or conserve ; the fruit provokes lust.
The leaves bruised and laid on the belly, kill worms ; and
boiled io ale and drank, they open the belly and if dried
;

it is a safe medicine to discuss humours. The powder, if

strewed upon fresh wounds stays their bleeding, and closes
them up. The flowers steeped all night in a little warm
wine, strained in the morning, and drank fasting, gently
opens the belly, and purges. A
syrup made as the syrup
of roses is made, worts forciblv to provoke vomiting, and
spends waterish and dro|jsical numoursby the continuance.
The flowers made into a conserve, work the same effect. The
liquor that drops from the wounded tree, is given with a
decoction of colt's foot, to those who are troubled with a
cough or shortness of breath, bv adding thereto some sweet
wine and saffron. It is good for hoarseness, loss of voice, and
helps defects of the lungs, vomiting and spitting of blood.
Two drams given in the juice of lemons or radish, is good
for the stone. The kernels of the stones ease the pains of
the belly, through wind or sharp humours, and help to
make an excellei/« medicine for the stone. The milK or
cream of the kernels if drawn forth with some vervain wa-
ter, and applied to the forehead and temples, heljjs to pro-
cure rest and sleep to sick persons. The oil drawn from
the kernels, the temples being therewith anointed, does the
iame. This oil put into clysters, eases the pains of the wind
x^ '
and anointing the lower part of the belly does the
 rULP«PBB'S COMPLKTB HERBAL. 268
Mke. Aiiointiug the forehead and temples with it, helps the
megrim, and all other parts of the head. If the kernels be
bruised and boiled in vinegar, until they become thick, and
applied to the head, it marvellously makes the hair to grow
again upon bald places, or where it is too thin.
PEAB-TREE.—(Pj^ru* Sativa,)
E^XAR-TREKsareso well known that they need no description.
—
Oavemment and Virtue*. This tree is under Venus. For
their medicinal use, they are best discerned by their taste.
All the sweet and luscious sorts, whether cultivated or wild,
help to move the belly downwards, more or less. Those that
are hard and sour, do, on the contrary, bind the belly as
much, and the leaves do so also those that are moist in
:

some sort cool, but harsh and wild sorts much more, and
are very good in repelling medicines ; and if the wild sorts
be boiled with mushrooms, it makes them less dangerous.
If boiled with a little honey, they help much the oppressed
stomach, as all sorts of them do, some more, some less; but
the harsher sorts do more cool and bind, serving well to be
bound to green wounds, to cool and stay the blood, and to
heal up the wound without further trouble, or inflammation.
Wild Pears sooner close the lips of green wounds than others.
PELLTTOBY OF SPAIN.—(^^i^Amw Pyretkrum.)
Thxrk are two sorts, one is cultivated, the other is wild.
—
Detcrip. Common Pellitory is a very common plant, but
it needs great care and attention in our gardens. The root

foes down right into the ground bearing leaves, is long and
nely cut upon the stalk, lying on the soiL At the top it
has but one large flower at a place, with a border of many
leaves, white on the upper side, and reddish underneath,
with a yellow thrum in the middle.
The other Common Pellitory which grows here, has a root
of a sharp biting taste, scarcely discernible by the taste from
that before described, from whence arise divers brittle
•talks, about a yard high, with narrow leaves, finely dent-
ed about the edges, standing one above another to the tops.
The flowers are many and white, standing in tufts, with a
small yellowish thrum in the middle. The seed is small
Place.— The last grows in fields by hedge-tides and }>aths,
almost every where.
TifM,—li flowers at the latter end of June and July.
099tmmieiU and Virtuss, —It ii undei Merrury, and it
264 CULFEPE&'S COMFLETB HEftfiAL.

one of the best purgers of the brain that grows. An onnce

of the juice taken in muscadel an hour before the fit of the
ague comes, will effectually drive away the ague at the se-
cond or third dose at the furthest. Either the herb or dried
root chewed in the mouth, purges the brain of phlegmatic
humours; thereby not only eases pains in the head and teeth,
but also hinders the distillation of the brain upon the lungs
and eyes, preventing coughs, phthisics and consumption,
the apoplexy and fsdling-sickness. It is an excellent reme-
dy in the lethargy. The powder of the herb or root if
snuffed up the nostrils, produces sneezing, and eases head-
ache ; made into an ointment with hogs' grease, it takes
away black and blue spots, and helps both the gout and
sciatica. The roots have a hot pungent taste when chewed
in the mouth, which, by stimulating the salival glands,
promotes a flow of viscid humours from the head and the
adjacent parts, and by this means relieves the tooth-ache,
head-ache, lethargy, palsy of the tongue, &c. Internally it
istaken in small doses, for paralysis and rheumatism.

PELLITORY OF THE WALL.— (Parkj^ona OficincUu.)

Descrip. —It rises with brownish, red, tender, weak, clear,
and almost transparent stalks, about two feet high, upon
which grow at the joints two leaves somewhat broad and
long, of a dark green colour, which afterwards turn brown-
ish, smooth on the edges, but rough and hairy, as the stalks
are also. At the joints with the leaves from the middle of
the stalk upwards, where it spreads into branches, stand
many small, pale, purplish flowers in hairy, rough heads,
or husks, after which come small, black, rough seed, which
will stick to any cloth or garment that it touches. The root
is long, with small fibres, of a dark reddish colour, which
abides all winter, although the stalks and leaves perish and
spring every year.
Place. —It grows wild about the borders of fields, by the
sides of walls, and among rubbish. It can be brought up
in gardens, if planted on the shady side.
Time.— It flowers in June and July ; and the seed it
ripe soon after.
Oovemment and Virtttee, —It is under Mercury. The
dried herb made up into an electuary with honey, or the
juice of the herb, or the decoction made up with honey and
sugar, is a singular remedy for an old and dry cough, the
shortness of breath and wheezing in the throat Three
 OtrLPBPIR'S OOMPLBTS HBRBAL. 86fr

oanoet of the juice taken at a time, wonderf ullj helps stop-

ping of the urine, and expels the stone or gravel in the kid-
neys or bladder, and is put among other herbs used in clys-
ters to mitigate pains in the back, sides, or bowels, pro-
ceeding from wind. If the bruised herb, sprinkled with
some muscadel, be warmed upon a few quick coals in acha-
ting-dish, and applied to the belly, it works the same effect.
The decoction, if drunk, eases pains of the mother, brings
down the courees, and griefs from obstructions of the liver,
spleen, and reins. With a little honey added, the decoction
ii also good to gargle a sore throat The juice held in the
mouth, eases the pains of the teeth. The distilled water, if
drunk with sugar, works the same effect, and cleanses the
skin from «pot3, freckles,, pimples, wheals, sunburn, mor-
phew, &c. The juice dropped into the ears, eases the nois«
in them, and takes away the prickling and shooting pains
therein; the same, or the distilled water, assuages hot and
welling imposthumes, bums and scalds, and all hot tumours
and inflammations, and breakings out of heat, if often bath-
ed with it the juice made into a liniment with ceruse, and
;

oil of loses, and anointed therewith, cleanses foul rotten

ulcers, stays spreading ulcers, and running scabs or sores
in child reus' heads and helps to stay the hair from falling
;

off. The said ointment, or the herb applied to the funda-

ment, opens the piles, and eases the pains ; mixed with
goat's tallow, it helps the gout ; the juice is very effectual
to cleanse fistulas, and to heal them ; or the herb bruised,
and aoplied with a little salt. It is effectual to heal green
wounas, if bruised and bound thereto three days. A poul-
tice made with mallows, and boiled wine and wheat oran
in
and bean-flour, and some oil put thereto, and applied warm
to any bruised sinew, tendon, or muscle, in a short time re-
stores them, taking away the pains of the bruises or blows.
The juice clarified and boiled in a syrup with honey, and a
spoonful drank every morning is ^ood for the dropsy ; by
taking the dose once a week, that disease will be cured.

PENNY-ROYAL.—('J^enrAa Pvlegium,)
Detcrip. —
It has many creeping fibrous roots, from which
spring many smooth roundish stalks, slender, leaning to the
ground, sending out small fibres, by which it roots itself in
the ground. It bears two small, round, pointed leaves, at a
joint ; the flowers grow towards the upf)er part of the
Drmnches, coming forth just above the leaves in thick close
 266 oulpeper's complete hbrbal.

whorles ; thej are of a pale purple colour, small and galat-

ed, set in small downy caiices^ in which are small seeds. The
whole plant has a strong smell, and a hot aromatic taste.
—
Place. It grows on moist commons and dried pools. It is
cultivated in gardens, where it grows tall and large.
There is a greater kind than that found wild with us, but
it differs from it only in the largeness of the leaves and
Btalks, in rising higher, and not creeping on the ground so
much. The flowers are purple, crowing in rundles about
the stalks like the others. It is found wild by the high-
ways from London to Colchester, and in other counties, and
is planted in gardens in Essex.
—
Place. They flower about August.
—
Government and Virtues. This herb is under Venus. It
makes thin, tough phlegm, warms any part to which it is
applied, and digests corrupt matter ; if boiled and drank, it
provokes womens' courses, and expels the dead child and
afterbirth, and stays the disposition to vomit, if taken in
water and vinegar mingled together. Being mingled with
honey and salt, it voids phlegm out of the lungs, and purg-
es by stool. Drank with wine, it is good for venomous bites,
and applied to the nostrils with vinegar, revives those who
faint and swoon. Dried and burnt, it strengthens the gums,
helps the gout, if applied of itself to the place until it is red;
and appli^ in a plaster, it takes away spots or marks on
the face ; applied with salt, it profits those who are splen-
etic, or liver-grown. The decoction helps the itch, if wash-
ed therewith it helps the swellings and hardness of the
:

mother, if the patient bathe by sitting therein. The green

herb bruised and put into vinegar, cleanses foul ulcers, and
takes away the marks of bruises and blows about the eyes,
and burns in the face, and the leprosy, if drank, and appli-
ed outwardly ; boiled in wine with honey and salt, it helps
the tooth-ache. It helps the cold griefs of the joints, tak-
ing away the pains, and warming the cold part, being safe
bound to the place, after a bathing or sweating in a hot-
house. Penny-R >yal and mints together, help those who
swoon and faint, if smelled at, or put into the mouth. It
eases head-ache, pains of the breast and belly, and gnawing
of the stomach applied with honey, salt, and vinegar, it
:

helps cramps or convulsions of the sinews ; boiled in milk,

and drank, it is effectual for coughs, and for ulcers and sores
in the mouth ; the decoction if drank, helps the jaundice
and dropsy, and clears the eye-sight It helps the lethargy,
 CQLPRTER'S COMPLBTX HERBAL. ifff

and pat into the ears, eases the pains of thenL It is of sab-
tie, warm, and penetrating parts; it is also opening, discus-
tive, and canniuative ;it promotes the menses, and loche,
and prevents the fluor albus. In asthmatic disoriders it must
be sweetened with honey. One spoonful of the juice sweet-
ened with sugar-candy, is a cure for the hooping-cough.

PENNYWORT (COMMON MARSH.)—(iTycfrocoQ^^*

Vulgaris.)
—
Ikaerip. ^The root is round, tuberous, and famished with
fibres at the bottom. The leaves rise in thick and regular
clusters, and are supported on footstalks of three inchea
long, and these are in the centre, the leaf spreading every
way into roundness from them. These leaves are of a blu-
ish green, prettily notched round the edges, of a watery
taste. The stalk is eight inches, and is round and firm; to-
ward the top it divides into two or three branches, and on
these hang numerous flowers in long spikes, small, greenish,
and dented at the rim. The seeds are numerous and small.
—
Place, It frequently grows upon walls in Somersetshire,
—
Tinve. It flowers in July.
—
Government and Virtues, It is under Venus, and is good
to break the stone and void it; also the gravel in the reins
or bladder. It helps suppression of urine and the strangury.

PEONY (MALE.)—(Pofonta.)
Descrip. —Itrises up with a brownish stalk, whereon
grow green and reddish leaves, without any particular
division in the leaf. The flowers stand at the top of the
•talks, consisting of five or six broad leaves, of a purplish
red colour, with many yellow threads in the middle, stand-
ing about the head, which rises up to be the seed-vessels,
divided into two, three, or four crooked pods like horns,
which, being full ripe, open and turn themselves down back-
ward, shewing witnin them divers round, black, shininff
seeds, having also many crimson grains intermixed with
black. The roots are great, thick, and long, spreading and
running down deep in the ground.
—
Place. It grows in gardena.
Time.— It flowers usually aboat May.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It ia an herb of the Sun, and
under the Lion. Tbo roots are held to be of more virtue
than the seed ; next the flowers; and last of all, the leaves.
The root, fresh gathered, cures the falling -sickness ; take
tb« root, Vashed clean and stamped small, and infuse in sack
168 OULPSPER'S OOMPLBTE HERBAL.

for twentj-four hours at the least, afterwards strain it, and

take a good draught morDing and evening for days together,
this will cure old persons as well as young ones if the disease
be not of too long standing and past cure, especially if the
body be prepared by taking a drink-posset made of betony,
&c. The root is effectual for cleansing the womb after child-
birth, and easing the mother. The seed beaten to powder,
and given in wine, will answer the same purpose. The black
seed taken morning and evening, is effectual for night-mare.
It is also good against melancholy dreams. The distilled
water or syrup made of the flowers, works the same effects
that the root and seed do, although more weakly.

PEPPER-^Ptpflr.;
There are three sorts, black, white, and long, which all
grow alike,and the last differs from the other two only in
the fruit.
Place. — It a native of Java, Sumatra, Malabar, &c.
is
(Government and
Virtues. —
All the peppers are under the
dominion of Mars, and of temperature hot and dry, almost
to the fourth degree ; but the white is the hottest. It com-
forts and warms a cold stomach, consumes crude and moist
humours, and stirs up the appetite. It dissolves wind in
the stomach or bowels, provokes urine, helps the cough,
and other diseases of the breast, and is an ingredient in the
great antidotes ; but the white pepper is more sharp and
aromatical, and is more effectual in medicine, and so is the
long, being used for a^ues, to warm the stomach before the
coming of the fit. AJl are used against the quinsey, being
mixed with honey and taken inwardly and applied outward-
ly, to disperse the kernels in the throat, and other places.

PEPPER (GUINEA-)—("Cajtwicwm Frutescens,)

Called also Cayenne Pepper and Bird Pepper.
—
Descrip, There are several kinds. It grows with an up-
right, firm, round stalk, with a certain pith within it, about
two or three feet high, spreading into many branches on
all sides, from the very bottom, which divide themselves
again into other smaller branches, at each joint come two
long leaves upon short footstalks, with several veins, not
dented about the edges, and of a dark green colour: the flow-
ers stand severally at the joints, consisting usually of five,
and sometimes six, white, small-pointed leaves, standing
>pen like a star, with yellow threads in the middle^ after
 culpepkr's complktk herbal. 269

which come the fruit, either great or small, long or short,

round or square, as the kind is, either standing upright or
hanging down, as their flowers show themselves ; the seeds
are numerous, kidney-shaped, and a little compressed ; the
root annual and tibrous spreading plentifully in the ground,
but perishing after it has ripened all its fruit.
Place. —
It is a native of India, but will bear our climate,
and ripen its fruit if brought forward in a hot bed in spring,
and afterwards planted out in the open ground.
—
Time. In India it flowers in August, and the seed-pods
ripen in November, where it lives throughout the year,
but in this country the seed-pods ripen in the hottest part
of summer, and perish with the first frost if not housed.
—
OovemmerU and Virtiies. All kinds of Guinea Pepper are
under Mara, and are of a fiery, sharp, biting taste, and of a
temperature hot and dry ; they are so hot tnat they raise a
in a of blister in the mouth and throat, or other part of the
skin ifthe seed or husks be used alone ; the vapour from
them occasions sneezing, coughing, and even vomiting, and
if the hands touch the nose or eyes after handling them, in-
flammation of those parts will follow but though danger-
:

ous, they have great medicinal properties. Take the husks,

dry them with flour in an oven, cleanse them from the flour
and beat them very small, to every ounce put a pound of
flour, with yeast, bake them into cakes, then beat the
cakes \o a fine powder, and sift ; this powder is good to
season meat, broth, soup, stew, &c. Put m the diet it drives
away wind and helps flatulency, taken into a cold stomach
with the meat, it gives great relief, causing phlegm to be
voided ; it helps digestion, gives appetite, provokes urine ;
if taken with saxifrage water it expels the stone in the kid-
neys and the phlegm that breeds it, and takes away dimness
of the sight if used in meats. Taken with PUlvJas Aleop-
hangincBy it helps dropsy ; the powder, taken for three d^xys
together in the decoction of penny -royal expels the dead-
birth, the powder, taken fasting, for three or four days, with
a little fennel seed, will ease all the pains of the mother. If
made up with a little powder of gentian and oil of bays, into
a pessary, with some cotton wool, it will bring down the
ooarses ; the same mixed with an electuary will help an in-
Teterate cough ; mixed with honey it helps quiusey. If ap-
plied to the throat and mado up with turpentine, and laid
;

on bard knots or kernels in any part of the body, it will dis.

•olTe them; applied with m%^% it takes away freckles, spots,
S70 OnLPBPKR'S COMPLETE HERBAL.

morphew, marks and discolourings of the skin along with

:

hen's grease, it dissolves cold imposthumes and carbuncles;

mixed with vinegar it dissolves the hardness of the skin :

rubbed upon the back with Unguentum de AlhastrOj it will

take away the ague a plaster made with tobacco, will heal
:

venomous stings and bites. The decoction of the husks is

a good gargle for the tooth-ache, and preserves the teeth
from rottenness the ashes rubbed on the teeth will clean
;

them. The decoction helps watery ruptures, if applied morn-

ing and evening. If steeped in aqua vitoB^ it helps the palsy,
if the place be bathed with it ; steeped in wine, and two
spoonfuls drunk every moming, fasting, makes stinking
breath sweet. It is a stimulant in phlegmatic disorders, par-
alytic complaints, and relaxations of the stomach, and is
put into aloetic and nervous medicines for all female dis-
orders. It is good for the quinsey, if put into bread poul-
tice, and applied to the part which is .affected.

PEPPER (WATER)— ('Po^onum Hydropiper,)

Descrip.— It sends forth long broad leaves, finely dented
on the edges, pointed at the ends, of a li^ht bluish-grees
colour, standing upon round hard stalks, three or four feet
high, spreading many branches on all sides, having many
small white nowers at the tops, after which come small
seeds in small heads. The root is slender, spreads much
onder ground, shooting up again in many places; and both
leaves and roots are of a very hot and sharp taste.
—
Flace^ Itgrows naturally in many parts of this country.
—
Time, It Bowers in the end of June, and in July.
—
Virtues, It is good for sciatica, gout, or pains in the
joints, or any other inveterate disease, if the leaves are
bruised and mixed with hog's-grease, and applied to the
place, and kept on four hours in men, and two hours in
women, the place being afterwards bathed with wine and
oil mixed together, and then wrapped up with wool or
skins, after which they sweat a little. It amends the de-
formities or discolourings of the skin, and helps to take
away mailcs, scars, or scabs, produced by burns.
PERIWINKLE (GREAT.)— ('
Vinca Major.)
Descrip. —It has many branches running on the ground,
shooting out small fibres, taking hold of the ground, and
roots in divers places. At the joints of these branches
stand two small, dark, green, shining leaves, and with them
 CTTLPBPEX'B COMPLETE KEKBA.L. 271

comefoi-th the tlowerd, one at a joint, ataudiug upon a ten-

der footstalk, long and hollow, parted at the brims, some-
times into four, sometimes into five leaves ; the most ordi-
nary sorts are of a pale blue colour, some of a pure white,
5Dd some of a dark reddish purple colour.
P'ace, — Those with the pale blue, and those with the
white flowers, grow in woods and orchards, by the hedge-
sides, in divers parts of this country ; but those with we
purple flowers in gardens only.
—
Time. They flower in March and April
—
Oovemment and Virtiies. Venus own this herb. It is a
great binder, and stays bleedin<^ at the tuouth and nose, if
it be chewed. It is a good female medicine, and may
be used with advantage in hysteric and other fits. An in-
fusion is good to stay the menses ; a two ounce dose will
have the same eflfect. It is good in nervous disorders ; the
young tops made into a conserve is good for the night-mare.
The small Periwinkle ( Vinca Minor) possesses all the vir-
toes of the othre kind, and may very properly supply its
place.

PETER'S WORT. (QT.y-(A8€yrum Starts.)

Descrip. —It rises up with square, brown, upright

large,
stalks, having leaves at every joint, round pointed, with
few or no holes to be seen thereon, and sometimes smaller
leaves rising from the bosom of the greater, with a little
hair thereon. At the tx)ps of the two stalks stand many
star-like flowers, with yellow threads in the middle, larger
than those of St. John s wort, the seed l)eing like it. The
root abides long, sending forth new shoots every year.
Place, — It grows in small low woods, in divers placei
of this ooQotry, also near water-courses.
Time.— It flowers in June and July ; and the seed U
ripe in August
—
Oovemment and Virtues, Two drams of the seed taken
at a time in honied water, purges choleric humours, and
helps the sciatica. The leaves bruised are goo^l for burn&

PILEWORT (COMMON.)—('/'icaria Vema.)

Detcrip.— This small plant, besides the slender, white,
fibrous root, has several small, oval, whitish tubercles, re-
sembling the piles. The leaves grow on long footstalks,
nooth and shining, sometimes spotted white. The flowers
ffTOW on pretty long stalks, inclining to the earth, with a
K'af or two on them more angular, sharper-pointed, and
 272 CULPBPBR'S COMPLBTB HERBAL.
smaller than the other ; they consist of eight or nine nar-
row, sharp-pointed petals of shining yellow colour, with a
few yellow stamina in the middle, set about a green head
that is composed of small naked seeds.
Place,— It grows in moist pastures and by hedge-sides.
—
Time. It nowers in April.
—
Oovemment and Virtues, This herb is good for the piles,
to ease their pain and swelling, and stop their bleeding ;
the roots being taken inwardly, and an ointment being
made of the leaves and roots, is cooling and good for in-
flamed sores and ulcers. The expressed juice of the plant
is used to cure internal wounds, bruises, and spitting oi
blood, with good success. The leaves bruised and boiled
in ho^s-lard, until they become crisp, and then strained,
affords an excellent cooling ointment

PIMPERNEL {^ATER.)^(Anagalli8 Aquatica,)

Descriv. — It has divers weak souare stalks lying on the
ground, oeset with two small and almost round leaves at
every joint, one against another, but no footstalks; for the
leaves, as it were, compass the stalk, consisting of five small
round-pointed leaves, of a pale red colour, tending to an
orange, with many threads in the middle, in whose places
succeed smooth round heads, wherein is contained small
seed. The root is small and fibrous, perishing every year.
—
Place. It is found only in brooks and running waters.
—
Oovemnient and Virtues, This plant is warm and dry,
with a little stypticity, and is a good vulnerary. The juice
mixed with cows milk, is useful in consumptions and dis-
tempers of the lungs ; it is put into cordial waters, as an
alexipharmic, and good against malignant distempers. It
helps bites and stings of venomous creatures, beinc appli-
ed either inwardly or outwardly. It also opens oostruc-
tions of the liver, and is available against the infirmities
of the reins: it provokes urine, and helps to expel the stone
and gravel out of the kidneys and blaader, and helps in-
ward pains and ulcers. The decoction or distilled water
is effectual if applied to green wounds, or old, filthy, fret-
ting, and running ulcers, which it speedily cures. A little
mixed with the juice, and dropped into the eyes, cleanses
them from cloudy mists, or tnick films which grow over I
them. It helps tooth-ache, being dropped into the ear on
the contrary side of the pain. It is also effectual to ease
the piles. This herb is a good deobstrueut and antisoor
'rl. PdilcfyifthtVyi.
Spikeneerd.
 CXJLPKPEB'8 COMPLETE HBBBAL. 27*

batic, abounding with volatile parts, good for the scurvy,

and aa iDcredient of the antiscorbutic juices and diet
ifi

drinks for that distemper. It is likewise detersive and

eleansing, and useful in many inward obstructions.

PINE-TREK— CPtnui Si/lvettris.)

DMcnp» — On the it grows to a great height,
continent
but with us not so tall It is found in parks and inclo-
suree. The leaves are short and slender, and the conee
are sharp-pointed, including small kernels.
Place, —
It ows its existence in this country to the curi-
ous, who plant it for its beauty and ornament.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is a tree of Mara. From it
common turpentine, which is thick, whitish, and opaque,
is obtained. It has a strong smell, and is used by farriers
from this the distilled oil, sometimes called the spirit of
turpentine, is extracted ; what is left at the bottom of the
still \& the common rosin, which, if taken out before it is
drawn too and then washed in water, is called white,
high,
or yellow rosm. The black is more evaporated, and not
washed at all, they are the same in nature, being used in
ointments aod plasters. The kernels are excellent resto-
ratives in consumptions, and after long illness. The best
way of giving them is in an emulsion beat up with barley-
water, which is also very good for heat of urine, and other
disorders of the urinary passages.

PLANTAIN.— (P/ofUo^o Major.)

Descrip. —The root
thick at the head, having whitish
is
fibres grt)wiDg The leaves are broad, large, and
from it.

oval, waved at the edges, with seven large nerves run nins
through the whole length of them, and even the broad
hollow footstalks into the root The flowers grow in long
spikes, above half the length of the footstalks, small and
staminous, cut into four parts, which are succeeded by two
small, oblong, shining brown seeds, hollow on the one
side, growing in little roundish capsular, which open hori-
zontally when the seed is ripe.
Place. — It
every where by the way-side.
is
Time. —
It flowers in May. The whole plant is used.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. This is under Venus, and it
enres the head by its antipathy to Mars, and the privities
t>7 its sympathy to Venus neither is there a martial dij»-
;

mat but it care«. The juice, clari&sd and drank for days
274 ovlpvpbb'b oomplete hsbbal.
toother, either by itself, or with other drink, helps exco-
riations or pains in the bowels, the distillations of rheum
from the head, and it stays all manner of fluxes, even wo-
mens' courses, when too abundant. It is good to stay spit-
ting of blood and bleedings at the mouth, or the making
of foul and bloody water, by reason of any ulcer in the
reins or bladder ; and staunches the too free bleeding of
wounds. The seed is profitable against dropsy, falhng-
sickness, yellow-jaundice, and stoppings of the liver and
reins. The roots, and Pellitory of Spain, beaten into pow-
der, and put into hollow teeth, takes away the pains of
them. The juice, or distilled water, dropped into the eyes,
cools the inflammations in them, and takes away the pin
and web. If the juice be mixed with oil of roses, and the
temples and forehead be anointed therewith, it eases the
pains of the head proceeding from heat. The same also is
Profitably applied to all hot gouts in the hands and feet,
t is good if applied to bones out of joint, to hinder in-
flammations, swellings, and pains that presently rise there-
upon. The powder of the dried leaves taken in drink, kills
worms of the belly ; boiled in wine, it kills worms which
breed in old and foul ulcers. One part of the herb water
and two parts of the brine of powdered beef, boiled toge-
ther and clarified, is a remedy for all scabs and itch in the
head and body, all manner of tetters, ringworms, the shin-
gles, and all other running and fretting sores. All the
Plantains are good wound herbs to heal fresh or old
wounds, or sores, either inward or outward.

PLANTAIN (EUCK'S-IIOBN,)-(Plantago Coronoput,)

Descrip.— Like the other, this Plain tain has a slender,
fibrous root. The leaves are numerous and beautiful; like
a star l3dng on the ground, and spreading every way from
the head of the root ; they are long, narrow, and deeply
jagged "at the edges, like the horn of a buck, pale green
and hairy. The stalks are upright, and like other Plan-
tains, with small, irregular, four-leaved flowers, growing
on hoary stalks three or four inches long. The seed is
small, of a dark brown shining colour.
—
Place. It grows in sandy grounds, and upon heaths.
—
Time. It flowers in June.
—
Government and Virtues. This has the nature of other
PUntaini, moderately drying and binding^ and is a good
 OUIiPSPER'fl COMPLETS HEBBAU 275
ound herb, both inwardly and outwardly; it is commend-
etl against venomous bitea, especially those of a mad dog.

PLANTAIN {QBASS.)—(PIantaffo Uni/lora.)

Dt9crip. —
This is a grassy and apparently weedy herb.
The leaves are green, curling, entwined with each other in
a carious manner, like Sea Grass. The flowers are single,
consisting of four white leaves each, with long threads
growing out of each centre, at the top are small white but-
tons. The whole plant grows about four inches high.
Place. —It is common in the Isle of Sheppy, and iii
other parte about the sea-coasta.
—
Time, It flowers in June.
—The expressed iuice
Virtues. is good against spitting of
blood, immoderate flow of the menses, and piles. The seeds
reduced to powder, and taken, stop the whites. The fresh
leaves bruised, and applied to fresh cuts, soon heal them,
and are good to cleanse and heal ulcers. This is astringent,
cooling, and healing. A decoction is excellent in all ure-
thral and uterine diBorders.

PLANTAIN {BlSWO^T.y-CPlantago Lanceolata.)

Descrip. —
The leaves are narrower than the former,
•harp-pointed, having five ribs, or nerves, running (^uite
through them to the root, which is less and more stnngy
than the former: the flowers grow at the end of long slen-
der stalks in oblong spikes, an inch long ; they are small
and staminous, witn white apices. The seeds grow like
the others, but are somewhat larger.
P^ace. —
It grows in fields and hedges.
—
THme. The flowers appear in May and Jane.
Virtues.~The leaves are astringent and vulnerary, and
are useful for the same purposes as the former. The juice
of it is commended for the ague, to lessen its efl'ecte.

PLOUGHMAN'S SPIKENARD.— (Conyza SquarroM.)

Ikscnjpr.—Thui a biennial, a coarse, but Ul-iooking
is
plant* The two feet and a half high, of a ruddy
stalk is
brown, dry, brittle, branchy towards the top. The leaves
are broad lanced, rugged on the surface, of a coarse dead
green, and a little dented about the edges. The flowers
are of a dull yellow, and stand in a close tuft, at the tope
of the stalk ; they grow out of an oblong and ruffged cop;
the scales are sharp-pointed, stand wide and are b^nt oat
976 otjlpepeb's complets herbal.
—It found by road
Place. is and in waste
sides, places.
Time,—The flowers bloom in August.
Government and — It under the government
Virtues. is
of Venus. The leaves, when bruised, emit a quick and
aromatic smelL They are bitterish to the taste, with some
sharpness. A weak tea made of this herb is good to pro-
mote the menses, and much preferable to any mineral.
PLUMS.—CPn/nw Domestica.)
Thet are so well known that they need no description.
—
Oovemment and Virtttes, All Plums are under Venus.
There isgreat diversity of kinds, some that are sweet
moisten the stomach, and make the belly soluble, those
that are sour quench thirst more, and bind the belly; the
moist and waterish corrupt the stomach, but the firm do
nourish more, and offend less. The dried fruit, under the
name of damask Prunes, somewhat loosen the belly, and
when stewed, are used, both in health and sickness, to re-
lish the mouth and stomach, to procure appetite, and to
open the body, allay choler, and cool the stomach. Plum-
tree leaves boiled in wine, are good to wash and gargle the
mouth and throat, to dry the flux of rheum coming to the
palate, gums, or almonds of the ears. The gum of the tree
la good to break the stone. The gum or leaves boiled iu
Tinegar, and applied, kills tetters and ringworms.

POLEY (MOUNTAIN.)— (^TVumwm Folium.)

Descrip. —This grows about a foot high, much branch-
ed, with squarish woolly husks, having two small white
woolly leaves at a joint, not above half an inch long, and
scarcely half so broad, blunt pointed, and indented about
the edges towards the end. The flowers grow at the ends
of the branches, in round woolly thick spikes, small, and
of a white colour, labiated, but having no galea, being set
in white, hoary, five-pointed calices; £)th leaves and flow-
ers have a pleasant aromatic scent.
Place. —It is a native of Italy, but will bear the cold of
our country, if taken care of in a greeu -house in winter.
—
Time, it flowers in July and August
—
Govemm^ent and Virtue. It is under the dominion of
Venus. It is opening and attenuatiug, good for obstruc-
tions of the- liver and spleen; it is good in dropsy and jaun-
dice ; it provokes urine and the menses, and is serviceable
in venomous bites. Outwardly applied, it is emollienti il»
 CUIPEPBR'S COMI»L»Tl HMBBAIk 277

pening Mid dissolving, good for hard tiimoure and ewel

ling8,andis put into ointments and planters for that object.

FOLYFODY.-^Po'ypodium Vuigare.)

Deserip. —
This is a perennial herb of the fern tribe, dis-
tinguishable by the seeds beine in roundish spots, distri-
buted OD the under surface of the leaf. The root is shag^
ged with hairs, and of the thickness of one's little finger,
and, when broken, ia found to be green within; and to th«
taste at once austere and sweet.
—
Plaee, It is common amon<^ mossj stones, upon the
joints of old walla which are in the shade, and upon the
stumps of trees ; but the best sort grows upon the decay-
ed parts of old oak trees.
—
Time, It is in perfection in October and November.
—
Oovemment and Virtties. It is under Jupiter in Leo.
With laxatives gently carries otf the contents of the
it
bowels without irritation. By itself it is a very mild and
useful purge but being very slow, it is generally mixed
:

by infusion or decoction with other ingredients, or in broths

with beets, parsley, mallow, cummin, ginger, fennel and
anise. The oest form to take it for a complaint in the in-
testines, is as follows: To an ounce of the fresh root bruis-
ed, add an ounce and a half of the fresh roots of white
beets, and a handful of wild mallow ; pour upon these a
pint and a quarter of water, boiling hot, and let it stand
till next day, then strain it off. Aquarter of a pint of this
liqnor contains the infusion of two drams of this root. It
ioould be sweetened with sugar-candy, or honey.
POMEGBANATE-TREE.--(Pttntca Gh-ajiattm.)

jyetcrip, —This a shrubby plant, covered with a brown-

is

ish berk, and divided into a numl>er of branches, which

spieed in an irregular manner, and are armed with sharp-
ish spines, and have their upper end pretty thick set with
long narrow smooth leaves, two inches in length, to half
an inch in breadth among these come forth the flowers,
;

of a bright scarlet colour, consisting of five leaves set in a

tough brown calyx, which in time enlarging itself becomes
the nark or covering of the fruit, having a crown on its
upper part, in shape and size like an orange, but with a
broader and harder peel, in the inside of which grow a
greet number of cornered acini or kernels, compacted to-
gether in regular order containing each a sweet vinous
joiosb or one more acid, with a snudi stone in the middle.
276 OULPSPEB'S OOMPLETB HBRBAL.

Flcioe. —
It is a native of Italy and Spain, and needs the
belter of a green-house in this country.
—
Oovemmeni and Virtiies. This tree is under Mercury.
Both the flowers and bark of the fruit are strongly astrin-
gent ; a decoction of them stops bleedings and purgings of
all kinds, and is good for the whites. The pulp of the fruit,
when in perfection, is very grateful, and has the same gen-
eral qualities with the other acid fruits. A strong infusion
cures ulcers in the mouth and throat, and fastens teeth.

PUMPKIN.— fCwcwrWto Pepo.)

Deterip, —This takes up a ^reat compass of around, with
iti large, thick, creeping stalks, furnished with large claa-
?3rs : leaves are large and rough, like those of melons,
its
he flowers are large, like a yellow lily in colour. The fruit
ia large, having large, white, oval, flattish seeds.
Place,— It is sown on dunghills.
—
TifM, It is ripe in September and October.
—
Qtyvemment and Virtues, It is a moist plant under the
dominion of the Moon. The seed is cooling, of the nature
of the melon and other cold seeds, and may serve very well
to make emulsions. It is rarely used in medicine.

POPLAB (BJjACK.}—(Populu8 Nigra,)

Detcrip, —
This tree grows higher and straighter than the
white, with a greyish bark, bearing broad green leaves,
like ivy leaves, not cut on the edges, but whole and dent-
ed, ending in a point, and not white underneath, hanging
by slender long footstalks, which are continually shaking.
The catkins are greater than those of the white, composed
of round green berries, as if set together in a long cluster,
containing much downy matter, which being ripe is blown
away with the wind. The clammy heads hereof, before
they spread into leaves, are of a yellowish green colour,
and small, somewhat sweet, but strong.
—
Place. It grows in moist woods, and by water-sides in
sundry places in England.
—
Time, The catkins come out before the leaves in summer.
—
Oovemmeni and Virtues, Saturn has dominion over
both White and Black Poplars. The White is of a cleans-
ing property; one ounce of the powdered bark drunk, is a
remedy for the sciatica, or the strangury. The juice of the
leaves dropped into the ears, eases the pains in theoL The
young clammy buds or eyes, before they break out into
 oiTLPBPSB*! ooicpurra hurbal. 179

leaves, brolBed, and a little honey pat to them, is a good

medicine for dull si^ht. The Blact ia more cooling; than
the White ; the leaves bruised, and applied with vinegar,
help the gout. The seed drank in vinegar, is good against
falling-sickness. The water that drops from the hollows of
this tree, takes away warts, pushes, wheals, and break-
ings-out of the body. The leaves and buds are used to
make the Unguent PopuJeon ; but as the Black is hot, the
ointment cannot receive virtue from its leaves or bads, but
from the other ingredients which are put in it.

POPLAR (WHITE.)--(^Pop2*ZtM Alba.)

Descrip. —This kind grows gr^t and high, covered with
thick, smooth, white bark, especially the branches, having
long leaves cut into several divisions almost like the vine
leaf, but not so deep green on the upper side, and hoary
white underneath, of a reasonable good scent, the whole
representing the form of coltsfoot The catkins which it
brings forth before the leaves, are long, and of a faint red-
dish colour, which fall away, bearing seldom good seed
with them. The wood is smooth, soft, and white, very
finely waved, whereby it is much esteemed.

POPPY {BLkCK.)^(Fapaver Nigrum,)

—
Dfcrip, This does not grow so high as the White, bat
in other respects it is much like it. The chief difference
is in the flower, which in this is of a purplish colour, with
a black bottom and in the heads which do not grow the
;

same nize, and contain black seed. The roots of ooth are
ticky, and perish when the seed is ripe.
place, —It is sown in gardens.
Tim^—XX. flowers in June and July.
FiWt^e*.— The heads are rarely used, being left alone
with the other. The flowers are however of a gentle sudo-
niic nature, and are peculiarly good in pleurisies, quinaieSy
and all disorders of the breast

POPPY (CROWFOOT.)—(PapavtfT Ranuncului

Lati/olius.)

—
Descrip. The stalk is thick and naked, round and fleshy.
The leaves are irregular and few, stripped into many divi-
ded aegmenU, and of a jpale green colour. The flower is
large and single, growing at the top of the stalk; the usnal
colour of it is bright scarlet, but it is sometimes yellow or
white. In the middle ia a to^t of yellow threads.
B80 OTTLPEPER'S COMPLETE HERBALp
Pldce. —It is sown onlj in gardens.
— It flowers in June.
Time,
Oovemment and Virtues. — Itis under Saturn, and good
to remove warts. The expressed juice is used to make way
for the iostruments of surgery; and the whole plant bruis-
ed has been applied to remove head-ache, but care must be
taken to keep it from the eyes, or it will inflame them.

POPPY (VIOLET UOIiTiED.y^Chelidoniim

Comiculatum.)
—
Descrip. This diflfers from the others, only the leaves
are diviaed into numerous fine segments, in a double pin-
nated manner. The stalk is four or five feet high, having
no branches at the top, and but two or three at most be-
low, bearing every one but one head wrapped up in a thin
skin, which bows down before it is ready to bloom, and
then rising, and being broken, the flower within it spreads
itself open, consisting of very large white round leaves,
with many whitish round threads in the middle, set about
a small, round, green head, having a horn or star-like point
shooting out at the head, which, growing ripe, becomes as
large as a great apple, wherein are contained a great num-
ber of small round seeds in several partitions next to the
•hell, the middle thereof remaining hollow and empty.
Place. —It is common in corn-fields.
—
Time. It flowers in July.
Virtties. — An infusion of the flowers boiled into a syrup,
partakes slightly of the nature of opium. The juice is of
the same acrid and bitter taste with the other species.
POPPY (WHITE, OR OTlUM.)—(Fapaver
Somniferum.)
—
Detcrip. This is cultivated for its medicinal uses. It
has many large, long, whitish green leaves, much torn and
cut in on the edges. The stalk is smooth and round, grow-
ing five or six feet high; towards the top it is divided into
three or four branches, having at the end of each a round
head, hanging down at first, but as the flower comes on to
open, it grows erect The flower consists of four large
leaves, inclosed in a couple of green skinny busks, which
soon drop ofl^ when the nower opens; when the flowers are
fallen, tne seed-vessel grow as Dig as a large orange, hav-
ing a denticillated crown on the head ; it is divided into
membraneous partitions, to the sides of which grow the
 OITLFKPIR'S OOMPLXTl HSEBAL. t81

snuJl white seed. The whole plant is full of a bitter milk,

of a strong, virose, unpleasant smell.
Place, —
It grows wild in Ireland, but it is cultivated in
the gardens in England.
—
Time. It flowers during the months of Summer.
Oovemment and Virtues.— It is under the dominion of
the Moon. The seed-vessels are the parts to use. Syrup
of diacodium is a strong decoction of them, boiled to a con-
sistence with sugar. The syrup is a gentle narcotic, eas-
ing pain, and causing sleep ; half an ounce is a full dose
for an upgrown person, for younger it must be diminish-
ed accordingly. The seeds, beaten into an emulsion, with
barley-water, are good for the strangury, and heat of the
urine; but they have none of the sleepy virtues of the sy-
rup, nor of the other parts of the preparations of the pop-
py. Opium is nothing more than the milky juice of this
plant, concreted into a solid form. It is procured by
wounding the heads, when they are almost ripe, with a
five- edged instrument, which makes as man^ parallel inci-
sions from top to bottom; and the juice which flows from
these wounds is the next day scraped off", and the other
side of the head wounded in like manner. When a quantity
of this juice is collected, it is worked together with a little
water, till it acquires the consistence and colour of pitch,
when it is tit for use. Opium has a faint disagreeable
smell, and a bitterish, hot, oiting taste; taken in proper
doMa, itprocures sleep, and a short respite from pam, but
great caution is required in administering it, for it is a
very powerful, and, consequently, a very dangerous medi-
cine in unskilful handa It relaxes the nerves, abates
cramps, and spasmodic complaints but it increases para-
;

lytic disorders, and such as proceed from weakness of the

nervous system. It incrassates thin serous acrid humours,
and thus proves a speedy cure for catarrhs and tickling
coughs, but must never he given in phthisical or inflamma-
tory compUiints for it dangerously checks perspiration, un-
;

less its effects are counteracted by the addition of amiuoniac

or SQuills, and by producing a fulness and distention of the
whole habit, it exasperates all inflammatory symptoms,
whether internal or external. It promotes perspiration,
but checks all evacuations, and is good for stopping purg-
ing! and vomitings ; and this is effected by small aoses,
judiciously given. With regard to the dose, half a grain.
or at most, a grain, in all common cases is sufficient ana
:

tren when larger dotes are required, it is more advisable

 282 oulpbpik'b ooxplbtb hbrbal.

to repeat them morefrequently, than to gire a larger

quantity. An over-dose
causes immoderate mirth or ecu-
piditj, redness of the face, swelling of the lips, relaxation
of the joints, giddiness of the head, deep sleep, accompa-
nied with turbulent dreams and convulsive starting, cold
iweats, and frequently death.

FOFTY (WlLB,y-(Fapav€r Ehceat,)

Called also Com Rose.

Descrip, —This has long narrow leaves, very much cut
in on the edges into many divisions, of a light green co-
lour, sometimes hairy; the stalk is blackish and hairy, but
not 80 tall as the garden-kind, having such like leaves as
^row below, whereon grow small hairy heads bowing down
before the skin breaks, wherein the flower is inclosed, which,
when it is full blown, is of a fair yellowish red or crimson
colour, and in some much paler, without any spots at the
bottom of the leaves, having many black soft threads in
the middle, compassing a small green head, which, when
ripe, is not bigger than one's little Anger's end, wherein is
contained much black seed, smaller than that of the gar-
den. The root perishes every vear, and springs again of
its own sowing. Of this kind there is one lesser in all the
parts thereof and differs in nothing else. This is called
the Welsh Poppy, or Papaver Cambricum.
Place.—They are sown in gardens.
The Wild Poppy, or Corn Rose, is plentiful in the com-
fields in all parts of this country, upon ditch-banks, and
by hedge-sides. The smaller wild kind is also found in
corn-fields and other places, but is not so plentiful.
—
Time. The garden kinds are sown in Spring, and flow-
er in May. The wild ones flower from May until July ;
and the seed of them is ripe soon after the flowering.
—
Government and VirtTies. The herb is Lunar and a ;

syrup is made of the seed and flowers, which is useful to

give sleep and rest to invalids, and to stay catarrhs and
defluxions of rheums from the head into the stomach and
lungs, which causes a continual cough, the forerunner of
consumption ; it helps hoarseness of the throat, and loss
of voice, which the oil of the seed does likewise. The
black seed boiled in wine, and drank, stays the flux of the
belly, and womens' courses. The poppy-heads are usually
boiled in water, and given to procure rest and sleep; so do
the leaves in the same manner ; if the head and temples
be bathed with the warm decoction, or with the oil, the
 cttlpepbr's complete hsbbal 288

green leaves or heads bruised, and applied with a little

vinegar, or made into a poultice witn barley-water, or
hog's-grease, cools and tem])er8 all inflammations, and St.
Anthony's fire. It is generally used in treacle and mithri-
c^ate, and in all other medicines that are made to pi'ocuie
sleep and rest, and to ease pains in the head as well as in
other parts. It cools inflammations, and agues. It is put in
hollow teeth, to ease the pain; it is also good for the gout

POPPY (YELLOW HORNED.)— fG'^aMctwm lAUeutn.)

Detcrip, — The root is long and thick at tHe head, divi-
ded into branches which fix themselves deep in the earth,
from which spring blueish-green winged leaves dividea
generally into five parts, the section at the end being the
largest The stalk grows to be a foot or more high, full
of thick joints, having two smaller leaves at each joint ;
the flowers grow together upon a footstalk three or four
inches long, each having a shorter of its own they consist
;

of four small yellow leaves, included in calyces of two hol-

low parts; and after they are fallen, they are followed bv
long, narrow pods, full of small, round, shining black seed.
Every part of the plant, when broken, emits a yellow, bit-
ter, acrid jaice.
—
Place, It CTOws among waste grounds and mbbish,
upon walls and buildings.
—
TxTM, It flowers in May.
—
OovemmerU and Virtues. It is under the Sun in Leo ;
and is aperative and cleansing, opening obstrutitions of the
spleen and liver, and of ^reat use in curing the jaundice
and scurvy. Outwardly it is' used for sore eyes, to dry up
the rheum, and take away specks and films, as also against
tetters and ringworms, and the breakings-out of scurvy.
The root dried and powdered, is balsamic and sub-astrin-
gent. It is given against bloody-fluxea, and in other he-
morrhages, half a dram for a doee.
PRIMROSE.—fPrimuZa Vulgaris,)

—
Deterip. This has a perennial root consisting of a short
thick head, furnished with a great number of thick and
long fibres. The leaves arising from the root make a large
tnft ; they are Urge, oblong, without leaf-stalks, wriukleid
on the surface, entire at the edges, of a deep ^reen colour.
The flowers are supported singly on long slender hairy
talks: which rise immediately nrom the root ; they are
2!)4 ctulpvpsb's complste herbal.
large, and of a white or pale yellow colour. The seeds ar«
onall, numeroas, and of a roundish figure.
—
Flctce. It is common in woods, hedges, and thicketsj,
tarticularly in a clayey soil.
—
Time. The flowers appear in March and April.
—
Government and Virtues. It is under the aominion of
fenus. The roots are used as a sternutatory to the head:
the best way of using them is to bruise them, and express
the juice, which, beiug snuffed up the nose, occasions vio-
lent sneezing, and brings away a great deal of water, but
without being productive of any bM&d effect Dried and re-
duced to powder, it will produce the same effect, but not
0 powerfully. Id this state it is good for nervous disoi
den, but the dose must be small. A dram and a half of the
dried roots, taken in autumn, ia a strong, but safe emetic.

V^(lVWl.—(Ligu8trum Vulgare.)

—
Detcrip. This bush does not grow large, it has many
smooth, tough, pliant branches, clothed with small oblong
leaves, broadest in the middle, and sharp-ix)inted at the
end. It bears long and narrow green leaves dv the couples,
and sweet-smelling white flowers in tufts at the ends of the
branches, which turn into small black berries that have a
purplish juice in them, and some seeds that are flat on
the one side, with a hole or dent therein.
—
Place, It grows in this country, in divers woods.
—
Tim^. It flowers in June and July ; and the berries
are ripe in 'August and September.
—
Government and Virtues. The Moon owns this herb.
It is used more especially in lotions to wash sores, and
sore mouths, to cool inflammatious, and dry up fluxe& The
sweet water distilled from the flowers, is good to heal all
those diseases that need cooling and drying, and help all
fluxes of the belly and stomach, bloody-fluxes, and wo-
mens' courses, if drunk or applied; as the voiding of blood
at the mouth, or any other place, for distilling rheum from
the eyes, especially if it be used with Tutia.
PUESLANE.—CPorrw/oca Oleracea.)

—
Descrip. This plant is so well known that a short de*
cription may serve, it having round, smooth, reddish, and
succulent brittle stalks, with fat thick leaves, and broader
at the end than next the stalk. The flowers grow on the
tops of the stalks among the leaves, being small, five- lea v.
 OTTLPBPSR'S OOMPLITK HSllBAli. 286

od and rellow, succeeded bj roundish seed-vessels, includ-

ing small, black, rugged seed. The root is small and fibrous.
—
Plac^ It is sown in ^s^ardens ; the leaves and seeds are
used The seed is one of the lesser cold seeds.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is an herb of the Moon. It
is good to allay the heat of the liver, blood, reins, stomach,
and hot agues it stays hot and choleric fluxes of the belly,
:

womens' courses, the whites, and gonorrhoea, the distilla-

ation from the head, and pains therein proceeding from
heat, want of sleep, or the frenzy. The seed is more effec-
tual than the herb, and is good to cool the heat and sharp
ness of urine. The seed bruised and boiled in wine, and
given to children, expels the worms. The juice of the herb
is effectual to all the purposes aforenamed also to stay
;

vomitings, and taken with sugar and honey, helps an old

and dry cough, shortness of breath, and the phthisic, and
stays immoderate thirst. The distilled water is preferred
by many, and it works the Hitme effects. The juice is good
for inflammations and ulcers iu the secret parts, as well as
in the bowels, and hemorrhoids, when they have excoria-
tions in them ; the herb bruised and applied to the fore-
head and temples, allays excessive heat therein, that hin-
den rest and sleep ; and applied to the eyes it takes away
inflammation in them, those other parts where pushes,
wheals, pimples, St. Anthony's fire, and the like, break
forth; if a little vinegar be put to it, and laid to the neck,
with M much of gall and linseed together, it takes away
the pains therein, and the crick in the neck. Applied
to the gLMi, it eases the pains, and helps the hardness of
the sinews, if it come not of the cramp or a cold cause.

QUICK GRASS.—M^o#/«.;
/)e#t?r»]p.— There are several aorta. 1. Common Quick
Oram (A. Vulgarity ) which creeps about under ground,
with long white jointed roots, and small fibres almost at
erery joint 2. Quick Grass (A. Plumoaay) with a more
spreading penicle. 3. Smaller Quick Grass {A, CaninOy)
with a spreading tnft. 4. Low-bending Quick Qraaa {A.
Alba.) 5. Quick Grass (A. MuticOy) with a penicle that
doea not spreail. 6. Small Sweet Graas {A. Pumila^) with
many low creepint;^ branchea.
Piaee. — The first is common in ploughed grounds and
^Mvlaoa; the second and third are more scarce, and delight
lo asndy or chalky grpinda; the three oezt are alao found
In ploughed tields.
t86 OULPBPBB'S COMPLETE HERBAL.

7Vwi«.—They flourish In the beginning of summer.

—
Oovemment and Virtues. These are plants of Mercury.
The Quick Grass, the root of which is of temperature cold
and dry, and has a little mordacity in it and some tenuity
of parts, is the most medicinal of all other sorts a decoc-
:

tion thereof drank, opens obstructions of the spleen and

liver,stoppings of urine, to ease the griping pains in the
belly and inflammations, and
to waste the excrementitious
matter of the stone in the bladder and the ulcers thereof :

the root being bruised and applied, knits together and con-
solidates wounds. The seed more powerfully expels wind,
binds the belly, and stays vomiting. The distilled water
is good to be given to children for worms.

QUINCE TREE.—(Pyru8 (Cydonia.)

—
Detcrip, This tree grows to the height of a good-sized
apple-tree, crooked, with a rough bark, spreading branches
far abroad. The leaves resemble those of the apple-tree,
but thicker, broader, and fuller of veins, and whiter on the
under-side, not dented about the edges. The flowers are
large and white, somewhat dashed over with a blush. The
fruit is yellow, being near ripe, and covered with a white
frieze thick set on the younger, growinjjj less as they get
;

nearer ripe, bunched out oftentimes in some places some:

being like an apple, some like a pear, of a strong heady

scent, and not durable to keep ; it is sour, harsh, and of
an unpleasant taste to eat fresh but being scalded, roast-
;

ed, baKed, or preserved, becomes more pleasant.

PJace. —
It grows plentifully near ponds and water sides.
—
Tims, It flowers not until the leaves come forth. The
fruit is ripe in September or October.
—
Oovemment arid Virtttes. Saturn owns this tree. The
fruit has a strong, very pleasant smell, and acid taste. Its
expressed juice, taken in small quantities, is a mild, astrin-
gent stomachic medicine, and is of ef&cacy, in sickness, vo-
miting, eructations, and purgings. A
grateful cordial, and
lightly restringent syrup, is made by digesting three pints
of the clarified juice,with a dram of cinnamon, half a dram
of ginger, the same of cloves, in warm s^hes, for six hours,
then adding a pint of red port, and dissolving nine pounds
of sugar in liquor, and straining it And a useful jelly is
made by boiling the juice with a sufficient quantity of su-
gar, till it attains a due consistence. The seeds abound
with a ioft mucilaginous substance, which they readily im-
 OULPBPKR's OOMPLITS HSRBAL. S87

part to boiling water, making it like the white of au egg.

This is excellent for sore mouths, and useful to soften and
moisten the mouth and throat in fevers, and other diseasea.
The green fruit helps all sorts of fluxes in man or woman,
and in choleric laxes. The crude juice is preservative
against the force of poison. The oil is useful to bind and
cool outwardly hot mixes; it strengthens the stomach and
belly bj anointing, and the sinews that are loosened by sharp
humours falling on them, and restrains immoderate sweat-
ings. The mucilage taken from the seeds, and boiled in
water, is good to cool the heat, and heal the sore breasts
of women. The same, with a little sugar is good to leuify
the harshness and soreness of the throat, and the roughness
of the tongue. The cotton or down boiled, and applied to
plague sores, heals them up; and laid as a plaster, made up
with wax, it brings hair to those who are bald, and keeps
it from falling ofi^ if it be ready to shed.

RADISH (COMMON GARDEN. )^R(j^hanu8 Sativut.)

This plant so well known that it needs do description.
is
Place. — It
planted in gardens.
is
Time.— It flowers in May.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is under Mara, and is open-
ing, attenuating, and antiscorbutic ; it does not give much
nourishment, and is very windy ; it provokes urine and
is good for the stone and gravel. The expressed juice of
the root, with the addition of a little wine, ia an admirable
remedy for gravel. The roots eaten plentifully sweeten the
blood and juicea, and are good against the scurvy.
RADISH (WILD, or RORSE.)—{Cocklearia Armoracia,)
Descrip. —
The first leaves rise before winter, a foot and
a half long, cut on the edges in many parts, of a dark green
colour, with a white rib in the middle ; after these have
t^en up a while, others follow, which are taller, rougher,
broader, and longer, whole and not divided at first, dented
about the edges. The root is great, white, and rough, send-
ing up divers heads of leaves, which may be parted for in*
crease, but it doth not creep in the ground, nor run above,
it is of a strong, sharp taste, almost like mustard.
Pfac€. —
lt is founa wild in some places, but ia chiefly
planted in gardens, in moist and shady places.
—
Time. It seldom flowers, but when it does, it ia in July.
Oovemment and Virtues. — It ia under Mars. The juio*
288 ottlpepbr's oomfletc hxrbal.
of the root drank, is efFectual for scurvy. It kills wormi
in children, if given to drink. The bruised root laid to the
part affected with the sciatica, joint-ache, or the hard swel-
lings of the liver and spleen, helps them all. The distilled
water of the herb and root is more familiar to be taken
with a little sugar for all the purposes aforesaid.

RAMPION (ROBNm),y^Phyteuma Obiculart.)

Descrip. —This from a long, thick, white, and fibrous
rises
root. The lower leaves are short, and almost round, but I
pointed at the end, and some few of them at times oval, or
oblong : they have long footstalks, and are serrated at the
edgea The stalk is tender, striated, or hollow, about a
foot high. The leaves stand irregularly on it, and are al-
together unlike those from the root: they are long, narrow,
and sharp- pointed, serrated at the edges, and of a pale
green ; those towards the bottom have long footstalks, but
those towards the upper parts have none. The flowers staod
at the top of the stalk in a round thick head ; they are
small and purple, close together, and curled round like r
horn, from which the plant derives its name.
Place, —It is a perennial plant, and not uncommon in
the hilly pastures of Kent and Sussex.
—
Time. It flowers in August
—
Oovemment and Virtriee. There are several species of
this plant, but this possesses most virtue. The roots of any
of them may be eaten as a salad in spring, they are well
tasted, and full of a milky juice. They are under Venus.
The root, if eaten in due quantity, operates by urine, and
may be good to create an appetite.
RAMPION {SREET^S,)—(Janone Montana.)
Descrip. —The from a small head, shoots out many
root,
fibres. The
stalk is upright, of a pale green, and rises to
about three feet in height. The leaves are of a faint green,
divided at the edges into small segments. The flowers grow
in a large head like scabious, and are of a fine blue ; but
they are sometimes found of a reddish or white colour.
—
P^aoe. It is a biennial ; common on high pastures.
— It flowers in August.
Time.
Oovemment and Virtue*. — It is under the dominion of
Mercury, and of a bitter, light, astringent quality, excellent
against disorders of the breast, such as coughs, asthmatic
^fectiona, diificalty of breathing, &c, for which purpose an
J
 OULPBPEB'S GOMPLETS HIBBAL. 289
infusion of the dowers is the best preparation. The flowers
are good against feverish complaints; the juice applied ex-
ternally heals foulness and discolourings of the skin.

RAMPION (HAIRY SB.EEra.)'-(Phyteuma

Spicatum,)
Descrip. — Grows upon a dry, brittle stock, slender, and
of a Dale green. The leaves are of a pale dead green, and
% little hairy; milk runs from them when broken, and pres-
aed. The flowers are a beautiful blue, pale, and elegant
—Most found on heaths and dry upland grounds.
Pl<iC€,
—It flowers in August.
THme.
Oovemment and — This under Venus, and
Virtues. is is
cooling and diuretic The leaves are an excellent diuretic,
useful in gravel and the stone boiled in milk, and sweet-
:

ened with sugar, they cure the heat of urine. They help the
1'aundice, by opening the obstructions of the liver and gall
>ladder : and the dropsy, by carrying oflf the water.

RATTLE QiRii&a.^(Rh%nanthu9,)
Or this there are two kinds, which I shall speak of, viz..
the red and yellow.
Descrip. — The common Red Rattle ( PedicvlarU Sylva-
tica)\idi% reddish, holiowstalks, sometimes green, rising from
the root, lying mostly on the ground, some spring more up-
right, with many small reddish or green leaves, set on both
sides of a middle rib finely dented about the edges : the
flowers stand on the tops of the stalks and branches, of a pur-
plish red colour ; after which come blackish seed in small
ooaka, which lying loosely, will rattle with shaking. The
root consists of two or three small whitish strings with
ome fibres thereat
The common Yellow 'RaXi\e( RhinantkiLs Critta Qalli) has
seldom above one round great stalk, rising from the foot,
about a yard or two feet high, with but few branches, having
two long broad leaves set atajoint,deeblycutin on the edges,
broadest next to the stalk, and smaller to the end. The
flowers grow at the tops of the stalks, with some shorter
leaves with them, hooded after the manner that the others
are, but of a fair, yellow colour, some paler, and others
more white. The seed is contaiued in husks, and when ripe,
rattle same as the red kiud does. The root is small and
slender, jierishing yearly.
Place. —They grow in the meadows and woods through*
oat tLi« country.
290 CtTLPBPES'S OOMPLBTS HBBBAL.
Time. —They flower from Midsummer until August is
past, sometimes.
—
Gavemment and Virttbes, Tliey are both uuder the do -
minion of the Moon. The Red Rattle is profitable to heal
fistulas and hollow ulcers, and to stay the flux of humours
in them, and the abundance of womens' courses, or othex
fluxes of blood, if boiled in wine, and drank.
The Yellow JElattle is good for cough, or dimness of
sight, if the herb boiled with beans, and some honey put
thereto, be drunk, or dropped into their eyes. The whole
seed being put into the eyes, draws forth any skin, dimness
of film, from the sight, without pain or trouble.

UAS^BEBS,Y,—(Ru^ Idceus ffortenns,)

Callbd also Hindberry.
Uescrip. — This cannot properly be called a fruit-tree, yet,
as the fruit is valuable, something is expected of the shrub
that produces it. Besides the small flowering sort, the com-
mon small red and white, there are other sorts much larger
of the same colour, called Rombullions ; the former has the
richest flavour, but in dry seasons they are apt to wither.
It is so well kuown that it needs no further description.
Place. — It grows wild in woods in England and Wales,
and is plentifully cultivated in fruit-gardens.
—
Time, It flowers in May, and the fruit is ripe in Jane
and July.
—
Oovemm^nt and Virtues. Venus owns this shrub. The
fruit, which is the only part used, has a pleasant grateful
smell and taste, is cordial and strengthens the stomach,
stays vomiting, is somewhat astringent, and good to prevent
miscarriage. The fruit is very grateful as nature presents
it, but made into a sweetmeat with sugar, or fermented with

wine, the flavour is improved. It is fragrant, a little acid,

and of a cooling nature. It dissolves the tartarous concre-
tions on the teeth, but is inferior to strawberries for that
purpose. The juice of the ripe fruit boiled into a syrup,
with refined sugar, is pleasant and agreeable to the sto-
mach, and prevents sickness and retchings.
REST RARROW.— (Ononis.)
Galled also Cammock.
—
Desorip. Common Rest Harrow riaes up with divers
woody twigs, half a yard or a yard high, set at the joints
without order, having little roundish leaves, sometimes
more th&o two or three at a place ; of a dark green colour,
 OTTLPEPKB'B OOICPLSTB HERBAL. 291

without thorns when they are young, but afterwards arm-

ed in sundry places with short and sharp thorns. The flow-
ers come forth at the tops of the twigs and branches, like
peas and broom blossoms, but lesser, flatter, and somewhat
closer, of a faint purplish colour; after which come small
pods, containing small, flat, round seed ; the root is black-
ish on the outside, and whitish within, very rough, and hard
to break when it is fresh and green, and as hard as horn
when it is dried.
Place.—It grows in many places in this Ian i, as well in
*he arable as waste ground.
—
Time. It flowers in July, the seed is ripe in August.
Oovemment and Virtues. —It
under tne dominion of
is
Mam It is excellent to provoke urine, and to break and
expel the stone, which the bark of the root taken in wine
performs efl^ectually. The decoction with some vinegar used
to wash out the mouth, eases tooth -ache, especially when it
comet of rheum ; it is powerful to open obstructions of the
liver and spleen, and other parts. The powder of the root
made into an electuary, or lozenges, with sugar, as also
the bark of the fresh roots boiled tender, and afterwards
beaten to a conserve with sugar, works the like effect. The
powder of the roots strewed upon the brims of ulcers, or
mixed with anv other convenient thing, and applied, con-
somefl the hardness, and causes them to heal the better.

RKVBABB.—(Rheum Falmatum.)
—
DtBcrip, This has a long, thick, perennial root, of a yel-
low colour on the outside, and marbled within, full of red-
dish veins ; Arm, but not too hard or heavy, of a pretty
strong smell, of a bitterish, somewhat styptic taste, tmgiug
the spittle of a yellow satijron colour.
—
Place. The roots are brought from China, Turkey, Rua-
fia, and Siberia ; but as good rhubarb plants now grows in
our botanic gardens as any that come irom abroad.
—
Time. It flowers in June and July.
—
Government and Virtues. It is a mild purgative, and also
a mild astringent. It strengthens the intestines, and gen-
erally leaves the belly costive, for which reason it is prefer-
ed to other purgatives, in obstinate purgiugs, aud bloody
flux. It is given more as a strengtheuer than hs a purgar
tive. That of a bright, or light texture, moi:it, fragrant^
and aoand, «)hould be chosen, as being milder in its opera-
tioD, more grateful to the stomach, and more likely to ans-
wer the purpose of an astringent a diuretic, or an al terative^
892 CTTLPEPBR'8 COMPLITI HSBBAL.

In acute fevers, where it ia dangerous to take parcativea,

rhubarb may u^ safely given. In bloody flui, and those
loosenesses occasioned by acrid matter remainiug in the in-
testines, this root is very useful. There is a spirituous tinc-
ture sold in the shops, intended as a streogtheuer and pur-
gative ; for the first of these purposes, two or three spoon-
fuls is a sufficient dose at a time; but for the latter, two of
three ounces is frequently necessary.

RHUBARB (CULINAEY, or TAUT.) -(Rheum

Rhxiponticum.)
Descrip, — This has a larije root, thick at the head, and
divided mto many branches, of a dark brown on the out-
side, and a deep yellow colour within, of a bitterish taste.
From the root arise several large, somewhat crumpled, green
leaves; roundish, but pointed at the end, of a sourish taste,
growing on reddish footstalks, from among these arises a
thick stalk three or four feet high, having smAll leaves, and
a numerals company of white staminous SL\-Ieaved flowers,
succeeded by large, shining, triangular, brown seed.
Place. —
It is a native of Scythia, but grows in our gardens.
—
Time, It flowers in the middle of summer.
—
Oovemment and Virtues, It is ujider the dominion of
Mars. As to its purgative quality, it is much weaker than
Ehubarb, but is more astringent, and good in fluxes, and
weakness of the stomach, spitting of blood, and making
bloody urine. It is good against venomous bites.

RHUBARB (GREAT MONK'S.>-C/?ttm«:r Alpinm

Called also Great Garden Patience.
Descrip. —
At its first appearance, when the winter ia jxi^t,
it hath a great round brownish head, rising from the mid-
dle or sides of the root, which opens itself into sundry leaves
one after another, very much crumpled or folded together
at the first, and brownish ; but afterwards it spreads itself,
and becomes smooth, very large and almost round, every
one standing on a brownish stalk of the thickness of a man s
thumb, when they are grown to their fulness, and most of
them two feet or more in length, especially when they grow
in any moist or good ground; and the stalk of the leaf, from
the bottom thereof to the leaf itself, being also two feet,
the breadth thereof from edge to edge, in the broadest
nlace, being two feet, of a sad or dark green colour, of a
one tart or sourish taste, much more pleasant than the gar-
 ottlpeper's complete herbal. 293

den or wood aorrel. The root grows very great, with divers
great spreading branches from it, of a dark brownish or
reddish colour on the outside, with a pale yellow skin uuder
it, which covers the inner substance or root, which rind and

skin being pared away, the root appears of so fresh and

lively a colour, with fresh coloured veins running through
it, that the choicest of the Rhubarb that is brought from be-

yond the seas cannot excel it, which root, if it be dried care-
fully, by the gentle heat of a fire, and every piece kept from
touching one another, will hold its colour almost as well as
when it is fresh, and hath been approved of and commend-
ed by those who have oftentimes used it.
—
Place. It grows in gardens, and flowers in June ; the
eed is ripe in July.
Time.— The roots that are to be dried and kept all the
{rear following, are not to be taken up until the stalk and
eaves are quite withered and gone, and that is not until the
middle or end of October ; and if they be taken a little be-
fore the leaves spring, or when they are sprung up, the
roots will not have half so good a colour in them.
—
OovemmerU and Virtues. Mars claims dominion over all
these wholesome herbs. A dram of the dried root, with a
scruple of ginger made into powder, and taken fasting in a
drauL;ht of warm broth, purges choler and phlegm aown-
wards very gently and safely, without danger. The seed
thereof bin(£ the bellv, and helps to stay bloody -flux. The
distilled water heals foul ulcerous sores, and allays inflam-
mation of them ; the juice of the leaves or roots, or the de-
coction of them in vinegar, is used as a most effectual reme-
dy to heal running sores. The Culinary Rhubarb has all the
properties of Monk's Rhubarb, but is more eff'ectual both
for inward and outward diseases. The decoction without
vinegar dropped into the ears, takes away the pains ; garb-
led in the mouth, takes away the tooth -ache; and if drank,
heala the jaundice. The seed taken, eases the griping pains
of the stomach, and takes away the loathing unto meat
The root helps the ruggeduess of the nails; and if boiled in
wine, helps the swelling of the throat, called king's-evil, as
well as the swellings of the kernels of the ears. It expelf
the stoDe, provokes urine, and helps the dimness of sight
The Culiuary Rhubarb purges the cnoler and phlegm, taken
either by itself, made into powder, and dranx in a draught
of white wine, or steeped therein all nicbt, and taken fast-
ing, or put into other purgatives, as uiail bs oouveuieiii|
S94 OirLPXPEB'S CM>MPLETB HEBBAL.

cleansing the stomach, liver, and blood, it opens obstruc.

tions, and helps those diseases that come thereof, as the jaun*
dice, dropsy, swelling of the spleen, tertian and daily agues,
and pains in the sides. It also stays spitting of blood. The
powder taken with cassia dissolved, and washed Venice tur-
pentine, cleanses the reins, and strengthens them, and is
effectual to stay gonorrhoea. It is also taken for pains and
swellings in the head, and melancholy, and helps the sciati-
ca, gout, and cramp. The powder taken with a little mum-
mia and madder roots in red wine, dissolves clotted blood
in the body, which comes by falls or bruises, and helps all
burstings and broken parts, as well inward as outward. It
ia useful to heal those ulcers that happen in the eyes or eye-
lids, if steeped and strained; as also to lessen the swellings
and inflammations; and applied with honey, boiled in wine,
it takes away all blue spots or marks that happen therein.
Whey or white wine are the best liauors to steep it in, and
thereby it more effectually opens oostructions and purees
the stomach. Indian spikenard is the best corrector of it.
RICE.— (Oryza ScUiva.)
Ths foreign plant which produces this useful grain has no
medicinal virtues, a description of it is therefore unnecessary.
Place. —
It grows very plentifully in the East Indies, all
through Ethiopia, Africa, Syria, Es^ypt, Italy, &c.
—
Time, It is ripe about the middle of autumn ; in some
places it yields two crops a year.
—
Cfovemment and Virtues. It is a Solar grain, and it stays
laxes and fluxes of the stomach and belly, especially if it be
parched before it is used, and hot steel quenched in the milk
wherein it is boiled, bein^ somewhat drying and binding.
The flour of the rice has tne same property, and is put into
cataplasms to repel humours from flowing to the place, and
also to womens' oreasts to stay inflammations.

EOCEJET CRESS {ANmJAJj.y-{Hesperi8 Matronalit.)

Descrip. —This plant is sometimes improp)erly called Cres-

ling. The root is slender, long, hard, furnished with many
fibres : the first leaves are numerou^ long* and irregularly
divided in the pinnated manner, with a pointed odd seg-
ment at the end. The stalks are numerous, round, upright,
and the leaves stand on them irregularly ; they resemble
those from the root, but they are more deeply ^vided, and
 OTTLPIPEB'S OOKPLSTl RXBBiiL. 2M
of a lighter greeiL The flowers stand In a loose spike at the
top of the stalks, of a faint yellow, with streaks of black.
Place, — It has been found upon Salisbury Plain.
Time. —It is an annual, and olooms in July.
OocemmerU and Virtiies, —This species is under Venus,
and the juice excellent in asthmas, and all diseases of the
is
lungs. The best way of using it is in the form of a syrup
it will relieve oppression and obstructions of the breast, and
core inveterate coughs and severe colds in the stomach.
ROCKET CRESS (DWARF.)—{76«rw Nudicaulut,)
Descrip,— This is a small plant, with pale leaves, which
fffow near the bottom, they grow in a thick tuft, without
Footstalk, but are narrowest at the base, and broadest to-
wards the end ; they are notched at the edges. The stalk ia
round, upright, and divided into many branches. It is of a
pale green colour, and about ten inches high. The flowers
stand in great numbers on the tops of the branches, and
they are small and white.
—
Place. It is an annual, and grows upon commons. It ia
found about Putney and Barnes Common.
Place, — It flowers in May.
Oovemmeni and —
This is under the Moon.
Virtues. All
these Cresses are celebrated as remedies for all the diseases
of the urinary passage. The expressed juice, or the infusion
of the whole plant, is the best way of taking it.

ROCKET (GARDEN.)—(J^rwca Sativa.)

—
Detcrip. This has a slender, white woody root, of a hot
taste ; the leaves are shaped like mustard, but smoother ;
the stalks grow two or three feet high, clothed with lesser
leaves, having on their tops many flowers of a whitish yel-
low colour, full of dark purple veins ; the seed-vessels are
long, slender, and smooth, parted in two by a thin mem-
brane, and open at the sides when the seed is ripe.
Place. — It is sown in gardens.
—
Time. It flowers here in August
Oavemment and Virtites.—Al\ this kind of Rockets are
martial plants. This species is celebrated against diseases
of the longs. The juice is excellent in asthmas, and a syrup
of it in all oppressions and obstructions of the breast ; as
siso against inveterate coughs.
196 OVLPEPaBB COMPLETS HEBBAI*

ROCKET (PURPLE SEA-)—(CoK?*? Mantima.)

Called also Red Banny.
Deacrip,— This is a tall plant, with long leaves deeply di-
vided into segments; they have large veins, and are of a deep
green. The stalk is thick, tough, and of a pale green. The
flowers are purple, and grow in spikes on the tops of the
stalks. It has a very di^reeable smell.
—
Place. It is an annual, frequent in salt-marshes, and
about the sea-coast in Cornwall, and the Isle of Man.
—
Time, It flowers in July.
—
OovemmerU and Virtue*. It is a martial plant, of a hot
nature, and bitterish taste, opening and attenuating, good
to cleanse the lungs of tough viscid phlegm, and of great
service in asthmas, and difficulty of breathing ; and is often
used as an emetic, and to help the jaundice and dropsy.

ROCKET (WILD.)—(^"^ SylveitrU.)

—
Descrip. This has long narrow leaves, divided into slen-
der cuts and ja£^s on both sides of the middle rib more than
the garden kinds ; of a sad green colour, from among which
rise stalks two or three feet high, set with the like yellow
leaves, but smaller upwards, branched in the middle into
stiff stalks, bearing yellow flowers on them, made of four
leaves each, as the others are, which afterwards yield small
reddish seed, in small long pods, of a more bitter and hot
taste than the garden kinds, as the leaves are also.
Place.— It is found wild in several parts of this country.
—
Time. It flowers about June or July, and the seed is
ripe in August.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. This plant is forbidden to be
ased alone, because its sharpness strikes into the head,
causing aches and pains therein. It serves to help digestion,
and provokes urine abundantly. The seed cures the cites of
venomous reptiles, and other poisons, and expels worms and
other noisome creatures that breed in the belly. The herb
boiled or stewed, and sugar added, helps the cough in chil-
dren, if taken often. The seed taken in drink, carries away
the ill-scent of the arm-pits, increases milk in nurses, and
wastes the spleen. The seed mixed with honey, and used on
the face, cleanses the skin from morphew, and used with
vinegar takes away freckles and redness of the face, and
other parts; and with the i^ll of an ox, it amends foul scars.
black and blue spots, and the marks of the small-pox.
 CULPIPBB'8 COMPLSTB HXBBAL. 90T

ROCKET (WINTEB.)— (.fih^ca Brumalit.)

Called also Winter Creesea.
—
DescHp. This plant has large sad green leaves lying on
the ground, torn in different parts, like turnip-leaves, with
smaller pieces next the bottom, and broad at the ends, from
which rise up small round stalks, full of branchos, bearing
many small yellow flowers of four leaves each, after which
come small pods with reddish seed in them the root is ra-
;

ther stringy, and perishes every year after the seed is ripe.
Place, —
It grows of its own accord in gardens and fields^
by the way-sides, in many places.
—
TifM, It flowers in May, seeds in June, and then dies.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. This is profitable to provoke
urine, to help strangury, and expel gravel and the stone.
It is good for the scurvy, and serviceable to cleanse aU
inward wounds ; if the juice or decoction be drunk, or out-
wardly applied to wash foul ulcers and sores, cleanses them
by sharpness, hinders and abates the dead flesh from grow-
ing therein, and heals them by a drying qoaUty.

EOOT OF 8CABjCrrY,—{Beta Altissima.)

DMcrip. —Thisa species of the beet-root, and grows io
is
the same manner. In Germany, it is called Dick Keubeu,
(the Great Turnip) ; Dick Wurzel, (the Great Root) ; and
Mangel Wurzel, (the Root of Scarcity). It is known by the
name of Mangel Wurzel in this country.
Oavem$HierU and VirtvLei. —This root
is under Saturn. It
ii easy to cultivate it, and
nourishing Qualities are so
its
many that it ought to be cultivated every where. Insects
and vermin which destroy other roots and plants, will not
touch or injure it it is not affected by mildew, or blasted
:

by drought. It not only does not draw the virtues from the
soil, but the better prepares it for the reception of corn or
other seed which may oe pat in. Cattle, sheep, and horses
will readily eat the leaves, and poultry may be fed upon the
rooto if nut small and mixed with bran. When the crops
have failed, or provender is scarce, this plant will be found
one of the cheapest, most valuable and wnolesome roots that
has ever been introduced into this country, and is prslsn^
ble to either turnips, carrots, or beet-root.
898 ouLrspsR's oomplxts ekkbal.

A very agreeable dish may be prepared for the table, by

taking the root and dressing it as spinach.

ROSE (DAMASK.)—'{Rosa JDamcucena.)

—
Descrip. This does not grow tall or large as the white,
but yet taller and fuller of prickles than the red, especially
about the stalk* The leaves are whiter and more hairy. The
flowers are less double than the Provence Rose, the beards
prickly. They are a pale red colour, and of a pleasant scent
Place, —A native of France, but is common in our gardens.
—
Time. It blooms in June and July.
—
Oovemment and Virtiies. It is under the dominion of Ve
nus. -Botanists describe a vast number of roses, but this,
and the common red rose, and the dog rose, or hip, are the
only kinds regarded in medicine. There is a syrup made
from the flowers of the damask rose, by infusing them twen*
ty-four hours in boiling-water, and then straining off the
hquor, adding twice the weight of refined sugar to it. This
syrup is an excellent purge for children and grown people
of a costive habit ; a small ouantity taken every night will
keep the bowels repilar. There is a conserve made of the
unripe flowers, which has the same properties as the syrup;
there is likewise a conserve made of the fruit of the wild or
dog rose, which is very pleasant, and of considerable efficacy
for common colds and coughs. The flowers of the common
red rose dried, are given in infusions, and sometimes in pow-
der, against overflowings of the menses, spitting of blood,
and other hemorrhages. There is likewise an excellent tinc-
ture made from them by pouring a pint of boiling water on
an ounce of the dried petals, and adding fifteen drops of oil
of vitriol, and three or four drams of the finest sugar in pow-
der, after which they are to be stirred together, and left to
cooi This tincture, when strained, is of a beautiful red co-
lour. It may be taken to the amount of three or four spoon-
fuls, twice or three times a day, for strength en insf the sto-
mach, and preventing vomiting. It is a powerful and plea-
sant remedy in immoderate discharges of the menses, and all
other fluxes and hemorrhages. The damask rose, on ac-
count of its fragrance, belongs to the cephaltics ; but the
next valuable virtue it possesses, consists in its cathartic
quality. After the water, which is a good cordial, is drawn
off in a hot still, the remaining liquor, strained, will make a
very good purging syrup from two drams to two ounces.
An infusion made of half a dram to two drams of the dried
leaves, answers the same purpose.
 oulpspbr's oomplbtb hbrsull. S80

ROSE (HIP.)—fiJoja Canincu)

Callrd also Wild Briar.
—
Descrip, This grows in the hedges, has wiuged leaves like
garden roses, but smoother and greener the tiowers are sin-
;

cle, of five white, and sometimes pale red leaves, when they
tall,thej are followed by red seed-vessels, full of pulp, inclo
eing white, cornered seed, covered with short stiff hairs.
—
Pace, It grows eveir where in the hedges.
Time.— It flowers in June, and the hips are fit to be ga-
thered about the end of September.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. This is under Jupiter. The
flowers are accounted more astringent than the garden rosea,
and are a specific for the excess of the catamenia. The pulp
of the hipe has a grateful acidity, strengthens the stomach,
cools the heat of fevers, is pectoral, good for coughs and
spitting of blood, and in cases where astringents are safe ;
thev are a good ingredient in compositions for the whites,
and too great a discharge of the menses. The hips are grate-
ful to the taste, and a considerable restorative, fitly given to
consumptive persons ; the conserve is proper in all distem-
pers of the breast, and in coughs and tickling rheums. The
white and red roses are cooling and drying ; the bitterness
in the roses when they are fresh, especially the juice, purg-
es choler, and watery humours ; but being dried, ana that
heat which caused the bitterness being consumed, they have
then a binding and astringent Quality those also that are
:

not full blown, do both cool ana bind more than those that
are full blown, and the white rose more than the red. The
decoction of red roses made with wine and used, is very good
for head-ache, and i)ain8 in the eves, ears, throat and gums;
a« also for the funcfament, and the lower parts of the belly
and the matrix, being bathed or put into them. The same
decoction, with the roses remaining in it, is applied to the
region of the heart to ease the inflammation therein, as also
St Anthony's fire, and other diseases of the stomach. Being
dried and beaten to powder, and taken in steeled beer or
water, it helps to stay womens' courses. The yellow threads
In the middle of the roses being powdered, and drunk, in the
distilled water of quinces, stays the overflowing of womens'
ooursee, and stays the defluxions of rheum upon the gumi
and teeth, preserving them from corruption, and fastening
tbem if thev be loose. If washed therewith, and some vine-
gar of squills added. The heads with the seed being used
 900 oulpipxr's coxplets hxrbau

in powder, or in a decoction, stays the lax and spitting of

blood. Bed roses strengthen the heart, the stomach, the li-
ver, and the retentive faculty ; they mitigate the pains that
arise from heat, cool inflammations, procure rest and sleep,
stay both the whites and reds in women, the gonorrhoea, or
running of the reins, and fluxes of the bellv; the juice purg-
es and cleanses the body from choler and phlegm. The
husks, with the beards and nails of the roses, are binding
and cooling, and the distilled water is good for the heat and
redness in the eyes, and to stay and dry up the rheums and
watering of them. The electuary of roses is purging ; two
or^three drams taken by itself, or in some convenient liquor,
is a purge sufficient for a weak constitution, but may be in-
creased to six drams, according to the strength of th6 pati-
ent It purges choler without trouble, and is good in hot
fevers, and pains in the head, which arise from hot choleric
humours, and heat of the eyes; the jaundice also, and joint-
aches proceeding of hot humour. The moist conserve is of
much use, both binding and cordial^ for until it is about two
years old, it is more binding than cordial, and after that
more cordial than binding. Some of the younger conserve
taken with mithridate, is good for those troubled with de-
fluxions of rheum in the eyes, and mixed with the powder
of mastic, is good for gonorrhoea, and looseness of humours
in the body. The old conserve mixed with aromattcum ro-
sarum^ is a remedy for those who faint, swoon, or are trou-
bled with weakness and tremblings of the heart, it strength-
ens both it and a weak stomach, helps digestion, stays cast-
ing, and is a preservative in the time of infection. The dry
conserve, which is called the sugar of roses, strengthens the
heart and spirits, and stays defluxiona The syrup of dried
roses strengthens a stomach given to casting, cools an over-
heated liver, and the blood in agues, comforts the heart, and
resists putrefaction and infection, and helps to stay laxesand
flukes. Honey of roses is used in gargles and lotions to wash
sores, either in the mouth, throa^ or other parts, both to
cleanse and heal them, and stay the fluxes of humours that
fall upOn them. It is used in clysters both to cool and cleanse.
The cordial powders, called diarrhodon abbatis and aromati-
cum rosarum, comfort and strengthen the heart and stomach,
procure an appetite, help digestion, stay vomiting, and are
very good for those that have slippery bowels, to strength-
en them, and to dry up their moisture : red rose-water is
weU known, and of a similar use on all occasions, and better
 OULPIPKIl's COlfPLSTI HSRBAL. 801

than the daraaak roae-water, it is cooling, cordial, refresh-

ing, quickening the weak and faint spirits, used either in
meats or broths, to wash the temples, to smell at the nose,
or to smell the sweet vapours out of a perfume pot, or cast
into a hot fire-shoveL ft is of much use against the redness
and inflammations of the eyes to bathe therewith, and the
temples of the head. The ointment of roses is much used
against heat and inflammations of the head, to anoint the
forehead and temples, and if mixed with the UnguerUum
Papulean procures rest ; it is also used for the heat of the
liver, the oack, and reins, and to cool and heal pushes,
wheals, and other red pimples rising in the face and other
parts. Oil of roses is used by itself to cool hot inflamma-
tion or swellings, and to bind and stay fluxes of humours to
sores, and is also put into ointments and plasters that are
cooling and binding, and restraining the nux of humours.
The dried leaves of the red roses are used both outwardly
and inwardly ; they cool, bind, and are cordial, for of them
are made aromaticum rotarum, diarrhodon abbatity and
iaccharum rosarum. Hose-leaves and mint, heated and ap-
plied outwardly to the stomach, stay castings, strengthen
a weak stomach, and, applied as a fomentation to the region
of the liver and heart, greatly cool and temper them ;
qaiet the over-heated spirits, and cause rest and sleep. The
pyrup of damask-roses, is both simple and compound, and
made with agaric. The simple solusive syrup is a familiar,
safe, gentle, and easy medicine, purging choler, taken from
one ounce to three or four. The conserve and preserved
leaves of those roses operate by mildly opening the belly.
The hips of wild roses, when ripe, are maae into a conserve
with sugar, of a pleasant taste, it binds the belly, and stays
defluxions from the head upon the stomach, and dries up the
moisture, and helps digestion. The pulp of the hips dried
to a hard consistence, that it may be powdered, and this
powder taken in drink, speedily stays the whites. It is often
used in drink, to break the stone, provoke urine when it ii
stopped, and ease and help the colic ; some persona bum it
and then take it for the same purpose.

ROSE (RED.)—CA>«a Rubra./

—
Ihiorip. This has lower bnshes than the former ; the
flowers nave few prickles on the stalks, and the calyx, or
beards, are shorter and smoother; they are less double than
eitber the damask or white, having a great many yellow
antbera In the middle.
SOS oulpbpbr's oomplbtb hxbbal.

Virtues. —This binds more and is more restringent than

any of the other species, good against all kinds of fluxes
;

it strengthens the stomach, prevents vomiting, stops tick-

ling coughs, by preventing the defluxion of the rheum; and
is of service in consumptions ; the anthera, or apices, are ac-
counted cordial. The conserve of the red buds is excellent
in consumptive cases, especially In spitting of blood. The
distilled water, made of the full-blown flower, is cooling, of
good use in recent inflammations of the eyes, if it be dis-
solved in a small quantity of rock saltpetre. Some apply the
conserve for that purpose. A
strong tincture, drawn from
the dried red roses, makes a pleasant julep, and helps the
bark in its operations.

ROSE (WRlTE.)'-( Rosa Alba.)

Descrip. —This tree growstaller than most other kinds of
roses, having fewer prickles on the branches, and those pret-
ty large the leaves are of a dark green colour ; the flowers
;

white and more double, or fuller of leaves than the damask

or red, having a less fragrant scent than either of them.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. This is under the Moon. The
flowers only are used, being drying, binding, and pooling ;

the water distilled from them is uwid in collyriums for sore

inflamed eyes, it is the only officinal preparation from them.
ROSEMARY.—C-ftMwianniM Oficinalis.)
Descrip. —^This rises from a long woody divided
root, a
little fibrous. The shrub covered with a brown tough
is
bark ; and the youug shoots are of a greyish green. The
leavesare numerous, and of a firm substance they are oblong,
;

narrow, sharp-pointed, not at all indented at the edges,

and of a very fragrant smell they are of a beautiful green
:

on the upper side, and silvery grey underneath. The flow-

ers rise in great numbers from the bosom of the leaves to-
ward the upper part of the branches; they are large, and of
a pale blue, variegated with white. The seeds are small and
oblong. The whole plant has a fragrant and aromatic smell;
it is lighter and more delicate in the flower, and stronger in
the leaves. The taste is pleasant, warm, and aromatic
Place.— It is cultivated plentifully in gardens.
—
TifM. It flowers in April and May, sometimes in August
—
Oovemment and Virtues. ^The Sun claims dominion over
it. The decoction of Rosemary in wine, helps the cold dis-
tillations of rheums into the eyes, and other cold diseases
 OXILPXPKR'8 COlCPLSn HKBBAL. SOS

of the head and brain, as the ffiddiuesa and Bwimmings

therein, drowsiness or dulness, the dumb palsy, or loss of
speech, the lethargy, the falling-sickness, to be both drunk
and the temples bathed therewith. It helps the pains in
the gums and teeth, by rheum falling into them, not by pu-
trefaction, causing an evil smell from them, or stinking
breath. It helps a weak memory, and quickens the senses.
It is very comfortable to the stomach in all the cold mala-
dies thereof ; helps both the retention of meat, and diges-
tion, the decoction of the powder being taken in wine. It
is a remedy for the windiness in the stomach, bowels, and
spleen, and expels it powerfully. It helps those that are
liver-grown, by opening the obstructions tnereof. It helps
dim eyes, and procures a clear sight, the flowers thereof if
taken all the while it is flowering, every morning fasting,
with bread and salt. Both the flowers and leaves are very
f)rofitable for the whites, if they be taken daily. The dried
eavee shred small, and smoked as tobacco, helps those that
have any cough, phthisis, or consumption, by warming and
drying the thin distillations which cause those diseases. Tbe
leaves are very much used in bathings ; and made into oint-
ment* or oil, are good to help cold benumbed joints, sinews,
or members. The chymical oil drawn from the leaves and
flowers, is a sovereign help for all the diseases aforesaid, to
touch the temples and nostrils with two or three drops for
all the diseases of the head and brain spoken of before ; as
alao to take one drop, two or three, as the case requires, for
the inward diseases ; yet it must be done with discretion,
for it is very quick and piercing, and therefore but a little
must be taken at a time. There is also another oil made by
insolation in this manner: —
Take what quantity you will of
the flowers, and put them into a strong glass close stopped,
tie a fine linen cloth over the mouth, and turn the mouth
down into another strong glass, which being set in the sun,
an oil will distil down into the lower glass, to be preserved
as precious for divers uses, both inward and outward, as a
lOT«rei^ balsam to heal the diseases before mentioned, to
eiieMr dim sight, and take away spots, marks, and scars in
the skin. Hungary water is made by distilling a pure spirit
from the tope of this plant ; or in a coarser way, by mixing
a few drops of its oil in such a spirit.
804

ROSEMARY (MABSB-.y-^Andromeda Polifolia.)

Called also Wild Cestus.

—
Descrip, This is a smaller plant than the former, but
In general appearance it is somewhat like. The stalk is
woody and brown without. The leaves of a firm consist-
ence they are oblong, narrow, sharp-pointed, not indent-
:

ed, and of a beautiful green. The flowers are of a pale

blue, variegated with white and purple.
—
PloM. This is perennial, but not common. It is some-
times found in low damp woods, and near waters.
—
Time, It flowers in April.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. This is under Mars. It is very
restringent, drying, and binding, good for diarrhoeas aud
dysenteries, spitting of blood, and all kinds of hemorrhages;
it fastens loose teetn, stops the bleeding of the gums, and
helps the scurvy in them.

RUE (GARDEN.)— (72uto Oraveolens,)

—
Descrip. This is a shrubby plant, whose elder branches
are tough and woody, having smooth blueisb green leaves,
divided into a certain number of small oval sections, which
are somewhat thick and fat, and round-pointed at the end,
abiding all winter. The flowers grow on the tops of the
younger shoots, consisting usually of four yellow, hollow,
scoop-like leaves, torn in about the edges, and having eight
yellow stamina encompassing a roundish green head, cut
as it were into four parts, growing large, and seemingly
punched full of holes, containing small black rough seed.
The root is woody, having many fibres.
—
Place. It is planted in gardens ; the leaves and seed
are used. The whole plant has a very strong scent.
—
Time. It generally flowers in August
—
Oovemm,erU and Virtues. It is an herb of the Sun, and
under Leo. It provokes urine and womens' courses, if
taken in meat or drink. The seed taken in wine, is an an-
tidote against all dangerous medicines or deadly poisons.
A decoction made with some dried dill-leaves and flowers,
eases all inward pains and torments, if drunk, and out-
wardly applied warm to the part affected. The same
if drunk, helps the pains of the chest and sides, coughs and
hardness of oreathiug, inflammations of the lungs, and the
tormenting pains of the sciatica and the joints, if anointed,
or laid to the places ; as also the shaking fits of agues, to
 0ULPKPKU8 COMPLJETC HBRBilL. 30ft

take a draue^ht before the fit comes on; being boiled in oi]«
it is good to help the wind colic, the hardness and windi
ness of the mother, and frees women from the strangling
or suflfocation thereof, if the parts be anointed with it ; it
kills and drives forth the worms of the bellj-, if it be drunk
after it has been boiled in wine to the half, with a little ho-
nej ; it helps the gout or pains in the joints, hands, feet
or knees, applied thereto and with figs it helps the drop-
;

sy, if bathed therewith bein^ bruised and put into the

;

nostrils, it stays the bleeding; it helps the swelling of the

testicles, if bathed with the decoction and bay leaves. It
takes away wheals and pimples, if bruised with a few myr-
tle leaves it be made up with wax, and applied. It cures
the morphew, and takes away all sorts of warts, if boiled
in wine with some pepper and nitre, and the place rubbed
therewith ; and with almond and honey, helps the dry
scabs, or any tetter or ringworm. The juice warmed in a
pomegranate shell or rind, and dropped into the ears, helps
the pains of them. An ointment made of the juice with oil
of ruses, ceruse, and a little vinegar, and anointed, cures St.
Anthony's fire, and all running sores in the head. It helps
disorders in the head, nerves, and womb, convulsions and
hysteric fits, the colic, and weakness of the stomach and
bowels ; it resists poison, and cures venomous bites.
RUE (MEADOW or WlLD,)—(ThalictimFlavum,)
Detcrip. — ^Thifl up with a yellow stringy root, much
rises
preadin^ in the ground, shooting forthnew sprouts round
about, with many herby green stalks, two feet high, crest-
ed all the length of them, set with joints here and there,
and many large leaves on them, being divided into smallei
leaves, nicked or dented in the fore part of them, of a red
green colour on the upper side, and pale green under-
neath toward the top of the stalk there shoots forth
:

divers short branches, oi\ every one whereof stand two,

three, or four small heads, which breaking the skin that
incloeee them, shoot forth a tuft of p ile greenish yellow
threads, which falling away, there comes in their places
nmll three-cornered pods, containing small, long, and round
eeed. The whole plant has a strong unpleasant scent.
Place.— It ^prows in many places of tDis country, in the
br>rders of moist meadows, and ditch-sidee.
—
Tim$, It flowers about July, or beginning of Aogoet
—
Oovemrmnt and Virtiutt. TTiis herb braised and appli*
806 oulpepbr's completb hbrbal.

ed, perfectly heals old sores, and the distilled water of the
herb and flowers does the like. It is iised amoug other
pot-herbs to open the body, and make it soluble ; but the
roots washed clean, and boiled in ale and drank, provoke
to stool more than the leaves, but yet very gently.

RUGGED WORT.— (Jocofcca HihemiccL)

Descrip.— Its flowers grow large and yellow in some, in
others paler and moderate small. The stalk is two feet
high, upright, and divided into many branches.
—
Place, It is common on salt-marshes in Lincolnshire
—
Time. It flowers in July.
—
Government and Virtues. It is under the Moon. The
juice taken in wine, or the decoction drank morning and
evenine, helps the jaundice, but all other drink must be
avoided for three hours after the dose is taken. Added to
centaury and succory, it helps the dropsy and the diseases
of the spleen. It is also good for inward bleeding and the
bloody-flux, and it is a good wound-herb.

RUFTURE-WORT.—(iTemioria Vulgaris.)

—
Descrip, This spreads very many thready branches
round about on the ground, about a span long, divided into
many other smaller parts full of small joints set very thick
together, whereon come two very small leaves of a French
yellow, and green coloured branches, where grow forth
also a number of exceeding small yellowish flowers, scarce
to be discerned from the stalks and leaves, which turn into
seeds as small as dust. The root is very long and small,
thrusting deep into the ground. This has neither smell or
taste at first, afterwards it has an astringent taste, without
any manifest heat, yet a little bitter and sharp withal.
Place.— It grows in dry, sandy, and rocky placea
Timc^lt is green all summer, but flowers in July.
—
Government and Virtues. It is Saturn's own, and is &
noble anti-venerean, found by experience to cure rupture
also, not only in children, but older persons, if the disease
be not too inveterate, by taking a dram of the powder of
the dried herb, every day in wine, or a decoction made and
drank for some days togeiher. The juice or distilled water
of the green herb, taken in the same manner, helps all
other fluxes either in man or woman ;vomitings also, and
the gonorrhoea, being taken any of the ways aforesaid. It
helps those that have the strangury, or are troubled with
 oulpbpir's com purrs herbal. 307

the stone or gravel in the reius or bladder. The same also

heli>6 stitchea iu the sides, griping pains of the stomach
or oelly, the obstructions of the liver, and cures the yel-
low-jaundice it likewise kills worms in children.
; Being
outwardly applied, it conglutinates wounds notably, and
helps much to stay defluxions of rheum from the head to
the eyes, nose, and teeth, being bruised green, and bound
thereto ; or the forehead, temples, or the nape of the neck
behind, bathed with the decoction of the dried herb. It
also dries up the fistulous ulcers or any other that are foal
and spreading.

HUSH (SQUINANTH.)—C/ttn<n« OdorcUut.)

—
Descrip. Though this is commonly called a Bush, yet it
isa species of grass, whose leaves grow thick together, in-
closing one another, having a small fibrous root; they are
long and narrow, of a pleasant sweet smell. The stalks
grow a foot or more high, bearing pannicles of short woolly
spikes, set opposite to one another. It grows in Arabia,
and other eastern countries. The flowers only are used.
—
Oovemment and Virtibes. All rushes are under Saturn.
This is heating and drying, opening obstructions of the
liver and spleen, and provoking the catamenia; it eases the
pain of the womb after child-bearing, provokes urine,
cleaneefl the reins, and helps the hiccough, occasioned by
wind in the stomach. It is an ingredient in the two gres^
oompoeitiona, Theriaca Anc^omachi, and Mitkridate,

BXJQB:ES,--(Juncut.)

ALTHonoH there are several kinds, yet those which hf Te

most medicinal virtues, and are best known, such as the
Bulrushes, and some of the smoother sorts, ought to be
elected. These grow commonly in almost every part of
this country, and a description of them is needless.
—
Place. They grow by the sides of watery ditches isan-
ing from the Thames, and in the m&rshea near Black wall.
—
Time. They flower from July to September.
—
Virtues. The seed of the soft kind, if drank in wine and
water, stays laxes and womens' courses, when they come
down abundantly but it causes head-ache, and provokes
;

alee|>, and must be given with caution. The root Doiled in

water, to the consumption of one third, helps the oooi^b.
d06 OULPKPKB'8 COMPLKTK HEBBALi

RUSHY GLONDE, or AWh-W ORT.—iSuindana

Aquatica.)

Descrip. —This grows from a root composed of long aad

thick fibres. The leaves are long, slender, and sharp-point-
ed ; they stand upright, and are of a deep green^ and very
rough and harsh to the touch : they are rounded on the
back, and flat on the upper side, biggest at the bottom, and
smallest at the extremity. The stalk is slender and green,
there are no leaves on it, but single white flowers at dia-
tancea, four-leaved, greenish white, seldom quite open.
Place. — It is found at the bottom of fish-ponds in the
Dorthem parts of England and Wales.
—
TifM. It flowers in August.
Oovemment and Virtue*. —This is a Lunar plant The
flowers are seldom used, but the leaves are put in cooling
ointments, being good for bums, inflammations, and hot
•wellings, and are an ingredient in the Unguentum Populeon,

RYE.^{Secale Cereale.)

Descrip. —Farmers cultivate the Winter Rye, which has

the largest grain. In many of the northern counties rye
and wheat are often mixed and sown together.
Place. —It is generally sown and thrives best in poor,
limestone, dry, gravelly, and sandy soils.
—
Time, It is sown in autumn, and rises in a much short-
er time than wheat
Virtues.— It is more digesting than wheat ; the bread
and the leaven of it ripens and breaks imposthuraes, boils,
and other swellings ; the meal put between a double cloth,
and moistened with a little vinegar, and heated in a pew-
ter-dish, set over a chafing-dish of coals, and bound fast
to the head while it is hot, eases continual pains therein.

SAFFR0N.--(6>«ci« Sativus.)

Descriv. — The plant that producer the true Saffron has

a round bulbous root, the size of a nutmeg, flatted at bot-
torn, from which spring several white fibres it is covered
;

outwardly with a yellowish brown skin, but is white in the

inside. From this root arise the flowers, inclosed in a thin
skin or husk, being naked and without stalks, made up of
six long, but roundish-pointed, purple leaves, ioclosingin
their middle three stamina, of a fiery, yellow, red colour :
which being gathered, and carefully dried in a Saffron-
kiln, and meAt into square cakeu, is sold in shop*.
 OULPKPXR's CX>lfPLSTK HSRBAL. 100

—
Pfoce. It grows in various parts of the world, bat it ii
no better than that which grows in England. At present
it grows plentifully in Cambridgeshire
—
Time. The Saffron-flowers bloom in September ; but
the leaves come not forth till the spring.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is an herb of the Sud^ and
under the Lion. Not above ten grains must be given at
one time a cordial if taken in an immoderate quantity,
;

hurts the heart instead of helping it. It quickens the brain;

helps consumptions of the lungs, and difficulty of breathing,
it is excellent in epidemical diseases, as pestilence, small-
pox, and measles. It is a notably expulsive medicine, and
a good remedy in the yellow- jaundice. It is a useful aro-
matic, of a strong penetrating smell, and a warm, pungent,
bitterish taste. It is said to oe more cordial, and exhilar-
ating than any of the other aromatics, and is particularly
serviceable in disorders of the breast in female obstruc-
tions, and hysteric depressions. Saffron is endowed with
freat virtues, for it refreshes the spirits, and is good against
fainting-fits and the palpitation of the heart ; it strength-
ens the stomach, helps digestion, cleanses the lungs, and is
good in coughs. It is said to open obstructions of the vis-
cera, and is good in hysteric disorders. Hov/ever, the use
of it ought to be moderate and reasonable ; for when th»
doee is too large, it produces a heaviness of the head and
sleepiness ; some have fallen into an immoderate convul-
sive laughter, which ended in death. A few grains of this
ia commonly a dose, though some have prescribed it from
half a scruple to a scruple and a half.

SATFEON (MEADOW.)—(Co^cAunm Autwmruj^'e,)

Detcrip. —
This has a large roundish root, and the leaves
aie numerous, long, and, when fully expanded, very broad;
they naturally appear at a different time from the flower;
and if any chance to rise with it they are narrower. The
flower rises out of the ground without any stalk, its own
tubular base serving for that purpose; it is very large, and
of a pale, but elegant purple. The segments are naturally
six, but sometimes they are found double that number ;
and sometimes, instead of an uniform purple, the flower is
streaked with white, or is white throughout
Plar* ~It is commonly found in meadows.
—
Time. It blooms in September.
—
OovemnuTU and Virtues. It ia under Saturn. Iiuli*-
810 otlpspbb'b completib herbal.
creetly used, this root is poisonous. A single grain onl^
being swallowed by a person in health, by way of exj>en-
ment, produced heat in the stomach, and soon after flush-
ing heats in various parts of the body, with frequent shi-
verin^'s, which were followed by colicky pains, afterwhich
an itching in the loins and urinary passages was perceived,
and presently there came a continued inclination to make
water, with a tremour, pain in the head, great thirst, a
very quick pulse, and other disagreeable symptoms. Not-
withstanding these symptoms, it is, when properly prepar-
ed, a safe, but powerful medicine ; the best way of doing
this is to make it into a kind of syrup, by digesting an
ounce of the roots, sliced thin, in a pint of white-wine
vinegar, over a gentle fire, for the space of forty-eight
hours, and then mixing two pounds of honey with the
strained liquor, and letting it boil gently afterwards till it
comes to a proper consistence. This syrup is agreeably
acid, gently bites the tongue, is moderately astringent, and
excellent for cleansing the tongue from mucus. In an in-
creased dose, it vomits, and sometimes purges, but its most
eommon operation is by urine, for which it is a remarka-
bly powerful medicine. The dose at first should be but
imall, half a tea-spoonfnl twice or three times a day is
enough to begin with, and the quantity may afterwards be
gradually increased, as the stomach will bear it, or the case
may require. It has been given with the most astonish-
ing success in dropsies and tertian agues ; and it frequent-
ly succeeds as an expectorant, when all other means fail.

SAFFRON (WILD,) or SAFFIjOW^K—C Carthamut

Tinctorius,)

—
Descrip. This is an annual plant, having a small woody
root which does not run deep in the earth. The lower leaves
are pretty broad, long, and round-pointed; the stalk grows
to be two or three feet high, cornered, and without prick-
les, branching into several divisions towards the top ; be-
set with lesser leaves an inch broad, and two inches long,
DOinted, and having a few, not very hard, prickles grow-
ng on them. The nowers stand on the heads of the branch-
ini
es, consisting of round scaly heads, having a few spinula
CTowing out of them, out of the middle of which spring
tiirums of a Saflfron -coloured fistular flowers, succeeded by
whit^comered, longish seed, narrow at one end.
Flace, — It is sown in fields and gardens.
 ottlpepib'i oomplsts hbbbal. Sll

Tims, It flowers In Jnly. The flower \a called Safflow.

«r. The seed only used in the shops.
is
Oavemment and Virtues. —
It is Saturnine, and account-
ed a pretty strong cathartic, evacuatinj? touffh viscid
phlegm, both upwards and downwards, and by that means
clears the lungs and helps phthisis.

SAGE (COMMON GARDEl^.)—(Salvia Officinalis.)

Descrip. —
This is a shrubby plant found in every garden,
and is well known to have long, rough, wrinkled leaves,
sometimes of a hoary green, and sometimes of a reddish
purple colour, of a pretty strong smell the flowers grow
:

on long stalks set on verticillatim in spikes ; they are large

and galeated, having the galea crooked and hollow, and the
labella broad, of a blueish purple colour, set in clammy ca-
lices; in the bottom of which grow four smooth round seeda
— planted
Place, It is in gsirdeus.
Tims,—It flowers in May. Leaves and flowers are used.
OovemnierU and —Jupiter claims this and
Virtues, ; it is
TOod for the liver and to breed olood. A decoction of the
leaves and branches made and drank provokes urine, ex-
pels the dead child, brings down worn ens' courses, and
causes the hair to become olack. It stays the bleeding of
wounds, and cleanses foul ulcers or sores. Three spoon-
fuls of the juice taken fasting, with a little honey, stays
the spitting or casting of blood of those in consumptions.
These pills are much commended —
Take of spikenard,
:

ginger, of each two drams ; of the seed of Sage toasted at

the fire, eight drams; all these being^ brought into powder,
put thereto as much of the juice of Sage as may make them
into a mass of pills, take a dram of them every morning
and night, fasting, and drink a little pure water afterward.
It is profitable for all kinds of pains in the head coming
of cold and rheumatic humours; as also for all pains of the
joints, whether inwardly or outwardly, and helps falling-
sickness, the lethargy, lowness of spirits, and the palsy ;
it ia also useful in deduxions of rheum in the head, and for
diie—et of the chest or breast. The leaves and nettles if
braised and laid upon the imposlhumes that rise behind
the ears, aasuages them much. The juice taken in warm
water, helps hoarseness and a cough. The leaves sodden
in wine, and laid upon the place aiffected with the palsy,
helps much, if the decoction be drunk also Sage taken :

with wormwood ia good for the bloody-flux. It also helps

312 oxtlpefeb'8 complete hebbal.
the memory, warmiug and qaickening the seDses; and the
conserve made of the flowers is used for the same purpose,
and also for all the former recited diseases. The juice if
drank with vinegar, is good for the plague. Gargles are
made with Sage, rosemary, honeysuckles, and plantain,
boiled in wine or water, with some honey or alum added,
to wash sore mouths and throata Sage is boiled with
other hot and comforting herbs, to bathe the body and the
legs in the summer-time, especially to warm cold joints or
sinews, troubled with the palsy and cramp, and to comfort
and strengthen the parts. It is recommended against the
stitch, or pains in the side coming of wind, if the place be
fomented warm with the decoction thereof in wine, and
the herb also after boiling be laid warm thereunto.

SAGE (SMALL,) or SAGE OF YIRTVK--^Salvia

Minor Virtutis.)
Descrip. —
This is smaller than the other sages, having
less,narrower, and smoother leaves, of a whitish hoary
green colour, with two small pieces or ears growing on
them next the stalk, which in some plants are wanting, in
others but on one side. It is milder m scent than the com-
mon, and has smaller flowers, but of the same colour, flow-
ering at the same time, and is also planted in gardens.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is under Venus, and has
the same virtues as the wood sage. An infusion operates
powerfully by sweat and urine, and removes female ob-
structions. The expressed juice drunk for a considerable
time is excellent against rheumatic pains ; and was for-
merly celebrated against venereal diseases, but since the
introduction of mercury, its use has been set aside.

SAGE {W0OD.)'-(Salvia Agreatis.)

Descrip. —Thisrises with square hoary stalks, two feet
high, witt two leaves set at every joint, like other sage-
leaves, but smaller, softer, whiter, and rounder, a little
dented about the edges, and smelling somewhat stronger.
At the tops of the stalks and branches stand the flowers,
on a slender spike, turning themselves all one way when
they bloom, and are of a paler and whiter colour, smaller
than sage, but hooded and gaping like unto them. The
seed is blackish and round ; the root is long and stringy,
with divers fibres thereat, and abides many years.
Place,— It grows in woods, and by wood-sides ; as also
in divers fields and bye-lanes in England.
 OITLPSPSRIB OOMPLSn HSRBAXi. 3l1l

Tims.—It flowers in Jane, July, and August.

OovemmerU and VirtuM. —The Sages are under Venua,
The decoction of Wood-sage provokes urine and womeus*
courses it provokes sweat, di.;est8 humours, and discus-
;

ses swellings and nodes in the flesh, and is therefore good

against the venereal disease. The decoction of the green
herb, made with wine, is a safe and sure remedy for those
who by falls, bruises, or blows, suspect some vein to be
inwardly broken, to disperse and void the congealed blood,
and to consolidate the veins. The drink used inwardly,
and the herb used outwardly, is found to be a sure reme-
dy for the palsy. The juice of the herb, or the powder of
it is good for moist ulcers and sores in the legs, and other
parts, to dry and heal them more speedily. It is no less
<»tfectual in green wounds, to be used upon any occasion.

SALTWORT.—f^o^^o^a Kali,)
Callsd also Kali, Qlasswort, Sea Grass, and Marsh Sam-
phire.
Descriv.— This plant grows usually with one upright,
round, tnick, and almost transparent stalk, a foot high, or
more; thick set and full of joints, without any leaves; the
joints shooting forth one out of another, with short pods
at the heads of them, and such like snialler branches on
each side which are divided into smaller ones ; the root is
small, long and thready. Some other kinds there are dif-
fering somewhat in the form of the joints, and one kind
wholly reddish, and differing from the other in nothing
else. There are four kinds of Saltwort, or Qlasswort, viz
1. Kali Majut CocfUeatvaa, Great Glasswort, with snail-
like seed. 2. Ka'i Minui Albuniy Small Glasswort. 3.
Kali jEgyptiacum^ Glasswort of Egypt. And 4. Kali Oeii'
ticu/atumy sive Salicomia, Jointed Glasswort.
—
Place. The first and third are absolute strangers in this
eountry, but grow in Syria, E^y pt, Italy, and Spain the :

seooud, not only grows in those countries but in colder cli-

mates, upon many parts of our own coasts, especially in
the west The last grows in all countries, including our
own, on the sea-ooast where the salt-water flows.
—
Time. Thev all flourish in summer, and those that die
give their seed about August the last abides all winter.
;

—
Chvemment and Virtuee, They are under the dominion
of Mars, and are of a cleansing quality, without any great
•r Buoiifest heat ; the powder of any of them, or the foio^
SI 4 OULPSPBB'S OOXFLBTX wimnAT^

which is much better, taken in drink, purges downward!

phle^atically, whitish, melancholy, and a^ust humours,
and IS eflfectual for the dropsy, to provoke urine, and ex-
pel the dead child. It opens stoppings of the liver and
and spleen, and wastes the hardness thereof ; but it must
be used with discretion, as a great quantity is hurtful and
dangerous. The ashes are sharp and biting, like a caustic,
and the lye that is made thereof is so strong that it will
fetch off the skin from any part of the body ; but it may
be mixed with other moderate medicines, to take away
scabs, leprosy, and to cleanse the skin.

SAMPHIRE (PBlCKLY.)-{Ihhinoph(}ra Spinosa.)

Called also Sea Fennel
Bescrip. —
It is a much lower plant than the common
Fennel, having, broader, shorter, thicker leaves, of a dull
green colour; the stalk grows scarcely a foot high, having
the like leaves on it ; and on the top it bears umbels of
small yellowish flowers, and after them roundish seed, like
fennel seed, but larger. The root is thick and long, con-
tinuing several yeara It has an aromatic smell and taste.
—
Place. It grows on rocks by the sea-side, in many parts
of England, as in liancashire, Sussex, and Faversham.
—
Oovemmerit and Virtiies. This is a martial plant, and is
more agreeable as a pickle than useful as a medicine. It
is, however, strengthening to the stomach, and procures an

appetite, provokes urine, opens obstructions of the bowels,

and helps the jaundice.
SAMPHIRE (RCM:JK or SMALUy^Crithmum
Maritimv/m.)
—
Descrip, It grows up with a tender ffreen stalk about a
half yard or two feet high at the most, branching forth al-
most from the bottom, and stored with sundry thick and
almost round leaves, of a deep green colour, sometimes two
together, and sometimes more on a stalk, sappy, and of a
pleasant hot and spicy taste. At the tops of the stalks and
branches stand umbels of white flowers, and after them
come the seed larger than fennel-seed, but somewhat like
it. The root is great, white, and long, continuing for
many years ; and is of a hot and spicy taste likewise.
—
Place, ^It jgrows on rocks that are washed by sea- water,
—
TifM, It flowers and seeds in July and August.
—
Government and Virtues. It is an herb of Jupiter, and
was formerly used more than it is now. It is well-knowB
 OITLFXPKR'k OOICPLKTS HIEBAL. SIB

that {ndigestion and obstructions are the cause of most of

the diseases that the fniil nature of man is subject to; both
of which might be remedied by a more frequent use of
this herb. It is safe, very pleasant both to the taste and
stomach, helping digestion, and opening obstructions of the
liver and spleen ; provokes urine, and nelps to take away
the gravel and stone engendered in the kidneys or bladder,

SANlChK—CSanumla Ewrojxxa,)
—
Descrip. It sends forth many round leaves, standing on
long brownish stalks, every one divided into five or six
parts, some of them cut like a crow's-foot, and finely dent-
ed about the edges, smooth, and of a dark shining colour,
and sometimes reddish about the brims; from among which
rise up small, round green stalks, without any joint or leaf
thereon, except at the top, where it branches forth into
flowers, having a leaf divided into three or four parts at
that joint with the flowers, which are small round green-
ish yellow heads, many standing together in a tuft, in
which afterwards the seeds are contained, which are small
round burs, somewhat like the leaves of Cleavers, and stick
in the same manner upon any thing that they touch. The
root is composed of many blackish fibres, set together in a
long head, which abides green all the winter, and dies not
—
Place. It is found in many shady woods, and other
places of England.
—
Time, It flowers in June, the seed is ripe shortly after.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. Mars owns this herb. It heals
green wounds speedily, or any ulcers, imposthumes, or in-
ward bleedings, also tumours on any parts of the body ;

the decoction or powder in drink taken, and the juice used

outwardly, dissipates the humours; and there is not found
any herb that can give such present help either to man or
beast, when the disease falls upon the lungs or throat, and
to heal up putrid malignant ulcers in the mouth, throat,
and privities, by gargling with a decoction of the leaves
%nd roots made in water, and a little honey put thereto.
It helps to stay womens courses, and all other fluxes of
blood, either by the mouth, urine, or stool, and laxes of
the belly ; the ulcerations of the kidneys also, the pains in
the bowels, and gonorrhoea, or running of the reins, beinf
boiled in wine or water, and drunk.
dl6 cxtlpepeb's complete hsbbal.
SARACEN'S CONSOUND, or GREAT BROAD-
LEAVED B,AQWORT.—{Senecio Saracenicus.)

Descrip. — ^This is a robust conspicuous plant, which rises

Bometimes to five feet high; brownish or green stalks, with
narrow green leaves snipped about the edges, somewhat
like those of the peach tree, or willow leaves, but not of
80 light a green. The stalk spreads at the top, and is fur-
nished with many yellow star-like flowers, wnich grow in
a cup that is fringed, or surrounded with short leaves at
the t>ottom. The seed is long, small, and of a brown co-
lour, wrapped in down ; and, when ripe, is carried away
with the wind. The root consists of fibres set together at
a head, which survives the winter, although the stalks dry
away, and the leaves then disappear. The taste and smell
of the whole plant is raw and unpleasant.
Place. — This perennnial commonly grows in the mea-
dows of Yorkshire and Wiltshire, in moist and wet lands,
by wood -sides, and sometimes by the water-side.
Time.— It flowers in July tho seed is soon ripe; and is
:

carried away with the wind.

—
Government and Virtues. This is an herb of Saturn. It
is balsamic and diuretic. If boiled in wine, and drank, it
helps the indisposition of the liver, and frees the gall from
obstructions whereby it is good for the yellow-jaundice,
;

and for the dropsy in the beginning of it ; for all inward

ulcers of the reins, mouth or throat, and inward wounds
and bruises; likewise for such sores as happen in the privy
parts of men or women being steeped in wine, and then
:

distilled, the water thereof drank, is singularly good to

eaije all gua wings of the stomach, or other pains of the body;
as also the pains of the mother and being boiled in wa-
:

ter, it helps continual agues and the said water, or the

;

simple water of the herb distilled, or the juice or decoc-

tion, are very effectual to heal any green wound, or old
Bore or ulcer whatsoever, cleansing them from corruption,
and quickly healing them up: briefly, whatsoever has been
said of Bugle or Sanicle, may be found herein.

SARSAPARILLA.— ("A^miYflfcr Sarsaparilla.)

Descrip. —This is leckoned among the sorts of prickly
Bindweeds, of which there are three sorts one with red :

berries, another with black berries, and a third with large

leaves, of an oval figure, very entire on the edges, smooth
and shining on the surface^ of a dark green ooloar, and sup-
 tftJLPEPER'S COMPLETE HERBA.L. 317

ported OQ shortish leaf-staiks. The flowers are small, and

of a yellowish colour.
Place,— The two first jirrow in Italj, Spain, and other
warm conutries, throughout Europe and Asia. The third
is found odIj in the West Indies.
—
Time. It has ripe berries early In hot countries.
—
Oovemmeni and Virtue*. These are all plants of Mars;
of a healing quality howsoever used. Both leaves and ber-
ries, being drunk before or after taking any <leadly poison,
are an excellent antidote. If the juice of the berries be
fiven to a new-bom child, it shall never be hurt by poison,
t is good against all sorts of venomous things. Twelve or
sixteen of the berries, beaten to powder, and given in
wine, procure urine when it is stopped. The distilled wa-
ters, when drank, have the same effect, cleanses the reins
mod assuages inward inflammations. If the eyes be wash-
ed therewith, it heals them thoroughly. The true Sarsa-
parilla is held generally not to heat, but rather to dry the
tumours; yet it is easily perceived, that it not only dries
them but wjistes them away by a secret property, chiefly
that of sweating, which it greatly promotes. It is used in
many kinds of diseases, particularly in cold fluxes from
the head and brain, rheums, and catarrhs, and cold griefs
of the stomach, as it expels wind powerfully. It helps all
manner of aches in the sinews or joints, all running sores
in the legs, all phlegmatic swellings, tetters, or ringworms,
and all manner of spots and foulness of the skin. It is
reckoned a great sweetener of the blood, and has been found
of eervice in venereal cases. Infants who have received the
infection from their nurses, though covered with pustules
aud ulcers, may be cured by the use of this root without
the help of mercurials; aud the best way of administering
it to them is to mix the powdered root with their food.

SAUCE-ALONE (JACK-BY-THE-HEDGE, or COM-

MON GARLIC CliE^S.)^(AUiaria OJficinalAS.)
Descrip. —
The lower leaves of this are rounder than
those that grow towards the top of the stalks, and are set
singly on a joint, being somewhat round and broad, point-
ed at the ends, dented also about the edges, somewhat re-
sembling nettle-leaves in the form, but of a freshev green
colour, not rou:»h or prickling ;the flovers are white, at
the top of the stalks, one al>ove another which being past,
follow small round pofls, wherein are cotitaiued round seed
•omewhat blackish. The root sstriugy aud thready, per-
818 oulpxpeb'b oohplbtx hxbbal.
Ishes every year after it has given seed, and raises itself
again of its own sowing. The plant, or any part thereof,
if bruised, smells of garlic, but more pleasantly, and tastes
somewhat hot and sharp, almost like rocket.
—
Place, It grows under walls, and by hedge-sides^ and
path-ways in fields in many placea
—
Time. It flowers in June, July, and August.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is an herb of Mercury. It
warms the stomach, and causes digestion : the juice boiled
with honey, is as good as hedge-mustard for thecough, to cut
and expectorate the tough phlegm. The seed bruised and
boiled in wine, is a good remedy for the wind colic, or the
stone, if drank warm ; it is given to women troubled with
the mother, both to drink, and the seed put into a cloth,
and applied while it is warm, is of singular good use. The
leaves also, or the seed boiled, is good to be used in clys-
ters to ease the pains of the stone. The green leaves are
held to be good to heal the ulcers in the legs.

SAVINE. (Sabina Junipenit.)

—
Deicrip. This is a small evergreen shrubby tree, hav-
ing its branches set close together, clothed with short, nar-
row, somewhat prickly leaves, almost resembling cypress,
of a very strong smell ; among these, after the tree is old,
and has stood loug in a place, grow small mossy greenish
flowers, which are succeeded by small flattish berries, less
than those of Juniper, of the same blackish blue colour.
—
Place. Though it does not grow naturally in England,
yet it is planted in gardens, where it seldom produces fruit,
and has therefore generally been reputed barren.
—
Government and Virtites. It is under the dominion of
Mars, being hot and dry, in the third degree ;and being
of exceeding clean parts, it is of a very digesting quality.
It is hot and dry, opening and attenuating, and a power-
ful provoker of the catamenia, causing abortion, and ex-
pelling the birth ; it is good to destroy worms in children.
The juice mixed with milk, and sweetened with sugar, is
an excellent medicine for that purpose beaten into a cat-
:

aplasm with hog's-lard, it cures children's scabby heads.

It is a most powerful detersive, and has so violent an eff'ect
upon the uterine passages if used imprudently, that wick-
ed women have employed it to very ill purposes. It is a
very fine opener of obstructions of any kind, whence in
composition! for the jaundice, dropsy, scurvy, rheumatism,
 cttlpepeb's complsts hbbbal. 819

&c^ it makes a very useful ingredient. It is also an enemy

to worms, and its chymical oil rubbed upon and about the
navel of children, has often had a wonderful eflfoct in
expelling them. It deserves the regard of surgeons, as it
is a very potent scourer and cleanser of old sordid stinking
tdcera, either used in lotions, fomentations, ointments, or
even the powder mixed with honey.

SAVORY {SVrMMEK)—(ScUureia Hortensis,)

Descrip. —This has small stringy roots, from which rise

a great many woody
branches, eight or nine inches high,
a little two long, narrow leaves at a joint,
hairy, having
narrowest next the stalk. The flowers grow next the tops
in small whorles, of a whitish colour, with a blush of red,
pleated and labiated, set in five-pointed calices, contain-
in*; four small dark brown seeds.
Place. —
It is sown in gardens.
—
THme, It flowers in June. The leaves and tops are used
There is another species of Savory, which is sometimes
used, viz.

SAVORY (WlKTEKy-CSatureta Montana.)

Descrip. —
This is more woody and shrubby than the fo^
mer, witn leaves like hyssop, stiffer and harder, and seem-
ingly pierced full of holes, and ending in spinulss the flow-
:

ers are of the colour of the former, and the seed much alike
—
PloM. This is likewise cultivated in gardens.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. They are both under Mercury,
being heating, drying, and carminative, expel ling wind from
the stomach and bowels, and are good in asthma, and other
affections of the breast they open obstructions of the
;

womb, and promote menstrual evacuations. Winter Sa-

vory is a ffood remedy for the colic and iliac passion; keep
it dry, make conserves and syrups of it for your use ; for
which purpose the Summer kind is the best This kind is
both hotter and drier than the Winter kind, and is much
commended for pregnant women to take inwardly, and to
smell often unto. It expels tough phlegm from the chest
and luugs quickens the dull spirits in tne lethargy, if the
;

juice be snuffed up the nose dropf)ed into the eyes it clears

;

them of thin cold humours proceeding from the brain. The

juice heated with oil of roses, dropped into the ears, eaaes
them of the noises in them, and deafness also ; outwardly
Applied with wheat flour, as a poultice, it eases sciatica and
palsied members. It eases pain from stings of wasps, boL«s^^
920 CULPBPSB'S COMPLETE HEBBAl..

SAWWORT (COMMON.)—('>S'4rrarw/a Tinctoricu)

Descrip.— This has a white fibrous root The first leaves

are undivided, oblong, broad, of a beautiful green ; some-
times deeply cut in a pinnated form; they vary upon the
stalks, being in some plants undivided, and in others very
deeply jagged, while the species is the same. In both forms
they are regularly notched on the edges. The stalk is round,
upright, and slender, about two feet high. The flowers are
in small heads, of a fine purple; but the poverty of some soils
produce them quite white. The seeds are oblong and large.
Place. — It is common about woods.
—
Time, It flowers in August.
—
Government and Virtites. This is under Saturn, and is
Tulnerary and astringent. It has a little sourish, styptic
taste. It is very drying and binding, useful for diarrhoea
and dysentery, the Jlicxue hepaticus^ the excess of catamenia
and fluor albus, and against vomiting and spitting of blood.

SAXIFRAGE (GREAT BURNET.)—("-Pi^inW^

Saxifraga Major.)
Descrip.— The root is thick at the head, spreading into
several branches, growing deep in the earth, of a whitish
colour, and a hot taste, from which spring several pinnated
leaves, having three or four pinn«, set opposite, with an
odd one at the end ; they are hard in handling. The stalk
is about a yard high, stiff, jointed, and full of branches,
clothed with narrower leaves, with umbels of white flowers
at the ends, followed by very snail, dark brown, striated
eeda
—It grows in gravelly places, especially in Kent
Place,
—The seed ripe in July.
Time. is
Oovemment and Virtues. — It under the Moon. The
is
root is hot and dry, expelling wind, good for the colic, and
weakness of the stomach ; they are diuretic, useful against
the stone, gravel, and scurvy. It has the properties of th»
parsleys, but eases pains and provokes urine more effect--
ally. The roots or seed used either in powder or decoction,
helps the mother, procures the courses, removes phlegm, and
cures venom, &c. The distilled water, boiled with casto-
rieum, is good for cramps and convulsions, and the seed
used in comfits (like carraway seeds) will answer the same
p)irpose. The juice of the herb dropped into bad wounds iv
the head, dries up their moisture, and heals them.
 CULPBPEB'S OOMPLXTE HBBBiX. 381

SAXIFRAGE (SMALL BTTRSlET.y^Fimptndla

Saxifraga Minor,)
Descj-ip. —This has a round, slender root, divided into ae-
venl reddish branches, among which are found certain red
grains, which are called wild cochineal. The stalks are red,
angular, and branched; the leaves are oblong or roundish,
dented on the edges, in pairs on the ribs. The flowers grow
at the ends of the Btalks, in round heads, and consist of a
single petal, divided into four parts, of a purple colour; in
the middle is a tuft of long stamina; the flowers are of two
sorts, one barren, furnished with stamina, the other fruit-
ful, having a pistil This is succeeded by a quadrangular
fruit generally pointed at both ends, of an aah-colour when
ripe, containing oblong, slender T-eddish-brown seeds, with
an astringent and somewhat bitter taste.
Place, —It resembles true -^xif rafije in its wild state, for
which it is often mistaken. It is cultivated in gardens.
—
Time. It flowers about the end of June, and the seed is
ripe about August.
—
Oouemment and Virtues. I is under the dominion of
the Moon. The whole plant is binding the leaves put into
;

wine give it a ^ood flavour and the young shoota make a

good salad. It is a cordial and promoter of sweat. The
root dried and powdered, stops purgings; and a strong de-
coction of it, or the juice of the leaves, is good for the same
purposes. In the composition of the Syrupus Attheas it is
generally used instead of the Great Burnet Saxifrage.

SAXIFRAGE (WKlTE.)—(Scun/raga Alba.)

Descrip. — This has a few small reddish kernels of roots
covered with some skins, lying among small blackish fibres,
which send forth round, faint, or yellow green leaves, and
§reyiBh underneath, lying above the ground, unevenly
ented about the etlges, and somewhat hairy, every one on
a little footstalk, from whence rise up round, brown, hairy,
green stalks, two or three feet high, with such like round
leaves as grow below, but smaller, and branched at the top,
whereon stand pretty large white flowers of five leaves
i-piece, with some yellow tlireads in the middle, standing
in a long created, brownish, green husk. After theflowei-s
&re passed, there rises a rouitd hanl bead, forked at the
top, wherein is contained Mmall black seed, but they often
fall away without seed, and it is the kernels of the root that
are usually called tb« White Sikxifiago-tieed, and 40 used.
Its OULPIPBR's OOMFLSra HABAX..

—
Place, It grows in many places of this country, as well
m the lower, as in the upper dry comers of meadows,
and sandy grassy places.
—
THme. It flowers in May, and then gathered, as well for
that which is called the seed, as to distil, for it quickly per-
ishes down to the ground when any hot weather comes.
OovemmentandVirtttes,—Thia is governed by the Moon.
It Is very effectual to cleanse the reins and bladder, and to
dissolve the stone engendered in them, and to expel it and
the gravel by urine; to help the strangury; for wnich pur-
pose the decoction of the nerb or roots in white wine, is
most useful, or the powder of the small kemelly root, taken
in white wine, or in the same decoction made with white
wine, is most usual. The distilled water of the whole herlr,
root and flowers, is most familiar to be taken. It provokes
womens' courses, and frees and cleanses the stomach and
lungs from thick and tough phlegm that troubles them.
There is no better medicine tnan this to break the stone.

8AXIFKAGE (WILD, or MEADOW.)—(^/S«M«f

Pratense Carni/olia,)
Descrip, —The root
is about a finger thick, striking deep
in the ground, of a brownish colour on the outside, whitish
within, of a hot aromatic taste and smell; and from which
spring several winged leaves, not very large, cut into long
narrow segments. The stalks are channelled, rising about
two feet high, beset with smaller leaves, and having on
their tops umbels of pale, yellow, small five-leaved flowers,
and after them come short striated reddish brown seeds.
Place. — It grows common in meadows and pasture lands.
—
Time, It flowers in August.
—
Virtues. The root, herb, and seed are used, being all
accounted good to provoke urine, and serviceable in gravel,
and distempers of the kidneys ; as also in expelling wind.
There is another more slender Saxifrage, with smaller
flowers, white also, but has larger leaves of a deep green.
It differs in nothing else from the former.
—
Place. It grows in meadows and damp pastures.
—
Time. It flowers in May and June.
—
Virtues. This little plant is an excellent diuretic ; an
infusion of the whole plant operates powerfully and safely
by iirin«^ and clears the passages from gravel
 OULPIPBR'B OOXPLBTX HDliiAX.. 323

SCABIOUS (DEVIL'S BIT.)—(^>ScaWo*a Succita,)

Callkd also The Blae Devil's Bit
Descrip. —The lower leaves are rough and hairy, four or
five inchea long, an inch or more broad, sometimes deeply
cut in, and often almost whole, without any incisions, on
breaking asunder, drawing out into long threads. The
stalks grow to be two or three feet high, round and hairy,
having two smaller and more finely cut leaves set at a joint,
and on their tope are placed the flowers, which are of a
fine cerulean blue.
Place. — It may be found in dry fields, but it is not so
plentiful as the Field Scabious.

SCABIOUS (FlEluD.y-CKnautia Arvensis.)

Descrip. —This rises with many hairy, soft, whitish green
leaves, some a little torn on the edges, others much rent on
the sides, and have threads, which are seen upon breaking,
from which rise up hairy green stalks, three or four feet
high, with such like hairy n-een leaves on them, but more
deeply and finely divided, branched forth a little ;at the
tops, which are naked of leaves for a good space, stand
round heads of flowers, of a pale blueish colour, set toge-
ther in a head, the outermost are lar^^er than the inward,
with many threads in the middle, flat at the top, as is the
head with the seed; the root is i^reat, white and thick, grow-
ing down deep into the ground, and abides many years.
Place.— It grows in meadows, especially about London.

SCABIOUS (LESSER FIELD,}—{Scabiosa Columharia,)

This is like the Devil's Bit but smaller. The Corn Sca-
bious is greater in all respects than the Field, its flowers are
more inclined to purple. The roots creep under the upper
crust of the earth, not so deep as the the first one does.
place.— It grows in standing corn, or fallow-fields.
Time.—rli flowers in June and July, and some abide
flowering until it be late in August ; and the seed is ripe
in the mean time.
—
Oovemment and Virtites. Mercury owns the plant It ia
effectual for all sorts of coughs, shortness of breath, and
all other diseases of the breast and lungs, ripening and
digesting cold phlegm, and other tough humour, voiding
them forth by coughin;^ and spitting it ripens all aorta ci
;

kiward nWn and impuflthumes ; plenriiy also. If the (W-

321»r oolpkpbr's complktb hkrbai^

coction of the herb dry or greea be made in wine, aud

drank for some time together. If four ounces of the juice
be taken in a morning, fasting, with a dram of mithridate,
or Venice treacle, it will free the heart from any infection of
pestilence, after taking it the party should get a two hours'
sweat in bed ; repeat this medicine as often as necessary.
The green herb bruised and applied to any carbuncle or
plague sore, will dissolve and break it in three hours. The
same decoction drank, helps the pains and stitches in the
side. The decoction of the roots taken for forty days toge-
ther, or a Oram of the powder of them taken at a time in
whey, helps those that are troubled with running or spread-
ing ulcers, tetters, or ringworms. The juice or decoction
drank, helps also scabs and breakings out of the itch, and
the like. The juice made into an ointment and used, 1?
effectual for the same purpose. The same also heals all in-
ward wouuds by the drying, cleansing, and healing quality
therein ; and a syrup made of the juice and sugar, is very
effectual to all the purposes aforesaid, and so is the distill-
ed water of the herb and flowers made in due season, espe-
cially to be used when the green herb is not in force to be
taken. The decoction of the herb and roots outwardly ap-
plied, helps all sorts of hard and cold swellings in any part
of the body, is good for shrunk sinews or veins, and heals
green wounds, old sores and ulcers. The juice made up
with the powder of borax and samphire, cleanses the skin
of the face and other parts of the body, not only of freck-
les and pimples, but also of morphew and leprosy ; the
head washed with the decoction, cleanses it from dan-
and the like, used warm. The herb
druff, scurf, sores, itch,
bruised and applied, in a short time loosens and draws out
any splinter, or broken bone lying in the flesh.
SCAMMONY OR GREAT WHITE BINDWEED.—
(Convolvulus Sepiuiru)
Descrip. — This is a pernicious weed for the gardener. Its
roots creep under the earth to a great distance ; they are
larger than those of couch-grass, and would be more easily
destroyed if they were not so brittle. The flowei-sare snowy
white, some of a flesh or rose-colour, with a tint of purple.
Place. —It grows most frequently in the Isle of Wight.
—
Oovernmeni and Virtues. This is the plant which pro-
duces the Scaramony. It does not grow so large here as
abroad. The concrete juice of the root ia the Scamraony of
 ODLPKPllt's COMPLBTB HKKBAU 325

the shops. The best Scammony is black, resinous, and shin-

ing, when iu the lump,but of a whitish ash-colour, when
powdered, of a pretty strong smell, but of no very hot taste,
turning milky, when touched by the tongue.
The smallnees of our English root prevents the juice be-
ing collected aa the foreign; but an extract made from the
expressed juice of the roots, or any preparation of them,
bAve the same purgative quality, only in less degree.

SCIATICA- WORT, oe SCIATICA-GRASS.— ((7arc/

mantice.)

Descrip. —
The lower leaves are two or three inches long,
and about half an inch broad, indented pretty deeply on
the edges, growing on long footstalks. The upper leaves
are long and narrow, not cut in, and set on without foot-
talks ; it rises about a foot high, branched, and bearing
on the top spikes of small, white, four-leaved flowers, suo-
K*eeded by round seed-vessels, containing small reddish seed:
the root is woody and fibrous, and dies yearly after ripen-
ing seed«
Place. — It grows wild in the warmer countries, but with
OS only in gardens.
Place. — It flowers in June.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is a very useful Saturnine
plant, good for rheumatism. It is little inferior in virtue
to the sciatica cress, which it slightly resembles. If the root
be bruised in a mortar, mixed with hog's-lard, and rubbed
on the parts aflected, it will cure the most acute rheumatic.
SCORPION GRASS (MOUSE EAR.)— (Cera^awwi
Arvense.)
De*crip, —
This ia a low creeping plant, sending from a
small stringy root, several trailing oranches lying on the
ground, and shooting out fibres from the joints, by which
it takes root. The leaves grow alternately on the stalks,
of an oval form, about an inch long, and an inch broad,
sharp- pointed, green above, and whitish underneath, cover-
ed thick with stiS^ long, brown hairs the flowers stand
:

on footatalks four or five inches lonjj, of the shape of

dandelion, but smaller, of a whitish yellow colour above,
with several purplish streaks underneath the stalks, when
:

broken, emit a whitish milk in a small nuautity. The flow-

en pass away in white down, wherein lies small long seed.
P/oce,— It grows every where upon h^athnand oommonik
Tinu, — It flowers most (Art of the summer.
918 OULPBPBR'B OOlCFLVrB HSSBAL.

—
Government and Virtues. It is uoder Mercury. It is of
A bitterish styptic taste, and is drying and binding, and a
good vulnerary, helpful for all kinds of fluxes: a decoction
used as a gargle is commended for ulcers in the mouth.

SCURVY-GRASS (COMMON GARDEN.) -('CocA-

learia Oficinalis.)

Deecrip. —
This has thick flat leaves more long than
broad, and sometimes longer and narrower ; sometimes
also smooth on the edges, and sometimes a little waved ;
sometimes plain, smooth, and pointed, of a sad green, and
sometimes a blueish colour, every one standing itself upon
a long footstalk, which is brownish or greenish also, from
which arise many slender stalks, bearing few leaves like
the other, but longer and lesser for the most part ; at the
tops grow many whitish flowers, with yellow threads in the
middle, standing about a green head, which becomes the
Beed-vessel, and is sometimes flat when it is ripe, wherein
iscontained reddish seed, tasting rather hot. The root is
made of many white strings, which stick deeply into the
mud, wherein it chiefly delights, yet it will abide in the
more upland and drier ground, and tastes brackish there,
but not 80 much as where it feeds upon the salt water.
—
Place. It grows upon the sides of the Thames, both on
the Essex and Kentish shores, from Woolwich round the
sea coasts to Dover, Portsmouth and Bristol plentifully ;
the other with round leaves, grows in Lincolnsnire, by the
sea-coast.

SCURVY-GRASS (DUTCH ROUND-LEAVED.)—

(Cochlearia Rotundifolia.)

Deecrip. —The root is long and full of fibres, from it

springs a number of flattish succulent green leaves on long
footstalks, which are round and rather hollow, resembling
A spoon, whence it has its name Cochlearia. The stalks grow
eight or nine inches high, brittle, and clothed with the like
leaves, which are more angular and pointed ; the flowers
grow in tufts on the tops of the stalks, consisting of four
small white leaves, which are succeeded by little, round,
swelling seed-vessels, parted in the middle by a thin film,
and containing small round seeds both leaves and flowers
:

have a biting not taste.

—
PUice, It grows wild in the north of England, by tb«
sea-side ; but is very much cultivated in gardens.
—
Time. It flowers in April.
 inTLPKPIB'a OOMPLBTX HBRBAL. St7

HKJURVY-GRASS (GREENLAND.)—{'CbcA/wna
(Jrcenlandica.)

Detcrip. —This does not rise so large as the common

Dutch Scarvy-graas, jet in some rich lands, the leaves grow
very large, not dented on the edges, of a fresh green colour,
rising from the root, standing on a long footstalk from
;

among these rise long slender stalks, with white flowers at

the tops of them, which tnrn into small pods, and smaller
brownish seed than the former. The root is white, small,
and thready. The taste ts not salty, but hot and aromatic.
—
Place, it srrows in gardens mostly.
—
Tims, It flowers in April and May.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. They are all herbs of Jupiter.
This abounds with fine volatile parts; infused or the juice
expressed, is better than the decoction, because the volatile
parts are loet in boiling : it is a specific remedy against
scurvy, purifying the juices of the body from the bad ef-
fects of that distemper; it clears the skin from scabs, pin>
plea, and foul eruptions. Officinal preparations are th»
simple water, the spirit, and a conserve.

SCUEVY-GRASS (lYY-LEAYED,)^ Coohlearia

Danica,)
Descrip. —
The only difference in this plant from the
others is, the leaves are more divided, so that they appear
angular. The colour is light green, and the flowers are
mailer, and white like the former.
—
Place* It is common on the sea-shore, and in many
other places, by the sides of little rills, down the sides of
mountains, and in gardens.
Time, — blooms in April and May.
It
Virtues,—This plant possesses a considerable degree of
crimony ; it is antiscorbutic, and a powerful remedy in
moist asthma, or scorbutic rheumatism. A distilled water,
tnd a conserve, are prepared from the leaves, and sold in
the shops, its juice together with that of Seville oranges
is known by the name of antiscorbutic juicesw The leaves
bmiaed, and laid t> the face, or any other part, takes away
tpota, freckles, and sun-burns but those of delicate com-
;

plczioQS cannot bear the application without injuring them

888 CTTLPRPBR'8 complwi herbau

SCURVY-GRASS (HORSE-RADTSH.)--<^o«^««^
Armorada.)
Descrtp. —This has larger leaves than the former speciefc
the upper ones are of a lighter green than the lower, of a
fleshy substance, and full of juice and their colour is an
;

obscure green. The stalks are numerous, thick, juicy, of a

iale green, ten or twelve inches high. The flowers, like the
iprmer, are small and white, at the tops of the branches.
Flcuje,— It grows upon the muddy parts of the sea-shore.
Time.— It flowers in July,
A species is found in the north with a pale purple flower.
Virtues,— The English Scurvy-Grass is more used for the
salt it bears, which opens and cleanses; but theDutch is of
better etfect, and ofteuer used for the scurvy; and purifies
the blood, liver, and spleen, by taking the juice every
morning fasting, in a cup of drink. The decoction answers
the same purpose, and opens obstructions, evacuating cold,
clammy and phlegmatic humours both from the liver and
the spleen, and bringing the body to a more lively colour.
The juice also helps all foul ulcers and sores in the mouth,
gargled therewith ; and used outwardly, cleanses the skin
From spots, marks^ or scars that happen therein.

SCURVY-GRASS {SEA.)—(Cochlearia Anglica,)

Descrip.— This grows about as high as the former, but
the leaves are thicker, longer, narrower, and more pointed
at the ends, frequently finuated about the edges, of a duller
grreen than the garden ; the flowers and seed are alike in
both ; of a Salter taste, but not so hot and pungent as that.
Place.— It grows in salt-marshes, and particularly by the
Thames-side, all the way below Woolwich.
—
Time. It flowers rather later than the garden kind.
—
Virtues. This kind is used along with the others as an-
tiscorbutics, but wanting in fine volatile parts, it is not so
prevalent, but abounding more in saline, it may be used
to good purpose as a diuretic.

SELF-HEAL.—("Prwne^^a Vulgaris.)

Descrip.—This is a small, low, creeping herb, havinff

many small roundish pointed leaves, like leaves of wild
mint, of a dark green colour, without dents on the edges;
from among which rise square hairy stalks, scarce a foot
high, which spread sometimes into branches with small
 CULPKPSR'8 OOMPLBTB HXllBAL. 319

leaves eet thereon, up to the topa, where stand brown

spiked heads of small brownish leaves like scales and flow-
ers set together, of a blueish purple, in some places sweet,
bat not so in others. The root consists of many fibres
downward, and spreads strings also, whereby it increases.
The small stalks, with the leaves creeping on the ground,
shoot forth fibres taking hold on the ground, whereby it
is a ffreat tuft in a short time.
—It found woods and
Place. is in every where. fields
Time,— It flowers in May, and sometimes in ApriL
Chvemme'it and —This under Venus, and
Virtues. is is a
special remedy inward and outward wounds.
for Taken
in syrups for inward wounds for outward wounds in un-
;

guents and plasters. It is like Bugle in form and qualities,

answers the same purposes, and if accompanied with it and
sanicle, and other wound-herbs, it is more effectual to wash
any wounds or inject into ulcers in the parts outwardly.
Where the sharp humours of sores, ulcers, inflammations
or swellings need to be repressed, this compound will be
effectual ; it will also stay the flux of blood from wounds,
and solder up their lips, and cleanse the foulness of sores,
and speedily heal them. It is a remedy for green wounds.
Anoint the temples and forehead with the juice and the oil
of roses, to remove the head-ache ; the same mixed with
honey of roses, cleanses and. heals all ulcers in the mouth
and throat) and those also in the secret parts.
SENNA (RED-FLOWERED BLADDER.)— (Co^vtM
Cruenta,)

Detcrip, —It has winged leavea, each entire leaf is com-

posed of six pair of smaller leaves without an odd one at
the end, these are of an oblong form, pointed, and of a
whitish green colour. The flowers are produced in longisli
•pikes at the tops of the branches, moderately large, of a
yellow colour, and striped with red. The root is woody,
divided, and spreading.
Place. —
It is a native of the East
OovemmerU and Virtuet, — It is under Mercury. The
leaves (which are the only parts used) are hot, dry, and of
a purging quality, but afterwards have a binding effect.
It opens obstructions ; corrected with carra way-seed, ani-
seea, or ginger, a dram taken in wine, ale, or broth, fast-
ing, comforts and cleanses the stomach, purees melancholy,
cholsr and phlegm from the he.id and onun, lungi, heart.
330 OULPSPSR'B OOMFLSTie HXBBAL

liver,and spleen, cleansing those parts of evil humours ;

strengthens the senses, procures mirth, and is also good in
chronic agues, whether quartan or quotidian. It cleanses
and purities the blood, and causes a fresh and lively habit
of the body, and is an especial inj,'redient in diet-drinks,
and to make purging-ale for cleansing the blood. The
Common Bladder Senna {Colutea Arborescens) works very
violently both upwards and downwards, offending the
stomach and bowels.

SEE MOUNTAIN."-<^orfl?yattw Officinale.)

JDescrip. —This sometimes called Hartwort, has a large

is
thick root, that strikes deep into the earth, with many
stringy fibres at the bottom. The stalk rises as high as a
man, full of branches, having many large winged leaves,
as it were encompassing the stalks with a thin sheath, cut
into several segments, each of which is usually divided into
five, and at the end three oval smaller leaves, smooth, and
pointed at the end. It has large umbels of small, five-
leaved, white flowers, each of which is succeeded by two
large long seeds, striated on the back, having a leafy bor-
der on each side, of a brown colour, a pretty strong smell,
and a hot bitterish taste.
Place.— It grows upon the Alps, but with us is found
only in some gardens.
—
Time. It flowers in June.
—
Oovemment and Virtues, It is a warm martial plant,
both heating and drying ; it provokes urine and the men-
ses, expels the birth and after-birth ; and is good in disor-
ders of the head and womb. The seeds are put both into
Theriaca and Mithridat^.
SERVICE TREE (COMMON.)—(Pyn« Torminatie.)
—
Descrip. This grows to be a pretty large tree, whose
branches are clothed with winged leaves, consisting of se-
ven or nine serrated pinnae, each leaf terminating in an odd
one. It has several clusters of five-leaved white flowers,
which are followed by fruit of the shape and size of a small
pear, growing several together on footstalks an inch long;
they are of a greenish colour, with a mixture of red, as
they are more or less exposed to the sun ; of a rough, austere,
choky taste ; but when ripe or mellow, sweet and pleasant.
Place.— It is found wild in some parts of England, as in
Staffordshire and Cornwall.
 oulpxpxr'b oomflstb hkrbau 9S1

Time.— li flowers in May ; but the seed is not ripe till

November. The fruit is used.
—
OavemmeTit and VirtiLes. It Is under Saturo, and reck-
oned to be very restringent and useful for all kinds of flux-
es but whei ripe, not altogether so binding. This fruit
;

is seldom to bA met with in our markets, and therefore,

for a succedaneum, we use the following.

SKRVICE TREE (MANURED.)— ('Pyn^* JDofMttica,)

(Pyrus SorhuSy) (Sorhut Dome*tica,)
Detcrip. —This grows
tall in good ground, having a whi-
tish bark,and leaves that differ from those of the former,
in not being winged, though larger and longer, being cut
into seven sharp-pointed and serrated segments, the two
next the stalk, being cut in deepest, of a pale green above,
and whitish underneath. The flowers grow in clusters like
the former, of a yellowish-white colour and the fruit is
;

set in the same manner on long footstalks, more than twice

the size of common haws; they are likewise umbilicated at
the top, of a harsh restringent taste when green, but when
mellowed, sweet and pleasant, having a stony substance
in the middle, including two seeda
—
Place, It grows frequently in woods aud thickets, and
flowers with the former, the fruit being ripe as late.
—
Oovemment and Virtv^s. It is under the dominion of
Saturn. The fruit is used as the former, and is of the
same nature, or rather more restringent and binding, be-
ing good for all kinds of fluxes, either of blood or humours;
when ripe, it is pleasant and grateful to the stomach, pro-
moting digestion, and preventing the too hasty passage of
the food out of the bowels ; and is commended in fevers
attended with diarrhoea. They may be kept all the year,
if dried before they are mellow, and may be used in
decoctions for the said purpose, either to drink, or bathe
the parts reauiring it; and are profitably used in that man-
ner to stay the bleeding of wounds, and of the morth o
nose, to be applied to the forehead, and nape of the neck.

SHEPHERDS NEEDLE (COMMON.)—(^/Scarw^w:

Pecten Veneris.)
Jkeerip, —This has a
long, slender, white root, hung with
a few slight fibres the leaves are small, and supported on
:

short foo/stalks ; they are finely divided, aud their colour

ji of a very dark green. The stalks are numerous, green,
branched, a foot high. The leaves stand irregularly on
S3i OULPBFBR'S OOMPLBTE HBRBAU
them, like those from the root; but they are smaller. The
flowers are moderately large, and grow in umbels like those
of hemlock chervil; tney are white, with very little smelL
— common in
Place, It is corn-fields.
Time.—It flowers in August.
Oovernment and —This
Virtues. is under Venus. When
taken as a medicine, operates by urine, and
it is good
against obstructions of the viscera.

SHEPHEED'S NEEDLE (ROVQR.y^Chafropht/Uum

Temulentum.)
Called also Hemlock-CherviL
—
Descrip. This ^ows from a long, slender, white fibrous
root, witn finely divided leaves, which are deeply serrated,
of a pale green. The stalk is round, upright, green, and a
yard high. The flowers grow in little umbels on the tope
of the branches, surrounded by slender leaves, forming a
kind of cup. The seeds are small, brown, and striated.
—
Place. It is common in hedges, on ditch banks, and in
gardens.
Time. — It
is an annual, and flowers in May.
—
Oovernment and Virtues. It is under Venus, and should
be gathered when that planet is in exaltation. It is hot
and dry, comforting the nead and stomach, and helping ver-
tiginous disorders. It is likewise a good deobstruent, open-
ing obstructions of the womb, and procuring the catamenia.

SHEPHERD'S l^VBJaE.-{Capsella Bursa Pastarit.)

—
Descrip. The root is small, white, and perishes yearly.
The leaves are small and long, of a pale green colour, and
deeply cut in on both sides, among which spring up a stalk
which is small and round, containing small seed upon it
even to the top. The flowers are very small and white ;
after which come the little cases which hold the seeds,
which a|p flat, almost in the form of a heart.
P/oce.— They frequent the path-ways of this country.
—
Time. They flower all the summer , dome twice a year.
—
Oovernment and Virtues. It is uurhr the dominion of
Saturn, and of a cold, dry, binding nature. It helps all
fluxes of blood, caused by either inward or outward wounds;
as also flux of the belly, and bloody-flux, spitting and void-
ing of blood, and stops the terms in wonjen ; if bound to the
wrists, or the soles of the feet, it helps the jaundice. The
herb coade into poultice, helps inflammation and St. Antho
 oulpkpkr's cokpleti herbal. .^33

ny'fc dre. The juice dropped into the ears, heals the painu,
noise, aud matterings tnereof. A good ointment may be
made of it for all wounds, especially wounds in the head.

SHEPHERD'S ROD.— ( Dipsacus PUosus,)

Descrip. —This grows with a fleshy, thick, and somewhat
hairy stock. The bottom leaves are large and rough, and
grow with thick footstalks, from whence arise two smaller
leaves. The upper leaves have a beautiful appearance, of
a fine green, and deeply serrated. The flowers are of a gold
{rellow, and followed by heads of a green and purple co-
our, stuck round with prickles of a very tenacious sub-
stance. In some counties they call it Small Wild Teazle,
and sometimes it is found with white flowera
Plctce, —
It is a biennial, frequently found in hedges.
—
Time. It flowers in August.
—
Government and Virtues. It is a plant of Mars. The
root is bitter, given in a strong infusion strengthens the
atomach, and creates an appetite ; it is also good against
obstructions of the liver, and the jaundice.

SICKLE- WORT.—(Diapenticu)
Descrip. —This plant has a small, stringy, fibrous root,
from which on long footstalks ; they are
rise the leaves
five-cornered, resembling somewhat those of the lesser ma-
le, and are serrated about the edges, of a dark green co-

our, smooth, and shining

Ic its stalks grow about a foot
:

high, bare of leaves to the top, on which grow little um-

bels of five-leaved white flowers, small, and full of stami-
na ; each flower is succeeded by two rough bur-like seeds.
Place, — It grows in woods aud thickets.
TSme. — It flowers in May. The leaves are used.
—
Government and Virtues, This is one of our prime vul-
nerary plants, and is frequently put in wound-arinks, and
traumatic apozems and is good for rupture% inward
;

bruises, spitting of blood, or any hemorrhages, and for

wounds both inward and outward. It is under Yenus
81LYERWEED,^( PotentUla Anserina,)
Descrip. —
The root is large, stringy, and full of fibres*
ending out pretty large, yellowish, green winged leaves,
divided into several deeply serrated segments set opposite
to one another, with one cut into three parts at the end,
qI a pleasant grateful sceot. The stalks rise about two feet
1S4 oulpspbr's oompistb herbal.

uigh, and on the tops are placed the flowers. They are
very large and beautiful, composed of five petals of a
rc^mdish figure, not dented at the tops; and are of a most
beautiful shining yellow ; in the middle of each there is a
tuft of threads with yellow buttons, but smaller than in
cinguefoil, and of a paler yellow.
—
PJdce, It is common by road-sides, and in low pastures.
—
Time. It flowers in June.
—
Oovemnient and Virtues. This plant is under Venus,
mnd deserves to be universally known in medicine. It is
of the nature of tansy. The leaves are mildly restringent;
dried, and given in powder they cure agues and intermit-
ments; the usual dose is a table-spoonful of the powder
every three or four hours. The roots are more astringent
than the leaves, and may be given in powder, in doses of
a scruple or more in obstinate purgings, attended with
bloody stools, and immoderate menses. An infusion of the
leaves stops the bleeding of the piles; and, sweetened with
a little honey, it is an excellent gargle for sore throats.
SIMSON (BLUE.)— (jEW^eron Acre.)

Called also Sweet Fleabane.

Deicrip. — Theflowers stand separate, one above ano-
ther, alternately they grow in a cyliDdric cup, with awl-
;

shaped scales, placed erect, aod the rays are narrow. The
leaves are a dull green, and grow on a ruddy, firm, dry
stalk. The flowers are of a purplish blue, and never
spread wide open, but the rays always stand open.
—
Place, This is a perennial ; native of our high dry
grounds ; a strange plant that appears twice a year, and
wears two different aspects.
—
Time. In April we see it weak, lying on the ground,
and scarce six inches high : in August and September it
flowers a second time, and is then robust, upright, about
ten inches high, and carries larger flowers.
—
Qovemment and Virtues. Mars governs this plant. It
is a sharp acrid plant It is a rem^y for disorders of the
breast, if they arise from tough phlegm. Yet it is one of
those things that should be cautiously tampered with.

SKIERET.— (^SttwTi Sisarum.)

—
Deserip. The root is composed of numerous, oblong, tu-
berous pieces, brownish on the outside, white within, and
of a pleasant flower. The stalk is striated, firm, branched.
 OXTLPKPXR's OOMPLITK HBRBAL. SSS

a foot and a half high. The leaves are pinnated, nerrated,

ah arp- pointed, and of a pleasant green. The flowers are
white ; and, toward the evening, they have a light fra-
grance. The seeds are small and brown.
Place.— It is a native of Spain, but is cultivated in our
gardens for the root, which is pleasant and wholesome.
—
Time. It flowers here in June and July.
—
Oavemment and Virtues. It is under Venus. The root
is opening, diuretic, and cleansing, useful in opening ob-
structions of the reins and bladder, and frees them from
slimy phlegm. It is serviceable against dropsy, by causing
§reat plenty of urine, helps the jaundice, and liver disor-
ers. The young shoots are pleasant and wholesome food,
of a cleasing nature, and easy digestion, provoking urine.

SLOE BUSH.— (Prunw Spinosa,)

Callko also Black Thorn.

Descrip. —This is a bush, whose tough branches are hard
sharp thorns, sending forth white five- leaved flowers early
in the spring, before the leaves appear, which are small
and oblong, finely dented on the edges. The flowers are
succeeded by small round fruit growing on short stalks,
green at first, but when ripe of a fine purplish black co-
lour, of a sour austere taste, and not fit to be eaten until
mellowed by the frost.
—
Place. It grows every where in the hedges.
—
Oovemment and Virtiies. This is a Saturnine plant. The
fruit is chiefly used, and is restringent and binding, gooik
for all kinds of fluxes and hemorrhages. It is serviceable
in washes for sore mouth and gums, to fasten loose teeth, &c.
A handful of the flowers infused, is an easy purge and, if
;

taken in wine and water, is excellent to dispel windy colic.

The bark reduced to powder, and taken in doses of two
drama, has cured agues. The juice expressed from the
unripe fruit is a very good remedy for fluxes of the bow-
els; it may be reduced by a gentle boiling to a solid cou-
tistence, in which state it will keep the year round.

SMALLAGE. (Apium GraveoUmt.)

Detcrip. — The roots are about a finger thick, wrinkled,
and sinking deep in the earth, of a white colour, from which
aprixig many winged leaves, of a yellow colour, each single
leaf is three square ; the stalks rise about three feet high,
•mooth ohanoellt»d, rather angular, and very much bran<'li-
;I36 OULPEPBB'S COMPLBTB RSRBAL.

ed; at the division of the brauches, come forth umbels of

small yellow flowers, followed by smaller seeds, paler and
hotter. The whole plant has a strong ungrateful flavour.
Place, —It grows marshy, watery
in places.
Time. — flowers and ripens seed the summer months.
It in
Oovernment and Virtues. — It is under Mercury. The
roots are diuretic, effectual for the stoppage of urine, and
the stone and gravel ; they open obstructions of the liver
and spleen; help the dropsy and jaundice, and remove fe-
male obstructions. The leaves are of the same nature, and
eaten in the spring, sweeten and purify the blood, and help
the scurvy the seed is hot and carminative. The roots,
:

leaves, and seed, are used.

SNEEZEWORT.—(^cAiZ^M Ftcurmica,)
Callbd also Bastard Pellitory.
Descrip. —
This has a perennial, long, slender, and fibrous
root. The stems are a little angular, upright, woolly and
branched, two feet high, having long narrow leaves, finely
serrated about the edges, growing on them without any
order ; the flowers grow umbel-fashion on the tops of the
stalks, and consist of a border of white petala, set about a
tistular thrum; they are larger than the flowers of yarrow.
Place.^it grows in moist meadows and watery places.
Time. — It dowers in July.
Virtues. — It has a hot bitingtaste, and in salads is used
to correct the coldness of other herbs. The root held in
the mouth helps the tooth-ache, by evacuating the rheum ;
the powder of the herb snuffed up the nose, causes sneez-
ing, and cleanses the head of tough slimy humours.

SOAPWORT.--(*S'aponana Officinalis,)

Callbd also Bruisewort

Descrip, —
It is a species of Lychnis, having many creejv
ing roots arising from a thick woody head ; it sends forth
reddish stalks about a foot high, full of knots, which are
encompassed by the broad footstalks of the leaves these ;

are smooth, of a pale green colour, broad and sharp-point-

ed, about two inches long, with three pretty high veins on
their b&ck. The flowers grow on the tops of the stalks,
large, of a pale purple colour, each made of five large round-
pointed leaves, set in a smooth long calyx; the seed is small
and round, growing in long roundish seed-vessels.
—
Place, It grows in wateiy placet, and near riven.
 oulpbpeb'8 complete herbal. 38IT

Time, — It flowers in June.

Oovtmment and Virtues. — Venus owns this plant. The
whole plant is bitter; bruised and agitated witn water, it
raises a lather like soap, which easily washes greasy spots
out of clothes a decoction of it, applied externally, cures
;

the itch« It cures gonorrhoea, by taking the inspissated

juice of it to the amount of hall an ounce daily.

SO'LANVM..—(Atropa Belladonna,)
Called also Dwale, Solanum Lethale, S. Maniacum.
Descrip. —
This is the largest of the Nightshades, having
many thick, long, spreading roots, that shoot forth many
tall angular stalks, to a man's height or more, beset with
dull green leaves, larvrer than common Nightshade. The
flowers are set on among the leaves, singly on long foot-
stalks, and are large, hollow, and bell-fashioned, divided
into six segments at the ends, of a dusky brown, greenish
colour on the outside, and purplish within ; succeeded by
large, round, shining, blact berries, the size of cherries,
set on a brownish calyx, which contain a purplish juicy
pulp of a nauseous sweet taste, full of small flat seeds.
Place. — It ^rrows not unf requently in many parts of thii
eountry, but it is a native of America.
Time, —It flowers in July.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. Experience has proved this
to be one of the deadly poisons that nature produces. It
has a very beautiful apj)earance, but should be kept out
the way of children and others who may be attracted by it.

SOLANUM (BERRY BEARING.)— (^o/anwrn

Bacciferum.)
Deterip. — The roots of this her'h creep along the surface
of the earth, are slender, and of a brown colour, shooting up,
here and there, round ttalks about a foot high, with four,
though sometimes five or six leaves, which are broad ana
roundish, narrowest next the stalk, and ending in a sharp
point; from arooni? these a slender stalk arises two or three
mches high, bearing a flower, composed of four green leaves,
with as many narrow ones under them, of the same colour,
with several stamina among them ; in the middle grows a
round black berry, the siz«* of a graf)e, of an insipid taste.
Place. — It is found in eood soil in moist shady woods.
Time.~li flowers in May, and the berry ri|>ens in July.
Oovemment and Virtues.— It is under the dominion of
8atam. It iji not poisonous, but is an excellent oouiHer-
888 cul^eper's complete herbal.
poison, and an alexipharmic, good in malignant and pesti-
lential fevers. The
roots boiled in wine help the colic, and
the leaves applied outwardly repress inflammations and
tumours, especially in the scrotum and testicles, and ripen
pestilential tumours.

SOLDIEK (COMMON WATER.)-(Strat(ntesAl(ndet,)

—
Descrip. The root is composed of several long, thick,
white fiores, with tufted ends they are naked n*om the
;

bottom to the top, but just at the extremity they have se-
reral small, short filaments, which spread every way.
From this root rise numerous leaves of a singular figure ;
they are long and narrow, thickest and broadest at the
base, and sharp at the point they are fieshy, firm, of a
:

deep green purple, and armed with slight prickles along the
edges. stalks rise among these, and are naked, round,
The
thick, of a pale green. The flowers are large and white,
and
with a pretty tuft of yellow threads in the middle.
place, —
It swims in the water, and is common in the fen
countries, as the Isle of Ely, and elsewhere.
—
Time, It flowers in July.
Oovemment and Virtues. — It is a cold watery plant, un-
der the Moon in the celestial sign of Piscea Externally
used, it is cooling and repellant. It is a specific against
the king's-evil and scrofulous swellings, both taken in-
wardly, and applied outwardly. It is said likewise to pro-
voke urine, ana to be useful in hysteric disorders.
SOLOMON'S ^EA\j,--( Polygonatum Multifiorum,)
(Couvallaria Midtifiora.)
—
Deecrip. This rises with a stalk half a yard high, bow-
ing down to the ground, set with single leaves one above
another, somewhat large, with a blueish eye upon the
green, some with ribs, and yellowish underneath. At the
foot of -every leaf, almost from the bottom to the top of the
stalk, come forth small, long, white, and hollow pendulous
leaves, with long points, for the most part together, at the
end of a long footstalk, and sometimes but one, and some-
times two stalks, with flowers at the foot of a leaf, which are
without any scent at all, and stand on one side of the stalk.
After they are past, come in their places small round ber-
ries, great at first, and blackish green, tending to blueness
when they are ripe, wherein are small, white, hard, and
^tony seeds. The root is a finger or thumb thick, white
Ad knotted In some places, a flat round circle repreoent-
 OirLPEPEB*8 OOMPLBTl HKBBAL. 839

li*g a seal, whereof it took its name, lying all along with
the up|>er crust of the earth, and not growing downward,
but with many tihres underneath.
—
P'ac^ it is frequent in ditferent parts of England.
Time,—lX. fl >wer8 in May ; the root abides and shoots
a-new every year.
—
Oovemtnent and Virtues. Satam owns the plant. The
root is available for wounds, hurts, and outward sores, to
heal and close up those that are green, and to dry and re-
strain the flux of humours of old ones. It stays vomitings,
bleedings, and fluxes in man or woman. It stays joints
that do not remain firm when set, and broken bones in any
part of the body, if the roots be bruised and applied. Th.,
decoction of the root8 bruised in wine or other drink, after
a night's infusion, strained and drank, helps both man and
beast whose bones have been broken ; it aloo helps rup-
tures, if drank or applied outwardly to the place affected.
The powdered root in broth acts the same. It dispels con-
gealed blood that comes of blows, bruises, &c., also takes
away both the pains and black and bl.i marks that come
from the same cause. The distilled water of the whole plant
takesHway morphew, freckles &c« from any part of the body

SORREL (COMMON.)— ('^umcjr Acetota.)

Detcrip. — The leaves are smooth, succulent, and tender,

long and sharp- pointed, ending next the footstalk in two
sharp ears like spinach, of a very sour taste the stalk is
;

long and slender, set with two or three smaller leaves, and
at the top a long reddish spike of small staminous flowers,
•uccee<ied by small shiuini? three-square seed. The root is
about a tinger thick, branched and full of tibrea, of a yel-
lowish brown colour, abiding several years.
— crows every where the
Pfar.B. It in and meadows.
fields
Time.— It flowers in May. The leaves, wed, and root
are used.
OovemmeiU and Virtues. — All the Sorrels are under the
dominion of Venus. It is useful to cool inflammation and
heat of the blood in agues, pestilential or choleric, or sick-
nesH and fainting, arising from the heart; to quench thirst
and procure an apf^etite in fainting or decaying stomachs;
for it resists the putrefaction of the blood, kills worms, and
is a cordial to the heart, which the seed does more etfecta-
ally, because it is more drying and binding, and thereby
stays the flaxes of wo.raens* courses, or flax of the stomach.
 ^
840 oulfepkb'b completb herbal.
The root in decoction or powder, is effectual for all the said
purposes. The decoction of the roots helps the jaundice,
and expels the gravel and stone from the rems and kidneys.
The decoction of the flowers made with wine, and drunk,
helps the black jaundice, and inward ulcerp of the body or
bowels. A syrup made from the juice an J fumitory, is a
help to kill those sharp humours that cause the itch. The
1'uice with a little vinegar, serves well to be used outward-
7 for the same cause, and for tetters, ringworms, &c.
SORREL (MOUNTAIN.)--^(?xyria lUniformisJ (Ru-
mex Digynu$.)
Descrip, —The leaves are of a glaucous or blueish green
colour, broader, shorter, and rounder than the common,
and the ears that stand on each side, at their joining to
the footstalks, are very large. The stalks are smaller, weak-
er, and not so erect They flower and seed much alike.
Place.— It is sown in gardens.
—
Time^ It flowers in June the leaves are as sour as the
:

common, and may be used indifferently with it, both in

medicines and salads.
SORREL (SHEEFa)—C/2wm&p Acetosdla,)

Deicrip. — This lower and smaller thao the common,

is
with narrow sharp-poioted leaves, each has two large ears
growing next the end of the stalk, which makes the leaf
appear Tike a bearded spear; they are sour like the common.
The flowers grow in spikes as the former, are small and
staminous, and the seed triangular, and less than the seed
of that The root is small and creeping in the ground.
Place, — It grows in dry barren soil
Time,— It flowers in May.
—The leaves of the Sorrels are very cooling,
Virtuea. all
allaying thirst, and repressing the bile; good in fevers, be-
ing cordial, and resisting putrefaction. They are of great
nse agaiDst scurvy if eaten in spring as salad; and the juice
is frequently taken among other antiscorbutic juices.

SORREL (y<fOOJy,)^(Aceto8ella OxalU,)

—
Descrip. This grows upon the ground, with a number
of leaves coming from the root made of three leaves, like a
trefoil, but broad at the ends, aud cut in the middle, of a
yellowish green colour, every one standing on a long foot-
stalk, which, at their first coming up, are closely folded to-
gether to the stalk, but opening themselves afterwards.
 culpepeb's complete hbbbau 841

Amoug these leaves rise np slender, weak footstalks, with

a flower at the top of e^ery one, consisting of five small
pointed leaves, star-faahion, of a white colour, in most
places, and in some places dashed over with a small show
of blue on the backside only. After th<^ flowers follow
small round heads, with yellowish seed in them; the roots
are but small strings fastened to the end of a small long
piece ; all of them being of a yellowish colour.
Ptace, — It grows in many parts of England, in wooda
and wood-sides, where they are moist and shady.
—
Time, It flowers in April and May.
—
VirtvM, This serves ai the purposes that the other Sor-
rels do, but is more effectual in hindenug the putrefaction
of the blood, to quench thirst, to strengthen a weak sto-
mach, to stay vomiting, and very excellent in any contagi-
oos sickness or pestilential fever.

SOUTHERNWOOD.—Cilr^cmina Abrotanunu)
Called also Old Man
Tree, Boy's Love, Lad's Love.
Detcrit). —This has a perennial root, divided into several
parts, which are furnished with fibres. The stems are nu-
merous, of a hard woody substance, covered with a grey-
ish bark, divided into numerous branches, two or three
feet high. The leaves are numerous, and divided into many
fine bristly segments, of a fiue pale green colour, and of a
pleasant smelL The flowers are small and yellow.
Place, — It is common in our gardens.
Time. — It flowers for the most part in July and August.
—
Onivtmment and Virtues. This is a mercurial plant. The
eed bruised, heated in warm water, and drank, helps those
that are troubled with cramps or convulsions of the sinews,
the sciatica, and bringing down womens' courses. The
lame taken in wine is an antidote aj^ainst all poisons. The
backbone anointed with the oil cures the ague, it removes
inflammations in the eyes, if part of a roasted quince, and
a few crumbs of bread be boiled, and added. Boiled with
barley-meal, it removes pimples, and wheals from the face,
or other parts of the body. The seed and dried herb kills
worms in children ; the herb bruised and applied, draws
out splinters and thorns from the flesh. The ashes ming-
led with old salad oil, helps thoae that are bald, causing
the hair to erow again on the head or heard. A strong de-
eoction of the leaves is a good worm medicine, but is disa-
greeable and nauseous. The leaves are a good ingredieni
842 OUT.PEPSS'B OOMPLETS HEBBAL.
in fomentatioas for easing pain, dispersiog swellinga, or
stopping the progress of gangrenes,

SOUTHEKNWOOD (FIELD.)—Ur^emuia Campestrit,)

—
Descrtp, This has a long, thick, fibrous root. The stalks
are shrubby, upright, and much branched, of a whitish co-
lour toward the bottom, and reddish upwards. The leaves
are oblong, divided into numerous narrow segments, and
their colourgreyish green. The flowersstand in thick spikes
at the tops of the branches; and they are small and brown.
Pf.ace. —
It Lb found in our southern counties by road-side*.
—
Time. It flowers in July.
—
Oovemnient and Virtues, It is a powerful diuretic, and
is good in hysteric cases. The best way of using it is in
conserve maide of the fresh tops, beaten up with twice their
weight of sugar. It is a mercurial plant, and worthy of
more esteem than it has. The manner of preparing it is
thus : —
Cut fine fo ir ounces of the leaves, teat them in a
mortar, with six ounces of loaf sugar, till the whole is like
a paste ; three times a day take a piece of this about the
size of a nutmeg it is pleasant, and very effectual ; and
:

one thing in its favonr m

particular, it is a composer, and
always disposes to sleep.
SOWBREAD.—("Jrtonito Cyclamen,)
Descrip, —
The root is round, and somewhat flattish, of a
dark brown colour on the outside, with several dark fibres
shooting from the bottom the leaves grow on thick red-
;

dish stalks, of a darkish green above, marked with white

spots, and underneath of a reddish or purple colour, round,
and hollowed in next the stalk; among these rise the flow-
ers, each on its own footstalk, which is usually slenderest
next the ground. They are made up of one single pendu-
lous leaf, divided into five sharp-pointed segments, which
turn themselves backward, when they open, and are of a
pale purple, when these are fallen, the stalk with the seed'
vessel coils itself round towards the earth, like a snake.
place. — It is a native of the Alps, and the mountains of
Austria, but is planted in this country in gardens.
—
Time. It flowers in September and October.
—
Oovemmeat and Virtues. This is a martial plant The
root is very forcing, used to bring away the birth and the
secaiidines, and to provoke the menses. The juice is com-
mended against vertiginous disorders of the head, used in
form of an errhiue; it is good against cutaneous eruptions
 ouLrapnIi ooMrLBTX hiubal. S49

SOWERWEED (KIDNEY-LEAVED.)—(^-^^J^
Digyna,)

Desorxp. — This plant grows upright ; the root is small

and fibrous, U peri ui{ towards the top. The leaves are
shaped like a kiduey, aud grow at the eud of long foot«
stalks, which are bo weak that they lie upon the ground :

thej are greener within than without, and have a soft down
on each side: the tlowersare small and white, and the seed
U so light, that the wind scatters it for many miles.
Place.— It delights in open airy pastures, and open situa-
tioDS. ItispleDtiful in Westmoreland, Yorkshire, and Wales.
Time. — It flowers in Juue.
OovemmerU and Virtue. —
It is a martial plant, and is
hot and dry, carminative aud expelling wind, and helps
the colic and ^pes. It is alexipharmic, and good against
pestilential distempers. It is of use against the stone and
the stoppage of urine, and good in all uterine distempers.

SOW-THISTLE (COMMON.)—(5oncAt« Oleraceus,)

Descrip. — The leaves of this kind half embrace the stalk,

which is slender, hollow, branched, and of a light green,
an<l two feet high. The cupti are smooth, the leaves of a
fine fresh green, and full of a milky juice. The flowers
are numerous, and of a pale lemon colour.
Place.— This is an annual a robust weed, that rises in
;

all gardens, and wa^te grounds.

—
Time. It blooms from November to June.
—
Oovemment and Virtues, This is under Venus. It is
divided iuto mauv varieties raised from the same seed, viz:
the jagged leaved, the entire leaved, the broad aud narrow.
SOW-THISTLE (PmCKLY,)—{Sonchus Aeper.)

—
Descrip. This has a yellow, angular, channelled stalk,
two feet high, of a fine green, with the lower leaves long,
stiff, and much cut in, every indenting ending in a prickle.

The flowers are small, numerous, and yellow, and grow

several together on the tops of the stalk, shaped like the
dandelion, but le«8, of a paler colour; the under part of the
petal is tinctured with purple. The flower turns mto down,
enclosing long, thin, flattinn seeda The root is thick, long,
and whitish ; and the whole plant upon breaking, yields a
milky, bitter juice.
—
Place. This a native of our corn-fields and gardens, and
flowers from July to November, until the cold kills it.
t44 CULPKPKR'S OOMFLBTB HXKBAL.

GovtmnMnt and Virtues, —This is under the dominion

of Venus, and possesses ijreat medicinal virtues; it is cool-
in(^ and good against obstructions, and the quantity which
must at any time be taken, insures its effect, which is mild
and aperient. The young tops are good as salad with oil
and vinegar, for a scalding of the water. The smooth Sow-
Thistle has hollow channelled stalks like the others, and
grows as tall ; the leaves are smooth, and free from prick-
les ; those next the stalk are cut like dandelion, into se-
eral segments; that at the end being largest. Those that
grow on the stalk seem to encompass it, and have fewer in-
cisions, triangular and pointed at the end. The flowers,
seed, and root, are much alike. This grows in the same
places as the former, and as frequent.

SOW-THISTLE (TREE.)—{'S^oncAt« ArvtrntU.)

—
Detcrip. This grows about a yard high. The stalk is
tender, hollow, of a yellowish green; and so are the leaves,
which, when pressed or broken, run with milk. The flow-
ers are large, and of an orange colour.
—
Place. This is frequent mthe corn-fields, where the
oil is moist and clayey.
Time.— It blooms in August.
—
Government and Virtues. Venus governs this plant Its
virtues lie chieflv in its milky juice, which is useful in
deafness, either from accidental stoppage, gout, or old age.
Four spooofuls of the juice of the leaves, two of salad-oil.
and one teaspoonful of salt; shake the whole together, ana
put some cotton dipped in this composition into the ears,
and you may reasonably expect a good degree of recovery.
SOW-THISTLE TREE (UABSIL.)--iS(mchusFalustns,)
—
Descrip. The stalk is hollow, tender, of a pale green,
about a yard and a half high. The leaves are soft and ten-
der, of a light green, and pale uodemeath, shaped like ar-
row-heads at their base. The flowers are light yellow, nu-
merous, and they stand in a broad clustering head.
—
Place. It is a native of the Thames-sid«, and frequents
other wet places where there is deep mud.
—
Time. It blooms in August
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is under Venus. The whole
plant has a very insipid taste. It is cooling and rather
oinding, it cools a hot stomach, and eases its pains. The
herb boiled in wine, and drank, stays the dissolution of
 OULPKPIR's OOXPLBTl HSRBALi 34ft

the itomach, and the milk that is taken from the stalka,
given in drink, is beneficial to those who are short- wind-
ed. The decoction of the leaves and stalks causes abund-
ance of milk in nurses, and their children to be well-co-
loured The juice or distilled water is good for hot in-
flamroationa, wheals, eruptious or heat of the skin, and
itching of the hemorrhoids. The juice boiled or thorough-
Ij heated in a little oil of bitter almonds in the peel of a
pomegranate, and dropped into the ears is a sure remedy
for d^ness, singings, &c.

SPEEDWELL.— (^ Veronica.)

—
Deicrip. This grows with weak stalks, frequently tak-
ing root, where they trail upon the ground, and thence send
up shoots that thicken the tuft. The leaves grow on short
footstalks ; they are oval, an inch long, hairy, and crena-
ted about the edges, of a pale green colour. The flowers
grow on the upper part of the stalks among the k^ves, in
short spikes, each of one small blueish purple leaf, cut into
four parts ; to each of which succeeds a seed-vessel in the
shape of that of the Shepherd's Pouch, full of very small
•eeos. The root is a bush of fibres.
Place. —It grows in woods and shady places.
Time.— It flowers in June. The whole herb is used.
—
Oovemmentand Virtues. Venus governs this plant, and
among the vulnerary plants, used both outwanllvand
it if
inwardly it is also pectoral, and good for coughs ana con-
;

sumptions: and is helpful against the stone and strangury;

as also against pestilential fevers.

SPIGNEL.— Cir«*m.;
Called also Mew.
Deterip. —
The root spreads deep in the ground, many
braocbee ^wing from one head, which is hairy at the top,
of a blackish brown colour on the outside, and white with-
in, smelling well, and of an aromatic ta«te, from whence
rise long stalks of fine cut leaves like hair, smaller than
dill, set thick on both sides of the stalks, of a good scent.
Among these leaves rise up round stiff stalks, with a few
joints and leaves on them, and at the tops an umbel of pure
white flowers; at the edges whereof sometimes will be seen
a show of the reddish blue colour, especially before they
be full blown, and are succeeded by small roundish seeds,
larger than the ordinary fennel, and of a brown colour,
divided into two parts, and crusted on the back.
M6 0!TLPKPm*g OOMPLBTB HSSBAU
Plaes.— It grows wild in Lancashire, Yorkshire, and
other northeru counties, and is also planted in gardens.
Time. — It flowers in June.
Government and Virtues.— This is an herb of Venus. The
roots boiled in wine or water, and drank, helps the stran-
gury and stoppings of the urine, the wind, swellings and
pains in the stomach, pains of the mother, and all joint-
aches. If the powder of the root be mixed with honey,
and the same taken it breiks tough phlegm, and dries up
the rheum that falls on the lungs.

SPIGNEL (BB,OAD'hKAYED,)—{If(mmAihamantica.)
Callicd also Baldmony.
Descrip.— The root is long and thick, fibrous, of an aro-
matic taste, the bottom leaves are of a dark green colour.
The upper leaves are small, very slender, of a dull green
colour. The stalk grows about a foot high, not much
branched, with a few small leaves growing thereon, bear*
ing on the top umbels of small white five- leaved fluwerti
The seed is longer and larger than fennel, two growing
together, which are striated on the back.
—
Place. It is found in our western counties, in rich
damp soils, but not common.
—
Time. It flowers in June and July.
—
Oovemment and Virtties. It is under the dominion of
Mercury in Cancer, and is an excellent plant in disorders
of the stomach from phlegm, raw crude humours, wind and
relaxations, pains, want of appetite and digestion, belch-
in^s, ructatioiis, loathings, colic, gripes, retention of the
unue, and the menses, and if powdered and given with
loaf sugar, and a glass of its infusion in white wine or
beer, or water taken evening and morning for some days,
mostly brings down the menses and lochia, facilitates the
expulsion of birth and after-birth, and eases a windy colic.

QFlKEl^ABI>.-~(I^ardostach7/s Jatamanei.)
—
Virtues, This is a native of India, of a heating, drying
faculty, good to provoke urine and ease pains of the stone
in the reins and kidneys, being drunk in cold water. It
helps loathinus, swellings or gnawing in the stomach, the
jaundice, and such as are liver-grown. It is a good ingre-
dient in Mithridate, and other antidotes against poison; to
pregnant women it is forbidden to be taken inwardly. The
oil is good to warm cold places, and to digest crude and
 OTTLnniR'B OOlTPLVrE HKBBAL. S4T

.mw hurooara it works powerfullj oo old cold griefs of the

:

head aod brain, stomach, liver, spleen, reins, and bladder.

It purges the brain of rheum, being snutfed up the nos-
trils. It comforts the braina, and helps cold pains in the
head, and the shaking palsy. Two or three spoonfuls, if
taken, help passions of the heart, swoonings, and the colic:
and bein^ ma<le into troches with wine, it may be reserv-
ed for an eye-medicine, which being aptly applied, repre«-
es obnoxious humours thereof.

SPINACH.— ("iS/nViacia OleracM,)

Deicrip.— This has a long whitish root, from which rise
•everal broad, sharj) pointed leaves, hollowed in next the
stalk, which is flat and succulent, rising about two feet
hi(;h, with the like but smaller leaves growing on it. with
several spikes of green herbaceous flowers, and after them
come large prickly seed.
Place.— It is sown yearly in gardens.
Virtue*.— It is more used for food than medicine, and is
much eaten as boiled salad, and is useful to temper the
heat and Kharpuens of the humours; it cools and moistens,
and as a diuretic renders the body soluble.
SPLEEN-WORT.—f i4«p/tfnittm Scolopendra.)
Called also Ceterach.
De»crip.— This is a small plant, which consists only at
leaves, tnat rise from a fibrous root, about four inches in
length, hardly an inch broad, cut into small roundish seg-
meuta, which stand opposite to one another, alternately ;
they are of a greenish colour on the uuper side, and brown-
ish, and full of dusty seed uuderiieath, generally folded in-
ward, resembling the Scolopendra, whence it is named.
place.— It grows on stone walls and moist shadowy placea
Time. — It abides green all the winter.
—
Oovemment and Virtue*. Saturn owns it It is gener-
ally use<l against infirmities of the spleen, helps the stran-
gury, and wastes the stone in the bladder, and is useful
against the jaundice and the hiccough.

spunk: -YJ^'ciricia Pedi* Equini FacU.)

Called also Touchwood,
Descrip. — This rrows to the oak, ash, and other trees,
rhat on old oaks is considered best, the inward part that
feels to the touch like buff, must be taken oat and beaten
a little till it crumbles between the fingers.
348 oulpeperIb complvte hkrbal.

—
Place, Not only live trees, but decayed onea, and rot-
ten wood, produce this excrescence.
—
Time, Warm and damp weather is best for its growth.
—
Oovemment and Virtues, This is under the Moon. It
is used for stopping blood upon the amputation of a limb,
without making any ligature. The softest part should be
chosen, and when reduced to powder, as much of it must
be applied to the wound as will rather more than corer it;
and over this a broader piece must be applied with proper
bandages. The moss which grows in old wine-casks is
the best thing that can be em{Hoyed for this purpose.

SPUEGE (BB,OAI>'LEAVED.)-'( Euphorbia Fori-

landicay) (Euphorbia PlatyphylUi,)

Deserip, —This does not nor are the leaves

rise so high,
0 broad as some, but they are longer, not dented on the
edges; it spreads itself at the top like a tree ; the leaves
are very green, and the flowers are white.

SPURGE (COBN.)'^( Euphorbia Segetalu.)

Deserip,—Th\9 has numerous thick blueish green leaves
without footstalks ; they are long and narrow, and stand
up almost straight The stalks are round, thick, green,
or sometimes radish, and spead at the top like the others,
but the flowers are small and green, and have a pretty
appearance at the tops of the stalks.
Place, —
It is freouently observed about Cambridge.
—
Oovemment and virtues, Spurges are mercurial plants,
and abound with a hot and acrid juice, which, when ap-
plied outwardly, eats away warts and other excresences.

' SPUEGE (DWARJ*.)—C.%)AorWa Exigua,

Z)6«cn».— This has a less root than the Petty Spurge,
and sends, forth many
stalks not much branched, about a
foot high, thick-set with long narrow leaves like toad-flax,
but rounder pointed : the tops of the stalks are divided
into several partitions like umbels, with hollow cup-like
leaves pierced through the stalks of the flowers, which are
small and yellow ; the seed-vessel is three-square.
Plaae. ——Anative of France, but it grows in our gardens.
Virtues. ^The virtues are same as the former, a strong
aud violent cathartic and emetic, but now out of use.
 CVLPEFBB'B COMPLBTB HERBAXk 349

SPURGE (GARDEN. )-riS^pAorWa Hortente.)

Descrip. —
This grows with a thick reddish stalk, beset
irith loug aod narrow blueish green leaves, and so contin-
ues, without running into branches, till the next year,
when it rises three or four feet high, with many branchet
toward the top; on which, at every division, grow broad*
er and somewhat triangular leaves, set on without foot-
stalks ; the flowers are small and yellow, standing In
round hollow leaves, which encompass the stalk like a cup,
and these are followed by three square seed-vessels, con-
taining three oblong seeds. The whole plant is so full of
milk, that if you cut off a branch, it will run out by drops
in some quantity, which milk is of a hot fiery burning
taste, inflaming the mouth and throat for a great while.
Place, — It grows in gardens, where it springs of its own
sowing, dying after it has brought its seed to perfection.
Virtues,— This is much of the nature of the foregoing
plant, but is rather stronger and more violent in its oper-
ation. The milk is good to take away warts.

SPURGE (GREATER)—CJE'ttpAor6ia Major,)

—
Ducrip. This plant grows as tall as a little tree, with
a smooth jointed hollow stalk, about a finger thick, cover-
ed with a glacuous mealiness. The leaves are lar^ round'
ish, but cut into five, seven, or sometimes nine sharp-
pointed, and serrated divisions ;the footstalks are long,
in the centre of the back part of the leaves. The flowers
are small and staminous, growing on the top of the stalks;
but lower down, and upon the body of the plant, grow
bunches of rough triangular husks, each including three
white seeds less than horse-l>eans, which, in their brittle
hells, contain spotted kernels of a sweetish oily taste*
place, — It grows in Essex, and other countiea
7Sme,—li flowers in August
Virtuet. — The kernels, which are the only parts used,
|yarge watery humours both upwards and downwards with
great violence. The expressed oil from the seeds, is good
to kill lice in children's neads.

SPURGE (KNOrrY-ROOTED.)-/^i*pAorWa
Bi/berna.)
Descrip, —The stalks are numerous, weak, round, of a
pale green, and a foot high ; the leaves are many, thick,
850 OULPBPXB'8 complite hsbbal.
of a pale green : thej are not at all indented, and termin-
ate in a round blunt end. The flowers are Hniall and yellow
and form a kind of umbel at the tops of the branches.
—
Plcuie. This ia frequent in the corn-fields of Ireland.

SPUKGE (OLIVE.)— (Z>apA7w Mezereum.)

Descrip, — This a low shrubby tree, with many flexi-
is
ble branches, seldom growing above four or five feet high,
shooting out clusters of flowers, all round the upper parta
of the branches, early in the spring, before the leaves ap-
pear : they are of a pale purple, or peach colour, of a sin-
gle tuberous leaf, cut into four segments at the end, of a
pleasant, sweet smell; and are succeeded by small, longish
round berries, of a red colour. The leaves grow thick to-
gether on the tops of the twigs, two inches long, and scarce
naif so broad at the end, where they are broadest. The
root is full of branches, and runs deep in the earth
—
PI<iC9. It is planted here in gardens.
—
Time, It flowers in February and March. The root,
bark, leaves, and berries, are used.
Virtues,— A\{ the Spurges agree in their qualities. They
purge serous and choleric humours very violently, and
oelp the dropsy and inveterate asthma.
SPURGE (PETTY.)— (^u;)Aor6ia Peplis,)

Desorip,— This has a very large thick root, many timer

the size of a man's arm, spread oat into many branches,
and sending up many touyh stalks, two or three feet high,
reddish and much divided, having smooth, long, narrow-
ish, green leaves, broadest at the end. The flowers which
grow on the tops of the stalks are small and yellow, which
are followed by triangular seed-vessels containing three
roundish seeds. The whole plant is full of a caustic milk,
burning and inflaming the mouth for a great while.
—
PiCLce. It grows in several parts.
7^tm«.-rlt flowers in J uue. The root is used, and of
that the bark only.
—
Virtues. It is a strong cathartic, working violently by
vomit and stool, but is very otiensive to the stomach and
bowels by reason of its sharp corrosive quality, and there-
fore ought to be used with caution.
 OTTLPBPBB'S COMPLXTB HBBBAL. SSI

SPITRGE (PORTLAND.)—(^/>Aor6ia Portlandica,)

Descrip. —
This has fair green leaves, and the flowers are
of a blueish green in every other respect it resembles the
:

other kinds already described.

—
Flac€. They are found upon the Island of Portland
I SPURGE (RED,y^{£upkorlna Charaeias.)
Bescrip. —This has long, narrow, sharp-pointed ends \
they have short footstalks, and are smooth, of a dead green
at first, but afterwards red they are of a hard, firm sub-
:

stance, and differ as much in that as colour from those of

the preceding species. Towards the top the stalk divides
in a number of branches, on which stand the flowers in
umbels ; they are dmall, numerous, and of so deep a purple,
that they appear nearly black. The seed is very large, and
the whole plant becomes red, after standing some time.
—
Place. It is found wild in Staffordshire and also on
:

the mountains in the north of Ireland.

—
Time. It flowers in May.

SPURGE (ROUGH YRVIT ED.) ^(Euphorbia

Ven-ucosa.)

—
Dcscrip. The leaves stand irregularly ; and are broad,
short, sharp- pointed, smooth, of a pale green, and some*
what sermted at the edges. The flowers stand in small
tufts at the top of the plant, they are a little round, of a
yellowish green. The seed-vessel is roundish, large and
rough, it is more conspicuous than in the other kinds, and
haa been compared to a wait, the seeds are as large.
SPURGE (SEA.)— {Euphorbia Faralias.)
Descrtp. — This has a singular appearance the leaves
;

encompass the stalk : and has. small trreeuish flowers at

the top of the stalk ; the whole plant is perfectly smooth,
and a blueish green colour,
SPURGE (SVJ!f.)-(EupKorbia Eelioscopia.)
De4crip.—The leaves are numerous, oblong, of an invert-
oval tigure, and serrated at the edges they have no foot-
:

stalks, and are smallest at the base, when they are broad-
er all the way to the end their colour is blueish green.
:

The flowers stand at tbe top of the stalk, in a broad spread-

ing umbel ; they are of a yellowish green.
S61 OULPEPER's COMPLBTK HIRBAL.

P^oca.—This sort is often cultivated oo garden borders,

and OD other cultivated grounds.
—
Time, It flowers in July and August

SPURGE (WOOD.y-iEuphorbia Amygdaloidei,)

Descrip. —The stalks arenumerous and firm, they are
thick, upright,and round, and have a reddish bark, and
under that a green one they grow a yard high, and not
;

branched, except where they spread at the top for flower-

ing. The leaves are large and numerous they are lone,
;

narrow, and soft to the touch their colour is a deep greyisn

;

green, and they are hairy on the upper side, but more so
underneath, and their middle rib is red toward the base.
The flowers are greenish, small, and very numerous, they
ftand at the top of the stalks on small divided branch es
which spread into a kind of umbel, and which have at their
insertions and divisions, shorter leaves than those on the
stalks. The figure and disposition of the petals of the
flower, form numerous crescents, insomuch, that the whole
top in flower has a beautiful appearance. The whole plant
is fullof a caustic milky juice.
Place, —This is frequent in woods and on heaths.
—
Time, It flowers in June.
SQUILL.—(ASciZZa Maritima,) (S, Ornithogalvm,)
Called also Sea Onion.
Descrip. —This has a perennial root, consisting of a very
large coated bulb, full of a thick slimy juice, and a large
cluster of long, thick, white fibres, proceedinor from its
base. The leaves are three or four inches broad, of a
thick juicy substance, smooth on the surface, entire at the
edfi:e& and of a fine brijfht green colour. The stem some-
times grows to be three feet high, is round, slender, and
of a tender succulent substaoce. The flowers grow in
longish spikes, and they are small and white.
P ac«.—-It is a native of the sea-coasts of Italy and Spain,
but here it is found only in the gardens of the curious.
—
Time, It flowers here in the middle of summer.
—
Government and Virtues. This is a hot biting martial
plant. The root is bitter to the taste, and so acrid as to
blister the skin if it is much handled ; taken internally in
doses of a few grains, it promotes the expectoration and
urine; in larger doses it vomits, and sometimes purges. It
is one of the most certain diuretics in dropsical cases, and
 CCLPXPKR's OOMPLBtS BXRBAI^ 85S
expectorants in asthmtical ooea, where the lungs or sto-
mach are oppressea by tough viecid phlegm, or injured bj
the imprudent use of opiates. Being disagreeable in taste,
it is given in the form of pill, made of the powdered root
beaten into a mass, with the addition of syrup, or mucil-
age of gum arabic.
STAR- WORT (GARDEN.)—(ila^«r Hortense.)

Descrip, —
This grows to about a foot and a half high,
with hairy leaves set on the branches, without order to- :

ward the top it is divided into three or four branches, at

the end of which j/rows a yellow flower like a marigold,
but with a broader thrum and narrower petala close un- ;

der each dower grow six or seven stiff roundish leaves, in

form of a star, whence it takes its name ; the seed is ob-
long, thin, and fiat, of a blackish colour: the root is small
and fibrous, perishiui^ every year.
Place.— it is a native of the southern part of £urope,
and grows in this couotry only in gardens.
Place. — It flowers iu July.
—
Oovemmient and Vi-tiies. This is under the dominion
of Mercury. The leaves are only used, which are com-
mended against buboes and swellings in the groin.
STAJt-WORT (SEA.)-'{A8ter Tripoliurx,) {Tripolium
Vulgare.)
De^erip. —
This grows spontaneously in the fields. It is
a perennial; native of our damp grounds near the sea, and
nt rivers; a handsome plant, of a yard high, with a rud-
•rancheiJ stalk. The leaves are smooth, narrow, of a fine
green. The flowers are numerous, large, and blue.
—
Time. They bloom in August
—
Oovemment orM Virtue*. This is under the dominion
of Mercury. The leaves are cooling, and good for burns,
•calds, and inflammations, in any part. The seed is nar-
ootic and soporiferoua, and rarely used. A
slight tincture
or infusion of the plant promotes perspiration, and is good
in feverish complaiuU. The juice boiled into a syrup with
honey, is excel leut in asthmatical complainta, ana other
disorders of the lungs ; and outwardly applied, is a cure
for the itch, and other cutant'ous disorders.

STAR- WORT (SPRING-WATER. )—(Ca//i:rri:cAtf Vema.)

Descrip. —This ia like Fleaimue, but smaller. The root
is small and fibrous ; the stalk is round, reddish, upright,
 S54 CrULPEPSR'S COMPLETE HKRBAL.
and a foot high ; the leaves are long, narrow, and of a live-
lygreeu ; the flowers staud at the tops of the braoches,
which they termiuate, and are small and white.
Place. — It is found in many oarts of England, but
eems owing to seeds scattered and blown out of gardens.
Time. — 1 his sort flowers in May.

STAR-WOBT (AUTUMNAL WAH^B^y^iflaLlitriche

AutumnaJis,)
Detcrip. —
This differs from the former only in the time
of flowering and the colour of the flower, which is some^
times of a pale blue, sometimes purplish, just according
to the accidents of the soil. Another of the species is
found frequently in our salt-marshes with yellow flowers,
but their shape and virtues are the same.
Oovemmentand rirfi^e*.— These are under Mercury, but
are seldom used ; however, it would be worth trying
they are unpleasant, but are excellent pectorals.
STAVES-ACRE.—(Z)«/pAtnwm JStaphisagricu)
Called also Lousewort.
Descrip. —
This plant grows from a foot and a half to
two feet high ; the lower leaves are large and round, divi-
ded into seven sharp-pointed segments deeply cut in. The
leaves grow on the stalk, which is round and somewhat
downy, are less, but alike in shape. The flowers grow on
the tops of the stalk, of a blue colour, each flower is sue-
ceedea by three or four crooked pods which contain two
or three large brown wrinkled angular seeds.
Place.—A native of warm countries, but grows in gardens.
Time.— it flowers in July. Ihe seed only is used.
Virtue.— It is seldom taken inwardly, being of a hot
burning taste. It is sometimes used in masticatories and
f^argarisms for the tooth-ache. The powder is used to kill
ice. The seed is given in small doses against rheumatic
and venereal disonlers ; they roughly vomit and purge,
and it is better to omit their use internally. Chewed in
the mouth, they largely expel watery humours from adja-
cent parts, and are of service in disorders of the head.

STONE CTy.OF,-^{Sedum Acre.)

Called also Prick Madam, Small Houseleek, and Wall
Pepper.
Descrip. —It grows with trailing branches on the ground,
set with many thick, flat, roundish, whitiah green leaves,
 CT7LPEPEBB OOMPLKTS HSRBAL. 355
pointed at the euda. The flowers stand together loosely.
The root« are Boiall, and run creeping under ground.
Place, — It is found on stone and mud walls, upon th«
tUe^ of houses, among rubbish, and in gravelly parts.
T'im*.— It dowers in June and July, and the leaves are
green all the winter.
—
Oovemment and Virtues, It is under the dominion of
the Moon, cold in quality, and somewhat binding, very
good to stay defluxions, especially such as fall on the eyes.
It stops bleeding, both inwardly and outwardly, helps can-
kers, and fretting sores and ulcer; it prevents diseases that
arise from choleric humours, expels poison, resists pesti-
lential fevers, and is good for tertian agues; the decoction
answers the same purposes. It is a harmless herb, bruis-
ed and applied to the place, it helps king's-evil, and other
knots or kernels in the flesh: as also the piles, but it should
be used with caution. The juice taken inwardly excites
vomiting. In scorbutic cases, and quartan agues, it is a
most excellent medicine, under proper management.

STORAX TREK-^Liquidambar Styracifiua.)

Detcrx'p. —This tree grows like theQuince tree both in
size and form ; the leaves are long and round, white un-
derneath and stiff. The flowern stand both at the joints
with leaves, and at the ends of the branches, and consist
of 6ve or six white ones, with some threads in the middle,
after which come berries set in the cups that were flowers
l)«fore, pointed at the ends, and hoary all over, each on a
long footstalk, containing within them certain kernels in
small shells, and yields a clear fragrant gum of the colour of
brci^n honey. Another kind has three or 6ve broad leaves,
which come forth out of knots from a round root, covered
with a crested, or jointed luirk, standing on small blackish
long ttalUs, divided into three or five parts, full of veins,
dented about the edges, and pointed at the ends. A third
sort is called the lied Storax.
/*/ac«.— The first grows in France, and Italy, Candy,
Greece, and Turkey, where it yields no gum ; but in Sy-
ria, Cilicia, Paniphylia,Cyprus,and those hotter countries,
it thrives considerably.
Time- It flowers in spring, yields fruit in September.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. This is a S<:)lar plant, and only
the gum is used. It is hot in the second dei^ree, and dry
in the first It heals, mollifies, and digests, rvnd is good
856 oitlpepsb'b complbtk herbal.
for coaghsy catarrhs, distillatious of rheum and hoarsenesfii
Pills made with a little turpentine, gently loosens the bel'
ly. It resists cold poisons. Dropped into the ears, it
helps the singing and noise in them.

STRAWBERRIES.-Y/Va^a^-ta Vesca,)

This plant is so well known needs no description.

that it
Place, — It grows in woods, and is planted in gardens.
Time. — It flowers in May, the fmit ripens soon after.
—
Oovemment and VirtiLes, Venus owns the herb. The
when green, is cool and dry; but when ripe cool and
fruit
moist; the berries cool the liver, the blood, and the spleen,
or a hot choleric stomach ; refresh and comfort fam ting
spirits and quench thirst; they are good for inflammations,
yet it is best to refrain from them in a fever, lest by their
putrefying in the stomach, they increase the fits. The roots
and leaves boiled in wine and water, and drank, cool the
liver and blood, and assuage all inflammations in the reins
and bladder, provoke urine, and allay their heat and sharp-
nesa The same if drank, stays the bloody flux and wo-
mens' courses, and helps the swelling of the spleen. The
water of the berries carefully distilled, is a remedy and
cordial in the panting and beating of the heart, and good
for the jaundice, ^e
juice dropped into foul ulcers, or
washed therewith, or the decoction of the herb and root,
cleanses and helps to cure them. Lotions and gargles for
sore mouths, or ulcers therein, or in the privy parts or
elsewhere, are made with the leaves and roots thereof ; it
is also good to fasten loose teeth, and to heal spongy gums.
It helps to stay catarrhs, or defluzious of rheum in the
mouth, throat, teeth, or eyes. The juice or water is sin-
gularly good for hot or in^amed eyes, if dropped into them,
or they bathed therewith.
STRAWBERRY CmqVETOlL.--'(Potentilla Fraga-
riastrum,) (Fragaria Sterilit.)

—
Detcrip. The root is large, reddish, and woody, divided
at the the top into several heads, and has a few fibres. The
footstalks of the leaves are four inches long, tender, and
hairy. The leaves are broad, oblong, hairy, serrated, and
not unlike those of strawberry, but less, of the winged
kind, not fingered as in the ordinary Cinquefoils. The
stalk is rouu(^ firm, erect, about two and a half feet high
The flowers are numero"% large, and white. They stand at
 culpeper's complete hebbau 367

the tops of the branches, socceeded each by a cluster of

seeds, resembling a strawberry, whence the name.
—
Place, It grows wild in Cumberland and Wales.
— It nowers in May and June.
Time.
ChvernmerU and Virtues. — It under Jupiter.
is The
root pooocoBoe a considerable astringency, and is excellent
in the orerflowing of the menses, and in bloody stoola The
best way of giving it is in powder, its dose is a scruple.
The young leaves m
an infusion are diuretic. It is good
in intermittant fevera

SUCCORY (GARDEN.)—(CicAoriMm Sativum,)

Descrip. —
This has longer and narrower leaves than the
Endive, and more cut on the edges, the root abides many
years. It bears blue flowers, and the seed is hardly dis-
tinguishable from the seed of ordinary Endive,

SUCCORY (WILD.)—(CicAorium IrUylnu.)

Detcrip. —The difference
between this and the garden
kind is, growing wild, and not rising on the ground,
its
much cut in on both the edges, even to the middle rib,
endiniif in a point; sometimes it has a rib down to the mid-
dle of the leaves, from among which rises up a round,
hard, woody stalk, spreading into many branches, set with
mailer and lessor divided leaves on them up to the tops,
where stand the flowers, which are like the garden kind,
and the seed is also the root is white, but more woody
;

and hard than the garden kind. The whole plant is ex-
ceedingly bitter.
Place. —
It grows in many parts of England, in waste,
nntilled and barren fields. The other only in gardens.
—
Oavernment and Virtues, It is under Jupiter. Thegar^
den kind, as it is more dry and less cold than Endive, so it
opens more. A handful of the leaves or roots, boiled in
wine or water, and drank fasting, drives forth choleric and
phlegmatic humours, opens obstructions of the liver, gall,
and spleen, helps the jaundice, the heat of the reins, and
of urine. A decoction made of the wine, and drank, is ef-
fectual against lingering agues; and a dram of the seed in
powder, drank in wine, before the fit of ague, helps to
drive it away. The distilled water of the herb and flow-
ers has the like properties, and is good for hot stomachs,
and in agues, either pestiieutial or of long continuance ;
foi swooning and passious of the heart, for neat and h#«»4-
858 OlTLPXPEBl COMPLETI RSBBAJL
ache in children, and for the blood and liver. The water,
or the juice, or the braised leaves applied outwardly, al-
lays swellings, inflammations, St. Anthoo/s fire, pudhes,
wheals and pimples, especially used with a little viuegar;
as also to wash pestiferous sores. The water is effectual
also for sore eyes that are inflamed, for nurses' breasts that
are pained by the abundance of milk.

SUCCOEY (YELLOW.)—("CicAortttm Hieracioides.)

Detcrip. —
This has a thick taper root, brown on the
outside, and white within, full of bitter milk. It grows
deep in the ground ; the lower leaves resemble those of
the dandelion in shape, and tooth-like sectious ; but they
are larger and hairy ; the stalk rises about a yard high,
striated, hairy, and angular, with leaves set on without
footstalks, almost encompassing the stalk, being sharp-
pointed at the end. Among these grow the flowers, set on
close to the stalk several together, of a fine gold yellow,
composed of several rows of flat petala indented at the
ends :the seed is brown and longish, and grows not in
down like the seed of the Dandelion.
Pf ace.— It is planted in gardens.
—
THme. It flowers in June.
Oovemment and Virttiss.— It is under Jupiter, and is
aperative and diuretic, opening obstructions of the liver,
and is good for the iaunaice: the seed partakes of the same
virtues, in a lower degree; it is also good to destroy worms.
The rooty leaves, flowers, and seed, are used.
8\mACR,—(Rhus Cotinut.)

Detcrip, —The root is large, and woody.

long, divided,
The stem shrubby, thick, and covered with a brown
is
rough bark ; it is divided into several branches, the bark
of which is of a lighter colour, set with thorns. The leaves
are winged ; they grow in pairs, are notched round the
edges, attached to the middle rib, and terminated by an
odd one; their colour is dark green. The flowers are pro-
duced in spikes at the extremities ; these spikes are long,
thick, and woolly, and the flowers are small and purple.
Pfojce. — It
is a native of the wanner climates, but we
have itour gardens.
in
Time, —
It flowers in the summer months.
—
Oovemment and Virtttes, It is under the dominion of
Jupiter. The seeds dried, reduced to powder and taken
 ottlpxpeb's complete hssbau 859

pur^uga and hemorrha:.re8, the joune

Id sidaII doaea, stop
sboou have great etficacy in atreugtheuing the atoraach
aud bowels, if taken iu a strong infusion The bark of the
roots haa the same virtues, but iu an inferior degree.

SUN DEW .—( Droaera Anglica.)

Detcrip, —It has small, round, hollow leaves, somewhat
greenish, but full of red haira, which make them look very
red, every one standing upon its own footstalk, reddish,
and hairy likewise. The leaves are continually moist in
the hottest day, yea, the hotter the sun shines, the moist-
er they are, the small hairs always holding this moisture.
Among these leaves rise up slender stalks, reddish also,
three or four tiugers high, bearing small whitish knobs one
above another, these are flowers, which afterwards con-
tain small seed. The root is a few small hairs.
Place. - It grows usually in bogs and wet places, and
sometimes in moist woods.
Time.—\\. flowers in June, and then the leaves are fit-
test to be gathered.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. The Sun rules it, and it !
onder the sign Cancer. The leaves, bruised and applied
to the skin, erode it, and bring out such inflammations as
are not easily removed. The juice destroys warts and
corns, if a little be frequently put upon them.

SW ALLOW 'WORT.'-(Asclepias Syriaca,)

Deaerip. — The roots areslender and stringy, spreading
much in theground, sending up many tough stalks, aI>out
two feet high, very slender, set opposite to one another,
on very short footstalks, round at the base, an inch and a
half broad at the widest part, and about three inches long,
growiDi^ narrower, and snarp- pointed; on the tops of the
stalks come forth small bunches of Ave- leaved star- fashion
white flowers ; each of them in warm countries where it
is natnml, is succee^led by two long slender pods, which
Contain small flat need, lying among a silky down.
place. —ll jzrows with us only in gardens.
Time. —It flowers in June.
Oaoemment and Virtues. —Jupiterowns this plant. The
root, which is the only part used,
is a counter- poison, both
against the bad eifects of |x>isonous herbs, and the bites
and stings of venomous creatures ; it is helpful against
malignant pestilential fevers, which it carries off by sweat;
it is likewise good against the dropsy and Jaundioe.
860 culpbpbb's gomplets rebbal^

SYCAMORE TB£:E.—(Acer Fseudo-platantu.)

Deacrip. —There are two one bear-
sorts of this tree, the
ing fruit out of the body and erreater arms of the tree only,
the other upon stalks without leaves. The first grows
larger than the mulberry-tree, with round long leaves,
\>oiuted at the ends, and dented about the edges; it bears
fruit, but no flower, differing in that from all other trees.
The whole tree abounds with milk. The root is solid and
black, and abides fresh long after it is felled. The other,
which is called the Sycamore of Cyprus, grows as tall as a
plum tree, with broad and somewhat round leaves.
—
Pldce, The first grows chiefly in Egypt, Syria, and
Arabia, and the other in Cyprus, Cari^ Rhodes, &c.
—
Oovemment and Virtuet. They are under the particu-
lar influence of Venua The fruit makes the belly soluble,
but by its over-much moisture troubles the stomach and
ffives little nourishment. The milk taken from the tree,
by gently piercing the bark, afterwards dried and made
Into troches, softens and dissolves tumours, and solders
and closes together the lips of green wounds. The £ruit|
being applied as a plaster, has the same effect.

TAMARISK-TREE.—(^ramorur Ocdlioa.)

—
Descrip. This never grows to any great size in Eng-
land, though in its native country it does, with a brown
rough dark bark. The younger branches are a chestnut
solour, clothed with fine tender green leaves, thinner and
finer than those of cypress; the flowers grow in rough spikes
at the ends of the younger shoots, about an inch long, se-
veral spikes growing together, each consisting of a great
many small, five-leaved, pale red flowers, which are suc-
ceeded by very small seed, included in a downy substance.
PUice.— It is planted only in gardens in England, its
native pl^fcce is Spain, and the southern parts of France
The wood, bark, and leaves are used.
—
Time, It flowers about the end of May, or in Jane ;
and the seed is ripe in the beginning of September.
Oovemment ana VirttLes,—ThiB a Saturnine herb. The
root, leaves, young branches, or bark boiled in wine, and
drank, stays the bleeding of the hemorrhoidal veins, the
spitting of blood, the too abounding of womens* courses,
the jaundice, the colic, and the bites of venomous serpents;
outwardly applied, it is powerful against the hardness r4
 oulpxpxr's oomplitb herbal. SOI

the spleen, the tooth ache, pains in the ears, red and water-
ing eyes. The decoction, with some honey added, is^ood
to stay gangrenes and fretting ulcers, and to wash those
that are subject to nits and lice. Its ashes heal bums and
scalda It helps the dropsy, arising from the hardness of
the spleen, ana therefore to drink out of cups made of the
wood is good for splenetic persons. It is helpful for me-
lancholy, and the black jaundice that arises tnerefrom.

TANSY {C01AU0^,)—(Tannacetum Vulgare.)

Ihterip. —The leaves are of a bright and pleasant green,

and a very fra^i^rant smell, not coarse as that of the garden
Tansy, but a pleasant aromatic. The stalk grows upright,
branchy, of a light green, and a yard high; the flowers are
large, of a bright yellow. The leaves are winged, the small
ones deeply cut in; and the root is of a dark brown colour.
Place,— Thi% sort is most frequently found wild on high
grounds, and dry pastures. It is a perennial
—
Time, It blooms in July and August.
—
Oovemmentand Virtues. This is under Venus. It is an
agreeable bitter, a carminative, and a destroyer of worms,
for which a powder of the flowers should be taken from
six to twelve grains at night and morning. Care is re-
quired in collecting them, to obtain their virtue. Clip ofl"
a quantity of Tansy-flowers, before they are over- blown,
close to the stalk. This must be done in the middle of a
dry day spread them on the bottom of a hair-sieve turn-
;

ed upside down shake them often about, and let the wind
;

pan through them, but keep them from the sun, and thus
you may have them always. The leaves only are used,
\nd are astringent and vulnerary, good to stop all kinds of
fluxes and preternatural evacuations, to dissolve congealed
olood, to help those who are bruised by falls : outwardly
it is used as a cosmetic, to take off freckles, sun-burn, and
morphew ; as also in restringent gargarisms. The powder
of the herb taken in some of the distilled water, helps the
whites in women, but more especially if a little coral and
ivory in powder be put to it. It helps children that have
a rupture, if boiled in water and salt. If boiled in water
and drank, it eases the griping pains of the bowels, and ia
good for the sciatica and joint aches. The same boiled in
iiMgar, with honey and alum, and gargled in the mouth,
•a lea the tooth-ache, fastens loose teeth, helps the guma
that are sore, settles the palate of the mouth to ita plaei^
868 OVLFEPEB'S OOMPLXn RISBAU
when itbaa fallen down. The distilled water cleaofief th«
skin of discolouriugs, as mor{)how, sun-burns, pioiplea,
all
freckles, &c. ; dropped inU) the ejea, or cloths wet therein
and applied, takes away their heat and indammatiooa.
TANSY (QAB,DEN.)—{Tannacetum Hortit.)

Deacrip, — This
a low plant, which never rises up to
is
stalk, but creeps upon the ground, emitting tibres from
the joints, by which it roots in the earth, and spreads out
much the leaves are made up of several pinnae set oppo-
;

site, each about an inch long, and not half so broad, ser-
rated about the edges, covered with a shining silver-co-
loured down the flowers grow at the joints, on long foot-
:

stalks, of five leaves, like Cinquefoil. The root is slender,

with many tibres of a dark brown colour.
Pface, - It grows in gardens, and botanical plantations.
—
Oovemment and Virtttes, Venus owns this nerb, which
when bruised and applied to the navel, stays miscarriages.
It consumes phlegmatic humours which the cold and moist
constitution of winter usually atfects the body with, and
that was the first reason for eating Tansies in the spring.
The decoction, or the juice drank m
wine, is a remedy for
all disorders that come by the stopping of urine, helps the
strangury, and weak reins a:^d kidneys. It is profitable to
to expel wind from the stomach, belly, and bowels, to pro-
cure womens' courses, and expel windiuess in the matrix,
if bruised and applied to the lower |>art of the belly.
The herb fried with eggs, helps to digest and carry down-
wards those bad humours that trouble the stomach. The
seed or juice given in drink to children is effectual to
cure worms. If boiled in oil, it is good for shrunken sin-
ews, or when pained with cold, if applied thereto.

TARE (VETCH COMMON BLACK. WJShmm iTir-

stUuniy) ( Vicia Hirsuta.)

—
Deacrip, The stalks are angular, weak, and leaning,
beset alternately at the joints with long leaves, with a ten-
dril at their end, made of ten or a dozen small roundish
pinnae, a little hollowed in, with a spinulaat the end: they
are sometimes a little hairy. The flowers usually grow
two together, upright, of a purple colour, followed by small
flattish pods, containing three or four small black seeds.
Place, —
It is sown in the fields.
—
Time. It flowers in May, the seed is ripe in Augost
«nd September.
 ouLPim'f ooMPurri hs&iull. 961

Government and Virtitet. — It is ander the Moon in an

airy figure. It is rarely used in medicine, but it isffiven
in a decoction made of milk, to drive out the amall-poz
and measles.
TABJ^AQO'S.^Artemina Dracunculut.)
Detcrip. — This has many round stalks full of branches,
clothed with long narrow leaves, sharp-pointed, smooth,
and Hhioing ; on the top of the stalks grow the flowers
small and greenish, few in number, and thin set, on long
footstalks. The leaves have a strong smell and taste.
Plnce, — It is planted in gardens.
—
Time, It flowers in July and August.
—
Oovemment and Virtue*. The leaves, which are chiefly
used, are heating and drying, and good for those that have
the flux, or any preternatural discharge. It is a mild mar-
tial plant. An infusion of the young tops increases the
orinary discharge, and gently promotes the menses.
TEA.—("nca^oA^o,; (CameUia Bohea,)
Descrip. — It has a woody spreading root, several slen-
I der branches, with numerous oblong leaves, flowers like
thoee of the dog-rose, and a fruit composed of one, two, or
three berries. Only one species is known, and the difler-
ence there is when it comes to us proceeds from the soil,
age, climate, method of collection, and curing. The pre-
paration of the leaves consists in drying and roasting them
over the fire in an iron pan, and rolling them, while hot,
with the hand on a mat, till they become curled, it is then
sent to this country in air-tight chests of tin and lead.
Place, — It is a native of China and Japan, and is culti-
ated in ail the Eastern parts.
Fir^M««.—Green Tea (Thea ViridieJ (Camdlia Vu
ridity) is diuretic, and carries an agreeable roughness
with it into the stomach, which gently astringes the
fibres of that organ, and gives such a tone as is neces-
sary for a good digestion the Bohea is softening and
:

nutritious, and proper in all inward decays. Strong

tea is prejudicial to weak nerves, but is salutary for vio-
lent hea4i-ache and sickness occasioned by inebriation.

TEASEL (MANURED.)—C/>ip#aci« FiUlonum.)

Callxd also Fuller's Thistle.
Descrip. —
This grows tall, with a stiflF, hard-furrowed,
Ttry prickly stalk. Tht lower leaves are long, large, and
S64 oulpkpkr's oomplbtb hebbal.

harp-pointed, iDdented about the edges, smooth above,

but with the middle rib of the upper part full of prickles.
The leaves, which grow on the stalks, like a trough, catch
the dew or rain which falls, and are likewise prickly un-
demeath. The stalks are divided into several branches,
bearing on their top large heads full of crooked prickly
hooka, among whicn grow several purplish hollow dowers,
each in a particular cell ; and after them come lougish,
iquare, striated seed. The root is pretty large and whitish.
Place,— It is cultivated in the field.
Time. —It flowers in July.
TEASEL (WlLD,)—(I>ipsacusSilvestru.)
—
Deicrip. This grows larger and higher than the former
with the like stiff-crested and prickly stalk, especiallv in
the upper part; the stalk is single, divided into branches ;
the lower leaves are long, narrow, and prickly underneath.
The leaves, which grow on the stalk, are joined together,
encompassing the stalk, and catching the raio ; but it more
particularly differs in the heads, which hare their prickles
growing erect, not hooked like the former; and each head
having at the bottom several stiff prickly radii growing in
a circle; the flowers grow like the former, succeeded by the
like seed. The root is thick, and full of fibres.
Ylojce.— It grows upon banks in the borders of fielda
—
Time. It lowers m
Juoe and July.
—
Chvemment and Virtues, The virtues of both Teasels
are the same; the roots, which are the only p)arts used, are
said to have a cleansing faculty. The water found in the
hollow of the leaves is commended as a colly rium to cool
inflammation of the eyes, and as a cosmetic to render the
face fair. They are under the dominion of Venus.

THISTLE (BLESSED.)—((7arc?ttf« ^en«c?Mjri«.)

Deicrip, —From asmall woody root, which perishes, after
the seed is ripe, there rises several reddish hairy stalks,
about two feet high, on which rise long hairy green leaves,
cut in on both sides into several lacinise or jags, each ter-
minating in a small harmless spinula. On the top of the
stalks grow the flowers in round heads, encompassed with
leaves smaller and shorter than those below, less jagged,
lomewhat more prickly they are yellow andfistular, stand-
:

ing in scaly calices, each scale of which ends in a slender

long spine, denticulated on both sidea The seed is longish,
lound, and striated, of a brown colour, encompassed at the
 ovlpvpbr's complstb hsrbal. 365
top with & crown of stitf bristles, staDding out like the
feathers of a shuttlecock. The whole plant is rery bitter.
Place. —
It is sown every year in gardens.
T'lm*.— It flowers in June.
—
Government arid Virtue*. Mars rules this Thistle. It is
cordial and sudorific, food for all sorts of malignant and
pestilential fevers, and for agues of all kinds. It destroys
worms in the stomach, and is good against all sorts of poison.
THISTLE UPON THISTLE.—(Po^ycan/Aa Crupa,)
Detcrip. —
This has long thick roots with many fibres ;
the leaves are long and narrow, of a deep green, divided
at the edges, and very prickly ; the stalks are numerous,
tough, upright, branched, and edged with sharp prickles ;

the flowers stand on the tops of the branches in numerous

heads, and they are of a pale red.
Place, —
It is common under edges.
—
Time, It flowers in July.
THISTLE (DWARF MAY.)—(Po^ycan^Aa Acaidot.)

Descrip, —
In some placed it is called the Dwarf Carliue
Thistle. It has a long and thick root, with many fibres ;
the leaves lie spread upon the ground, long and large, set
with sharp prickles ; the flowers grow low and large in the
middle, scarcely rising from the ground, of a fine purple.
place.— li is common in dry pastures in many of our
•outhem counties, and likewise upon Blackheath.
—
Time, It flowers in July,
THISTLE (LADY*8,y^Carduus Marianut,) (SUylrum
liarianum,
Descrip,^Th\M is a stately and beautiful plant. The
root is long, and furnished with many fibres. The stalk is
upright, firm, regularly branched, five feet high. The leaves
ery large, long, broad, irregularly notched at the edges,
of a deep green, veined and variegated with blueish white.
The flowers are Urge and purple, with prickly heads.
Place, —It is common in open pastures and waste places.
—
Time, It flowers in July.
THISTLE (LANCED GENTLE.)— (CHicwjZayMjeo^afto,)
{Cirtium Lanceolatum,)
Descrip. — It grows upright, from which it is denomina-
ted a lance. T*he root long and 8lender,but the stalk,
is
though toft, ie tough, three feet high, not divided into
866

brauches. The leaves are greyish green, regularly notch-

ed and sinuated at the edges. The stalk as well as the
leaves is beset with many sharp prickles. The flower
CTows in a stately mauuer single upon the top of the
branches, and is of a beautiful blueish purple.
Place, — It grows in damp ground.
—
Time, It flowers in July.
THISTLE (MARSH.)—((7nu?i« Pdtustria,) (Cirtium
Palustre,)
—
Descrip, The root has tough brown fibres, with an up-
right root, not much branched, seven feet high, usually of
a brownish colour, tinged with purple, and very prickly.
The leaves are broadish and long, of a deep green, set with
thorns. The flowers stand at the tops of the stalks, six or
eight together ; and they are of a deep purple.
Place. — It is frequent in meadows in the Isle of Ely.
—
Time, It flowers in June.
THISTLE (MUSK.)—(Carrfuia Nutans,)
Detcrip. —
The root is thick, long, and furnished with
fibres. The stalk is five feet high, upright, of a brownish
colour. The leaves are many, large, and divided at the
edges, of a dusky colour, and beset with prickles. The
flowei-8 are large and purple, and frequently there is one
at the extremity of the stalk, which hangs drooping.
Place. — It is frequent in damp pasturea.
—
Time. It flowers in June.
THISTLE (SAINT BARNABY'S.)—(Carc/uiw SoUii^
tiaria Fiava,)
Deecrip, —The root is long, slender, black, and has few
fibres. The first leaves s])read circularly on the ground ;
they are long, deeply divided, of a faint green. The stalk
is tough, firm, upright, and two feet high the leaves on
:

it resemble those from the root ; and tney are of a faint

green also. The flowers ptand in small prickly heads at the
tops of the branches ; and they are of a beautiful yellow.
—We
Place, have it in dry pastures in some parts of
England but
; not common.
it is

Time, — flowers in June.

It

THISTLE (SPEAR.)— (^wa'ea, Carduus Lanceolata,)

Deecrip, —
The root is long and has many fibres. The
talk is upright, six feet high, very prickly, and divided
into many branches. The leaves are long and large : theii
 cxji^eper'b complete herbal. 367

ecloar is a pale green, and they are deeply divided at the

ed>re8 into pointed segments; and at the end are formed in
the same manner, like the point of a spear. The flowers
grow at the tops of the branches, and are large and purple.
P/ ace,— li is common in waste grounds.
—
TifM, It flowers in July.

THISTLE (STAR.)--iCeniaurea Calcitrapa.)

Descrip. —
This has narrow leaves lyinff next the ground,
cut deeply on the edges, soft, a little woolly, green all over,
among which rise up weak stalks parted into branches, all
lying to the ground, so it seems a pretty bush, set with the
same kind of leaves up to the tops, where severally stand
small whitish green beads, set with sharp white pricks,
which are somewhat yellowish; out of the middle whereof
rises the flowers, composed of many small reddish purple
threads and in the heads, after the flowers are past,
;

come small whitish round seed lying down as the others do.
The root is small, long, and woody, perishing every year,
and rising again of its own sowing.
Place. — It erows wild in the fields about London.
Time. It flowers early, and seeds in July, and some-
times in August.
Virtuee. —
The seed made into powder, and drank in wine,
provokes urine, and helps to break the stone, and expel it.
The root pwwdered, and taken in wine, is good against the
plague and nestilence drank in the morning fasting, it is
;

tery profltaole for a fistula in any part of the body.

THISTLE ^KY.y-{CnicusArvensii,) {Cirsium Arvente,)
{Serratvia Arvensis.)

Detcrtp. —The root

is white and creeping; the stalks are
numerous, tough, of a pale KXeen, smooth, not much
branched, and a yard high. The leaves are numerous, long,
moderately broad, and of a strung green ; they are deeply
and irregularly notched and siniiated on the edges, beuBet
by long prickles. The flowers terminate the branches in
numerous small heads, and are of a pale purple.
place. —
It is common in fields ana unaer hedges.
Time, — It flowers in July.
THISTLE (WELTED TAAY,)—{Carduut Acanthoides.)
Deecrip, —
The root is long, thick, and furnished with
many fibres. The stalk is three feet high, with prickly
membranes from the base of the leaves, of a duaky green.
 868 ottlpeper's complete heebau
The leaves are oblong, very broad, dented and sinnated at
the edges, and very prickly. The flowers grow in small
heads at the tops of the stalks, and among the upper
leaves, and they are of a pale red.
Place. — It is usually found on ditch-banks in loamy soils.
Time,— It flowers in August.
—
Oovemment and Virtues, The Thistles in general are
under Jupiter. Their medicinal properties are very few.
They are celebrated by German physicians as stomachic
and sudorific, but are not esteemed by our physicians.
THISTLE (WILD CARLINE.)-((7ar^ina Vulgaris.)

Descrip. —The root has numerous fibres connected to a

large head. The upright, firm, branched towards
stalk is
the top, seven or eight feet high. The leaves are large,
long, and very broad, of a fine deep green, and divided in
the spear- pointed manner at the sides and ends. The flow-
ers terminate the branches they are very large, of a fine
:

purple, and when quite open, have a grand appearance.

Place, — It is common m
our northern counties, and ia
also found in the neighbourhood of Bristol.
Time,— It flowers in July and August.
THISTLE (WOOLLY.HEADED.H(7nun«.EHopAorM#.)
Detcriv. —The root is fibrous. The stalk upright, thick,
brancheo, and five feet high. The leaves are long, and ra-
ther broad, beautifully divided, like Spear Thistles, but
with more numerous and more regular segments. Their
colour is deep green. The flowers grow at the tops of the
branches in large woolly heads ; of a fine deep purple.
Place,— It is found in our western counties, but is scarce.
—
Time, It flowers in August.

THORN-APPLE.—(Z)flrfMra Stramonium.)
—
Descrip, It has a large divided and fibrcus root ; the
stem is tnick, firm, upright, branched, and two or three
feet high : the leaves are large, broad, sharp- pointed, sup-
ported on short, firm leaf-stalks, a little indented at the
edges, of a firmish texture, and a dark green colour. The
flowers come out at the divisions of the stem and branches;
large and white ; the seeds are many and kidney-shaped.
P/ace,— It is a native of the southern parts of America,
but flourishes very well in our gardexuu
Tims, — It flowers in April.
 OT7IJ>BF£B'8 COMPLETE HEBBAL. 309
Govemfnent and Virtues, —Jupiter governs this plant.
The juice pressed out of the fresh plant, and inspissated to
an extract, has been taken in doses from haif a grain to a
dram, in twent j-four hours, in epileptic disorders, convul-
sions, and madness. An ointment made of the leavefl is
cooling and repelling.

THORNBERRY (BhACK.) —(Acacia aermanica,)

Descrip,— This shrub rises about four feet high. The
branches are thorny, and have a deep brown bark ; the
leaves are oblong, broad, and of a fine green ; the flowers
are white ; and the berries when ripe of a dark purple,
and covered with a ^yish dust.
Place,— It grows in the hedges and borders of fields.
—
Time. it flowers in March and April, but the fruit ri-
pens after ail other plums whatsoever, and it is unfit to
eat until the autumn frost mellows it.
Oovemment and Virtues,— AW the parts of this bush are
binding, cooling, and dry, and all etfectual to stay bleed-
ing at the nose and mouth, or any other place, the lax of
the belly or stomach, or the bloodv-flux, or the too much
abouudiug of womens' courses, and helps to ease the paine
of the sides, and bowels, that come by over-much scour-
ing, to drink the decoction of the bark of the roots, or
the decoction of the berries, either fresh or dried. The
leaves are good to make lotions to gargle and wash the
mouth and throat wherein are swellings, sores, or kernels,
and to stay the defluxions of rheum to the eyes, or other
parts; to cool the heat and inflammations of them, and to
ease hot pains of the head, by bathing the temples and
forehead there wi tit

THOROUGH-LEAF.— (i?*w/>/*wrttm Campestris,)

Desert^. — This sends forth& straight round stalk, two

feet high, whose lower leaves are of a blueish colour, and
smaller and narrower than those higher up, and stand close
thereto. The flowers are small and yellow, standing in
tufta at the heads of the branches, where afterwards grow
the eeed, which is blackish. The root is small, long, and
woody, perishes annually, after seed-time, and haee again
own sowing.
plentifully of its
Place,— found in com-fielda.
It is
—
THme. It blooms in July.
O^wtnmu ntand FtrtuM.—Saturn hie the doninicB vi
87U oitlpkpxb's covplxtx hbbbi^
thit plant It is useful for all sorts of bruises and wounds
either inward or outward ; and old ulcers and sores like-
wise, if the decoction of the herb with water and wine be
drunk, and the place washed therewith, or the juice of the
green herb bruised, or boiled, either by itself, or with
other herbs, in oil or hog's-grease, to be made into an oint-
ment to serve all the year.
THOBOUGH-WAX (COMMON.) -(5wp?«irMm
Rotundifolium.)
—
Deserip, ^The root white, and furnish-
is long, slender,
ed with a few fibres. The
leaves are large, broad, ob-
long, undivided, of a blueish ^reen. The tiowers stand at
the tops of the branches, and are moderately large and
yellow. The seeds are large and round.
Place.— It is sometimes found in com-fieldi.
—
Time. It flowers in August.
—
OovemmerU and Virtues. This is under Jupiter, and is
excellent to stay all kinds of fluxes of blood, or humours
in man or woman, whether at nose, mouth, or belly. The
juice of the herb or root, or the decoction, taken with some
Venice treacle, and the person laid to sweat, expels any
enom or poison, or the plague, fever, or other contagious
diseases.

THOROUGH WAX (WRITE.)— {Bupleurum

RotundijoLium Album,)
Deserip. —Thishas a small fibrous, sticky root, from
which risesmooth, and frequeotly reddish stalks. The
leaves are of a blueish green colour, of an oval shape,
smooth, not indented on the edges, full of nerves, which
run obliquely from the centre to the circumference of the
leaf; they are perforated by the stalk, which runs through
them, and is divided towards the top iuto several branch-
es, at the ends of which grow small umbels of yellow flow-
ers, usually five together, upon one stalk, with as many
small leaves under each umbel, the three outermost being
largest; each flower is succeeded by two oblong seeds.
—
Pace. It grows only among the corn.
—
Ti7M. It tiowers in J une and J uly. The whole plant
\BUsed.
Gi/oernmeat and KtXwM.—This is a plant of Jupiter in
Virao. it is among the vulnerary plants, serviceable In
green wounds, braises, ruptures, contusions, old ulcers and
sores, either given in powder or the decoction.
 OiriiPSPXBB COMPLKTE HEBBAIb 871

THRIFT (COMMON.)— (-<4rm«rui Mantima^) (Armeria

Vw'gariSf) {Statice Armeria.)

/>«crt>).—This has lonj^, narrow, grassy green leaves ;

they Are smooth, uiidivi<led at the edges, aud sharp-point-
ed. The stalk rises in the centre of a tuft of these leaves,
and is round, upright, simple, naked, and of a pale, grey-
ish green colour. The flowers stand at the top, a number
together, in a round cluster, pretty large, of a pale fleshy
purple. The seed is small, round, and of a pale brown.
place. —It is most common about the sea coast.
Oovemment arid Virtttea.—li is a plant of Saturn; very
astringent, but not often used.

THYME (COMMON GARDEN.)—{TkT/mus Vulgaris.)

Descrip. — The root the stalks numerous, hard,

is fibrous,
woody, brown, much branched, and ten inches high. The
leaves are short, broad, pointed, and of a dusky green. The
flowers are small, very numerous, and of a pale red ; the
•ee<U are roundish, small, brown, and glossy.
Place. —A native of India, but is found in every garden.
Time, — It flowers in June.
—
Oovemvient and Virtues, It Is a strengthener of the
lungs a goo<i remedy for the chin-cough in children. It
;

purges the body of phlegm, and is an excellent remedy for

the shortness of breath. It kills worms in the belly, and
being a notable herb of Venus, provokes the terms, gives
safe aud speedy delivery to women in travail, and brings
away the after-birth. An ointment ma<le of it takes away
hot swellings and warts, helps the sciatica and dullness of
sight, and takes away pains and hardness of the spleen :
it is excellent for those that are troubled with the gout ;
as also, to anoint the testicles that are swelled. it eases
pains in the loins aud hips. The herb taken inwardly,
comforts the stomach much, and expels wind.
THYME, (WILD, OR MOTHER OF.)—(^Aymi«
Serpyttum.)
/)«scrip.— This plant has a small, stringy, creeping root,
from which rise a great number of very slender, leaning,
wootly stalk.-s having two small, roundish, green leaves,
set at a joint, on short footstalks. The flowers grow on
the tops of the stalks among the leaves, in small loose
•pikes of a reddish purple coioor. The kkves ivnd flowsn
have a strong pleasant iimsU
372 CULPBPER*8 COMPLETB HEBBAI*
Place, —It is frequent on hillj heaths, in dry pasture!,
and bj road sides.
^im«.~ The flowers appear in July.
Oovemment and Virtue».-^T\i% whole plant is fragrant,
and yields an essential oil that is very heating. An
infu-
sion of the leaves removes head-ache, occasioned by ine-
briation. It is under Venus, and is excellent for nervous
disorders. A
strong infusion, drank as tea, is pleasant,
and a very effectual remedy for head-ache, giddiness, and
other disorders of that kind ; and a certain remedy for
that troublesome complaint, the night-mare.

TOBKCQO.-^Nicotiana Tabacam,)
—
Descrip, It rises from a lone fibrous root ; the stem is
robust, round and hairy, branched, and two or three feet
high ; the leaves are large, numerous, of an oblong form,
pomted at the end, entire in the sides, of a dusky green
<K)lour, and clammy to the touch. The flowers are numer-
ous, large, of a reddish colour ; they terminate the stem
and branches, and make a pretty appeai-auce at a distance.
The seeds are numerous, round, and small.
—
Place, Anative\)f the West Indies, but grows in gardens.
—
Time, When sown in a hot-bed in spring, it arrives at
a tolerable degree of perfection in summer.
—
Oovemment and Virtites, It is a hot martial plant. A
slight infusion of the fresh gathered leaves vomits rough-
ly ; is a Kood medicine for rheumatic pains ; an ointment
made of them, with hog's-lard, is good for painful and in-
flamed piles. The distilled oil dropped on cotton cures the
tooth-ache, if applied. The powdered leaves, or a decoc-
tion of them, kill lice, and other vermin. The smoke of
Tobacco injected in the manner of a clyster, is of efficacy
in stoppages of the bowels, for destroying small worms,
and for the recovery of persons apparently drowned.
TOOTHCRESS {BVhBlFEROUS.y-{Dentaria
BuLbifera,)

Descrip. — The root is thick, and of an irregular figure,

and runs obliquely under the surface. The tirst leaves are
oblong, narrow, undivided, and of a pale green; they have
short footstalks, and rise in little tufts. The stalk is round,
slender, a pale green, and is a foot and a half high. The
leaves are placed alternately on it from the bottom to the
top^and they resemble those from the root: they have short
footstalks, long, narrow, sharp-pointed, a little undulat^ed
 OULPEPER'8 oompletb hebbal. 873
at the edges, and of a pale green. The flowers stand in a
short spike at the top of the stalk, which droops; thej hang
all on one side, large, white, with a blush of purple.
Place,— It is scarce, sometimes found among bushes in
open situations, in some parts of England.
—
Time. It flowers in July and August.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is under Mars, and is a
good vuluerary. It is recommended to stop all kinds of
fluxes and hemorrhages helps to consolidate wounds,
;

fractures and ruptures, especially the root A cataplasm of

the root takes away black marks occasioned by contusions.
TOBM.EKIIh.-^TormentUla Oficinalit.)

Detcriv. —The root isthick and large, reddish in the in-

side, with small fibres; the stalks are long and slender, and
unable to support themselves. It has seven long narrow
leaves rising at a joint, serrated only at the ends. The flow,
ers are small and yellow, of four leaves with a few stamina
in the middle ; the seed is small, growing naked on the calyx.
—
Place, It throws in woods, and on commons.
T'im*.— It flowers in June and July. The roots are used.
—
Oovemment arid Virtues. This is a herb of the Sun, It
is excellent to stay all kinds of fluxes of blood or humours
in man or woman, whether at nose, mouth, or belly. The
juice of the herb or root, or the decoction thereof, taken
with some Venice treacle, and the person laid to sweat,
expels any venom or poison, or the plague, fever, or other
contagious diseases ; it is an ingredient in all antidotes or
counter- poisona The root taken inwardly is most etfica-
cious to help any flux in the belly, stomach, spleen, or
blood; and the juice opens obstructions of the liver and
lungs, and thereby helps the jaundice. It is very power-
ful m ruptur<^s, and bruises or falls, used outwardly or in-
wardly. The root made up with Pellitory of Spain and
alum, and put into a hollow tooth, not only assuav^es the
pain, but stays the flux of humours which causes it. It is
a no less etfectual remedy aguiust outward wounds, sores
and hurts, than for inward, and is therefore a special in-
gredient in wound drinks, lotions, and injections, for foul
oormpt rotten sores and ulcers of the mouth, secrets, or
oiher parts of the body
874 cttlpxpxb's oomplxts rbbbix.

TORftiENTIL (CREEPING.)-('7Wm«i/*?^ Replant,)

Descrip. —
The root has a small head, with many fibrea^
which are browu, tough, and of ao austere taste. The
leaves are divided, aad staud on short, reiidish footstalks,
a little hairy they are of a fiue greeo colour, and deeply
:

serrated. The stalks rise in the centre of these, four or

five feet from each head of the root ; they are long, slen-
der, reddish, and run upon the ground, sending roots down-
wards at every joint, and tufts of leaves, and often stalks
upwards. The flowers are large, of a beautiful yellow, with
a little tuft of paler threads in the centre, and when these
fall, the seedi ripen, in a small oval cluster.
P^ace, — It is found on the edge of Charlton forest, Sussex.
Virtttes.— Its virtues are same as former, but leas in de-
gree. The flowers are binding and drying, good for dy-
senteries and diarrhtBHS, eBpniially attendant upon malig-
nant fevers; they are also alexipharmic. They are service-
able in hemorrhages of the nose, mouth, or womb ; they
fasten loose teeth, and help the falling of the arula.

TREFOIL.—flW/o^wm.;
Called also Honey-Suckle.
Descrip. — The root grows long and slender, with many
fibres. Iche first leaves are supported on long slender foot-
stalks, of a pale green ; three leaves grow on each footstalk;
and they are of a deep green, broad, short, and marked
with a crescent- like white spot, in the middle. The stalks
are numerous, short, and procumbent : they are divided
into branches as they run upon the ground, and send out
a great many leaves of the same form and structure with
the first, and the stalks of the flowers among them; these
are slender, like those of the leaves, and of the same pale
green. The flowers are small and white, numerous, in a
round thick head, each cell containing four small seeds.
F/ace. — It grows in almost every place in this country.
Time. — It flowers in June.
—
Oovemment and Virtues, Mercury has dominion over
the common sorts. The leaves and flowers are good to ease
the pains of the gout, if the herb be boiled and used as a
clyster. If the herb be made into a poultice, and applied
to inflammations, it will ease them. The herb boiled in
lard, and made into an ointment, is good to apply to the
bites of «^enomou8 creature*. The decoction of the herb
 oxriiPVPKB'a ooMPurn hibbjo* 875
and flowera, with the seed and root, taken for som* time,
helps those troubled with the whitea The seed tod flowers
boiled iu water, and made into a poultice with some oil,
and applied, helps hard swelliugs and imposthumea.
TREFOIL {REART.)—(TH/olium CardatU.)
Descrip. — Besides the ordinary kind, here is one which
may be called Heart Trefoil, not because it is triangular,
like a heart, but because each leaf cou tains the perfect icon
of a heart, and that in its proper colour, viz., a flesh colour.
F^ ace.— It grows by the way -side in various parts.
OovemrneiU and Virtties.— It is under the dominion of
the Suu, and is a great strengthener of the heart, and cher-
isher of the spirits, relieving those who faint and swoon;
it is a remedy against poison and pestilence, and defends
the heart agaiudt the noisome vapours of the spleen.

TREFOIL (PE ARL.)'-(Tnfolium Lotus,)

Deacrip. — from the common sort, only in one
It differs
particular, it has a white spot like a pearl, on the leaf. It
IS under the Moon, and its icon shows its virtues to be
ag&inat the pin and web in the eyes.

TURSlF.-^Brassica Rapa.)
This root is so well known that it needs no description.
—
Piac; It is sown in fields and gardens.
TirM,—\t flowers in April.
—
Oovemmentand Virtues. It is under the Moon in Pisces.
It is a nourishiug food, more ut»eful in the kitchen, than as
a medicine. The juice of the sliced root extracted with
brown sugar-candy, strata super stratum^ baked in an oven,
is a good pectoral, and helps coughs and consumptions.

TURNSOLE.— CiTtf/iolropittm Europctum.)

Callkd also Heliotrope.
Descr%p.—T\i\A rises with one upright stalk, about a foot
high, dividing itself into small branches, of a hoary co-
lour; at each joint of the stalk and branches grow small
bruad leaves, rather white and hoary. At the tops of the
stalks and branches stand small white flowers, consisting
if four small leaves, set in order one above another, upon
a small crooked spike, which turns inwards with a Dowed
finger, opening by degrees as the flowers blow open; after
which, in their place, come forth cornered seed, four for
the most part standing together ; the root is smali and
876 CITLPBPIB'S OOMPLBTB HERBAL.

threadj, perishing every year, and the seed shedding every

year, raises it again the next spring.
—
Place, It grows in gardens.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is an herb of the Sun. If
boiled in water and drank, it purges both choleraud phlegm,
and boiled with cummin, helps the stone in the reins, kid-
neys, or bladder, provokes urine and womens' courses, and
causes an easy and speedy delivery in child-birth. The
leaves bruised and applied to places pained with the gout,
or that have been out of joint, and newly set, and full of
pain, give much ease ; if the juice of the leaves, with a lit-
tle salt be rubbed upon warts or wens, and other kernels in
the face, eye-lids, or any other part, it will take them away.
TUTSAN. (Hypericwm Androscemum.)
Callbd alsoPark Leaves.
Descrip,— The stalks otow three feet high, smooth, red-
dish, not much branched, with two large oval brown green
leaves set opposite at every joint, on short footstalks, those
next the ground being smallest. The flowers grow several
together, on long footstalks, of five small yellow roundish
leaves each, with stamina in the middle of the same colour,
yielding a reddish juice, and are succeeded by berry-like
seed-vessels, green at first, and afterwards of a deep pur-
ple, almost black, containing small seed in purplish juice;
the root is thick, of a reddish colour, with many fibres.
Place.— It grows in woods, groves, parks, forests, and
by hedge-sides, in many parts of this country.
—
Time. It flowers later than St Peter^s wort.
—
Government and Virtues. It is an herb of Saturn, and
an anti-venerean. It purges choleric humours, helps the
sciatica an^ gout, and heals burns ; it stays the bleeding of
wounds, if the screen herb bruised, or the powdered herb be
dried and applied. It is a sovereign remedy for either
wound or sore, either outwardly or inwardly, if used in
drinks, lotions, balms, or ointments; and also in any other
sort of green wounds, old ulcers, &c.

VALERIAN (GAB,DElH.)--( Valeriana ffortense.)

Descrip. — This has a thick, short, greyish root, lying
above ground, shooting forth small pieces of roots, which
have afi of them many long green strings and fibres under
them in the ground, whereby it draws nourishment. From
the hedd of these leaves spring up many green leaves, ra-
 CXnPIPEB*8 COMPLKTS HERBJLL. 377
ther broad and long, without any divisions on the ed^es ;
but those that riHe up after them are dented on the edges,
some being winged to the middle rib; the stalk rises a yard
or more, sometimes branched at the top, with many small
white flowers, of a purplish colour, tnere follows small
brownish white seed, that is easily carried away with the
rind ; the root smells more strong than either leaf or flow-
er, and is of more use in medicines.
—
Place* It is generally kept with us in gardens.
—
Tims, It flowers in June and July, and continues un-
til the frost pulls it down.
OovemmerU and Virtues, —This is under Mercury. The
decoction of this herb takes away pains
of the sides, pro-
vokes womens' courses, and is used in antidotes ; the root
boiled with liquorice, raisins, and aniseed, is good for dif-
ficulty of breathing, coughs, and to expectorate phlegm,
and clear the passages. If boiled in wine and drank, it is
ffood for venomous Dites and stings; it helps to drive wind
from the belly, and is of excellent property to heal inward
sores or wounds, and for out ward cuts or wounds, and
drawing away splinters or thorns from the flesh.

VALERIAN {GILEEK^y-CPolemonium Cendeum.)

Descrip. —The root about a finger thick, of a brown
is
colour, growing not but spreading itself across
in the earth,
with many white strint^s on each side ; it snoots out se-
veral hollow channelled stalks two or three feet high, hav-
ing the hollow leaves long and round-pointed, some whole,
and others cut in, resembling those of scabious, but that
they are smooth ; the leaves which grow on the stalks are
also much more cut in ; the stalks are divided towards the
top into several branches, having at each divarication a
lonff narrow leaf, and at the ends grow the flowers in a
kind of umbels, each flower being a small, long, nanx>w
tube, divided at the top into five segments, with as many
apices, of a white colour.
Pf ace,— It is planted in gardens, and is found wild in
some parts of Yorkshire.
Oovemment and Virtues. — It is under Mercury, and is
alexipharmic, sudorific, and cephalic, and useful in malig'
nant fevers, and pestilential distempers ; it helps in ner-
vous complaints, head-aches, trembling, palpitations of the
heart, vapours, &c. It is good in hysteric cases, and epi-
tepsies have been cored by the use of this herb.
\*
ff^S OULl*SPEB'8 COM PLSTK HIBBAL.

VALERIAN (WATER,)— (Valeriana Aquatiecu)

Desorip. —The roots are long, slender, and creeping,
sending out a few small white fibres. The leaves which
spring from them are almost round, but somewhat point-
ed. The leaves which grow on the stalks, are like those of
the garden kind, but less. We have two species of this Vale-
rian, one rises higher than the other, having three pairs of
leaves set opposite; the umbels grow closer, and the flow-
ers are a great deal smaller than the other, which rise not
80 high, and has but two pairs of leaves on the stalks. The
flowers are much larger, and like the garden Valerian, but
of a uale purple colour, as are also the former.
—
Place, They grow promiscuously in marshy grounds
and moist meadows.
jr»TO«.~They flower in May.

VALERIAN (TRUE WlhD,y-( Valeriana Si/lveetrit,)

Descrip —This has a root divided into several white
thick strings, of no scent when taken out of the ground,
but smelling very strong when dry. The stalks rise about
a yard high, hollow, and channelled, having several long
winged leaves, whose pinnae are long, sharp-pointed, and
serrated about the edge»y high- veined, and rather hairy ;
the leaves which grow on the stalks are narrow. The flow-
ers are of a purple colour ; both flowers and seeds are
shaped like the garden Valerian. It grows in woods and
dry places ; and flowers in May.
Pf ace.— It is found on dry heaths and in high pastures.
—
Virtues. The root has a strong and disagreeable smell,
warm to the taste, bitter, and a little acrid. In habitual
costiveness, it is an excellent medicine, and will loosen the
belly when other purgatives prove inefl'ectual. It is excel-
lent against nervous affections, such as head-aches, trem-
bling, palpitations, vapours, and hysteric complaints.

VERVAIN {COM.M.O^.)—( Verbena OJicinalie.)

Descrip. —
This has broad leaves next the ground, deep-
ly crashed about the edges, of a blackish green colour on
the upper side, somewhat greyish underneath. The stalk
is square, branched into several parts, rising about two
feet high, with a long spike of flowers of a blue colour and
white in^rraixed, after which come small round seeds in
small rather long heads ; the root ia small, but of no qm.
 CUXPSPER'8 OOVPLm HXRBIX 879

F'etee.—li jpx>w% in waate grounds almoet everywhere.

7H'fA4.— It flowers in Jul?, and the seed ripens soon after.
—
Oovemment and Virtvs», T\\\% is au herb of Veuus, and
excellent for the womb to strengthen and remedy all the
cold di8temf>ers of it, as plantain does the hot. It is hot
and dry, opening obstructionii, cleansing and healing it :

helps the yellow jaundice, the dropsy and the gout, kills
au<i expels worms in the belly, and causes a good colour
in the face and Ixxly, strengthens as well as corrects the
diseases of the stomach, liver and spleen; helps the cough,
wheezings, shortness of breath, and the defects of the reins
and bUdder, exf>eiliug the gravel and stone. It is excellent
against venomous bites, and tertian and quartan agues.
It consolidates and heals all wounds, both inward and
outward, stays bleeding, and used with honey, heals old
ulcers and tistulas in the legs and other parts of the body,
and ulcers that come in the mouth ; or used with lard, it
helps the swellings and pains in the secret parts.

VINE TREE.—{ ViHa Vim/era.)

Descrip. —The root iswoody, divided, and spreading.
The stem is covered with a rough brown bark, divided
into many long straggling branches, which are too weak
to support themselves. The leaves are large, numerous,
and very beautiful, of a roundish figure, but deeply divid-
ed into five or more lobes, shiir|>- pointed, notched at the
edges they are supported on longish leaf-stalks,and from
;

the base of these there frequently rises long, and very ro-
bust tendrils. The flowers are produced in clusters on long
leaf-stalks, which rise together with the leaf-stalks and
tendrils; they are small, and of a green or whitish colour.
—
Oovemment and Virtues, This is a fine plant of the
Sun. The dried fruit, as it comes from abroad under the
nam^ of raisins, and currants, is t^ood in coughs, consump-
tions, and other disorders of the breast The leaves of the
£u:^dish Vine boiled, make a good lotion for sore mouths;
if boiled with barley-meal into a poultice, it cools inflam-
mations of wounds the droppings of the Vine, when it is
;

cnt in the spring, boiled with sugar into a syrup, and taken
Inwardly, is excellent to stay womens' longings when preg-
nant The decoction of the leaves in white wine, does
the same ; or the tears of the Vine, drank two or three
spoonfuls at a time, breaks the stone in the bladder. Th»
ashes of the burnt branches make discoloured teoth white
880 otjxpbpeb's complete herbal.

by nibbing in the morning. It is a most gallant tree of the

Sun, yery sympathetica! with the body; that is the reason
why spirit of wine is the greatest cordial among vegetables.
VIOLET.—(Fio^a Odorata,)

—
Descrip, The root is perennial ; it is long, slender,
crooked, and fibrous ; they are supported on long slender
leaf-stalks, of a roundish figure, heart-shaped at the base,
slightly notched at the edges, and of a dark green colour,
several slender creeping stems rise from among them, which
take root at the joints, and so propagate the plant. The
flowers are supported singly on long, slender, fruit-stalka,
which rise direct from the root; they are large, of a beau-
tiful deep blue or purple, and extremely fragrant. The seeds
are egg-shaped, numerous, and furnished with appendages.
Place, — It is common on warm banks, and produces its
blossoms in March and April.
Time. — It flowers until the end of July, but it is best in
March, and the beginning of April
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is a fine, pleasing plant of
Venus, of a mild nature, and no way hurtful. It is cold
and moist while fresh and green, and is used to cool any
heat or distemperature of the body, either inwardly or
outwardly, as inflammations in the eyes, in the matrix or
fundament, in imposthumes also, and hot swellings, to
drink the decoction of the leaves and flowers made with
water or wine, or to apply them as poultices to the affect-
ed parts ; it eases pains in the head, caused through want
of sleep; or any pains arising from heat, if applied in the
same manner, or with oil of roses. A dram weight of the
dried leaves or flowers pur^^es the body of choleric hu-
mours, if taken in a draught of wine or other drink ; the
powder of the purple leaves of the flowers, only picked and
dried, and drank in water, helps the quinsy, the falling-
sickness in children, especially at the beginning of the dis-
ease. The flowers of the white Violets ripen and dissolve
swellings. The herb or flowers, while they are fresh, or
the flowers that are dry, are effectual in the pleurisy, and
all diseases of the lungs, to lenify the sharpness of hot
rheums, and hoarseness of the throat, heat and sharpness
of urine, and all pains of the back, or reins, and bladder.

VIOLET (WATER.)— (^o«o»ta Palustris,)

Descrip. —The root isa tuft of long, black, and slender

fibres, wnich penetrate deep into the mud. The leaves are
 ctjlpbpeb's comflbt* rsbbai.. 881

long, large, aud beautifully pinnated; they consist each of

ten, twelve, or more pairs of long and narrow 8egments^
regularly disposed, and an odd one at the end. From the
base of this cluster of leaves, there are propagated some
long, slender stalks, which take root again as they run on
the surface of the mud, and in those places send up fresh
clusters of leaves. In the centre of these leaves rises
the stalk which is to support the flowers ; this is tall, up-
right, round, slender, ana naked. The flowers stand in
little clusters atand near the top they are moderately
;

large, very pretty, and of a whitish colour tinged with red.

The seed is single and small.
Place. —It is frequent on the muddy bottoms of waters.
Time, — It flowers in June.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. Saturn governs this plant.
The leaves are cooling, externally applied but they are
;

more used by country-people than by physicians. The

flowers are accounted a specific against the fluor albus,
and are frequently made use of in a conserve or decoction
for that purpose, which is to be continued for some time.
Some commend the herb as of great use against the king's
eril, and ail scrofulous swellings.

VIPER'S BUGLOSS.— (jEbAiwrn Vutgare,)

Descrip. — This has many long rough leaves lying on the
ground, from which rise up hard round stalks, whereon
are set rough, hairy, or pnckly sad green leaves, rather
narrow the middle rib for the most part being white.
;

The flowers stand at the top of the stalk, branched forth

in many long spiked leaves of flowers, all opening for the
most part on one side, which are long and hollow, turning
up the brims a little, of a purplish violet colour in them
that are fully blown, but more reddish while they are in
the bud, but in some places of a paler purple colour, with
a long pointel in the middle, feathered or parted at the top.
After tne flowers are fallen, the seeds become ripe, black-
ish, cornered, aud pointed like the head of a viper. The
root is somewhat great and blackish.
P^ace, —
It grows wild almost every where.
Tirrve.—It flowers in summer, the seed ripens soon after.
—
Oovemment and Virtites. It is an herb of the Sun. It
is an especial remedy against both poisonous bites, and
poisonous herbs. The seeil drauk in wine, produces abun-
danoe of milk in nuraei' breasts. The same if taken, eases
883 ottlpspeb's complxtb hebbal.

the pains in the back, loins, and kidneys. The distilled

water when the herb is in flower, or its chief strength, ap-
plied inwardly or outwardly, is good for the same purposes.

WAKE ROBIN (GOLDEN.)—{^ rum Macufatum.)

Detcrip. —This neglected plant has a roundish tuberous
root, brown on the outside, white within, placed at no con-
siderable depth,aud furnished with a few fibres. The leaves,
which are marked with beautiful gold-coloured veins, rise
alternately across the stock ; they are oblong, smooth at
the edges, pointed at the en^s, and of a fine fresh green,
and often some spots of white are visible on them. The
stem is round, thick, and ten inches or a foot hivh. On its
top stands a single flower, of a tine yellow, which is after-
wards succeeded by fine bri^jht red berries.
Place.— \X is found under hedges, and in moist meadows.
—
Time. It flowers in May.
—
Government and Virtues. It is under the dominion of
the Sun. The root is a powerful antiscorbutic, and by the
activity of its subtle parts, it cuts all vitscidities, and is of
service in humourous asthmas, in which case it should h«
bruised and gently boiled in a closed vessel, in half white-
wine, and half water, and sweetened with houey of roses.
The root bruised and mixed with cows' dung, and applied
warm in a fit of gout and rheumatic pains will ease them.
The root beat up with vinegar and laid upon a bruised
part will dissipate stagnant blood, and prevent blackness
of the skin.

WALL-FLOWER (COMMON.)— (CAwran^Aia Ch^H.)

Descrip. — The root is divided into a number of strag-
gling parts, each furnished with numerous fibres. The
stalk is round, firm, upright, hard, and very much branch-
ed. The leaves are long, narrow, and of a fresh green ;
They have no footstalk, they adhere by the base, and are
undivided at the edges. The flowers grow in spikes at the
top of the stalks and branches, and are large, yellow, and
sweet scented. The pods are long, slender and whitish ;

the seeds are flatted and small.

Place.— It is common on old walls, and in some places
on rocks ; and has thence, for its beauty and fragjrance,
been Introduced into gardens, where the flower, and indeed
the whole plant, grow much larger than in the wild state.
TVfiiA— It flowers in May and June.
 ottlpeper's oomplxts rbbbal. M
WALL-FLOWER {SEA.)—{Cheiranthvs Tricuipidaiui,)
—
DMcrip. This is less than the foregoing, with a long,
slender root, furnished with a few fibres. The stalks are
numerous, weak, bmoched ; they stand irregularly, of a
pale colour, aud a little hairy. The leaves are long, nar-
row, and deeply indented at the edges ; they grow with-
out footstalks, and are somewhat hairy, and their colour
is a pale whitish green. The flowers stand at the tops of
the stalks and branches ; and they are large and white.

WALL-FLOWERS (Wl'LD.)—{Leucoium Sylve»tri$,)

Descrip. —The common single Wall-flowers, which grow

wild abroad, have sundry small, loog, narrow, dark green
leaves, set without order upon small, round, whitish woody
*

stalks, which bear at the tops single yellow flowers one

above another, every one bearing three leaves each, and of
a very sweet scent ; after which come long pods, contain-
ing a reddish seed. The roots are white, hard, and thready.
—
Fface, It grows upon old walls; the other sort in gar-
dens only.
—
Time. All the single kinds flower many times in the
end of autumn ; but double kinds do not
Oovernment and Virtues. -~1l\\q Moon rules them. It
cleanses the blood, and frees the liver and reins from ob-
structions, provokes woraeus' courses, expels the secundine,
and the dead child ; helps the hardness and pains of the
mother, and of the spleen also ; stays inflammations and
swellings, comforts and strengthens any weak part, or oat
of joint; helps to cleanse the eyes from films, and to cleanse
filthy ulcers in the mouth, or any other part, and is a sin-
gular remedy for the gout, and all aches and pains in the
joints and sinews. A cons<'rve made of the flowen, if
QMd as a remedy both for this apoplexy and palsy,
WALNUTS.— (/tt^/arw Regia,)

Descrip.— This tree rises to a ereat height, and spreads

irregularly iuUi branches. The leaves are pinnated ; the
pinnte vast, oblong, and of a fine green. The catkins are
Drowuirtli, with a tinge of green, and the fruit is covered
with a green rind.
—
place. it grows wild iij many places in Scotland ; and
b planted every where for the fruit.
—
TifM. It blossoms early before the Imtm oom« forth,
%ZKi the fruit is ripe in bepiembtr.
384 CULPEPEB'S OOMPLStE HERBAL.
—
Oovemment and Virt'ues. This is a plant of the Sun.
Let the fruit of it be gathered accordinglj, which has the
most virtue whilst ^reeu, before it shells. The bark binds
and dries very much, and the leaves are much of the same
temperature, out when they are older, are heating and dry-
ing in the second degree, and are harder of digestion than
when fresh; if taken with sweet wine, they move the bel-
ly downwards, but if old they grieve the stomach ; and in
hot bodies, cause the choler to abound, producing head-
ache, and are an enemy to those that have the cough; but
are less hurtful to those that have a colder stomach, and
kill the broad worms in the stomach or belly. If taken
with onions, salt, and honey, they help the bites of mad
dogs, or poisonous bites of any kind. The juice of the green
husks boiled with honey, is an excellent gargle for sore
mouths, or the heat and inflammations in the throat and
stomach. The kernels, when they grow old, are more oily,
and unfit to be eaten, but are then used to heal the wounds
of the sinews, gaugreaea, and carbuncles. If burned, these
kernels are very astrin/ent, and will stay laxes and wo-
mens' courses, when taken in red wine, and stays the fall-
ing o5 the hair, and makes it fair, being anointed with oil
and wine. The green husks will act the same, if used in
the same manner. The kernels beaten with rue and wine,
and applied, helf)s the quinsy ; bruised with honey, and
applied to the ears, eases pains and inflammations therein.
The distilled water of the green leaves in the end of May,
cures foul running ulcers and sores, to be bathed with wet
cloths or sponges applied to them every morning.

WATER- WORT (CHICKWEED.)-(^a^»n«

AUinastrum,)
Descrip.— This has often been mistaken for Fluellin. It
has a small white fibrous root The first leaves are small,
narrow, and pointed ; they increase in size as they rise to the
middle, and then gradually diminish to the top; they have
no footstalks, and are of a grassy green colour the stem
:

is so weak, it scarce holds itself upright, but trains some

part of its length on the ground. The flowers grow in the
Dosom of the leaves ; they are small, and supported on
slender and short footstalks ; they are of a yellowish aud
dark purple. The seed is very minute aud brown.
Place,— It grows upon the borders of corn-fields, and
by running shallow waters.
—
TiiM* It ia in flower in May.
 OULPEPES'S OOMPLBTE fiEBfiAL. 385

—
Oovernment and Virtues. It is a moist, cooliug plant,
under the Moon. The juice cleanses and heals old ulcers ;
and it has at former times been in esteem as an inward
medicine for internal bruisea The flowers and leaves
beaten into a conserve, is the best way of taking it for
anj inward purpose.
WELD, OR WOLD.—(i2e#eia Lateola.)
Called also Dyers' Weed and Willow-leaved Yellow Herb.
Descrip.—li grows about a yard high, having hollow
channelled stalks, covered with long narrow green leaves,
set on without footstalks; of a dark blueish green colour,
a little crumpled, as it were round- pointed, which so abides
the first year; and the uext sprin^r, from among them, rise
up divers rouud stalks, two or three feet high, beset with
many such-like leaves thereon, but smaller, and shooting
forth small branches, which, with the stalks, carry many
small yellow flowers, in a long spiked head at the top of
them, where afterwanls come the seed, which is small and
bkck, inclosed in heads that are divided at the tops into
four parts. The root is lonsr, white, and thick. The whole
herb becomes yellow, after it has been in flower a while.
Place.— It grows every where by way-sides, in moist
grounds.
Time,— It flowers about June.
—
Oovernment and Virtues. The root cures tough phlegm,
digests raw phlegm, thins gross humours, dissolves hard
tumours, and opeusobstructious. It is commended against
venomous bites, to be takeu inwardly and applied out-
wardly to the hurt place.as also for the plagueor pestilence.

WREAT.—iTriticum.)
Tht8 useful plant is so well known that it needs no de-
•cription.
P ace. — It is sown every where.
in fields
Time.— July and August.
it is reajjed in
—
Oovernment and Virtues. It is uuder Venus. The oil
presided from Wheat by means of plates of iron or copper,
heals tetters and ringworms, if used warm. The kfreen
noni't chewed, and applied to the bites uf mad dogs, heals
them; wheHt-brend poultices made with red wine, and ap-
Clied tu hot, inrtained, ur bltxHi-rihot eyes, helpn them. Hot
read poultices ajiplied three days to^'ether. heals kernels
In tho throat. Wheat-flour mixed with juice of henbane.
$86 OTTLPBFEB'S COMPLBTI HEBBAIi.
stays the flux of humours to the joints, if laid thereto; or
mixed with the yolk of an egg, honej, or turpentine, draws,
cleanses, and heals boils, plague sores, or foul ulcers.
It is more useful for food than medicine though a poul-
;

tice made of it with milk, eases pains, ripens tumours and

impo8lhumations and a piece of toastea bread dipped in
;

wine, and applied to the stomach, is good to stay vomiting.

WHITLOW-GBASa—(ZVofta Vema,)
Deacrip. —
Ithasan annual fibrous root; the stem is round,
branchy, hairy, of a red colour, and four or five inches
high the leaves are pretty numerous, small, broadest at the
;

extremity, and divided into three segments ; their colour

is reddish. The flowers terminate the stem and branches
in considerable numbers ; white, small, but conspicuous.
The seeds are numerous and very minute.
Pf ace.— It grows on the roofs of houses, old walls, and
among rubbish.
—
Time. It tiowers in April.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is under Jupiter. A strong
infusion of the whole plant, fresh gathered, is an excellent
sweetener of the blood and juices, and good against scor-
butic complaints in general. Those who wish to use it all
the year, should make a syrup of its juice in the spring,
or beat the leaves into a conserve with su^jar, for the dried
plant loses all its virtues, and is only to be had fresh for a
short time in the spring.

WHORTLE.— Vaccinium MyrtUlu$,

Descrip.— It isa small shrub, with slender purplish
branches. The leaves are round, obtuse at the ends, and
not serrated on the edges. The flowers are greenish, with a
tinge of red the berries are round, red, and well tasted.
;

Plaice,— This species of the Bilberry- bush is common in

our northern counties on boggy ground.
—
Time. It flowers in May.
—
Virtues. The bark of the root is warm and dry, it opens
obstructions of the liver and spleen. The unripe fruit is
drying and binding, good for fluxes of all kinds, and in-
flammations in the mouth and throat. The ripe fruit is
cooling, good to allay the heat of burning fevers ; it ifl
grateful to the stomach, and creates an appetite.
 CULPIPE&'S COMPLXTI RXBBAl* 887

WILLOW-HERB.—{ZynmocAia J^emorvm.)
Descrip.-^Thia is a shrubby plaut It has large, hollow
chanuelled sulks, divided intomauy brauches full of leaves,
three growing together on long footstalks, indented a little
about the edges. The flowers grow in short rouud spikes,
set on long stalks, of a pale blue, small and papilionaceous,
set each in a particular calyx, succeeded by short pods,
coutai ni ng smal yellow seeds. The root is woody and fi brous.
1

P^ace. — It grows in damp woods and marshy places, and

has been observed near the banks of the Severn.
—
Time, It flowers in July.

WILLOW-HERB(CR£EPING.)—(^t^o*i«*^^^/>»»*<*«»-)
De9crip. —
The root is small and fibrous the stalks are
;

round, weak, and slender they trail on the ground and

:

ta^e root as they lie, only part approaching to an erect

posture. The leaves stand in pairs they are short, bn)ad,
:

and of an oval figure, pointed at the ends, smooth, round,

of a deep j^reen and those towards the tops of the stalks
;

are smaller and narrower. The flowers are small, pale red«
place. — It grows in our woods and meadows.
—
Time. It flowers early in summer.

WILLOW-HERB (GREAT FLOWERED.)—(^SJw^o-

hium llamosum.)
Descrtp. —This is a The stem is thick,
fine tall plant.
firm, uprijrht, and The
leaves are broa<l, re-
five feet high.
gularly notched, terminating in a point, of a beautiful
green, and lightly hairy; they have no footstalks, and the
flowers are large, of a pale red, and grow in a deep cup.
The tops of this plant have a light fragrance.
Pf ace.— It is found by waters, and in shady copees.
Tim^. — It flowers in June.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. All the species of Willow-
HerbH have the same virtues they are under Saturn, and
:

are cooling and antringeut. The root dried and powdered,

U good against hemorrhages: the fresh juice acts the same.

WILLOW-HERB (HAIRY.)— (.^oftium Hirsutum.)

Descrtp. —This is smaller, but is like the preceding.

The leaves are notched at the edges^ of a deep green. The
388 OTJLPEPBR'S COMPLETE HEEBAL.
Stalks are round, firm, upright, two and a half feet high.
They are large, of a bright red, at the tops of the branches.
Place, — It is an inhabitant of our damp meadows.
—
Time, It flowers in July.

WILLOW-HERB (MARSH.)— (J^o6ti*m Falustre,)

Descrip. — The root hasa small head, with many large
fibres. The leaves are oblong, of a dead green, and
first
nointed at the ends. The stalk is round, erect, robust,
much branched, about two feet high. The leaves on this
are large and moderately broad, of a dead green, hairy, not
indented, fixed to the base of the stalk. The flowers are
numerousat the tops of the stalks, small, of a lively pale red.
—
Place. It is very common in many parts of England.
—
Time, It flowers in June.
—
VirtiLes. The flowers, stalks, roots and all, may be used.
They are cooling and dryiug, good to stay fluxes and loose-
nesses, gonorrhoea and nocturnal pollutions The leaves
are good to be applied to hot tumours and inflammations.

WILLOW-HERB (MONEY.)— (ZynmacAta

Nummularia^
Descrip, —The root is knotty at the head, sending forth
long strings and fibres ; the stalks are tough and limber,
growing low, with leaves set alternately upon them, that
are hard, firm, full of nerves, of an oval shape, butysharp-
poirated at the end, about two inches long on the middle
;

of the back of each grows a small mossy green flower, that

is succeeded by the seed, which is small and brown.
—
Place, It is found in damp woods.
—
Tims. It flowers in July

WILLOW-HERB (PURPLE MONEY.)—(Zy^macAia

Tenella Purpurea.)

Descrip. —This is a tender succulent plant, very slender,

with many oval divided leaves, of a whitish green colour.
The stalks are hollow and cornered, much branched, not
rising very high, having on their tops long spikes of flow-
ers, purple above and whitish underneath, having a spur
in the hinder part, the footstalk being inserted in the mid-
dle of the flower; they are succeeded by single round seed.
 culpepsb's complete herbal. 389

WILLOW-HERB (BDSEB AY, )—{Epilobium

Angusti/olium,)

Descrip. — This is the most beautiful of all the Willow-

Herba. The root is lar^e and spreading. The first leaves
rise io a thick tuft, and are loog, narrow, deep green on
the upper side, and silvery grey underneath; they have no
footstalks, are even at the edges, and terminate in a point.
The stalk rises in the centre of the leaves it is thick, firm,
:

upright) and five feet high. The leaves stand irregularly

upon it; they are lon^, narrov^, even at the edges, of a deep
ereen on the upper side, and a silvery white below. The
flowers are large and beautiful, in a long spike, deep red.
The seed-vessels are long, and the seeds winged with down.
Place. — It is found in damp meadows in Yorkshire.
—
Time, It flowers in June and July.
WILLOW-HEKB (MOUNTAIN,)— (J^i^otium
MorUanum,)
Descrip. — This thicker set with leaves, and more ro-
is
bust than the former. It grows upright; the stalk is round,
reddish, and four feet high. It is thick set with leaves, of
a pale greyish green, soft to the touch, oblong, broad, in-
dented, they stand irregularly on the base of the stalk. The
flowers are large, of a pale red, on the tops of the stalks.
The seed grows in a pod with a silvery down amongst it.
Place, — It Is common in pasture grounds, and shady
hedges, in our northern and western counties.
—
J^TM. It flowers in June.

WILLOW-HERB (SPURGE.)— (.^oWwrn Tetra

gonv/m,)

Descrip. —This has a singular appearance. The stem is

lender, and upright the leaves narrow, smooth at the
:

edges, long, and pointed ; they are numerous, soft, and of a

deep green. The flowers are moderately large, and grow
at tne tope of the branches ; of a beautiful bright red.
Place. — It is frequent in damp meadows under hedges,
and by the sides of brooks.
Time, — It flowers in July.

WILLOW-HERB (TUFTY.)— (ZyWmacAta Thrysifiora,)

Descrio. — This rises from a long, thick, and fibrous root.
The etali is round, firm, upright, and two feet high. The
890 citlpepeb'b complete hbbbal.
leaves are narrow, oblong, and pointed. Thej grow at the
joints without footfitaiks b*»low, but alteruatfly alK)ve, aud
yet sometirnes three are found at a joint ; their colour is a
grassy i^^reen. The flowers are small, of a pale red ; they
grow on long footstalks, which rise with the leavea The
seed-vessels are rouud, and the seeds small aud browu.
Place.— Itisfoundindampplacesin the westof England.
—
Time, It flowers in July.

WILLOW-HERB( YELLOW.)--(i^o6iwm Lysimachia,)

Descrip. —This grows very large, and resembles in its
form common yellow Loosestrife, for which it is often mis-
taken. The stem is thick, hrm, upright, hard, four feet
high, and towards the top it sends out a few branches
which rise from the joints. The leaves grow two or more
at a place, without footstalks ; they are large, broa<lest in
the middle, and pointed at the end, of a beautiful green.
The flowers are numerous, large, aud of a beautiful gold
yellow ; they have tive petals, aud buttons iu the threads.
—
Place, Itisnotunfrequeutly found wild by water-sides.
—
Time. Its time of flowering is from May to July.
Virtues,— This the most powerful of the whole speciea.
It opens obst notions of the liveraud spleen, provokes urine,
is good for the dropsy, if infused in common drink. The
ashes infused in ale or wine, are used against the same
distemper, causing great discharges of water by urine.
WILLOW-TREE.—(>Sa/ir Alba.)
Descrip. — The White Willow grows to be a large tree.
The bark isrough, of a pale brown colour on the trunk,
but on the branches it is whitish grey. The leaves are
long, narrow, sharp- pointed, and light green. The catkins
are orown.
Place, — It is common by water-sides all over the land.
—
Time. The flowers appear early in spring.
—
Oovemmejit and Virtues. The Moon owns it The
and seed are used to stanch the bleeding of
leaves, bark,
wounds, and at mouth and nose, spitting of blood, and
other fluxes of blood in man or woman, to stay vomiting,
and the provocation thereto, if the decoction of them in
wine be drunk. It helps to stay thin, hot, sharp, salt dis-
tillations from the head upon the lungs, causing consump-
tion. The leaves bruised with pepper, and drank in winQ,
help in the wind-colic Water that is gathered from the
 oulfips^'b complete herbal. 891
Willow, when it flowers, the bark being slit, if rery good
for dimness of sight, or tilms that grow over the eyea,
itaying the rbeums that fall into them; it provokes urine,
if drank, and
cleai-s the face and skin from spots and dia-
colourings. The decoction of the leaves or bark in wine,
takes away scurf and dandrif by washing the place with it

WINTER GREEN.—(PyroZa Minor.)

Detcrip. —
The leaves resemble those of the Pear-tree^
bat not so large ; they grow on footstalks two or three
inches long, smooth, and of firm texture. The stalks grow
A foot high, bearing on their tops several small five leav-
ed white flowers, having a few stamina in the middle, ris-
ing one above another in a loose spike, succeeded by cor-
nered seed-vessels, full of small seed ; the root is small,
lender, and fibrous.
P^ace, — It erows in woods, both in tha north and west.
Time, — It flowers in July.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. This is another Lunar plant
The leaves are the only part used, are cooliug and drying,
and a good vulnerary both for inward and outward wounds
and hemorrhages, ulcers in the kidneys or bladder as also
:

Againit making bloody water, and excess of the catamenia.

WOAD (COMMON.)—(/w^w Tinctoricu)

Detcrip. —It has large leaves, long and broad, of a green-

ish colour, somewhat blue. From amon^^ these leaves
rises up a lusty stalk, three or four feet high, with leaves
set thereon; the higher the stalk rises, the smaller are the
leaves ; at the top it spreads divers branches, at the end of
which appear very pretty little yellow flowers, and after
they pass away, come husks, lon^, and rather flat ; in form
they resemble a tongue ; in colour they are black, and
bang downwards. The root is white and long.
Place. —It is sown in fields,and reaped three times a year.
—
Time. It flowers in June, but it is long after before
the seed is ripe.
Oovemment and Virtue*. —
It is a cold and dry plant of
Saturn. An
ointment made of the leaves stanches bleed-
ing. A plaster raaiie thereof, and applied to the region of
the spleen which lies on the left side, takes awa^ the hard-
ness and pains thereof. The ointment is good m such ul-
cers asabound with moisture, and takes away the corrod-
ing and fretting humours ; it cools inflammations, quench-
 092 CXTLPEPEB'S COMPLBTK REBBAli

es St. AntboDj's fire, and stajs defloxion of the blood to

any part of the body.
WOODRUFFE (SQUINANCY.)-(il*p«ru^
Cynanchica.)

Callkd also Woodrow and Woodrowel.

Deacrip,—Tht stalks grow about a foot high, square and
slender, and but little branched, having seven or eight
long green leaves, growing in a circle at every joint, with
little or no roughness the flowers grow on the tops of the
:

stalks in small umbels, of little single-leaved white flowers,

spread like a bell, of a sweet smell ; each is succeeded by
two roughish seed. The root is small, slender, and creep-
ing under the upper surface of the earth.
Place. —
It grows in woods and copses.
—
Time. It flowers in May.
—
Oovemmentand Virtues. Mars rules it. The green herb
should be used. It is good in the jaundice, and all diseases
of the stomach and liver, opening obstructions, and caus-
ing appetite. Bruised, it heals fresh wounds and cuts.

WOODRUFFE (SWEET.)—(Jj^o^rMZa Odorata.)

Descrip. —This has a spreading fibrous root, with a
square stock, upright, not much branched, and eight
inches high of a pale green, and slender substance. The
:

leaves, like the former, are placed at the joints in a stel*

lated manner, but more considerable, broader and larger ;
they are sharp-pointed, smooth, of a dark green. The flow-
ers are small and white, but a variety is found with pale
blue flowers. The seeds are small and round.
Virtues. —
It is nourishing and restorative, good for weak
consumptive people : it opens obstructions of the liver
and spleen, and is said to be a provocative to venery.
WORMSEED (TRE ACLE.)-(^«m«m Cheiranthoides.)
Descrip. — The
roots are long, slender, and furnished
with many strings ; the leaves are long and narrow, of a
pale green; the stalk a yard high. It is not much branch-
ed, at the top grow the flowers in a spiky order; they are
small and yellow, and the seed-vessels resemble pea- pods,
only they are angular. The seed is small and brown, and
the whole plant very much resembles hedge mustard.
Place. — It grows upon rotten moist grounds.
'ISme, — It flowers in May and June.
 OULPEPKB'8 COMPLXn HERBAL. 893
—
Oovemment and Virtues. It is under the dominion of
Mara The whole plant has a hot taste, and so have the
seeds, which are good in rheumatic complaints, and in ob-
structions of the viscera, and in scorbutic disorders. A
poultice of the roots disperses hard tumours in any part
of the body. Small doses of the juice given in white wine,
promote the meuses, and hasten delivery ; and in lar^zer
domam it ift an excellent medicine in the jaundice, dropsy,
and complaints of the like nature, ^ade into syrup with
honey, and a small quantity of v^iuegar, it is beneficial in
asthmatic complaints It kills worms in the stomach and
intestines ; and it is good in small quantities in hysteric
cases, if the use be continued for some time.

WOBMWOOD.--{Artemina AbsyrUhium.)
—
Detcrip, This useful plant grows about a yard high ;
the stalk is pale green, tough, upright, and divided wildly
into many branches : the leaves are of a pale green on
both sides, divided into many p)arts, soft to the touch, but
make the fingers bitter. The flowers are numerous, small,
chaffy, hang down, and of a pale olive colour at first ; but^
after standing a while, they grow brownish.
P/oce.— This is a perennial plant, mowing every where.
—
Time. It blooms in June and July.
Oovemment and Virttie*.—ThiB is a martial herb, and
is governed by Mars. This is the strongest, the Sea Worm-
wood is the second in bitterness, and the Roman joins a
great deal of aromatic flavour, with but little bitterness ;
to acquire and enjoy the full powers they possess, they
must be well known, for each kind has its particular vir-
tues. The two first grow wild in this country ; the third
it frequent in our botanic ^rdens, but is not confined to
tbeie places. The common kind is excellent in weakness of
tbeitcxDach, gout and gravel. The lea ves and flowers are used.

WORMWOOD (COMMON BROAD- LEA VED.>-

{Abtyntkium Lati/olium Vulgare,)
Deeerip, —
The root is thick and woody, divided intose*
Tend branches, enduring many years, holding its lower
leaves all winter, which are large and winged, and divided
into small parts, very much cut in ; greenish above, and
wnite underneath. In summer it sends out woody, striat-
ed, hoaiT stAlks, two or three feet hi^h, full of white pith,
haviui{ fenw Uayet growing upon them ; thoM towards
394 CULPEPEB'8 COMPLETE BEBBAL.
the top are long, narrow, and a little indeDted. The flow-
era rise among these in a kiud of loowe spikes at the tops
of the stalks, and look naked ; they are orownish yellow,
^wing many together, banging dovrn their heads, inclos-
ing small seed. The whole plant has a very bitter taste.
—A
Place, wild plant, and frequent by way-sides, ditch-
banks, and in church-yards.
—
Time, It flowers in July and August.
—
OovemmerU and Virtiies. It is a martial herb, as before
observed. The tops of the plant are to be used fresh ga-
thered ; a very slight infusion is excellent for all disordera
of the stomach, prevents sickness after meals, and creates
an appetite ; but if made too strong, it dingusts the taste.
The tops with the flowers on them, dried and powdered,
are good a^inst agues, and have the same viitues with
wormseed in killing worms ; in fact, they are much bet-
ter than the wormseed sold in the shopti, which is gener-
ally too much decayed. The juice of the large leaves of
Wormwood, which grow from the root, before the stalk
appears, is the best against the dropsy and jaundice, for it
opens obstructions, and works powerfully by urine. It ia
good in all agues, in decoction or infusion, in water, ale,
wine, or in the juice only ; but its infusion in wine or ale
is an easy, and as good a preparation as any. The infusion,
drank morning and evening for some time, helps hysterics,
obstructions of the spleen, and weakness of tue stomach.
Its oil, taken on sugar, and drank after, kills worms, re-
flists poison, and is good for the liver and jaundice. The
root haa a slow bitterness, which affects not the head and
eyes, like the leaves, hence the root should be accounted
among the best stomachics. The oil of the seed, given from
half a scruple to half a dram, in some liquor, or a spoonful
of the juice in some wine, taken before the fit comes on,
and the patient put to bed, cures quotidians and Quartans.
In a looseness from eating too much fruit, after tne use of
rhubarb. Wormwood wine is excellent. A fomentation of
the herb boiled with water, and strained, has been success-
fully applied to a jipreading gangrene. Poultices of Worm-
wood boiled in grease, barm, or wine, may be applied with
good success to white swellings. Boiled in Urd, and laid
to swellings of the tonsils and quinsey, is serviceable. Its
internal use is good :n such diseases as come from gross
blood, or obstruction B of the capillaries, or in viscidities^
or phlegm, which line the inaides of the stomach, bowels
 cttlpepeb's completb hbbbau 895

or veasela, or in too great sharpDess of the blood, by its

opeuiag obstructions, cleansini^, bracing, and promoting
perepiratiou and urine. It Is admirable against surfeits,
it not only cures the pain of the stomach, weakness, indi-
gestion, want of appetite, vomiting, and loathing, but hard
swell in u's of the belly. This, with rosemary, saffron, and
turmeric root infused in rhenish wine, is a cure for the
jaundice, and brings down the menses; or a decoction of it,
broom-tops, greater celandine, white horehound, lesser
centaury, flowers of hypericon, barberry- bark, turmeric,
and madder-roots, strained, and hoglice-wine added, is
very good to cure the jaundice. Wormwood and vinegar
are an antidote to the mischief of mushrooms and henbane,
and the biting of the sea-fiah, called Draco marinua^ or
quaviver mixed with honey, it takes away blackness after
;

falls, bruises, &c All other Wormwoods, the nearer they

approach in taste to pleasant or palatable, they are so much
the worse, for they are weaker, their use requires so much
longer time, larger doses, and yet less success follows. The
herb and Pellitory of the Wall boiled in water till they
are soft, then strained, and a fomentation of the liquor
aaed, and the herbs laid on after in a poultice, eases all
outward pains ; or the herb boiled in oil till the oil is al-
most wasted, strained, and anoiute<l, cures the pains of tlie
back. Placed among woollen cloths, it prevents and de-
stroys the moths.

WORMWOOD (ROMAN.)—(^rtmuia P<mUca,)

Descrip. — This is less than the former, about two and a
half feet high, the leaves are smaller and finer, the divi-
sions narrower and slenderer, hoary, and white both above
and underneath. The leaves that grow on the upper part
of the branches, are long, narrow, and undivided, resem-
bling more the leaves of common Southernwood in figure,
than either of the other Wormwoods. The flowers are
numerous, growiug on the tope of the branches as the for-
mer, of a darker colour, but vastly smaller. The root is
creeping and spreading, and composed of fibres ; it is in
all respects a more neat and elegant plant.
—
Flaae. This species is a native of the warmer parts of
Europe, and grows with us only in gardens.
Timt, — Like all the Wormwoods, it flowers in July.
OoterrvmerU and Virtues. —
It is also a martial plant.
The fresh tops are used, and the whole plant dried. It it
•zoelleut to strengthen the stomach ; the juice of the fresh
 OXTLPBPEB'S OOMFLETE REBBAL.
topsis good against obstmctions of the liver and spleen,
and has been known singly to cure the jaundice. For this
purpose the conserve of the leaves is recommended ; and
indeed this is the sort of Wormwood that conserve ought
only to be made of. ITie flowery tops are the right part.
These made into a light infusion, strengthen digestion,
correct acidities^ and supply the place of gall, where, as in
many constitutions, that is deficient. One ounce of the
flowers and buds should be put into a vessel, and a pint
and a half of boiling water poured on them, and thus to
stand all night. In the morning, the clear liquor, with
two spoonfuls of wine, should be taken at three draughts,
an hour and a half distant from one another. This regu-
larly observed for a week, will cure all complaints arising
from indigestion and wind ; and a fourth part of the dose
repeated afterwards will make the cure moie lasting. An
ounce of these flowers put into a pint of brandy, and steep-
ed for the space of six weeks, will produce a tincture, of
which a tablespoonful taken in a glass of water twice a
day, will, in a great measure, prevent the increase of the
gravel, and give great relief in the gout. Medicines pre-
—
pared in the shops from Wormwood are A simple water.
A greater and a lesser compound water. A simple and a
compound syrup. An oil by decoction or infusion. An
oil by distillation. An extract, and a fixed salt.
The Roman Wormwood ditfers from the Sea in the fol-
lowing. The leaves are finer cut, and less woolly. Thib
is the most delicate kind, but of least strength. The
Wormwood wine, so famous with the Qermauti, is made
with this Roman Wormwood, put into the juice, and work-
ed with it it is a strong and excellent wlne^ not unplea-
:

sant, yet of such efficacy to give an appetite, that the Ger-

mans drink of it so often, that they are able to eat for
hours together, without sickness or indigestion.

WORMWOOD (SEA.)—(iirtmtffia MariHma,) (Absyn-

thium Serippium.)
Descrip. — The stalk is
white, woolly, hard, two feet high,
and has a few, short irregular branches. The leaves are
long, narrow, tough, firm, white, and hoary very much
;

like Southernwood. The root lies deep, and is woody ;

the flowers are of a yellowish brown, and the shoots from

vhich they depend hang drooping.
Place. — This is a perennial, that covers many acres o{
•ea-coast in different parts of the kingdom.
 OULPIPSB'8 COMPLSTB HKBBAIk
—
THtns, This species flowers in July.
—
Government and Virtues. This is an herb of Man*. It
is a very noble bitter, and succeeds in procuring an appe-
tite, better than common Wormwood, which is best to as-
sist digestion. The flowery tops, and the young leaves
and shoots, possess the virtues the older leaves, and the
;

stalk, shoula be thrown away as uselesa Boiling water

poured upon it produces an excellent stomachic infusion :

out the best way is, taking it in a tincture made with

brandy. For lighter complaints, the conserve, such, as di-
rected to be made of field Southernwood, agreeably ans-
wers the purpose. Hysteric complaints have been com-
pletely cured by the constant use of this tincture. In the
scurvy, and in the hypochondriacal disorders of studious
sedentary men, few thinap have greater effect ; for these
it is best in strong infusions ; and great good has arisen
from common Wormwood, given in jaundices and dropsies.
The whole blood, and all the juices of the body, are affec-
ted by taking this herb. It turns the milk bitter in the
breasts of nurses, if taken while suckling. It is sold in
the shops instead of the Roman Wormwood, and is often
used in medicine instead of the former, though it falls far
short of it in virtue.

YARROW (COMMON.)—{^cAi^^<wi Millefolium.)

Called also Nose-bleed, Milfoil, and Thousand-leaf.
Deeerip.— It has many leaves cut into a multitude of
fine small parts, of a deep green colour and tough sub-
stance ; the stalk is uprignt, of a dull greyish green, and
the flowers are usually white, but not all of a whiteness
and grow in knots. Some of these, among others, will grow
of a delicate crimson, which are those that produce seed,,
and from this seed will rise red flowered plants.
Place.— ThiM is an upright, and not unnandsome plant,
common in our pasture grounds, and, like many others, of
much more use than is generally known. It is perennial^
and grows to two feet high.
Time, — It blooms from July to the latter end of August.
—
Oovemmeni and Virtuee. It is under the influence of
Venus. As a medicine it is drying and binding. A de-
coction of it boile<i with white wine, is good to stop the
running of the reins in men, and whites in women ; re-
•traius violent bleedings, and is excellent for the piles. A
itroag tea ia this oaas should ba mada of tha laave% and
 citlpeper's complete hebbai*

drunk pleutifully ; and equal parts of it, and of toad flax^

should be made into a poultice with pomatum, and appli-

ed outwardly. This induces steep, eases the pain, and
lessens the bleedins. Ao ointrueut of the leaves cures
wounds, and is good for inflammations, ulcers, fistulas, and
all such runnings as abound with moisture.

YARROW (SNEEZEWORT.MJcAi^'ora Ptarmica.)

Descrit). —The root is long, slender, and hung with
many fiores. The stalk is round, upright, and two
feet high, of a pale green, and branched. The leaves are
long, narrow, of a deep green, rough on the surface, sharp-
pointed, and serrated at the edges. The flowers are very
numerous small and white, and they terminate the
branches. The seed is oval.
Place.— It is common on ditch bank&
TVwie. — It flowers in August.
—
Oovemment and Virtues. Venus governs this useful
plant. The leaves dried and powdered, aud snuffed up
the nose, occasions sneezing, and are excellent a,;ainst in-
vetemte head-aches. The youn^ tops are of a sharp, but
pleasant taste, and may be eaten in salads. It is a good
vulnerary, both inwardly taken in infusion, decoction, &c.,
and outwardly applied in fomentations ; for it is a drier
aud astringent, and therefore proper to be used in all im-
moderate fluxes, whether of the bowels, or other parts,
especially of the menses, and in female weaknesses.

YEW.-^{Taxus Baccatcu)

Descrip,— It grows to be an irregular tree, spreadinff

widely into bniucbes. The leaves are long, narrow, and
placed with a beautiful regularity. The flowers are yel-
lowish, aud and the berries are surrounded with a sweet
juicy matter.
Pace, — It grows in woods, and in gardens.
Oovemment and Virtues. — This a tree of Saturn.
is The
leaves are said to be poisonous ;but the wood, if it grew
with more regularity, would be very valuable. This tree,
though it has no place among medicinal plants, yet it does
not oeserve (at least in our climate), so bad a character as
the ancients gave it, viz, a most poisonous vegetable, the
berries of which threaten present death to man or beast
that eat them many have eaten them in this country and
;

survived. However that may be. it has very powerful

 CXTLPEPSB'fel COHPLETX RIBBAX% 399

poiBODOus qualities, that rise by distillation. In this form,

it is the most active vegetable poison known in the whole
world, for in a small dose it instantly induces death with-
out any previous disorder ; and its deleterious power
seems to act upon the nervous system, without exciting
the least inflammatioo in the part to which it more imme«
diately enters It totally differs from opium and all other
sleepy poisons, for it does not bring on the lethargic symp-
toms, but more effectually |>enetrates and destroys the vi-
tal functions, without immediately affecting the animal.
These observations are made as a caution against any
rash application of it, for, though it is sometimes given
usefully in obstructions of the liver and bilious complaints,
those experiments seem too few to recommend it to be
used witnout the greatest caution. The deleterious qual-
itiat of laurel-water are more than equalled by thi&

YUCCA, OR JVCCA^^Fucca Oloriosa,)

Called also Adam's Needle.

—
Descnp. This Indian plant has a thick tuberous root,
spreading in time into many tuberous heads, whence shoot
forth many long, hard, and hollow leaves, very sharp-
pointed, compassing one another at the bottom, of a grey-
ish green colour, abiding continually, or seldom falling
away, with sundry hard threads running in them, and
when withered, become pliant to bind things with. From
the midst of these spring forth a strong round stalk, divi-
ded into several branches, whereon stand divers somewhat
large white flowers, hanging downwards, consisting of six
leaves, with divers veins, of a weak reddish, or blueish
colour, spread on the back of the outer leaves from the
middle to the bottom, not reaching to the edge of any
leaf, which abide not lon^, but quickly fall awsy.
P'ace.—li grows in divers places of the West-Indies, ai
in Virginia and New England,
Tims. — It flowers about the latter end of July.
—
Virtues. It has no properties, as yet known of, for
medicinal use. The natives in Virginia use the roots for
bread. The raw juice is dangerous, if not deadly, and
it is suppoHetj the Indians poisoned the heads of their
'Urts therewith.
 WKECHONS FOR MAZING STUUPS, &t

Having in divers places of this Treatise promised you the

way of making Syrups, Conserves, Oils, Ointments, &c of
herbs, roots, flowers, &c whereby you may have them ready
for your use at such times when they cannot be had other-
wise I come now to perform what 1 promised, and you shall
;

find me rather better than worse than my word.

That this may be done methodically, 1 shall divide my di-
rections into two grand sections, and each section into seve-
ral chapters, and men you shall see it look with such a coun-
tenance as this is.

SECTION I.

OV OATHEBINa, DRYING, AND KEEPING SIMPLEfl, AND

THEIB JUICES.
Chap. I. Of leaves of herbs Chap. IV. Of Roots.
&c V. Of Barks,
II. Of Flowers. VL Of Juices.
IIL Of Seeds.

SECTION IL
or MAKINO AND EEEPINO COMPOUNDS.
Chap. I. Of distilled Wa- Chap. IX. Of Lohocks.
ters. X. Of Ointments.
-II. Of Syrups, XI. OfPlaisters.
-IIL Of Juleps. XII. Of Poultices.
-IV. Of Decoctions. XII I. Of Troches.
-V, Of Oils. XIV. Of Pills.
-VI. Of Electuaries. XV. The way of flt-
VII. Of Conserves, ting Medicines to com-
-VIIL Of Preserves, pound diseases.
Of all these in order.
400
 DiaBCTIOXH FOR MAKIV9 STROrB. <&0- 401

CUAFTEK I.

Of LeavM of Herbsj or Trees.

L Of leaves choose only such as are green and full ofjuice

pick them carefully, and cast away such as are declining,
tor ihey will putrify all the rest. So shall one handlul bo
worth ten of those you buy in Cheapside.
2. Note what places they most delight to grow in, and
gather them there for betony that grows in the shade is far
;

better than that growing in the sun, because it delights in

the shade ; so al:^ such herbs as delight to grow near the
water, shall be gathered near it, though haply you may find
some of them upon dry ground. The treatise will inform
you where ever>' herb delights to grow,
3. The leaves of such herbs as run up to seed are not so
good when they are in tlower as before, (some few excepted,
the leaves of which are seldom or never used) in such cases,
if through ignorance they were not known, or through neg-
ligence forgotten, you had better take the top aad the liowers
than the leaf.
4. Dry them well in the sun, and not in the shade, as the
saving of the physician is ; for if the eon draw away the
virtues of the herb, it must needs do the like by hay, by the
same rule, which the experience of every country larmer will
explode for a notable piece of non.sense.
6. Such as are astrologers ^and indeed none else are fit to
make physicians) such I advise let the planet that gove^s
;

the herb be angular, and the stronger the better; if they can,
in herbs of Saturn, let Saturn be in the ascendant; in the
herb of Mars, let Mars be in the Mid-heaven, for in those
houses they delight; let the Moon apply to them by good
aspect, and let her not be in the houses of her enemies ; if
you cannot well stay till she apply to them, let her apply to
a planet of the same triplicity if you cannot wait that time
;

neither, let her l>e with a fixed star of their nature.

G. Having well dried them, put them up in brown paper,
ewing the paper up like a sack, and press them not too
hard U)gether, and Keep them in a dry place near the fire.
7. As for the duration of dried herbs, a just time cannot b«
given, let authors prate at their pleasure for,
;

Ist, Such as grow upon dry grounds will keep better than
inch af grow on moist.
2dly. Such herbs as are full of juice will not keep so long
M such as are dryer.
Sdly. Such herbs as are well dried, will keep longer than
fftich as are Hlack dried. Yet yoa may know when tDey are
O
402 DIRICTIOVB FOft MAKIKO 8TRUP&, &a
ooiTupted by their loss of colour, or smell, or both : an!, if
they be corrupted, reason will tell you that they must ueeda
corrupt the bodies of those people that take them.
4. Gather all leayes in the hour of that planet that goTenu
them.
CHAPTER II.

Of Flowers,
1. The flower, which is the beauty of the plant, and ol none
of the least use in physic, groweth yearly, and is to be ga-
thered when it is in its prime.
2. As for the time of gathering them, let the planetary
hour, and the plant they come on be observed, as we shew-
ed you in the luregoing chapter: as for the time of the day,
let it be when the sun shines upon them, that so they may
be dry for if you gather either flowers or herbs when they
;

are wet or dewj', they will not keep.

3. Dry them well in the sun, and keep them in papers near
the ftre, as i shewed you in the foregoing chapter.
4. So long as they retain the smell and colour, they are
good ; either of them being gone, so is their virtue also.
CHAPTER III.

Of Seed*.

1. The seed is that part of the plant which is endowed

with a vitalfaculty to brin^ torth its like, and it contains
potentially the whole plant m
it
, ^ ,

2. As for the place, let them be gathered from

the place
where they most delight to grow.
3. Let them be full ripe when they are
gathered, and for-
get not the celestial harmony before mentioned; for I have
found by experience that their virtues are twice as great at
such times as others " There is an appointed time for every
:

thing under the sun."

uttle, acn
4. When you have gathered them, dry them a
but a very little, in the sun before you lay them up.
6. You need not be so careful of keeping
them so near the
of
Hre as the other before mentioned, because they are fuller
spirit, and therefore not so subject to corrupt.
it is palpable they
6. As for the time of their duration,
will keep a good many years ; yet they are best
the flrbt
Year, and this I make appear by a good
argument. They
inll grow soonest the first year they be set,
therefore then
they are in their prime and it is an easy matter to
;
renew
them yearly.
 OmiCTIOKB FOR MAKING STROPS, te. 40>

CHAPTER IV.

OJ RooU.
1. Of roots choose neither such as are rotten or worm-
eaten, but proper in their ta^^te, colour and smell, buch as
exceed neither in softness nor hardness.
Give me leave to be a little critical against the vul^;rar re-
oeived opinion, which is, that the sap falls down into the
root in the autumn, and rises in the spring, as men go to
bed at night and ra^ in the morning; and this idle talk of
untruth is so grounded in the heads, not only of the vulvar
but also of the learned, that a man cannot drive it out by
reason. I pray, let such sai>-mongers answer me this argu-
ment : If toe sap falls into the roots in the fall of the leaf,
and lies there all the winter, then must the root grow only
m the winter. But the root grows not at all in winter, as
experience teaclieth, but only in summer ; therefore if you
set an apple kernel in the spring, you shall find the root
STOW to a pretty bigness in the summer, and be not a whit
bigger next spring. What doth the sap do in the root all
that while ? Prick straws P Tis as rotten as a post
2. The truth is, when the sun declines from the tropic of
Cancer, the sap begins to congeal both in root and branch
when he touches the tropic of Capricoru, he ascends to ua-
ward, it begins to wax thin again, and by degrees, as it con-
gealed. But to proceed.
Sh The drier time you gather the roots in, the better they
are, for they have the less excrementitous moisture in them.
4. Such root* as are soft, your best way is to dry in the
sun, or else hang them in the chimney comer upon a string
as for such as are hard, you may dry them anywhere.
6. Such roots as are great, will keep longer than such as
are small ; yet most of them will keep all the year.
6w 8ucb roots as are soft, it is your best way to keep them
always near the fire, and take this general nUe for it. If in
winter time you find any of your herbs, roota, or flowers
begin to be moist, as many times you shall (for it is your
best wav to look to them once a month ) dry them by a very
gaDtle fire, or, if you can, with convenience, keep them near
the fire, yon may save yourself the trouble.
7. It is in vain to dry roots that may commonly be had.
as parv1<»v, fennel, plantain, kc but gather them only iiir
404 DIRBCTTO!(f FOB MAKIVO 8TBUPS, ko.

CHAPTER V.

0/ /iarkt,

1. fiarks, which physidans use in medicine, are of these

orta : of of roots, of boughs.
fruits,
2. The barks of fruits are to be taken when the fruit is fall
ripe, as oranges, lemons, &c but because I have nothing to
do with exotics here, I pass them without any more words.
3w The barks of trees are best gathered in the spring, if of
oak or such great trees ; because then they come easier off,
and so you may dry them if you please but indeed the best
;

way is to gather all barks only for present use.

4. As for the bark of roots, 'tis thus to be gotten Take
:

the roots of such herbs as have a pith in them, as parsley,

fennel, &c. slit them in the middle, and when you have taken
out the pith, which you may easily do, that which remains
is called, though improperly, the bftrV, and indeed is only
to be used.
CHAPTER VL
0/ Juices,
1. Juices are to be pressed out of herbs when they are
oung and tender, out of some stalks, and tender tops of
herbs and plants, and also out of some flowers.
2. Having gathered the herb, if you will preserve the juice
of it when it is very dry (for otherwise the juice will not be
•rorth a button) bruise it well in a stone mortar with a wooden
pestle, then having put it into a canvass bag, the herb I mean,
not the mortar, for that will give but little juice, press it
bard in a press, then take the juice and clarify it.
3. The manner of clarifying it is this : Put it into a pip-
kin or skillet, or some such thing, and set it over the nre
and when the scum ariseth take it off; let it stand over the
fire till no more scum arise ; when you have your juice clari»
fled, cast away the scum as a thing of no use.
4. When you have thus clarified it, you have two ways to
preserve the year.
it all
1st. When it is cold put it into a glass, and put so much
oil on it as will cover it to the thickness of two fingers ; the
oil will swim at the top, and so keep the air irom coming to
putrify it. When you intend to use it, pour it into a por-
ringer, and if any oil come out with it, you may easily sldm
it off with a spoon, and put the juice you use not into the
glass again, it will quickly sink under the oil
2nd. The second way is a little more difficult, and the
juice of fruits is usually ; reserved thii way. When you
 DiaSCTIOHS fOB MAKIV« STBUPf, Sm, 406

h*ve clarified it, boU it over the fire, till being oold it be of
the thickness of honey. This is most commonly used for
disea^«s of the month, and is called roba and saba.
And thus much for the first section, the second foUowi,

SECTION n.
THB WAY OF MAKINO AND KEBPINO ALL NSCX88ABT
COMPOUNDS.
CHAPTER L
Of Distilled Waten.
HiTHKBTO we have spoken of medicines which consist in
theirown nature, which authors vulgarly call Simples, though
something improperly for in truth, nothing is simple but
;

pure elements all things else are compounded of them. We

;

come now to treat of the artificial medicines, in the form of

which, because we must begin somewhere, we shall place
distilled waters in which consider,
;

1. Waters are distilled of herbs, of flowers, of fruits, and

of roots,
2. We speak not of strong waters, but of oold, as being to
act Galen^ part, and not Paracelsus's.
S. The herbs ought to be distilled when they are in the
greatest yigour, and so ou^ht the flowers also.
4. The Tulgar way of distillations which people nse be-
cause they know no better, is in a pewter still and although
;

distilled waters are the weakest ot artificial medicines, and

good for little but mixtures of other medicines, yet they are
weaker by many degrees than they would be were thev dis-
tilled in sand. If 1 thought it not impossible to teach you
the way of distilling in sand, I would attempt it.
5. When you have distilled your water, put it into a glass
covered over with a paper pricked full or holes, so that the
excrementitious and fiery vapours may exhale, which cause
that settling in distilled waters called the mother, which
corrupt them, then cover it close and keep it for your use.
fl. Stopping distilled waters with a cork makes them
musty, and so does paper if it but touch the water it is best
;

to stop them with a bladder, being first put in water, and

bound over the top of the glass.
Such cold waters as are distilled in a pewter stiU (if well
kept) will endure a year; such as are aietilled in sand, at
they are twice as strong, so they endure twice as lung.
406 DIRKCTI0V8 FOR MAKIHO BTRUPS, fta

CHAPTER IL
Of Syrupt.
1. A Syru]) a medicine of a liamd form, composed of
is
infusion, decoction, and juice. And
lot. For the more graceful taste.
2dly. For the better keeping of it with a certain quan-
;

tity of honev or sugar hereafter mentioned, boiled to the

thickness of new honey.
2. You see at the first view that this aphoripm divides it-
self into three branches, which deserves severally to be treat-
•do^vix*
Syrups made by infufdon.
1.
S>Tup8 ma<le by decoction.
2.
Sw Syrups made by juice.
Of each of these, for your instruction's sake, kind country-
men and women, i speak a word or two apart.
Ist. Syrups made by infusion are usually made of flowers
•Dd of such flowers as soon loose their colour and strength
by boiling, as roses, violets, peach-Howers, &c My trans-
lation of the London Dis])ensator>' will in5»truct you in the
rest. They are thus made: Having picked your flowers
clean, to every pound of them, add three pounds, or three
Sints, which vou will, for it is all one, of spring water, made
Dilinghot; but firtit put your flowers into a pewter pot
with a a>ver, and pour the water on them then shutting the
;

pot let it stand by the fire to keep hot twelve hours, and
strain, it out ; (in such sj-rups as purge, as damask roses,
peach-flowers, &c. me usual, and indeed the best way is to
repeat this infusion, adding fresh flowers to the same liquor
divers times, so that it may be stronger) having strained it
out, put the infusion into a pewter bason,oran earthren one
well glazed, and to every pint ot it add two pounds of sugar,
which bein^ only melted over the Are without being boiled,
and then skimmed, will produce you the syrup you desire.
2ndly. Syrups made by decoction are usually made of com-
pounds, yet may any simple herb be thus converted into
syrup. Take the herb, roots, or flowers vou would make
into a syrup, and bruise a little ; then boil it in a conveni-
ent quantity of spring water the more water you boil it in
;

the weaker it will be ; a handful of the herb or rootisa con-

Tenieni quantity for a pint of water; boil it till half the
water be consumed, then let it stand till it be almost cold,
and strain it through a woollen cloth, letting it run out at
leisure, without pressmg. To every pint of this decoction
add one pound of sugar, and boil it over the fire till it comes
to a syrup, which you may know if you now and then cool
 DtRSCTIOKS fOB MAKHTQ 8TR17P8, &CL 407

a little of it with a spoon; skim it all the while it boils, and

when it is sufficiently boiled, whilst it is hot strain it again,
through a Diece of woollen cloth, but press it not. Thus
you have the syrup perfected.
3rdly. Syrups made ot juice are usually made of such herbs
as are full of juice, and indeed they are better made into a
s}Tup this way than any other; the operation is thus hay- :

ing beaten the herb in a stone mortar with a wooden pestle,

press out the juice and clarify it, as you are taught in the
juices ; then let the juice boil away till about a quarter of it
be consumed ; to a pint of this add a pound of sugar, and
boil it to a 8}Tup» always skimming it, and when it is boiled
enough, strain it through a woollen cloth, as we taught yoa
before, and keep it for your use,
4. If you make a syrup of roots, that are anj'thing hard,
as parsley, fennel, and grass roots, &c. when you liave bruis-
ed ihem, lay them to steep in that water that you intend to
boil them in, hot, so wiU the virtues the belter come out.
Keep your 8jTups either in glasses or stone pots, and
6.
stop thenr. not with cork or bladder, unless you would have
the glass break and the syrup lost, only bind paper about
the mouth.
Ail syrups, if well made, will continue a year with some
advantage; yet such ai> are made by infu^sion keep shortest.
CHAPTER III.

Of Juleps,
Juleps were first invented, as I suppose, in Arabia, and
1.
my reason is, because the word julep is an Arabic word.
2. It signifies only a pleasant potion, as is vulgarly used
by such as are sick and want help, or such as are in health,
and want no money to quench their thirst.
3w JKow-i^a\' it is commonly used,
1. To prepare the body for purgation.
2. To open obstructions and the pores.
3. To digest tough humours.
4. To qualify hot distempers, &c
Simples, juleps, (for I have nothing to say to com-
4.
pounds nere^ are thus made: Take a pint of such distilled
wmter as oonauoes to the cure of your di.stemper, which this
treatise will plentifully furnish you with, to which add two
ounces of syrup conducing to the same efiect (1 shall give ;

you rules for it in the next chapter) mix them together and
drink a draught of it at your pleasure. If you love tart
things, add ten drops of oil of vitrol to your pint, and shake
it together, and it will have a fine grateful taste.
5. All julep** Hre made for pru.*4eut use, and therefore it is
ia vain to speak of tbeii doratioo.
408 OIREOTIO:* FOR MAKINa STRUPfl, &0,

CIIAPTEB IV.
0/ Decoctions.
1. All the diflferenoe between decoctions, and syrups made
by decoction, is this: syrups are made to keep, decoctions
only for present use ; for you can hardly keep a decoction a
week at any time ; if the weather be hot, you cannot keep it
half so long.
Decoctions are made of leaTes, roots, flowers, seeds,
2.
conducing to the cure of the disease you make
fruits, or barks,
them for, and are made in the same manner as wehaye shew-
ed you in syrups.
3. Decoctions made with wine last longer than such are
made with water and if you take your decoction to cleanse
;

the passage of the urine or open obstructions, your best way

is to make it with white wine instead of water, because this
is penetrating.
4. Decoctions are of most use in such diseases as lie in
the passage of the body, as the stomach, bowels, kidneys,
passages of urine and bladder, because decoctions pass quick-
er to those places than any other form of medicine.
6. If you will sweeten your decoction with sugar, or any
eyrup fit for the occasion you take it for, which is better, you
may, and no harm.
a decoction you boil both roots, herbs, flowers,
6. If in
and seed together, let the roots boil a good while tlrst, be-
cause they retain their virtues longest ; then the next in
order by the same rule, viz. 1. the barks, 2. the herbs. 3. the
seeds. 4. the flowers. 6. the spices, if you put any in, because
then the virtues come soonest out.
7. Such things as by boiling cause sliminess to a decoo-
tion, as figs, (jumce-seed, linseed, &c. your best way is, after
you have brmsed them, to tie them up in a linen rag, as you
tie up calf s brains, and so boil thenu
8. Keep all decoctions in a glass close stopped, and the
cooler place you keep them in the longer they will last ere
they be sour.
Lastly. The usual dose to be ^ven at one time is two,
three, four, or five oufices, accordmg to the age and strength
of the patient, the season of the year, the strength of th«
medicine, and the quality of the disease.
CnAPTER V,
0/ Oils,
1. Oil Olive, which is commonly known by the name of
salads oil, I suppose, because it is usually eaten with salads
by them that love it ; if it be pres^d out of ripe oUves. ac-
cording to Oalen, if* temperate, and exceeds in no one quality.
 OIRXCTIOlfS FOR MAKING 8TEUP8, kc 40t

% Of oils, some&re simple, and some are compound.

S. Simple such as are made of fruits or seeds by
oils are
expression, as oil of sweet or bitter almonds, linseed and
rape seed oil, &cof which see in my dispensatory.
4. Compound oils are made of oil of oliyes, and other
amples, imagine herbs, flowers, roots, &c.
5. The way of making them is this; haying bruised the
herbs or flowers you make your oil of, put them into an
earthen pot, and to two or three handfuls of them pour a pint
of oilj cover the pot with a paper, set it in the sun about a
fortnight or so, according as the sun is in hotness then hav-
:

ing warmed it very well by the fire, press out the herb, &c
very hard in a press, and add as many more herbs to the
same oil bruise the herbs (I mean not the oil) in like man-
;

ner, set them in the sun as before ; the oftener you repeat
this, the stronger your oil will be ; at last, when you con-
ceive it strong enough, boil both oil and herbs together, till
the juice be consumed, which you may know by its leaving
its bubbling, and the herbs will be crisp ; then strain it
while it is hot, and keep it in a stone or glass vessel for
your use.
6. As for chemical oils, I have nothing to say here.
7. The general use of these oils is for pains in the limbs,
roughness in the skin, the itch, &c as also for ointments
and plaisters.
8. If you have occasion to use it for wounds or ulcers, in
two ounces of of oil, dissolve half an ounce of turpentine, the
heat of the fire will quickly do it for oil itself is offensive
;

to wounds, and turpentine qualifies it

CHAPTER VL
0/ EUciuariei,
Physicians make more a quoil than needs by half about
electuaries. but one general way of mak-
I shall describe
ing them up ; as for ingredients you may vary them as you
please, and as you find occasion, by the last chapter.
1. That you may make electuaries when you need them.
It if requisite that you keep always herbs, roots, flowers,
•eeds, &c ready dried in your house, that so you may be in
readiness to beat them into a powder when you do need them.
2. It is better to keep them whole than beaten ;for being
beaten, they are more subject to lose their strength, because
the air soon penetrates them.
3. Ifthev oe not dry enough to beat into powder when
you need them, dry them by a gentle fire till they are so.
4. Having beaten them, sift them through a fine tifiany
•earce, that no great pieces may be found in your electuary.
5. T ? one ounce of your powder add three oudcsjh of clan-
 410 DIRBCTI0V8 FOR MAKIVO STRUPSf &0,

fledhoney this quantity I hold to be suificient.

; If yoc
would make more or leas electuary, vary your proportion ao-
cordiagly.
6. Mlx them well together in a mortar, and take this for
a truth, you cannot mix them too much.
7. The way to clarity honey, is to set it over the Are in a
convenient vessel till the scum arise, and when the scum is
taken ofi' it is clarified.
8. The usual dose of cordial electuaries is &om half a
dram to two drams; of purging electuaries, irom half
an ounce to an ounce.
9. The manner oi keeping them is in a pot.
10. The time of taking them is either m a morning fast-
ing, and lasting an hour after them ; or at night gomg to
bed, three or ibui hours alter supper.
CHAPTER VIL
0/ Conserves,
1.The way of making conserves is two-fold ; one of herbs
and flowers, and the other ol fruits.
2. Conserves of herbs and flowers are thus made if you
:

thus make yourconserve of herbs, as of scurvy grass, worm-

wood, rue, and the like, take only the leaves, and the tender
tops (for you may beat your heart out belbre you can beat
the stalks small) and having beaien them, weigh them, and
to every pound ot them add three pounds of sugar ; you can-
not beat them too much.
S. C<mservesol fruits, as barberries, sloes, and the like, are
thus made; flrst scald the fruit, then rub the pulp through a
thick hair sieve made for that pur{x>se, called a pulping
sieve; you may doit lor a need with the back of a spoon,
thentiedce this pulp thus drawn and add to it its weight of
sugar, and no more put it into a pewter vestel and over a
;

charcoal Are stir it up and down till the sugar be melted,

:

and your conserve is made.

4. Thus you have the way of making conserves ; the way
of keeping them is in earthem pots.
5. The dose is usually the quantity of a nutmeg at a time,
morning and evening, or (unless they are purging) when you
please.
9. Of conserves, some keep many years, as conserve of
roses ; others but a year, as conserve of borage, bugloss,
cowslips, and the like.
7. Have a care of the working of some conserves pre-
sently after they are made ; look to them once a day, and stir
them about. Conserves oi borage, bugloss, and wormwood,
have an excellent faculty at that spurt.
S, Tou may know when your conserves are almost spoiled
 CIRKCTIOM8 rOB HAKIHU STRUPS, &C. 411

by thia; yoa hard crust at the top witL

shall find a littls
holM in it as though wormH had been eating there,
CHAPTER VllL
Of PrutTVts,
Of preeervee are sundry sorts, and the operation of al
being somewhat difierent, we shall handle them all apart.
These ar- ^.tvserved with sugar,
1. Flowers,
2. Fruita.
3. R.)0t8.
Barks.4.
1. Flowers are very seldom preserved; I never saw any
that I remember save only cowslip Ho wers, and that was a
great fa.<>hiun in Sus^mx when I wa.>? a boy. It is thus done.
Take a flat gla^ss, we call them jar-^ lasses, strew on a laying
otHne sugar, on that a lading of dowers, and on that another
laying of sugar, on that another laying oi flowers, so do till
your glass b« tull theu tie it over wiib a paper, and in aUt-
;

tle time you shall have very excellent and pleasant preserves.
There is another way of preserving flowers, namely with
vinegar and salt, as they pickle cauers and broom buds; but
as 1 have little skill in it myselt, I cannot teach you.
2. Fruits, as quinces and the like, are preserved two differ-
ent waya
1 B<jil them well in water, and then pulp them throogh
St.
a sieve, as we shewed you beiore ; then with the like quan«
tity of sugar boiJ the water they were boiled in into a syrup,
viz, a pound ot sugar to a pint ot liquor to every pound of
;

this syrup add four ounces of the pulp, then boil it with a
vei7 gentle Are to their right consistence, which you may
easily know if you drop a dmp of syrup on a trencher if ;

it be enough, it will not stick to your Hugers when it is oold«

2nd. Another way to prejerve fruits is this First pare off :

the nud, then cut them in halves and takeout the core, and
boil them in water till they are soft if you know when beef
;

ia enough vou may easily know when they are, then boil the
water, with its like weight of sugar into a syrup put the ;

syrup into a pot, and put the boiled truit as whole as yoa
lett It when yoa cut into it, and let it remain till yen
have occa.»ion to use it.
3. Roots are thus preserved: First scrape them very clean,
and cleanse them from the pith, if they have any, tor some
roots have not, as eringo and the tike boil them in water
:

till they be soft, a^ we Hhew«<l you before in the fruits then :

boil the water you 1m u led the root in into a i^Tup as we shew-
•d you lx»tons then krv;. th« root whole in lIk» >) rup till
yo'i usR th«»m.
41 DIRCGTI05S rOR MAKING STRUF8, &0.

4. for barks, we have but few come to our hands to b«

As
done, and of those the few that I can remember, are orange.s,
lemons, citrons, and the outer barks of walnuts which grow,
without-side the shell, for the shells themselves would make
but scurvy preserves; these be they I can remember, if there
be any more put them into the number.
The way of pre8erving these is not all one in authors
for some are bitter, some are hot : such as are bitter, say
authors, must be soaked in warm water, oftentimes chang-
ing till the bitter taste be fled ; but I like not this way, and
my reason is this, because I doubt when their bitterness is
gone so is their virtue also ; I shall then prescribe one com-
mon way, the same with the former, viz. first boil thera
whole till they be soft, then make a syrup with sugar and
the liquor you boil them in, and keep the barks in the syrup.
6. They are kept in glasses or in glazed pots.
ft. The preserved flowers will keep a year, if you can for-
bear eating of them ; the roots and barks much longer.
7. This art was plainly and first invented for delicacy, yet
came afterwards to be of excellent use in physic ; for
1st Hereby medicines are made pleasant for sick and
squeamish stomachs, which would else loath them.
2dly. Hereby they are preserved from decaying a long time.
CHAPTER IX.
OfLohockt.
i. That which the Arabians call lohocks, and the Greeks
eclegmia, the Latins call linctus, and in plain English signi-
fies nothing else bat a thing to be licked up.
2. Their firdt invention was to prevent and remedy afflic-
tions of the breast and lungs, to cleanse the lungs of phlegm,
and make it fit to be cast out.
5. They are in body thicker tbnn a syrup, and not so thick
as an electuary.
4. The manner of taking them is often to take a little with
liquorice stick, and let it go down at leisure.
5. They are easily thus made :Make a decoction of peo-
toral herbs, and the treatise will furnish you with enough,
and when you have strained it with twice its weight of honey
or sugar, boil it to a lohock if you are molestea with much
;

Ehlegm, honey is much better than sugar, and if you add a

ttle vinegar to it you will do well ; if not, I hold sugar to
be better than honey.
0. It is kept in pots, and may be kept a year and longer.
7. It is excellent for roughness of the wind-pipe, innam-
mations and ulcers of the lungs, difficulty of )raathin|B
asthma% coughs, and distillations of huxnoTurs.
 DIBBCTIOK8 I-VK MAKIVO ITRUPB, &0, 41S
CllAl»rER X,
0/ OirUmniU,
L VariouB are Ui*) ways of making uiiitmeots, which au-
thors have left to posterity, and which I shall omit, and
quote one which is easiest to be made, and therefore most
beneficial to people that are ignorant in physic, for whose
lake I write this. It is thus dune
Bruise those herbs, flowers, or roots, you will make an
ointment of, and to two handfuls of your bruised herbs add
tpound of dried, or cleansed from the skins,
hojif's f^^rease
beat them very well together in a stone mortar with a wood-
en pestle, then put it into a stone pot, (the herb and grea.se
I mean, not the mortar) cover it with a paj^r, and set it
either in the sun or some other warm place, three, four, or
five days, that it may melt; then take it out and boil it a
little, and whilst it is hot strain it out, pressing it out very
bard in a press ; to this grease add as many more herbs as
before, let them stand in like manner as long, then boil them
as you did the former. If you think your ointment not
strong enough, you may do it the third and fourth time ; yet
this I will tell you, the fuller of juice the herbs are, the sooner
will your ointment be strong : the last time you boil it, boil
it so long till your herbs be crisp, and the juice consumed,
then strain it, pressing it hard in a press, and to every pound
of ointment aidd two ounces of turpentine and as much wax.
because grease is offensive to wounds as well as oil.
2. Ointments are vulgarly known to be kept in pots, and
will last above a year, sometimes above two yeara,
CHAPTER XI.
Of PlaUtert.
1. The (ireeka made their piaisters of divers simples, and
put metaU into most of them, if not all ; for having reduced
their metals into powder, they mixed them with the (atty
substances whereof the rest of the plaister consisted whilst
it wa.o yet hot, continually stirring it up and down lest it
should sink to the bottom so they contmually stirred it till
;

it was stiff*; then they made it into mils, which when they
needed for use, they could melt it by the fire again.
2. The Arabians made up theirs with oil and fat, which
needeth not so long boiling.
3^ The Greeks' eiuplaisters consisted of thene ingredients,
metala, stones, divers 8<)rts of earth, foeces, juices, liquors,
•eecU, root«, excrements of creatures, wax, ro^in, and guma.
CHAPTER XII.
0/ Poultices.
Ividuoo* are thonp kind of things which the Latim cail
414 DIRKCTIOJI8 FOB MAKI»0 flTmCI-S, &C.

cacapl(uinatay and our learned fellows, that if they can read

English, that's all, call them cataplasms, because 'tis a crab-
bed word few understand ; it is indeed a Tery tine kind of
medicine to ripen sores.
2. They are made of herbs and roots fitted for the di».
ease aforesaid, being chopped small and boiled in water to a
jelly ; then adding a little barley meal, or meal of lupins, and
a little oil or rough sweet suet, which I hold to be better,
spread upon a cloth and applied to the grieved part.
3. Their use is to ease pains, to break sores, to cool in-
flammations, to dissolve hardness, to ease the spleen, to con-
coct humours, and dissipate swellings.
4. I beseech you to take this caution along vnth you
Use no poultices, if you can help it, that are of an healing
nature, before you have first cleansed the body, because they
are subject to draw the humours to them firom every part of
the body.
CHAPTER XIII.
0/ Troches.
1. The Latins call them and the
jalacentiUa^ or little cakes,
Qree^aprochikoiSykukliscot^ajOidartiscoi ; they are usually litr
lie round flat cakes, or you may make them square if you wiU.
2. Their first invention was, that powders being so kept,
might resist the intermission of air, and so endure pure longer.
3. Besides, they are easier carried in the pockets of such
as travel ; as any man, for example, is forced to travel whose
stomach is too cool, or at least not so hot as it should be,
which is more proper, for the stomach is never cold till a
man be dead ; in such a case ii. is better to carry troches of
wormwood or galangal, in a paper in his pocket, than to
take a gallipot along with him.
4. They are made thus: At night when yon go to bed,
take two drams of fine gum iragacanth ; put it into a galli-
pot, and put half a quarter of a pint of any distilled water
fitting for the purpose you would make your troches for to
cover it, and the next morning you shall find it such a jelly
as the physicians call mucilage with this you may, (with a
:

little pains taken) make a powder into a paate, and that

paste into cakes called troches.
5. Having made them, dry them in the shade, and keep
them in the pot for your use.
CHAPTER XJV.
0/ PUU,
1. Th^y are called piltUcBj because they resemble Mttle
bnMs; the Greeks call them catapolia.
J. It is the opinion of modem physicians, that this way of
making medicines was invented only to deceire the palate,
 DimBCTIOFB FOR MAKIVO ST11ITP8, &0. il5

that ao hj swallowing them whole, the bitterness of the me-

dicine might not be perceived, or at least might not be in-
Bufierable ; and indeed most of their pilla, though not all,
are very bitter.
3. 1 am of clean contrary opinion to this, I rather think
they were done up in this hard form that so they might be
the longer digesting. The ftrst invention of pills was to purge
the head; now, as I told you before, such mfirmities as Ue
near the passages were best removed by decoctions, because
they pass to the grieved parts soonest ; so here, if the infir-
mity lies in the head or any other remote part, the best way
ia to use pills, because they are longer m
digesting, and
therefore oetter able to call the offenciing humours to theuL
4. If I should tell you here a long taJe of medicines work-
ing by sympathy and antipathy, you would not understand
a word of it they that are set to make physicians may find it
;

in the treatise. All modem physicians know not what be-

longs to a 8-\Tnpathetical cure, no more than a cuckoo what
belongs to flats and sharps in music, but follow the vulgar
road, and call it a hidden ouality, because it is hidden from
the eyes of dunces, and indeed none but astrologers can give
a reason for it ; and physic without reason is uke pudding
without fat.
6. The way to make pills is very easy, for with the help
of a pestle and mortar, and a little diligence, vou may make
any powder into pills, either with syrup or tne jelly 1 told
Tou before.
CHAPTER XV.
The %Day of mixing Medicijies according to the cause of the
Disease^ and part of the body ajfflicted.

This being indeed the key of the work, I shall be some-

what the more diligent in it. I shall deliver myself thus
1. To the vulgar.
2. To such as study astrology ; or such as study physic
».-irologically.
Ist. To the vulgar. Kind souls, I am sorry it hath been
your sad mishap to have been so long trained in such Egyp-
tian dArknesa, even darkness which to your sorrow may be
felt. The vulgar road of physic is not in my practice, and I
am therefore the more unfit to give you advice. I have now
pubUohed a httle b(X)k, (Every Mrni his own Doctor) *vhich will
fully instruct you, not only in the knowledge of your own
bo<liea, but also in fit merhdnes to remedy each part of it
when afHicted ; in the mean season take these few rules to
stay vour stomachs.
1. With the djHease regard the cause, and the part of the

body afflicted for example, suppose a woman be subjt>ct tc

;

mii«cnrry through wind, Lhuit da:

416 dtubctioiis tor makivo btrups, dto.

( K ) Look out abortion in the table of diseases, and you shftfi

be directed by that how many herbs prevent miscarriage.
(2.) Look out wind in the same table and you shall see
how many of these herbs expel wind,
1. These are the herbs medicinal for your grief.
In all diseases strengthen the parts of the body afflicted.
2.
3. In mixed diseases there lies some difficulty, for some-
^

times two parts of the body are afflicted with contrary hu-
mours, as sometimes the liver is afflicted with choler and
water, as when a man hath had the dropsy and yellow jaun
dice ; and this is usually mortal.
In the former, suppose the brain to be too cold and moist,
and the liver to be hot and dry thus do ; :

1. Keep your head outwardly warm.

2. Accustom vouraelf to the smell of hot herbs.
3. Take a pill that beats the head at night going to bed.
In the morning take a decoction that cools the liver,
4.
or that quickly passeth the stomach, and is at the liver im-
mediately.
You must not think, courteous people, that I can spend
time to give you examples of all diseases. These are enough
to let you see so much light as you without art are able to
receive. If I should set you to look at the sun, I should
dazzle your eyes and make you blind.
2ndly. To such as study astrology, (who are the only men
I know that are fit to study physic, physic, without astro-
logy, being like a lamp without oil) you are the men I ex-
ceedingly respect, and such documents as my brain can give
you at present, being absent from my study, I shall give you.
1. Fortify the body with herbs of the nature of the Lord of
the Ascendant, 'tis no matter whether he be a Fortune or In-
fbrtune in this case.
2. Let your medicine be something anti-pathetical to tn*
\jOTd of the Sixth.
5. Let your medicine be something of the nature of hii
i>ign ascending.
4. If the Lord of the Tenth be strong, make use of his me-
dicines.
6. If thiscannot well be, make use of the medicines of the
Light of Time.
o. Be sure always to fortify the grieved part of the body
I J sympathetica! remedies,
7. Regard the heart, keep that upon the wheels, becauae
kfae sun is the foundation of lifia, and therefore those univer*
sal remedies Aarum PotabiU, and the Philosopher's stone
cure ail diseases by fortifying the heart.
 OF

WITH THE

NAMES OF THE HERBS THAT WILL CURE THEM,

AND THE

Number of Page upon which each Herb can be founi

Ths iohoU ieing a Complete Guide to CulpeperU Herbal.

A
Aboktiov—Bistort, or Snakeweed, SS, Fern, 138, Qla<lvrln, 184, Ground-
pine, 172.
A00inTXS.or Reeiflters of Poison— Mulberry- tree. 2t2. Qroond-pine, 172.
ACHX8-All-bual, 15, (iround-nine. 172, Uors^-radldh, 288.
ADU3T Cholkb— Do<ider of Thyme, Vit).
APTXB-BiBTB— Alexander, 21, AiiKflica. 26, Balm, 87, Bay-tree, 40,
Brank Ursine, W, Cherries Winter, 85, Ulary, 92, Uuckoo-plnt,
107, Flax-weed, 147, (iroim<l-inne, 172, Hops, 191, Lavender,
110, White Lilly, 216, Periwinkle, 270, 8a«fe, 811, Succory, 876,
Wall-Flowers, 3*3.
Aqu«»— Ajnrimony, 18, Anfrelica, 26, Asarabaca, 82, Barberry. 87, Bil-
berries, 48, Buck'»-hom Plantain, tt5, Calamint, 73. Eringo, 133,
Black Ueiiebore, 181. lloyn, VJ'i, Juniuer-tree, 206. LovaRe, 219,
Mallows, 233, Sweet Marjoram, 227, Mustard (black), 244, Rue
(garden), 804, Stone Crop, 366. Thistle (blessed), 866, Vervain
(common), 879.
AlMOMfM IN THX Ei&s-Bistort, 68, Caltrops (water), 76, Devil's Bit, 116.
Mustard, (heilge), 246.
AVDIOOlf6- Mustard (hedt^e and white), UA.
AinB0irT'8FiBS(ST.)-Alkanet. 16, Beets, 46. Colt's Foot, 97, Grab's
Claws, 102. Duck's-Meat. 128, liawk-Weed, 178, Houseleek, 190,
Kidueywort, 906, Manjh Mallows. 224, WUd Poppy, 283, Rue
(garflen). 804, Wuccory. SS^. Woad. 893.
AFncTTTB- Barberry, 38, Betony (woo<l.) 47, Cherry-tree, 84, Oberrll
(sweet), 87, Gentian, 182, Crosswort, 186, Mint, 234, Sorrel
I
common), 3.10.
APOFLXXT-LUy of the Valley, 214, WalnuU, 884.
AirreRrs8 -Balm, 87, Bunlock, 70.
AMtaM.A HoneysuukJc, 190, Uonbuund. 193.
417
4?S INDKX OF DISEASES, AND HERBS THAT CURS.
B
Back, Easing? {muds, strenKthening of the—OUry, »i. Wormwood,
396, 397.
Baldness— Beets, 46, Mouse- Ear, 240, Walnuts, a&4. Yarrow, 389.
BABKKNNBSS-Arrach, 28, Nep, 24tf.
BKAiiTS, Venomous— All-Heai, 15, Ashtree, 34, Balm, 37, Garden Basil,
ae, Beetd. Bistort, 53, Blackberry-bush, 66, Blue-Bottle, 68,
46,
Buck's-hom Plautaiu. 64, Cabbatfes. 71, Caltrops (water), 76,
Fleur-de-Lys, 163, (iarlick, 160, (ientiau, 162, Ai. John's Wort,
t04. Juuiper-tr«e, 2(M, Lavender (cotton), 211, Nettle, 250,
Penny-Koyal, 266, Trefoil, 374, Valerian igarden), 877, Worm-
wood, 394.
Bkautt— Cowslips, 1(», Teasel, 364.
BEKa—Woad( common), 391.
BELCHINOS-Betouy (wood), 47, Burnet, 68.
Bkllt, binders ot the— Holly, 187. Kuapweed, S07, Mulbenr-tree, 34S,
Peach-tree, 262. Kose damask j. 298.[

BXIXT, openers of the -Ail- Heal, 15, Cabbages, 71, Holly, 187, Lady'*
tdmock, 209, Marsh Mallows (common), 223, Peach-tree, 262,
Plums. 276. Rhubarb l^reat monk's^ 293.
BlNDIKOa-AKrimony, 18, Beech-tree, 48, Bilberries. 49, Stone Crop, 866.
BiBTH— Ail-Heal, 15, Bay-tree, 41, Mu^wort (common), 241.
BiTUfO OF Mad Doos— All-Heal, 15, Anj<elica, 26, Balm, 87, Carduufl
Beuedictus, 77, (iarlic, 160, Gentian, 162, Mint (garden), 234,
Buck's-hom Plantain, 276.
Bimro OF iSkkpknts— Alexander, 22. Asarabaoa, 83, Dwarf elder, 129,
Elecampane. 131, Hyssop, 200, Mint, 2;H.
BiACX AND Blue spots— Bay-tree. 41. Bishops' Weed, 62, Briony, 60,
Bugle, 66, Burnet, 68, Dock (common), 119, Mustard (black),
246, Parsley, 267, Solomon's Seal, 339.
Bladoxb - Asparagus (uriokly), 34, Coral wort, 100, Cowslips, 101, Fili-
pendula, 143. Pimpenjel (water), 272, Vervaiu (common), 379,
Winter Green. 391
BLASTiNoe BT LiOHTNiNO- Purslane, 286.
Blbedinos— Adder's TouKue. 17. Beans. 41, Betony (wood), 47, Bistort,
63, Bugle, 66, Burnet, 68, Campion (wild), 76, Cinquefoil, 90,
CrosKWort, 106. Elm-tree, 131, Horse- Tail. 194, Houud's-Toiigue,
196, Knapweed (common), 207, Loosestriie, 218, Memlow Sweet,
S30, Mint. 234. Moneywort, 237, Mouse-Ear, 240. Mulberry-
treis, 242, Nettle (common;, 250, Sage (common garden;. 311
Banicle, 316, Solomon's Seal, 3:^9, Service-tree, 330, titoue-Orop,
866. Vervain (commou)379, Wheat, 386.
BlBBDXNO BT Leecubs, to Slay -Beans, 41.
ButMI8HB8—Cresses (sciatica), 103, Water Lilly, 216.
BLUTDNBtiS- Beets, 46. Heubaue. 184, Lily of the Valley, S14.
Blistebs— Crowfoot. 106, Sun Dew, 369.
Blood, to cool the—Sorrel (common), 339, Tonnentil, 373.
Blood, spitting of -Betony (wood). 47, Bhick berry-bush. 66, Clown's
Woundwort, 95, Dock (common), 119. St. John's Wort, 203,
Oak-tree, 253, Peach-Tree, 262. Plantain, 274, Privet, 284, Hose
(damask), 298, Hose (red), 302, Sage (common garden), 311,
Service-tree, 331.
Bloody Ubinb— Clown's Woundwort, 96, Comfrey, 98, Horse-Tail, IM,
Plantain, 274, Privet, 284, Shepherd's Purse, 332.
BLOWa- Knapweed (common), 207, Peilitory of the Wall, 264, Dittany of
Crete, 118.
Boils— Balm, 37, Carduus Benedictos, 77, Lovage, 219, Mullein (white),
243. Sorrel (common), »10.
Bones BBOKEN-Bnony, Comfrey, 98, Dill. 117, Erlngo, 188, Pern
60,
(water), 139. St. John's Wort, 203, Maddei, 821, Scabious, 824.
BOTS- Gentian. 162.
Bowels— Alkanet, 16, Alehoof, 20, Bugle, 66.
B&AIN—Anemone, 27, Balm. 37. Camomile, 74, Cresses (black), 102,
Houseleek, 196, Lavender. 210, Lettuce, 212, Pennyroyal, 266,
Plantain, 2r4, Rose (hip), 300.
Bbeaut—Agrimony, IS, Agrimony (water), ». Balm, 37, Comfrey, m.
 INMEX OP DISEASKS. AND RBKBS i HAT CURB. 419

Croa^Wort. 106. Fijf- Wort, 1*3. Kleup ao-Ljrs, IM, Uroondsel,

17tt, Uy(ieH)p(be<lRe), iui. Mallows (manh), »4. Mint («ardenX
CU. Miutard (Ue«l>fe). i4d, Plaiitam. ^4.
Bbsath. stiukiu)< - Mint (wiM), j.16, Hosemary, aos. SmalUMre, S»9.
BwKATHlNQ. aitUculty of-AiiKelioa, m. Bay-tree. 40. Bean* (French),
43, Betouy (wooil). 47, Caiatmut, 73, Horehounl, IW. Uouud's
TooKue, 1»5, iCue^K^nleuX *>4. Lareotler, iio, Mabterwort. 228,
Ro(»emary.3U3, Scabioiu*, 323, Tbyme (jfardeu). 371, Vervain, 379.
AjDffUca, 2«. Arsaiuan, 31. Aveu.^ 36. Betony (wood), 48, Bit-
er bweet, M. Brauk Ursine, 58. Bugle, 66. Clary, W, Crab'«
Claws, 102. Daidiea. 118, I>uve>-i'^oot. 124, Fern (water), 139, FiT'
trtM), 144, Nail wort. 248, Pennyroyal, 286, berviue-tree, 331,
ThorouKh-Wax (white), 370.
BimiriNGS— Alkauet, 16, Briouy. 6U, Hemlock, 188, Ivy, 90S, Liverwort,
8U, at. Peter** Wort, 871, Tamarisk-tree, 861.
OacH E 1 1 4— Agrimony (water), 10, CleftTers, M, Dandelion, 114.
CAMCBlia— A^nmouy, 18, Aleboof, 81.
CAarcjcaa-BLMtort, m. 68,Bumet, Uamplon (wild), 76, Elecampane, ISi,
Fluellem 1&5. KoutKrass.
2U8, daxilrage, 830.
CijrrHABiDK —Bistort. 53, Oats. 254.
Ca* UWCLKS— iicabioos, 324. Wallimts, SSi.
Gattlk, poi:»oned - Herb
Tni»-Liove, 187.
CATARUHd— DoK-Kose. 123.
ChI1J>-BxbtB AveuA, 36.
Chujjuun!* Btu.uy (water), 46. Fitrwort, 143, Hyssop, 801, Kidney*
wort. 206.
CHOl.Ka— Alexander, 21. Asarabaca, 38, Caraway, 78. Cherr>-tree, 84.
Daudeli.m, 114, Dodder of Thyme,
120, fcilder (dwarf), 188,
Fleur-<le-Lys, 163, (iermauder. 163, Groixmlsel (common) 173,
Heubaue, 184, Ivy-tree. 802, 6weet Marjoram. 227, Peach-tree,
962, K(>»e (hip), 3U0, 8orrei, 840, Tutsan, 876, Valerian (gardenX
S77, Violet. 380.
CBOLSB PUSHBa— Colts' Foot (common), 97.
Cuoi.KRIC FLUXB8 -Poppy (wild;, 2o2.
Chols&IC UJMOUBS-Ouion, 254. Poppy
(wild), 988, (hip), 999, RoM
ttutvory (wildj, 367. Tausy (cttmmon). 361, 394. Wormwood,
CHOLTO-Ajfrimony, 18, AJehoof, 20. Angelica, 86, Avein, 36, Camomile,
74. Caraway. 78, (irouiidael (common), 173, i£y»»<>p, 2ui, Mus-
tard (black). 2M, Polypody, 277, Quince- tree, 287, Hose (damaskl
CM. Ru:>li, 307, Hauce-Alone. 318, tiavory (winter), 819, tiaxi-
tra^e (xreat buniet). :)2o.
CilAPs .SaKe (woo<l), 313, rx urvy-Ciraas, 837. Tutsan, 876.
OOLD-Autrelica, 26. (Camomile, 74.
Oouoa-Auxelica, iiay-tree, 40, Bilberries, 49, Boraffe. 67,
28. Brook-
lime, 62, Caiauittit, 73, Colte' Foot. 97. Filii>eudiila, 144, Hawk-
Wetxi, 178. ilajiel Nut, 179. Hemp,
Uorehound, 198. 18.}.
Hound's ToMKue. 196, Liquoritw. 816, Lungwort. 22U. Marsh
Hallows, 221, Marjoram (common wild), 226, Mustard (black).
946. Nep, 249. Parsley (oommuu). 868, I'amulp (cow), 880, Popyy
(wild). 282. K<JM (damask). 998, Uusemary. 803, ba^e, 811.
OOirCBFTIOV-tickKe, 811.
OotmnjaxD Blood- Bitter Hwect, 64.
OOMSUXPTioir -Borage, 67, Cabbage, 71. Hor«hoand. 199. Kidney wort
906, Poppy (white), 981, Uosemary. 803, iiupture-wort. 806,
t)anron,809.
OoVTULSfOMS— All-Heal. 16, Betony (wood), 47. Oalamlnt, 78. Ohick-
Pease. 89. Cowslips, 101. Dwarf elder. 180.Enui<o. las. Gentian.
169. Hearts' Base. 180, HoneysuckU, 190. Moneywort, 937.
Pennyroyal, 986.
C&Aur All-ileal,16. A-«paragu« prtckly). 84, Bmnk Urdne. 00. Gala
mint, 73, Camomile, 74, Cbickw«M».l. m, <Jow»lip», 101. Flfur-de-
Lys, 163, (HTmantler, 168. ManUTwort, 't£i, Mu»uu>i, 94A
Peiiuyfoyal, 8t«. Ha»lfrag<; (.(rr<«it). 8A).
4«0 INDEX OF DISEASES. AND HERBS THAT CURB.

D
Danb&itff—Beets, 4fi, SoabiouB, 324, Willow-tree, 80).
D^AI> Child— Aikanet, 16, Adder's Tongue, 17, Brioay,60, Centaury, 88,
Fleur-de-Lys, 164, Glad win, lt>4, Masterwort, 239, Penuyru\ al,
266, Satfe, 311.
DkaPWESS— Alehoof, 21, Carduus Benedictus, 77, Fennel (sow), 138,
Henbane, 184, Marjoram, 226, TamariAk-tree. 360.
DmrLUXiONa-Kupture-Wort, 307, ttorrel, 339, ttuooory, 867, 89^ Woad,
Yarrow. 397.
Diabetes— Bistort, 53, Thyme
(wild), 372, Yarrow, 897.
DlQESTlON—Coleworts (the sea), 72, Gentiao, 162, Weed, 178. Hawk-
Lettuce, 212, Lovage, 219, Mint, 234, Mustard (black), 244, Rosa
(hip), 299, Kosemary, 303, Sorrel (common), 339, Saracen's Con-
sound, 316.
DanouLTT OF BBSATHiNa— Beets, 46, Fennel (sow), 186, Mustard
(black), 244.
Ddcnbss of Sioht— Rosemary, 303, Rhubarb (great monk's), 293, Sar-
saparilla, 317, Savory (winter), 319, Willow-tree, 891.
Disease, sudden- Aikanet, 16.
Dislocations— Brauk Ur.sine, 59, Butcher's Broom, O.
Doos— Horehound, 192. Hound's Tonjfue, 196.
Dreams— Lettuce, 213. Purslane, 286.
DaOPST— Acrimony (water). 20, Angelica, 86, Asarabaoa, 82, Ash-tree,
88, Bay-tree, 40. Betouy (wood), 47, Broom, 63, Elder (dwarf),
129, Eringo, 133,
Flax-weed, 147, (ilatlwin, 164. Weed, Hawk-
171, 204, Kidneywort, 206. Marjoram, 226, Mas-
Jumper-tree,
229, Moss (Kround)L2;i9.
terwort. Mug
wort. 241, Parsley (com-
mon). 258, Pellitory of the Wall, 266, Pimpernel (water), 878,
Saracen's Consuund, 316, Succory, 367.
DbOWSINESs -Kosemary, 303.
Deunkknness— Ivytree, 2'U.
Dullness of Spihits— Lang de Boeuf, 210.
DisUBY— Asparaxus, 34, Bay-tree, 40, Beans (French), 48, Brank Ursine,
69, Brook Lime, 61. Butter-Bur, 69, (>al>imint, 73, Cardur«i
Benedictus. 77, Eringo, 188, Ivy-tree, 801, Tansy (garden), 362,
Turnsole, 376.

-Agrimony, 19, 81, Ouckoo-Pint, 106, Elder (dwarf), 128,

Alehoof,
Eringo, Fennel (sow), 136, Fleur-de-Lys (garden), 163,
133,
Marjoram (wildh 228, Marjoram (sweet), 227.
Ivy-fcree, 202,
Mint (water), 236, Parsley, 268, Parsnip (cow), 281, Pellitory <»
the Wall, 265. Rose (hip), 299, Savory (winter), 819.
EABirro— Comtrey, 98 and 99.
Epidemical Diseases -Ant^ellca, 26, Betony (wood), 47, Bistort, 68,
Burnet, 68. Butter- Bur, 69, Walnuto, 884.
Ephialtes— Cudweed. 109, Peony (male), 267.
ExccBiATiONS— Marsh Mallows, 224, Plantains, 874, Purslain, 285.
Ens—Alehoof, 21, Angelica, 27. Bay-tree, 4C» Beans, 41. Betony (wood),
^ Blue Bottle,
Clary (wild), 93,
58, Caoba>;es, 71, Celandine, 79, Centaury, 88,
Chrowfoot, 106, Cuckoo-Pint, 108, Cucumbers,
106, Dwarf Flaxweed, 148, Fumitory, 157, (iround-
(elder), 129,
el, Horehound, 192, Houseleek, 196, Lily of the Valley,
173,
114, Lovage, 219. Sweet. Marjoram. 227, Melilot, 232, Moss
ground), 239, Nightshade, 252, Parsley, 258, Pennyroyal, 266,
iHmpemel, 272, Rose (hip), 809, Tansy (common), 862, Vio-
let, 880.
F
Fags—Bay-tree, 41, Carduus Benedictua, 77, Cresses (sciatlCA), lOS,
Devil's Bit, 116, Lovage, 219, Pennyroyal, 2^6, Willow-
tree, 891.
FAHmHO— Honeysuckle. 190, Lavender, 810, Motherwort, 239, Penny-
royal, 266, Rose (hip), 300.
Falls—Aikanet, 16, Fig- Wort, 143, Sage (wood), 81S.
Bugle. 66,
FalunO SICKNESS— Betony (wood), 47, Briony, 60, Cowslips, 101, Fennel
(sow), 186, Fox-(Jlove, 156, Gentian, 162, HelUbore (black), 181,
Mweh MRliowfi. 284, Masterwort. 229. Mismltoe, 237, MostArd,
 INDEX OF DISIASBS, AND HKRBS THAT CURE. 4*1

(blAck). S46, PAraley. SM. Parsnip (oow), (60, FeonjToyX, M«,

Pliintain. 274, Poplar (bUok), t79. SatZron, 900.
Fat, m dacrsase of —Cleavers. M.
Fkix)N8— Arssmart, 31, Bitter-dweet, M, Herb True-Lore, 187, Nail-
wort, »48.
FZTKB*-BuniK«. 57. Oamomlla. 74, Clary, M. DandeUon, 114, LII7 of thf
VaUey^U. tiouthemwood, 341.
Fxua nr th» Etm—Clary («riid), »J, Strawborrlee, S5«.
FUTULAS—Airrimoiiy (water). SO, Aiehoof, Si, Bugle, 66. Clary
91, Dove'a-Foot, 1S4. Fleur-Ue-Lys, IM, Nettle (oommuu),
S5l. Verrain (oommoo), s;». Winter Qreen, 391, Yarrow,
S98.
FosasTFULirxa»—Agrimony (water), SO, Ajwmbaoa, SS, Water Lily
216.
Flxas—Aider (oommon), S4, Aaarabaoa, SS.
Fliks, to ke«p from— Acrimony (water), SO.
FLAOiLNO B&SAtfTS— L^diee Mautle, SOO.
Flux or Bux)o— Agnmony, 18, Ajnaranthns. t4, Barberry, 87, Basil
(gardm), 39, Bay-tree. 40. Be<l-{Struw (laiUes*), 44, Beton/
(wood). 47, Biatort. W.Blackberry Buah. M. Blue Bottle, M,
Bttck'e-Uom IMantaia, 06, Burnet, 6ti. Cbeatnut-tree. 87,
Clown's Woundwort, 96. Comlrey, 96, Cudweed, 109, Fitfwort,
148, Flag (water). 146, FlueUeia, 156, (rladwin. 164, Uoldea Rod,
168, Qreen (winter), 172, Hemp, 183, Uurt»etail, 194. U.uund's-
TonATue, 196. Iry-tree, 901. Knapweed, 909. Maiden-hair (white),
ttS, Medlar, 230, Moneywort, aJ7, Moas (jfround), 238, Oak-tree,
S6S, Oruine. 257, PUntain. S74, Poppy, 283, Quince-tree, 287,
Rhubarb (great monk'Mi, 29S, Rose (damaHk). 298, Hose (bip)^
800. Hose (red), sri. Hue (garden), 306, delf-heal, 829. Sliep^
herd's Purse. 332, idorrel, 339. Tamarisk-tree, 800, Thorn-
berry (black), 8ti9, Tormentil, 878, Yarrow (oommon), 887,
Yarrow (sneerewort), 398.
FEXaELX»— Cowslips, lui. Cucumbers. 109, Roee (hip). 801, Verrain^S.
F&KiroH Pox—Celandine. 80. Eringo. 183, Foulove, 156, Hearts' Ease,
180. Hyssop (hedge), 801, bfe. John's Wort, 908, Bage, (wood),
813.
FUDTZT-Betony (wood), 47, OowsUps, 101, FsTerfew. 140, Peaoh-trat,
908, Poppy, 2B1, Thyme (wild), 97S, Valerian, 378.
FdkdamXMT— BUckberrv-buah, 56, Cuckoo Pint, 108, Dili, U7, Mint, 184,
Polypody, tn, Hoee (hip), t».
Q
Oaxx—OaUmint. 78, Flax-weed, 147.
Oallmd Fbxt- Bed-straw (la<iies'). 44.
QAjroKum-Briony, 60, Bunle, 66, Comfrey, tt, Oreasee (solatloa), 108,
Dandelion, Hi, Nettle (oommon), 160. Tamarisk- tree, 961,
Walnuts, 384.
OOTTT-Aiebouf, 21, Angelica, 98, rohangel, 80, Barley, 88L Betooy
(wood). 47. Brauk Ursine, W, Cabbages, 71. Cuckoo Pint, 106^
Ooutwort, 171, Hellebore (blaokX I8I, Ki<Inev-wort, 906, LHj
of the VaUey S14, Mustard (black), 246. Nettle (common), ^i,
Pellitory of the Wall. 966, Pennyroyal. 966. Poppy (wild), 981^
Rhubarb (monk'sX IM.
Q«AT»— Agrimony (water). 90. Fern (brake), 188. Knotgrass, 906.
OftBnr Sicxjms—CentAury (small). 88.
OKATXl/-AAh-tree. 84. Beans (Frsoch). 48, Blaokberry-bush. 66. Brf ony.
60, Butcber^s Broom, 69. Carrots, 78. Ceutaury (small), ss.
Doves' Foot. 194, Fara»>busb, 166, Oolden iiod, 168, UroundMek
(eoouaon), 178, Knotgrass. 908. Mallows (oommon). Via, Murnh-
•Uows, 994. Nettles (common), 960, Parsler Piert. 960
H^i«h (common), 9tr, Rocket (winter), 997, Rupturo-wort,
•or, tSamphire, 81ft, Haxifrage (whlteX 80, Vsrraln (common),
870.
Or.rraro— Dog's-grass. 191, GLa'iwln, 164, Qroondsel (common), irt
Ii««taes (oommon), 212, Lorage, 119, Mouse ear, 940. Plantain.
974, TlmDS(oommoti', 17 1.
(HTKS -Bis«sv«^ Bogle, m. Mmt wUd). ' S»l, TsDsy (oommoa). ao
 493 [NDKX OF DTSEASKS, AND HERBS THAT CZR^
H
Haib, to niAke grow—Glnquefoil« 90. ^^ ,
HAnt, to restore— Elmtreo. 131. Hound's-Tonffue, 196. Lily (white), fl6j
Mai.ien-hHir (wbite), *«. Mallows (marsh), 224, Mustard
(white), 346, Petich-tree, 263, Thorough-leaf. SIO.
IlKAl>—AsarabHCA, 33. Blackberry-bush, 66, OUry (wild), 93, Fluelleln,
166, Knot- grass, ««. Maideu-huir (>rt)l'leu), !W2, Marsh Mallows,
224, Marjoram (sweet), 227. MiutUfarden), 234, Mustard (black),
246, Nep, 24y. Kose (hip), 299.
E[BAI>-acHB— Butcher's Brt)om, 62. Cudweed, 109, Du^k's-meat. 127,
Fennel (sow). 136. Horehound. 192, ivy-tree, 202. Moss (>f round),
239. Peach-tree. 263, Poppy (crowtoot/, **), R»)se (hip), 29H, Self-
heal, 329, Succory (wUd), 867, Thomberry (black), 369, Valerian
(wild), 378, Violet, 3«0.
Hkat— Hawk- weed, I7tt, Hemlock, 182, Liquorice, 217, Sun-dew, 369.
Hkabt— Balm, 37, Burnet. 68. Cleavers, 94, aentian, 162.
71«MOBBHOU>3^ohn'8 Wort (St.), 203, Knapweed, 207, Privet, 88i,
Ciouthemwood, 341, Tumarisk-tree, 3tiu.
HlOOOUOH— Dill, 117, Fennel, 136, Hifcrt'* Tongfue, in. Mint (gap.
den), 233.
High GoLOiTB-Bishop's Weed, 69.
Hips— Thyme (common garden), 371.
HOAaaKNBas—Cabbaxee. 71, Fleawort, 162, Liquorice, 216, Marsh Mal-
lows, 224. Nep, 249, Peach-tree, 282, Fluma, iltf. Poppy (wild),
282, Sage (common), 311, Violet, auOb
Httkottrs- Horse-radi.sh. 288.
HTPOCHONSaiA- Darnel, 116, Eringo, 131.
Iliao Passioit—6avine, 318.
Imposthuxk - Alehoof, 20, Asarabaoa, 82, Basil (garden). S2, Dandelion,
114, St. John's Wort, 203, Orpine, 257, Peter's Wort, 271, Kusll
(squinanth). 307, Sage (woml). 313, Saracen's Consound, ai6k
>k»biou8 (lesser field), 323, Teasel, 364.
InfLAMH .TIONS- Asarabaoa, 32. Beans, 41, Bistort, 68, Borage, 67,
hrook Lime, 61, Campion (wild), 76, Clary, 92, Clown's
Woundwort, 96, Comfrey. 98, Elder (dwarf). 1-29, Hemlock. 182,
Henbane, 184, Kidney wort, 206, Lettuce (common). 212, Liver-
wort, 218, M.eadow-sweet, 2:)0, MeUlot, 231, Poppy (wildX
23a, Parsley (common), 258, Pimpernel (water). 272, Privet,
384. Rhubarb (great mouk'sj, 293. S«>rrel (oommon), 3-19,
Thorough-wax (white). 370, Vine-tree, 879, Violet, 380, Wal-
nuts, 384, Yarrow (common), 398.
IWFKOnON, to preserve from— Uog's Mercury, 122, Parsnip (cow), 260.
INDIOESTION— Angelica, 96, Balm, 86, Barberry, 87, Beets, 44, Bur*
dock, 70.
IXOH—All-Heal, 16, Agrimony (water), 20, Alehoof, 21, Betony (water),
46,Blackberry-bush, 66, Borage, 67, Caniuus Benedictas, 77,
Celandine, 80, Cuckoo Pint, 107, Horehound, 192. Marjoram
(wild). 226, Scabious (lesser field), 824, Sorrel (common), 840,
'
Tormentil, 873.
J
/AxmDiOB, Black— Hellebore (black), 181.
JauNDIOX, Yellow— Ash-tree. 34, Betony (wood), 47, Bistort, 63, But-
cher's Broom, 62, Calamint, 73, Camomile, 74, Cresses (black),
102, Dandelion, 114, Fumitory, 167, Hellebore (black), 181,
Hemp, 183, Herb True- Love, 187, Ivy-tree, 201, Parsley
Piert, 259, Parsley (oommon stone), 260, Peach-tree, 262, Plan-
tain, 274.
Jonrw—Beans, 41, Broom. «S, Chamomile, 74, Clary. 92, Comfrey, 9C,
Dragon, 196, tihround Pine, 172, Masterwort, 228, Rose (hip),
800, Rue (garden), 804, Spleen Wort, 847, Tansy (oommon), 361,
Trefoil, 874.
K
Kx&NXii»—Colts' Foot (common), 97, Darnel, lis, Flgwort, 148, Oround-
sel (oommon), 178, Misseltoe, 236, Mugwort (oommon), 241,
Son-dl ((^OTDinon). MO. St^nn Crop, 3^, Wtaytuu (oommoui, 878.
 INDEX or DISEASES. AND HERBS THAT CURE. 423

Ktbu— Fi^wort, li3, Henbaoe (cummon}. 184, Kifineywort. :i08.

KlDNBYa-Cn»b ! <;Uw8, liw. Dove'i^ Fcxjt. lu, EriuKo. 13», FurM-bosh,
Ch>u«f berry-imub, l(>9. Kidiieywurt. -JU6, Liverwurt, Si8,
16H,
Puni>eruel. .i72, 6auicle, 316, Tausy (K»rvien). 362.
Kna'sETU.— Alaur (black;, 'a, (Jumuoiile. 74, Cainpioa, 76, Carduiu
B«uedictuj», 77, CIowu'h \V<)uiiawi)rt. 06, EriiiKO. 133, Fumi-
tory, 167, QeutiHa, lt>2. (iokieu Koii. 168, Ki<iueywutt, AM.
Marsh MaUow». tiA, MitMieltoe, 836, Orcbia, 256, Rampion
(sliwfp'sj, -/»», bH^e (commuu), 311. 8avine. 318. btoiie-Crup, 366,
Succory (wild*. 367, Tansy (KarJen), 36i. Wiilow-tree. 390.
KirOTBIWTHF FutsH-Claiy, W, Clowu's Woundwort, »5. Dai«ie3, lit,
LtaudeUou, 114, Uroundsel (cuuunoaj, 173. Hemp, 183, Maidea*
hair wliite), iiu, MiatMltoe. SM. Mutfwort, Sil, Miuturd
(hed«e), 246.
L
Lax—Darnel. 116. Fluellein, 166, Groundsel (oommon), 178, Hawkweed,
178, Uenbaue, 184, Horsetail, 1»4, J uuiper-tree, 204, Knot-
grass. 2Ub. Moss (grouudj, 238, Mulberry- tree, 242, Oak-tree,
S63. PeterVwort, 271, Quiuoe-tree. 287, (great Rhubarb
monk's). 2U3, Hose (hip). 30U.
LiPmOflT— A^rimouy, 18. Aveus, 36, Barley. 38, Briony, 60, Galamlnt, 78,
DruKou, 126. £lm-tree, 131, Misseltoe, 237, Mustard (black).
246, Pennyroyal, 266, Scabious (lesser field), 324, Willow-
tree, 3uu.
LKTHABOT-Atider's Tongrue, 17, Creases (water). 104, Fennel (sow), 136.
Mustard (black). 245. Ni»<btsbn<le, 262. Orpine, 267, Saffron, 300,
Savory (wmter). 319, Toriueuiil, 373.
LiCB— Alder (black), li. Bairn, 37, Broom, 63, HenbanA, 184, Hyssop. 100,
Tamarisk-tree, 361.
LnCB»- Ivy tree. 201.
LiYXB— All-beiil. 16, Acrimony
(water), 10, Avens. 86. Bilberries, 49,
Bu^jle, 6«j, Camomile, 74, Costmary, 100, Cucumber, 108, Endive,
132. Fleur-de-Lys. 163. Hart's Tongue, 177, Hops, l»l. llore-
houud. Itf2, Kidney wort, 206, Laverwort. 218, Mint (Karden),
134. Parsnip (cow), 261, Peiiitory 01 the Wall, 266, Plantain,
174, Puppy (yeiluw homed), 283, Strawberries, 866, Tormen-
til. 373.
LOATHiiro or Msat— Millar, 131, Saxifraf^ (ipreat bumet), 810.
LoNOOtod -Meillar. 231, Vtue-tree, 37U.
Loss OF Tkktu -Strawberries, 366, Thistle Gady's), 866.
Lo^or VoiCK -Lavender. 210, Poppy (wilil). 282.
LUMOIH- Bay-tree. 4U, Chervil (swwt). 86, Feuuel (oommon), 136, Flg-
tre*', 142. Lungwort. 220, Marsh Mallows, 224, Marjoram, 216,
M>v-t«frwort. 228. Moneywort, 237, Mu.ttard (hedxe). 246, Nettle
(common). 26«J, Pennyroyal, 266. line (Kardeu). 304. Satfroa,
Dew. 36V. Thyme (common), 371, WiUow-tree, 3»),
8u«, ."^un
LTTBV, to provoke— AsparaKtu» (pricklv), 84, Do»f's Meruury, 182, Mint
(Karden). 184. Mustanl (white), 246, Onion, 164.
LUBT, to stop- Hemlock. Utt, Lady's Smook, lue.
M
MAl>KSaa-Hellebore(bUu:k), 181.
Mad Do<M- PUmtain (buckVbom), 175.
Mabxs iv thk nun— CretwM?^ (nciatica). 108, Solomon's Seal, 8W.
MmAABLS-Alkaiiet. 16, Bistort, 68. LovaKO, 818. Sage. 811, Torm«».
til, 874.
MBOU3CS— Bay- tree, 40, Flea'Wort, 161, Tansy (oommon), 861.
M&LAjrcHOLT Aleh<K>f. 21. Arracb, 18, Balm, 86. BUtes, 66, Bumet, 69,
Cnbbngt*!*. 71. Uotf's (irasA, 121. Fever Ft^w. 140, Fumitory. 167,
Oeutian. 162. Herb Kobert, 186, Marsh Mallow, 224, Moium-
ear, 24u. Pe<my (male), 167, Polypo<ly, 277, Spl«M)n-wort, 847,
Tamarisk-tree, 861, Tansy (common), 861, Viper's Bugw
la*». 381.
MsscBmms Dl^olvtsd -Fluellein, 166, H0U7, 187.
MxMOftT - Uanlaus Benedictiis. 77. RTebrlght, 184.
MiLKOiNxrww Borage. 67. Fei. net, lift. Ilarsh Mallows, 123, »ow-
ThiMto Ttm, §U, Viper's BugloM, ML
4^4 INDEX OF DISIASKS, AND HXRBS THAT CVIL»
Miuc OiTRDLma-Mint (garden). S34, Parsley (ooinmon). t66.
Milk ls Cattlb— Cock's Htia«l, 98.
MlNBBAli Vapoue— (iarlick, 161.
MiaCAAKLiaE— Medlar, 231, Tansy (grarden), 80S.
MoaPHBW— Alkanet, 18, Briony, 60, Dandelioa, 116, Dodder of Thyme
120,Elecampane, 131, Madder, 221, Scabious (lesser field), SSi,
Vervain (common), 379.
MOOTBB— Alkanet, 16, Bay-tree,
40, Bistort, 63, Briony, 60, Butter-Bur,
89, Celandine,
«0, Dill, 117, Eringo, 133, Feverfew, 139, Juniper-
tree, 204, Lily (white), 216. Medlar, 231, Mugwort, 241, Mul-
berry-tree, 242, Nep, 249, Pennyroyal, 266, Peony (male), 288,
Rue(garden), 304, Sauicle, 315, Wavory (winter), 319.
Mouth— Alehoof, 21, Bistort. 64. Columbines, 96, Fumitory, 167, Mul-
berry-tree, 242, Pennyroyal. 266, tianicle, 315, Sloe Bush, 33&.
MUBCLBS Cut— Clown'sWoundwort, 96, ComJirey, 96.

Naim Df THB PLBSH-Aflrrimony, 18, Misaeltoe, 237.

Naybls of Childrbm— Fleur-de-Lys, 163, Hawk- weed, 178.
NkcK— Mustard (black). 246, Muatard (hedge), 246.
Nkbves— Comfrey, 98, Ivy-tree, 201, Valerian (wild), 878.
NiPPLBfl— Fleur-de-Lys, 163.
N018S IN THB ExBs-Beets, 46, Henbane, 184, Hyssop, 100, Marjoram
(wild), 828.
O
OBSTBUOnoNS OF THB Gaxx—Celandine, 80, (Centaury (small), 83, Dan-
delion, 114, Dog's Grass, 121, Fennel (sow), 136, Hemp, 188,
Madder, 221.
OBWBUCTiONa OF THB LiVBB— All-heal, 16, Alehoof, 21, Alexander, n.
Bay-tree, 40, Beets, 44, Betony (wood), 47, Borage, 67, Oala-
mint, 73, Dandelion, 114, Dog's Grass, 121, Eringo, 133, Fennel
(common), 136, Flaxweed, 147. Fumitory, 157, Hops, 191, Hor»-
hound, 192, Lavender, 210, Madder, 221, Parsley, 268, Parsley
Piert, 269, Pimpernel, 272, Rosemary, 803, Vervain (conunonl
979. WaUtiower8(wUd), 383,
OBSTBUCmoNs OF THB 8PLBBN— Alehoof, H, Alexander, U, Alder
(black), 22, Bay-tree, 40, Beets, 44, Betony (wood), 47, Briony,
80, Calamint, 73, Camomile, 74, Centaury (small), 83, Dande-
lion, Ik^ Fennel (common), 136, Fumitory, 167, Hops, 191,
Horehound, 192, Lavender, 210, Madder, 221, Mustard, 246,
Parsley, 266, Pimpernel, 272, Rosemary, 303, Vervain (com*
mon), 879.
P
Pacts— Hawthorn, 179, Mustard (black), 246, Rue (garden), 804, Sara-
cen's Consound, 316.
Painb in THB BowBLa-Costmary, 100, Kldneywort, 208, Mouse-ear,
240. Rhubarb (great monk's), 293, t5ow-Thistle Tree, 844, Spig-
nel, 346.
PAOra IN THB 8iDB»-Betony (wood), 47, Clary, 92, Ooralwort, 100
Fleur-de-Lys. 163, Gentian, 162, Mustard (black), 246, Oats,'
Rue (garden), 304.
254.
Pains in thb Rbln3 -Mustard (black), 246.
Pains in thb Back and Bbllt— Betony (wood), 47, (Cowslips, 101,
Dog's Grass. 121, Fennel (common), 136, Fleur-de-Lys, 168,
Pennyroyal, 266.
Pains in thb Eabs—Cleavers, 94, Marjoram (wild), 228, Melilot, 232,
Mint (garden), 234, Misseltoe, 237, Pimpernel (water), 272,
Plums, Poplar (black), 278, Rhubarb (monk's), 293, Rue
276,
(garden). 306,Tansy (common), 361.
Pains in thb Hbad— Costmary, 100, Feverfew, 140, Pennyroyal, 268,
Plantain, 274, Poppy (crowfoot), 280, Rupturewort, 307, Rushes,
.307, Hye, 308.
Palsy— Bay-tree, 41, BUberries, 48, Brionv, 80, C^ary, 92, OowaUps, 101,
Daisies, 112, Elidneywort, 206, Misseltoe, 237, Pimpernel, 871,
Sage (garden), 811, WaUiuts, 884.
Pbstilbncb, or Plague— Alehoof, 81, Bistort, 63, Chickoo Pint, 107,
Fumitory. 167, Pimpernel, 878, Thistle (star], 387.
 INDEX or DISXASB3, AND HBRBS THAT CURS. 415

Pthtszo— M«iden-hAir (whlt«X 23S, Moiue-«ar, tiO, Peony (nudeX Mr.

Rhubarb. 291, UoMmary, 303.
PHLSOX—Alder (black}, 22, Bhuuy, ao, Butcher's Broom, 62. Cabbaflres,
71, Coetmary. 100, Cruasea (black). 102, Cresees (water), 104,
Elder (dwarr), 129, Fleur-de-Lys, 1&3. Hawk-weed, 178, Helle-
bore (blackX 181, Horehound. 192, Jtiyseop (hedtfe), 201. Mar-
joram (sweet), 227, Nop, 249. Nettle (common). 260, Pellitory
of the Wall. 2^ Xlhuoarb (mouk's), :^ da^^e (eommoa), 311,
Baao»> Alone, 318. daxitrage (common), 322, tksabioua (leaser
field), 3X3, ttyii^nel, 3M, duocory (wild), 367, Thyme (oommou),
871, Tumeole, sre.
PXLI8-Bil berries, 49, (Jelandine (leaser), 82, (bolts' Foot, 97, Cuckoo-
Pint, 106, Flea- wort. 162. Hound's Tontfue, 196. Kidney wort,
i06. MuUein
(blaok). 242. Mullein (white). 243, PeUitory of the
Wall, 266, Plautaia (graas), 276.
Pdctlv— Bistort. 63, Cresses (sciatica), 108, Fumitory, 167, Honey-
suckle, 190, Rue vtrarden), 306.
Pis ahi) WsB-Hemluck. 182, Honeysuckle, 190, Lily of the Valley. S14,
Tormentil, 373, Valerian (ijardeu), 377.
Pabtiho with Blooi>— Aimmoiiy, 18, Basil (ijarden), 39.
PLBuaUY-AuKelica, 26, Heart's En.-*e, 180. MutiUird (hedge), 246, Nettle
(oommon), 260, bcabious (lesser Held). 323.
POXSOV—Angelica, 26, Balm, 37, Bistort, 63, Blackberry-bush, 6S, Blae
Bottle. 68, C^iitrops (water), 76, Cuckoo Piut, 107, Devil's Bit,
116, Fleur-de-Lys, 16.1, Hawk-weed, 178, Herb True- Love, 187,
Hops, 191, Lavender (cotton), 211, Quince-tree, 287, Rue (gar-
den), 304, ek>rrel (sheep's;, 340, Viper's Bugloss, 381.
POLTFUB—Cuckoo Pint, 108, Dittander, 117, Dragon, 126, Nettle (oom-
mon), 250.
Pbititxxs— Black berrvbush, 66, Bugle. 66, Cucumbers, 108, Duck's
Meat, 127. Flea-wort, 162, Golden Rod (oommon), 168, Hen-
bane, 184, Horsetail, 194, Moon wort, 238.
PU8H«B—Chick wood, art^Colts' Foot (oommon). 97, Devil's Bit. 116,
Fumitory, 167, Wormseed (treacle). 388.
Q
QVAXLLK Aana»-Archangel, 30, Betony. 46, Erlngo, 133, QsrUo, 160, Hell-
ebore (black), 181. Plantain (rib-wort), 276. Polyyody.277, Vei^
vain (commoQ), 379, Wormwood, 394.
QX70CT>iAif Aaus8-Be^ >ny (wood). 46, Costmary. 100, Eringo, 188,
Wormwood, to4.
QXTDrST— A4<runony, 18, Blackberry-bush, 66, Clary. 92. Hyssop, 199,
Liquorice. 217. Lovage, 219, Orpine, 267, Poppy (blaok), 879.
Violet, 860, Wahiuts, 884, Wormwood, 894.
R
RHXUM-Oreeees Cuckoo Pint, 106, Hazel-nut, 179, Horse-
(blaok), lot.
Masterwort, 238, Rue (meadow). 806, Ruptur*>wort,
tail. 194.
(oommon). 811.
807, ttege
-Amaranthus, 14. Asparagus (prickly ), 84, Bistort. 68, Eringo,
133, Hawk-weed (oommon), 178, Knotgrass, 206. Mullein
(white), U3, Pimpernel (water). Vt, Rue (garden), 806. Rup-
ture-wort, 307. bage (wood), 818, Saniole, SU, Tansy (garden),
881, Vervain (oommon). 379, Violet, 880.
Down, or Cotton Thistle. 116.
taau- Borage. 67. Bhony.60. Ordaus Benedlctos, TT. Oelandine,
m, DameLii6, Hops, 191. Liverwort, 118, Nightshade (oom-
moo). 162, Plantain. 174. Savins. 818. ttoabious (lesser held), 814,
Sorrel (common). 840.
Rurrxnm Agrimony. 18, Betony (wood), 47, Bishop's Weed, at, Bi»
tort, 68. Brank Uniine. 60, Caiamdit, 73, CinquefoU, 91, Oom-
86, Coraiwort, 100, Croaswort, 106. Cuckoo Plot, loi,
m Rod (commonX 168. Moneywort, 137, Mullein (blackl
•48, Orpine, IS?, Tansy (gardeo), 8611. Thorough W%z ^whit^T
4^6 INDEX OF DISSA.SKS, ANI> HERBS THAT CURE.
a
Scabby HBAiw-Blackberry-biish, 66, Foxglove. 166, Lily (whiteX UN
Mallows (marsh), 224, Nep, 249, Peter's Wort (at,.), 271.
Scabs—Al'jhooi:, 21, Alder (black), 23, Ashtree, 34, Beets. 46, Bugle, 66,
Fumitory, 157, Hops, I9l, Kadiieywort, 206, Marjoram (wild),
226, Mustard (black). 246, Nettle (common), 251, Plantain, 274,
Rocket (winter), ii97, Hue (garden), iM>6, boabiuus (lesser field),
824, Tormentil, 373.
80AB8—Calamint, 73, Tormentil, S7S.
SCXATIOA— Alehoof, 21, AuKelica, 26, (Dabbages, 71, Oalamint, 73, Cen-
taury (small), 83, Clary, 92, Cresses (sciatica), 103, Daisies, 112,
Henbane, 184, Herb Kobert, 186, Kidney wort, ;S06, Moiis^
ear, 240, Mustard (hedne). 246, Kbubarb (xreat monk's), 294,
Savory (winter), 819, Tansy (common), 361, Tutsan, 876.
SCUBVT—Briony, 60, Cresses (sciatica), 103, KMneywort, iiM, Lavender
(cotton), 211, Radish (horse), 288, Saxilrage (great bumet), 820,
Tormentil, 373.
8BKD, to increase— ErinKO, 132. Rose (hip), 800.
8Kiu>E>rrs, Biting of-Agrimony, lb, Alexander. Si.
8Hii*ai.Kd -Clary, 92, Houseleek, 196, Nightshade (common), t5S,
Parsnip (cow), 2«1.
SXKKW»-All-heal, 16, Betony (wood), 47, Blackberry-bush, 66, Bur-
dock, 70, Camomile, 74, Chick weed, 88, Down, 125. Fleur-de-
Lys, 154, Ivy-tree, 201, Lily (white). 215, Marjoram (sweet),
07 M >therwort, 239, Mugwort, 241, Scabious (lesser held}. 824,
Walihowers (wild), 383.
Snir—Calamint. 73, Ck)wslips, 101, Elm-tree. 131, Endive. 13S, Hemlock,
182, Loveage, 219, bcurvy-grass,
327.
Sleep, to procure— Poppy (white), 281, Privet, 284.
SXALL Pox-Alkanet, 16, Bistort, 63, Lovage, 219, Tormentil, 3T8.
Smelx lost, belpeth— Beets, 45.
So&KS— AKrimouy. Archangel, 80, Bistort, 68, Burdock, 70, Carduua
18,
Benedictus, Erin^o, 133, Fumitory, 167. Qolden Rod (nar-
77,
row Herb True-Love, 187, Hops, 191. Knapweed
leaved), 168,
(common), 207, Knotgrass, 208, Liverwort (common), 218,
Mouse-ear, 910, Nettle (common), 260, Rhubarb (great
monk's), 293, Sage, 811, Sage (woixl), 818, Saraoen's Con-
sound, 316.
8PBB0B, Lost— Lily of the Valley, 214, Rosemary, 303.
Spleen- AU-heal, 16. Alehoof, so. Alder (black), 22, Archangel, 29,
Broom, 63, Camomile, 74, Creases (sciatica), 103, Dojf's Qrass,
121, Fennel (common), 135, Fleur-de-Lys, 153, (germander. 163,
Hawk-weed. 178. Hops, 191, Hyssop, 2uo, Marjoram (common
wild), 226. Melilot. 2:i2, Poley (mountain), 276, Scabiou.^ (les-
ser held). 324, Spleen- wort, 847, Strawberries, 866, Tamarisk-
tree, 361, Tormentil, 373.
Splintebs- Agrimony, 18. Briony, 61, Clary, 92, Hawthorn, 179, Mus-
tard (black), 246.
Stitches— Ash-tree, 36, Betony (wood), 47, Briony, 60, Camomile, 71,
Carrots, 78, Elecampane, 131, Gentian, 162.
SrolCAGH-Alder (black), 23, Avens, 86, Betony (wood), 47, Bilberries,
49,Broom, 63, Caraway, 78, Chervil, 86, Cuckoo Pint, 107,
Elecampane. 1.%, Gentian. 162. Groundsel, 173, Hawk-weed,
178.Hops, 192, Marjoram (wild), 226, Mint (garden), 2;i4.
Stowe -All-heal, 16, Asparajfus (prickly), 34, Bay-tree, 40, Beans. 41,
Birch-tree, 60, Briony, 80, Buek^s-Hom Plantain, 65, Cabbages,
n. Camomile. 74, Carrots, 78, Columbines. 97, Coralwort, 100,
Dog's Grass, 121, Eriiigo, 133, Madder, 221, Mallows (marsh),
284, Medlar, 231, Moss (ground), 238, Mouse-ear, 240, Mug-
wort, 241, Rest Harrow, 291, Sowerweed (kidney-leav-
ed), 848.
BnuNOUBT-Alexander, 21, Asparagus (prickly), .34, Butcher's Broom,
68, Filipendula,
144, (iladwin, 164, Horse-tail, 194, Liquorice,
217, 272, Poplar (black), 278, Rocket (winter), 297.
Pimpernel,
BUW-BxrBNiNOS— Betony (water), 48, Cucumbers, 109.
Sxmnnxs— Oabba^'ca, 71, >Vurmwuo«i (oonuaon broad-leavadX Mft.
 INDEX OF OISKASKS, AND HBRBS THAT Ct;llK. ^MJ

BWELLUiti- Aidor (common), M, Buiey. as. Betony (woodX 47, iirook

Camumile. 74, Chickweeil, tj». Cleavers,
x^une, 61, (JabbMKt««. 71,
frt,Clowu'e Wuuu.iwort. »6. Eudive. ia«, Fleuelleiu. 166. (iUkd-
win, 164, Ueuiiuck, itfit, Herb Hubert. 18B. Juhu'H Wort [tit).^
3u3. Madder, -/il. MexUar, XJl. Mustard (black), M6, bcabloiU
(leaser Qeld), ^\. Wurmwuod (common), 3H4.
B-wooiruraci-BorHtfe, 67, Laveader, iio, Pecmyi-oyiJ« JM.

Teeth— Rose (hip), aw.

Tmmmm, lo provuke-Alkmnet, 16, A^Timony (water), 10, Alehoof, n,
m, balm, 87, Betouy (wood). 47, Brook Lame, 61,
Aiitfeliua.
Uelaudme, 80, Clary, 98, Crtk»»ee water), 104. DevU'a Bit, 116
(

EnuKO. 133, Uarlio, ItfO, Hops. IM, Ivy-tree, 9ui, LovaK**,

8i». Maeterwort. :ai, Nep. Si», Pantiey, 868, ttatirou, 309, Siavory
(wiuter), ai9.
TXBMS, t^»stop-Amaranthu0, 84, Beeta, 46, Bilberriea, 49, Burnet, 68.
Comlrey. 9t», Fi^wort (waterX l-t3< LooiMMtrife, ilu. Medlar,
t.n. .vlucM (tfruuudn t*i, NiKbtslia^le (oummuu). 858, Kattle
OniHS. 89u.Tamari^k-uee. 3au. Waiimta, atM.
— BMia^e,67. brtuuy, tiU. CarduuB Beuedictus, 77, HojM, 191,
jtiuii»eieek. liM, Laverwort, 818, Plumit, 876. Rhubarb (great
mouK'ttj, 894, Hue(Kardeu). 3U6, borrel (commou), 840.
•JdariKold (ouroj, 888. Purslane, 886, dorrel (oommoo), 839, Sor*
rel (wuoil). 341, bpieeuwort, 347.
ThboaT— AieUool. 81, Balm. 37, Borate, 67, CJaltropa (water), 75, 0)lum-
biuee, M, iiytMMip, 8uo. LooiieHtrife. 8itf, Lovage, 819, Koae (hip),
£«. se J-heal. S/H, Vervain (uummou), 37W.
Thobh*— Axnmouy, 18, bnouy, «l, Clary. 98, tiouthemwood- 841.
TOOTU-ACUK - Aii-heal. 16, Angelica, 86, ArsHiuart, 81, Blf tort, 6S.
i<'euiiel {oom I, 136, UyiMop, 800, Mulberry-tree, 848, JPuayernel
(water). 878. Poppy (wdd), 883, lamariak-tree, 861.
TaxfAiL ui WoMXN -Motherwort, 839.
Tuuoua» -tiee » weilings.
V
Vxvoic -Saxifrage (great bumet), 880, Teasel (manured), 868.
VuMS B&oKJSN-Blue Bottle, 68, (jlown'ti Woundwort. 96, Tonnen-
til.373.
VsnsT— Lettuce (common), US, Mint (garden), 884, Nettle (common),
860, iiotte (hip), 300.
Vmtioo- Ail-heal. 16. Bitter Sweet. 64, Briony,60. Carduus Benedictus,
77, Cowrtlipa. 101.
VoXTnvo-BUi>eme«. 49, Bistort, 63. Buck's-Hom Plantain, 66, (Jlown'a
Woundwort. 96. Elder (dwart), 189, John's Wort (8t.), 803,
JdUnt (garden), 834, Moneywort. 837, Moas (ground), 838, Oak-
tree, 863, Pennyroyal, 866, Purslane, 886.
U
Ulcxb*— Alkanet, 16, Adder's Tongue,
17, Agrimony. 18, Alehoof, tl.
Asarabaoa, 38. Beets, 46. Betony (wood), 48, Bistort, 68,
Borage. 67, Bugle, 67. Burnet. 68. Carrots, 78. Clary (wUd), 96,
Cluwn's Woundwort, 96, Oostmary, lui, OresMS (sciatica). 108,
Cuckuo Pint. 1U8. Daisies, 118, Fleuiwle-Lys. IAS, FlueUeiu. 166,
Oukl«n Bod (uarrow leave*!), 168, UeUebore (black), 181. Herb
iytM»-LoTe, 187. Horse-tail, 194, Ivy-tree, 908. Knapweed (oom-
Boo). 107, Muuse-ear. 840, Oak-tree, 863, Pliuperuel (water),
S78, PurBlane. .M&, iieet Harrow, 891, Kupture-wort, 807,
Banl<le, 816, Tamarisk-tree. 861. Thorough- was (white). 870,
Wheat. 886.
Umxra, Bloody -Agrimony, 18. Buck's-Hom Plantain, 66, Cherry-
tree. 84, (Aerrles (winter). 86, Chestnut-tree, 87, Chestnuts
(earth), 87, Tonnantil, S7A
W
WABtt AjrD Wsira— Buckthorn. 88, CelandinsL 80, Figwort, 148, Muf*
wort, 841, Nailwort. 148, Poplar (black), 879, Bun Dew, 860,
Turnsolo, frs.
Wrbaij— BeM«, 6k OabbncM, n, Chlckwoed, 88, iTumltary, im, Bm
'
i)7m» BootMrawood. 841.
 428 INDEX OF DISEASES, AMD HERBS THAT CURft.

Whxszihos—Batter Bar, «Q. CJolts' Foot, 9T, Fig-tree, x4S, lijaBoy

199, Luuifwort, 220, Nep, 249, Vervain (oommou), 879.
WHiTi/)Ba^Brook Lame, 74, Naiiwort, 248.
WuiTBS-Beets, 46, Buruet, 68, Gomiiej, 98, Lavender. 210, Mint (gai>
den), 234.
Wind, Breaniuif— Alder (black), 22, Angelica, 26, Bay-ta-ee, 40, Broom,
63, Dili, 117, Hawk-weed, 178, Orpine, 257. Rosemary, 803,
8mallage, 336, Tamarisk- tree, 360 Wormwood (lloman), 396.
Womb— Arrach (wild), 28, Briony, 60, Molherwon, 238, Vervain (com-
mon), 379.
WoBMS-AU-heal, 16, 40, Betony (wood), 47,
Arssmart, 81, Bay-tree,
Bistort, 63, Calamint, 78, Cudweed,
109, Fleur-de-Lya, 168,
Qentian, 162, Hemp, 192, Hvssop (hedge), 201.
183, Hops,
Lavender (cotton), 211, Motlierwort, 239, Mustard (hedge), 248,
Orchis, 256, Peach-tree, 262, Tansy, 361, Walnuts, 384.
WOXTNSS— Alkanet, 16, Adder's Tongue, 17. Alehoof, 20, Avens, 86,
Beans, 41, Bishop's Weed, 62, Black berry- bush, 66, Buck's-
Horn Plantain, 64, Cleavers, 94, Clown's Woundwort, 96,
Coralwort, 100, Cudweed, 100, Daisies, 112, 126, Elm- Down,
tree, 131, Golden Kod
(common), 167, Golden (narrow Kod
leaved), 168, Golden Rod
(Welsh), 168, Green (winter), 171,
Herb Trae-Love, 187, Knotgrass, 208, Loosestrife, 218, Money-
wort, 2:^7, Mouse-ear, 240, Privet. 284, Rue
(garden), 306, tjars-
cen's Consouud, 316, bolomon's tSeal, 839, Tansy (common), 361,
Tutsan, 373, Yarrow, 898.
Wbinilks— Cuckoo Pint, 108.
YSLLOW Jaundicb— Alkanet, 16, Agrimony. 18, Alehoof, 10 JSorage, 07,
Butcher's Broom, 62, Carduus Benedictus, 77, Eringo, 188,
Flax- weed, 147, Fumitory, 167, Hops, 192, Horchound, 192,
Liverwort (common), 218, Mustard (hedge), 246, Plantain, 274,
Biiubarb (great mouk's), 294, Rose (hip), 3U0, baracen's Con-
aound, 316, borrel (common), 340. bpleenwort. 847, Straw-
berries, 356, Succory (wild), 867, Tormentil, 873, Wormwood
(oommou broad-leaved)> 884.

DIREOnONB FOB MAKINQ SYBUPS. Em

SECTION L
PXOB
Or Qathsbino, Dbthto, Ajsm Kxspjsq Socplbs, and thbib
JOTCBS 400

CHAPTER L
OV LBATEa OV HSBBS, OB T&BBS 401

OHAPTEBH.
OvFlowsbs 40i

CHAFTEB ni.
Or Skkds . •. Ml
OHAPTEBIV.
Of Boon 4W
OHAPTEB V.
0» Bajqxb .^-.. .«.. 40i
 IKDBX TO TBI ART OF MAXIMO HBRBAj. MEDICINK. 429

SECTION n.
PJLOS
Tmm Wat of Maxxvo aks Ksbiuhq all Nkctmajbt Compoxtioxi 40i

OHAPTEBL
O7 DxanxxsD Watzbs »»»^ ^» 40f

OHAPTEB n.
OfSTBITIS ^^ ^ «M
CHAFTEBm.
Or JxTLxn ^ ^^^^.^^ 4or

OHAPTEB IV.

07 Daoocnomi MS
ohapteb v.

OfOxu ^ , 408

OHAPTEB YL
Ow ELmoTVAMxm 40t

OHAPTEB Vn.
OPOoireBBTM «.«.. 410

OHAPTEB VnL
Ow FasBKsrm 411

OHAPTEB IX.
Ow TiOWOflW 411

OHAPTEB X.

OHAPTEB XI.

Op PuoflTEM 413

CHAPTEBXn.
Of FouxoiOli 411

OHAPTEB Xin.
Of Tboobh 414

OHAPTEB ZIV.
OfPXZXS -.^- ^.. 414

OHAPTEB XV.
TVB Wat of Mizuro MzDioDrae Aooosdxzvo to thb Oauum of
TUB t^ibxjub, ijo) Past of tbs Boot affuotsd.....^.. 4ti
430 INDEX TO COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS OF HERBS.

Cup M088, W. Saxifrage, Yellow Loosestrife, St. John's Wort, Pimpernel,

Vervain Mallow, Rest Arrow Frontis.
FACING
PAGE
Adder's Tongue, Agrimony, Agrimony Hemp, All-heal, Amonum,
Avens, Black Alder, Behan (white), Bedstraw, Bugler 48
Baxen Wort, Butcher's Broom, -Calamint, Camomile, Comfrey, Crofs
Wort, Cudweed, Great Celandine, Little Celandine, Wild Carrots.. 49

Betony, Bistort, Bitter-sweet, Buckbean, Briony, Brook'lime, Burnet,

Burnet Saxifrage, Bur B-eed 80
Cat Mint, Centau^, Coltsfoot, Com Marygold, Cow Wheat, Cranesbill,
Crowfoot, Cuckoo Flower, Long Cyperus, Wart Cress 81

Chickweed, Devil's Bit, Dodder, Dropwort, Dyers' Weed, Barth Nut,

Eye Bright, Pointed Dock, Red Darnel. Sciatica Cress 144

Bringo, Fever Few, Figwort, Fleuellin, Flux Weed, Foolston, Fox

Glove, Frogbit, Purging Flax, Yellow Flag 145

Flea Bane, Fumitory, Gladwin, Glasswort, Goutwort, Groundpine,

Hogs' Fennel, Male Fern, Sweet Flag 176

Black Horehound, Goatsbeard, Gold of Pleasure, Golden Rod, Grom-

well. Harts' Tongue, Hemlock, Henbane, Hounds' Tongue, White
Horehound 177

Good King Henry, Haresfoot, Honeywort, Jack by the Hedge, Jacinth,

Juniper, Knapweed, Least Houseleek, Liver Wort, Milk Wort,
Water Mint 240

Marsh MaUow, BCeadow Sweet, Mother of Thyme, Mother Wort,

Mug Wort, Ox Bye, Feraicaria, T. Mustard, Water Lily,
W. MuUein 241

Mouse Ear, Pellitory of the Wall, Purple Loosestrife, Scurvy Grass,

Sneeze Wort, Wild Parsnip, Wood Sage 272

Soap Wort, Spikenard, Tansy, Violet, Wood Sorrel 273

^BARY OP THt
A fill;
OF
PHARMACY
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