DIT 0306: ICT PROJECT 1

CHAPTER ONE
PROJECT PROPOSAL

2024
Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT .......................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Project Terms ............................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Project Identification in ICT Project ........................................................................................ 3

1.3 Project Characteristics ................................................................................................................. 4

2 PROJECT PROPOSAL ..................................................................................................................... 5

2.1 ICT project proposal ................................................................................................................... 5

2.2 Classification of ICT Project Proposals ................................................................................... 5

2.2.1 Internal Project Phases: ...................................................................................................... 6

2.3 Characteristics of ICT project Proposals ................................................................................. 7

3 PROPOSAL WRITING AND APPRAISAL................................................................................ 8

3.1 Introduction: ................................................................................................................................. 8

3.1.1 Background and Context:................................................................................................... 8

3.1.2 Introduction to the Proposal: ............................................................................................ 9

3.1.3 Problem Statement (Statement of the Problem): ........................................................... 9

3.1.4 Proposed Solution ............................................................................................................. 11

3.1.5 Objectives of the Proposal:.............................................................................................. 14

3.1.6 Justification ......................................................................................................................... 15

3.1.7 Proposed research and system methodologies: ............................................................ 17

3.1.8 Scope of Work: .................................................................................................................. 18

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 20

APPENDICES............................................................................................................................................ 21

ii | P a g e
INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT
A project is;
❖ is a means of moving from a problem to a solution via a series of planned activities. It is
a unique venture with a specified start and end
❖ an interrelated set of activities that has a definite starting and ending point and results in
the accomplishment of a unique, often major outcome.
❖ a sequence of unique, complex and connected activities having one goal or purpose that
must be completed by a specific time, within budget and according to specification.
❖ Is a complex, no routine, one-time effort limited by time, budget, resources, and
performance specifications designed to meet customer needs.
❖ is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service or result.
❖ is a sequence of activities that has a definite start and finish, an identifiable goal and an
integrated system of complex but interdependent relationships

1.1 Project Terms

1. Project management -The application of knowledge, skills, tools, techniques, people, and
systems focused on meeting or exceeding stakeholder needs. It is the process of planning,
scheduling, and controlling of project activities to meet project objectives.
2. A problem - is a gap (achieving your objective) between where you are and where you want to
be, with an obstacle that prevents easy movement to close the gap.
3. Program – is a long-term project that will respond and resolve social issues basically the root
causes. This involves series of projects to be implemented until problem is resolved. Continuing
activity. It is group of related projects managed in a coordinated way to obtain benefits and
controls not available for managing them individually. It is a collection of interdependence projects
managed in a coordinated manner that together will provide the desired outcome.
4. Project plan- is a formal approved document used to guide both the project implementation
and project control.
5. Project control – is the process of comparing the actual performance with the planned
performance and taking appropriate corrective action that will yield the desired outcome in the
project when significant difference exists.
6. An activity or task- is the smallest unit of work effort within the project and consumes both
time and resources which are under the control of the project manager.
7. Project manager – is the individual who has the overall responsibility for managing the project
and guiding the project team towards the achievement of the desired objectives.

1|Page
8. Project teams- these are the project human resource who have interdependence collections of
roles and responsibilities queered towards a common goal. A project team is a team which is
involved in the implementation of the project.
9. A risk- is uncertain event which may occur in the future. It may prevent or delay the
achievement of an organization or units’ objectives or goals.
10. Risk management- is process to identify all relevant risks, rank those risks, address the risks
in order of priority, monitor and report on their management.
11. Monitoring - systematic collection on analysis of information as a project progress aimed at
improving efficiency and effectiveness of a project or organization. It helps to determine whether
the resources available are sufficient and been used well.
12. Evaluation - is the comparison of the actual project impact against the agreed strategic plan.
It looks at what one set to do and what has been accomplished.
13. Stakeholder- is any individual, group or organization, community, with an interest in the
outcome of a programme/ project. Any group within or outside a project that has a stake in the
project’s activities and/or outcomes.
14. Project Lifecycle- The project lifecycle refers to the five phases all projects must progress
through, from start to finish. The five phases of a project lifecycle serve as the most basic outline
that gives a project definition. These five phases are initiation, planning, execution, monitoring and
closure.
15. Project Scope- Project scope is a key aspect of the project planning stage. In many ways, it is
the starting point. Determining project scope requires the project manager and their team to set
goals and objectives, detail deliverables, create tasks, establish important dates and more. Project
scope defines desired outcomes and all specific factors which will affect reaching them.
16. Stakeholder-stakeholder refers to anyone and everyone involved in a project. A stakeholder
can be involved at every stage of the project, or just in a certain way. Stakeholder analysis helps
categorize how investors, team members, vendors, contractors and more can affect your project.
17. Deliverable- A deliverable refers to the specific outcome(s) a project creates. Deliverables can
be “tangible” or “intangible,” meaning they can be a physical product or something conceptual.
Typically, deliverables are the need that inspired the project in the first place. If someone contracts
a builder to design and construct an office space, the office is a tangible deliverable.
18. Milestone- Milestones are predetermined achievements that help track project progress. Think
of milestones as checkpoints. These checkpoints are decided on before a project begins, so the
project manager and team know when they are on track to achieve deliverables. Without
milestones, it’s difficult to know if the project is on the road to success or needs to reroute.
19. Resources- A resource is anything necessary to complete a project. In a construction project,
materials are an essential resource. That said, other resources — like time, labor and equipment
— are just as important. A project manager must be able to identify all of the project resources in
2|Page
order to create a resource plan and manage the resources accordingly. When resources are left
unaccounted for, it is easy to mismanage them.
20. Dependencies- Project dependencies refer to how resources must be shared and allocated
within a project. Many projects will use the same physical materials for different purposes and
across different stages. Understanding this dependency is the only way to ensure there is enough
of resource to go around. Similarly, all projects are broken down into tasks. When one task cannot
begin before another is completed, these tasks share a dependency.

1.2 Project Identification in ICT Project

Project identification is the first stage in any ICT project. It involves defining the scope of the
project and identifying the goals and objectives that the project is intended to achieve. This stage
is critical to the success of the project, as it sets the direction for the project and helps to ensure
that it meets the needs of the stakeholders.
1. Problem/opportunity identification: This involves identifying a problem or opportunity that
can be addressed using ICT. This could be a business challenge, a social problem, or a
technological Issue that needs to be solved.
2. Identify the project objectives: This involves defining the specific goals and outcomes that
the project is intended to achieve. The objectives should be measurable and aligned with the overall
business strategy.
3. Feasibility analysis: Once a problem/opportunity has been identified, the next step is to
conduct a feasibility analysis to determine if the project is technically feasible, financially viable,
and socially acceptable.
4. Stakeholder analysis: In this step, the project team identifies all the stakeholders involved in
the project, including the beneficiaries, sponsors, users, and other relevant parties.
5. Project scope definition: This involves defining the boundaries and objectives of the project,
including the deliverables, timelines, budget, and other key parameters.
6. Risk analysis: This step involves identifying and analyzing the potential risks associated with
the project, and developing a plan to mitigate them.
7. Project charter development: Finally, the project team develops a project charter, which is a
formal document that outlines the key parameters of the project, including the problem statement,
objectives, scope, timeline, budget, and other relevant details.
8. Define the project timeline: This involves creating a project timeline that outlines the key
milestones and deadlines for the project. The timeline helps to ensure that the project stays on
track and that the objectives are achieved within the specified time frame.

3|Page
1.3 Project Characteristics

1. Objectives –Every project is started with some objective or goal viz. time, budget, quality, and
quantity, when objectives are fulfilled project cause existing. You can initially define the object
objectives of the project what actually need to achieve. Objectives are the key characteristics of
the project where you will see the progress of the project and time to time analysis will show you
the result of how much you have achieved.
2. Single entity –A project is one whole thing. This means that in a project although different
people contribute still is recognized as a single entity. The teams are often specifically assembled
for a single project.
3. Life Span –No project can be ceaseless and indefinite. It must have one and beyond which it
cannot proceed. Every project is invariably time-bound. At the time of planning, you will see the
time phase of the project where the team can work independently on the project modules. Let’s
consider an example project that is divided into three modules let’s say A, B, and C. If the total
time span of a project is 5 months, then you can set the time span for modules independently like
A can complete in 2 months and also B can complete in 2 months and C can complete in 1 month
as per requirement.
4. Require funds –Every project needs funds to reach the endpoint. Without adequate funds, no
project can be successfully implemented. Cost estimation is one of the essential factors for any
organization. So, calculating in advance the required funds for the project will be very impactful.
5. Life Cycle –Each project has a life cycle with different stages like start, growth, maturity, and
decay. A project has to pass through different stages to get itself completed. Let’s consider an
example where the project is related to software development then you can say SDLC (Software
Development lifecycle) will be the life cycle of the project where you will see many stages like
planning, defining, designing, building, testing, and deployment, etc.
6. Team Spirit –Team spirit is required to get the project completed because the project
constitutes different members having different characteristics and from various disciplines. But to
achieve common goal harmony, missionary zeal, team spirit is necessary.
7. Risk and Uncertainty –The project is generally based on forecasting. Risk and uncertainty are
always associated with projects. There will be a high degree of risk in projects which are not
properly defined. Only the degree of control over risk and uncertainty varies with the project being
conceived based on information available.
8. Directions –Project is always performed according to the directions given by the customers
with regard to time, quality and quantity, etc. The convenience of the supply sides of economics
such as labor availability ore resources and managerial talent etc. are all secondary concerns,
primary being the customer requirement.

4|Page
9. Uniqueness –Each project is unique in itself, and it’s having own features. No two projects are
similar even if the type of organization is the same. The uniqueness of the project can measure by
considering the many factors like objectives, features of the project, application of the project, etc.
10. Flexibility –Change and project are synonymous. A project sees many changes throughout its
life span. These changes can make projects more dynamic and flexible.
11. Sub-Contracting –Sub-contracting is a subset of every project and without which no project
can be completed unless it is a proprietary firm or tiny in nature. The more complexity of a project
the more will be the extent of contracting. Every project needs the help of an outsider consultant,
engineer, or expert in that field.
12. Cost –If the quality of the project is to be changed there could be an impact on the cost of the
project. The cost could increase if more resources are required to complete the project quicker

2 PROJECT PROPOSAL
A proposal is a written document to persuade the reader for a suggested plan of action. For
example, a proposal may aim to attain a grant from the government to carry out a survey on
communication practices on organizations. This is the chapter one or the introduction of the
project. It contains several sub-titles (Background, Proposal introduction, problem statement,
proposed solutions, objectives, justifications, proposed research and methodologies and finally the
scope of work)

2.1 ICT project proposal

An ICT project proposal is a formal document that outlines a plan for the implementation of an
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) project. It typically includes details such as
the project's objectives, scope, deliverables, timeline, budget, and resources required for successful
execution. The proposal serves as a roadmap for stakeholders to understand the purpose, benefits,
and feasibility of the project, and it often precedes the approval and initiation of the project.

2.2 Classification of ICT Project Proposals

a) Internal vs. External:

Internal Proposals: Aimed at addressing needs or opportunities within the organization, such as
improving processes, implementing new systems, or launching initiatives to enhance productivity.
External Proposals: Targeted towards external stakeholders, such as clients, partners, or funding
agencies, to secure contracts, partnerships, or funding for specific projects or initiatives.

b) Solicited vs. Unsolicited:

5|Page
Solicited Proposals: Requested by a specific organization or entity in response to a formal
solicitation or request for proposals (RFP) outlining specific requirements, criteria, and deadlines.
Unsolicited Proposals: Submitted voluntarily by an individual or organization without a prior
request, often presenting innovative ideas, solutions, or opportunities for consideration.

c) General vs. Specific:

General Proposals: Address broad or overarching issues, challenges, or opportunities within an

organization or industry, without focusing on a particular project or initiative.
Specific Proposals: Targeted towards addressing a specific project, program, or initiative with
clearly defined objectives, scope, deliverables, and outcomes.

d) Funding vs. non-funding:

Funding Proposals: Seek financial support or investment from stakeholders, such as government
agencies, investors, or donors, to fund project activities, resources, and expenses.
Non-funding Proposals: Do not require external funding or financial support and may focus on
seeking approval, endorsement, or support for non-monetary initiatives, such as policy changes,
partnerships, or strategic initiatives.

e) Research vs. Implementation:

Research Proposals: Focus on conducting research activities, studies, or investigations to

explore, analyze, or address specific questions, problems, or phenomena.
Implementation Proposals: Aimed at implementing specific projects, programs, or interventions
based on existing research, findings, or recommendations to achieve desired outcomes or
objectives.

2.2.1 Internal Project Phases:

a) Feasibility Study Proposals: Assess the viability, feasibility, and potential risks of proposed
projects before committing resources to their implementation.
b) Project Initiation Proposals: Outline the objectives, scope, and initial plans for projects,
including budget estimates, timelines, and resource requirements.
c) Project Planning Proposals: Detail comprehensive project plans, schedules, budgets, and
resource allocations to guide the execution and management of projects.
d) Progress or Status Update Proposals: Provide updates on the progress, achievements,
challenges, and lessons learned during project implementation to stakeholders.

6|Page
 Note: These classifications help categorize project proposals based on various criteria,
providing clarity and structure to the proposal development and evaluation process.

2.3 Characteristics of ICT project Proposals

Characteristics of an ICT (Information and Communication Technology) proposal typically

include:

1. Clear Objectives: Clearly defined goals and objectives that the ICT project aims to
achieve, aligned with the organization's strategic priorities and needs.
2. Comprehensive Scope: A detailed description of the scope of the ICT project, including
the intended outcomes, features, functionalities, and deliverables to be provided.
3. Feasibility Assessment: An assessment of the technical, financial, and operational
feasibility of the proposed ICT solution, considering factors such as technology readiness,
resource availability, and risk analysis.
4. Strategic Alignment: Alignment of the ICT proposal with the organization's overall
strategic goals, vision, and mission, demonstrating how the proposed solution contributes
to achieving strategic objectives.
5. Identification of key stakeholders: This entails the target group/ population gaining
from the project, including end users, management, and other relevant parties, and
engagement strategies to involve stakeholders throughout the project lifecycle.
6. Innovative Solutions: Presentation of innovative and creative solutions to address
specific challenges or opportunities within the organization, leveraging emerging
technologies and best practices.
7. Budget and Resource Planning: A detailed budget estimate and resource plan outlining
the financial requirements, staffing needs, and other resources necessary to implement the
ICT project successfully.
8. Risk Management: Identification and assessment of potential risks and challenges that
may impact the success of the ICT project, along with strategies for risk mitigation and
contingency planning.
9. Implementation Plan: A comprehensive implementation plan outlining the activities,
milestones, timelines, and dependencies involved in executing the ICT project, including
roles and responsibilities of project team members.
10. Evaluation and Monitoring: Criteria for evaluating the success and effectiveness of the
ICT project, as well as mechanisms for monitoring progress, tracking performance metrics,
and measuring outcomes.

7|Page
 11. Sustainability: Consideration of the long-term sustainability and scalability of the
proposed ICT solution, including plans for maintenance, support, and future
enhancements beyond the initial implementation.
12. User-Centric Design: Emphasis on user experience and usability, ensuring that the
proposed ICT solution meets the needs, preferences, and expectations of end users
through user-centered design principles.
13. Ethical and Legal Considerations: Adherence to ethical standards, privacy regulations,
and legal requirements governing the collection, use, and protection of data and
information within the proposed ICT solution.
14. Communication and Collaboration: Clear and effective communication strategies to
disseminate information, gather feedback, and foster collaboration among stakeholders
throughout the project lifecycle.
15. Flexibility and Adaptability: Flexibility to accommodate changes, feedback, and evolving
requirements throughout the project lifecycle, allowing for iterative development and
continuous improvement of the ICT solution.

3 PROPOSAL WRITING AND APPRAISAL

Composing and evaluating proposals are pivotal phases within project management, as they
establish the foundation for effective project implementation. During this process, the proposal
functions as a roadmap for the project, delineating its scope, goals, financial plan, and schedule.
Additionally, the proposal aids in pinpointing the project's intended recipients, potential obstacles,
and the resources essential for its fulfillment.

The proposal should include the following sections:

3.1 Introduction:

This part 1 or chapter 1 of the Project documentation. It contains approximately 8 sub-titles.

When writing the introduction of an ICT (Information and Communications Technology)
proposal, it's essential to capture the reader's attention while providing a clear overview of the
proposed project.
Here are the key areas to capture in the introduction:

3.1.1 Background and Context:

Provide background information on the current state of affairs related to the problem or need.
Highlight relevant trends, developments, or challenges in the ICT domain that have led to the
identified problem or opportunity.

8|Page
3.1.2 Introduction to the Proposal:

Begin with a brief introduction to the proposal, stating its purpose and significance.
Clearly state the problem or need that the proposal aims to address in the context of ICT.
The section should introduce the project and give a quick overview of what it's all about.
Discuss the global perspective followed by the local scenario
Rationale for the Proposal: Explain why addressing the problem or opportunity is important in
the context of ICT. Describe the potential benefits and impacts of implementing the proposed
ICT solution or initiative.

3.1.3 Problem Statement (Statement of the Problem):

Here, the proposal should explain the problem that the project is trying to solve.
The problem MUST BE well stated / defined
It should show the magnitude and effects of the problem
-Must indicate exactly what the research problem is.
-This should be tied to your title/research area.
-This should have more than the physical problem
example, it could describe how traditional teaching methods are becoming outdated and fail to
engage modern students effectively.

In an ICT-related proposal, the problem statement serves as the foundation for the proposed
project or initiative. It defines the specific issue or challenge that the proposal aims to address
within the realm of information and communications technology. Below is guide on the key areas
or point to help you structure and detail a problem statement:

❖ Identification of the Problem: Clearly identify and define the problem or challenge within
the ICT domain. This could relate to inefficiencies, gaps, limitations, barriers, or emerging
needs in technology use or infrastructure.
❖ Specific Issues and Root Causes: Break down the problem into specific issues or
components. Identify the root causes or contributing factors that underlie the problem, such
as outdated technology, lack of infrastructure, cybersecurity threats, or digital divide issues.
❖ Evidence and Data: Provide evidence or data to support the existence and significance of
the problem. This could include statistics, case studies, surveys, reports, or expert opinions
that demonstrate the prevalence, severity, or consequences of the problem.

9|Page
❖ Stakeholder Perspectives: Consider the perspectives of stakeholders who are affected by or
involved in addressing the problem. Highlight their concerns, needs, or expectations regarding
potential solutions or interventions.
❖ Alignment with Goals and Priorities: Discuss how addressing the problem aligns with
broader goals, priorities, or mandates in the ICT sector. Emphasize the importance of
resolving the problem to achieve desired outcomes or advancements in technology use and
innovation.
❖ Urgency and Timeliness: Highlight any factors that contribute to the urgency or timeliness
of addressing the problem. This could include emerging threats, changing regulations,
technological advancements, or missed opportunities for progress.
❖ Gap Analysis: Conduct a gap analysis to compare the current state with the desired state in
terms of ICT capabilities, performance, or outcomes. Identify the discrepancies or
deficiencies that need to be bridged to achieve desired objectives.
❖ Implications of Inaction: Discuss the potential consequences or risks of not addressing the
problem. Consider the long-term impacts on stakeholders, organizations, communities, or
society as a whole if the problem persists or worsens.

By detailing these aspects within the problem statement of an ICT-related proposal, you provide
a comprehensive understanding of the issue at hand and lay the groundwork for proposing very
effective solutions or interventions.

examples of problem statements in the context of ICT proposals:

Example 1:
In rural areas of developing countries, limited access to reliable internet connectivity hampers
economic development and social progress. Despite increasing global connectivity, millions of
people still lack access to basic ICT infrastructure and services, perpetuating digital divides and
hindering opportunities for education, healthcare, and entrepreneurship. The absence of robust
ICT infrastructure in these regions exacerbates inequalities and limits participation in the
digital economy, thus impeding efforts to achieve sustainable development goals and
inclusive growth.

Example 2:
Cybersecurity threats pose a significant challenge to businesses and organizations worldwide,
jeopardizing sensitive data, financial assets, and critical infrastructure. The rapid proliferation of
cyberattacks, coupled with evolving tactics and technologies employed by threat actors, has
exposed vulnerabilities in existing cybersecurity measures. Organizations struggle to keep pace

10 | P a g e
with emerging threats, lacking the necessary resources, expertise, and technologies to effectively
mitigate risks and safeguard digital assets. As a result, cyber incidents continue to disrupt
operations, erode trust, and incur substantial financial and reputational losses.

Example 3:
Despite advancements in healthcare technology, interoperability barriers persist within electronic
health record (EHR) systems, impeding seamless data exchange and collaboration among
healthcare providers. Incompatibilities between different EHR platforms and data formats hinder
the secure sharing of patient information, leading to fragmented care delivery, redundant
documentation, and compromised patient safety. Healthcare organizations face challenges in
achieving meaningful interoperability due to disparate standards, proprietary systems, and
regulatory complexities, hindering efforts to realize the full potential of health information
technology in improving patient outcomes and care coordination.

Each example encapsulates a distinct problem within the ICT domain, providing context, scope,
impact, and implications of the identified challenges. These problem statements serve as the basis
for proposing targeted solutions or interventions to address the underlying issues and achieve
desired outcomes.

3.1.4 Proposed Solution

1. Overview of the Solution

Provide a high-level summary of what the solution is and how it addresses the problem identified
in the project proposal.
AVOID the how (e.g. the prototype of the system) should not be mentioned or a sample or replica
of the system you will deploy.

Example 1:
The proposed solution is a cloud-based Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
system that will enhance the company's ability to manage customer interactions,
streamline processes, and improve overall customer satisfaction. This solution will integrate
with existing systems, provide real-time data analytics, and support mobile access to ensure
flexibility and efficiency.

2. Objectives
Define the specific objectives and goals the solution aims to achieve.
One general objective which should align to the project title.

11 | P a g e
Example 1:
• Improve customer data management and access by 50%.
• Reduce response time to customer inquiries by 40%.
• Increase customer satisfaction scores by 30%.
• Enhance sales team productivity by 20%.
3. Technical Specifications
Detail the technical components and architecture of the proposed solution. This includes
hardware, software, network requirements, and any other technical aspects.
Example:
• Hardware: High-availability servers, load balancers, and redundant storage systems.
• Software:
• CRM Software: Salesforce or Microsoft Dynamics 365.
• Database: Microsoft SQL Server.
• Integration Middleware: Apache Camel or MuleSoft.
• Network: Secure, high-speed internet connection with VPN access for remote users.
• Security: Implementation of SSL certificates, firewalls, and regular security audits.
4. Implementation Plan
Outline the steps required to implement the solution, including timelines, milestones, and
responsibilities.
Example:
• Phase 1: Requirements Gathering and Analysis (Month 1)
• Conduct stakeholder interviews.
• Document business requirements and technical specifications.
• Phase 2: System Design and Procurement (Months 2-3)
• Design system architecture.
• Procure hardware and software.
• Phase 3: Development and Customization (Months 4-6)
• Customize CRM software to meet business needs.
• Develop integration modules for existing systems.
• Phase 4: Testing and Quality Assurance (Months 7-8)
• Conduct unit testing, integration testing, and user acceptance testing (UAT).
• Phase 5: Training and Deployment (Months 9-10)
• Train staff on the new CRM system.
• Deploy the system in a phased manner.
• Phase 6: Post-Deployment Support (Month 11-12)
• Provide ongoing support and maintenance.
• Monitor system performance and address any issues.
12 | P a g e
5. Risk Management
Identify potential risks associated with the implementation of the solution and propose mitigation
strategies.
Example:
• Risk: Data migration issues.
• Mitigation: Conduct thorough data validation and run parallel systems during
migration.
• Risk: User resistance to new system.
• Mitigation: Provide comprehensive training and support, involve users in the
design process.
• Risk: Security breaches.
• Mitigation: Implement robust security measures, conduct regular security audits.
6. Cost Analysis
Provide a detailed breakdown of the costs associated with the proposed solution, including initial
setup costs, ongoing maintenance, and potential savings.
Example:
• Initial Setup Costs:
• Hardware: $50,000
• Software Licenses: $30,000
• Implementation Services: $20,000
• Training: $10,000
• Ongoing Costs:
• Maintenance and Support: $15,000 per year
• Software Subscriptions: $10,000 per year
• Potential Savings:
• Improved efficiency leading to a reduction in operational costs by $20,000 per year.
• Increased sales revenue by $50,000 per year due to better customer management.
7. Benefits and Impact
Discuss the benefits of the solution and its impact on the organization.
Example:
• Efficiency: Streamlined processes will lead to faster decision-making and improved
productivity.
• Customer Satisfaction: Enhanced customer interaction capabilities will improve
satisfaction and loyalty.
• Data-Driven Decisions: Real-time analytics will provide insights for better decision-
making.
• Scalability: The cloud-based solution can easily scale to meet future growth.
13 | P a g e
8. Conclusion
Summarize the key points and reiterate how the proposed solution meets the project's
objectives and provides value to the organization.

Example 1:
The proposed cloud-based CRM solution is designed to enhance customer management,
streamline business processes, and provide valuable insights through real-time data analytics. By
implementing this solution, the company will achieve significant improvements in efficiency,
customer satisfaction, and overall business performance. The detailed implementation plan, risk
management strategies, and cost analysis ensure that the project is well-structured and feasible.

3.1.5 Objectives of the Proposal:

Objectives defines what the proposal aims to achieve in terms of ICT outcomes or improvements.
1) Target Audience or Stakeholders: Identify the primary audience or stakeholders who will
benefit from the proposed ICT solution or initiative. Highlight how the proposal aligns with
their needs, interests, or priorities.
2) Significance and Innovation: Emphasize any unique or innovative aspects of the
proposed ICT solution or approach. Highlight how the proposal contributes to advancing
knowledge, technology, or practice in the ICT field.
3) Feasibility and Resources: Briefly discuss the feasibility of implementing the proposed
ICT solution, considering technical, financial, human, and other resources. Mention any
partnerships, collaborations, or resources already secured or planned for the project.
4) Outline of the Proposal Structure: Provide a brief overview of the structure and
organization of the proposal, outlining the main sections and their contents.
5) Call to Action: Conclude the introduction with a compelling call to action, emphasizing the
importance of the proposed ICT solution and the need for support or endorsement.

Note: By addressing these key areas in the introduction of your ICT proposal, you can effectively
set the stage for the reader and motivate them to continue reading with interest and engagement.

Classification of objectives
This section should clearly outline what the project hopes to achieve and how. For example, it
might state that the objective is to increase student participation and academic success rates by
implementing interactive learning modules and assessments.
a) General Objectives:

General objectives provide an overarching aim or purpose of the proposal.

They are broad statements that describe the overall goal or outcome desired.
14 | P a g e
General objectives set the direction and context for the proposal but do not provide detailed,
measurable targets.
They typically answer the question: "What is the ultimate aim of this proposal?"

Example
"To improve access to healthcare services in rural communities."

b) Specific Objectives:

Specific objectives break down the general objectives into precise, measurable, and achievable
targets. They provide details on what exactly needs to be accomplished to fulfill the general
objectives.
Specific objectives are concrete and actionable, allowing for clear assessment of progress and
success.
They should be related to the general objective.
They should not be questions in the questionnaire.
They answer the question: "What specific outcomes do we want to achieve, and how will we
measure them?"

Example
a) "To establish mobile health clinics in three rural villages by the end of the first year."
b) "To train 20 community health workers in basic healthcare services within six months."
c) "To increase vaccination coverage rates by 15% within the target communities within two
years."

Specific objectives state the smaller actionable goals that lead to fulfilling the general objective.
These are always more focused, with each new specific objective building from the last to create a
clear plan of action.

3.1.6 Justification

Proposal justification refers to the rationale or reasoning behind a proposed project, initiative, or
course of action outlined in a proposal. It provides a compelling argument for why the proposed
undertaking is necessary, relevant, and worthy of support or investment.
Justification should indicate why the proposed solution will solve the client’s problem.
It should clearly demonstrate what is it contributing to that research area/Problem area

Here's how to approach justifying a proposal:

15 | P a g e
1) Problem Identification: Begin by clearly articulating the problem or need that the proposal
aims to address. Provide evidence or data to demonstrate the significance and urgency of the
problem, highlighting its implications for stakeholders or beneficiaries.
2) Relevance: Explain how the proposed project aligns with broader goals, priorities, or
objectives, whether they are organizational, community-based, or sector-specific. Emphasize
the relevance of the proposed intervention in addressing the identified problem or seizing
opportunities for positive change.
3) Benefits and Outcomes: Outline the anticipated benefits and outcomes of the proposed
project. Describe how it will contribute to achieving desired goals, improving conditions, or
generating positive impacts for stakeholders, target populations, or the larger community.
4) Value Proposition: Articulate the unique value proposition of the proposed project.
Highlight any innovative approaches, methodologies, or technologies that distinguish the
project from existing efforts and enhance its potential for success.
5) Feasibility: Provide evidence of the project's feasibility, considering factors such as technical,
financial, human, and logistical resources required for implementation. Address potential
challenges or risks and explain how they will be mitigated or managed.
6) Alignment with Priorities and Mandates: Demonstrate how the proposed project aligns
with organizational missions, strategic priorities, or funding criteria. Emphasize its consistency
with relevant policies, regulations, or best practices in the field.
7) Cost-Effectiveness: Discuss the cost-effectiveness of the proposed project, highlighting the
anticipated return on investment or value for money. Compare the benefits of the project
against the costs incurred, demonstrating its efficiency and sustainability.
8) Stakeholder Support: Provide evidence of stakeholder support or buy-in for the proposed
project. Highlight endorsements, partnerships, or collaborations that enhance the project's
credibility and likelihood of success.
9) Ethical and Social Considerations: Address any ethical, social, or environmental
implications associated with the proposed project. Ensure that it aligns with principles of
fairness, equity, sustainability, and social responsibility.
10) Conclusion: Summarize the key arguments and reasons supporting the proposal's
justification. Reiterate the importance of addressing the identified problem or opportunity
and the potential positive outcomes of the proposed intervention.

By thoroughly justifying the proposal, you enhance its credibility, persuasiveness, and likelihood
of securing support, funding, or approval from relevant stakeholders or decision-makers.

Example 1:

16 | P a g e
The proposed project seeks to address the pressing issue of digital literacy gaps among
marginalized communities in urban areas. Through extensive research and needs assessments, it
has become evident that limited access to technology and digital skills training perpetuates
socioeconomic inequalities and hinders opportunities for educational and economic advancement.
By implementing a comprehensive digital literacy program tailored to the needs of underserved
populations, this project aims to empower individuals with the necessary skills and knowledge to
navigate the digital world effectively. With strong support from community leaders, educational
institutions, and technology partners, the project offers a compelling solution to bridge the digital
divide, foster digital inclusion, and unlock the potential for social and economic empowerment
among vulnerable groups.

Example 2:
In response to the increasing frequency and severity of cyber threats targeting small and medium-
sized enterprises (SMEs), the proposed cybersecurity initiative aims to strengthen the resilience of
these businesses against cyber attacks. SMEs represent a significant portion of the economy, yet
many lack the resources and expertise to defend against evolving cyber threats effectively. Through
a multi-faceted approach that combines cybersecurity awareness training, threat intelligence
sharing, and implementation of best practices, the project seeks to enhance the cybersecurity
posture of SMEs and mitigate the risks associated with cyber incidents. With growing recognition
of the importance of cybersecurity in safeguarding business operations and customer data, this
initiative offers a timely and pragmatic solution to address a critical gap in the protection of vital
business assets and infrastructure.

3.1.7 Proposed research and system methodologies:

Here, the proposal should explain the approach or methodology that will be used to achieve the
project's objectives. For example, it might describe how a blended learning approach combining
online modules with in-class activities will be implemented, without deliberations.

You should only briefly describe the proposed System implementation methodology-An outline
of the methodology without discussions but clearly;
✓ Justify your choice of method
✓ Covers the life cycle of the research

** You can use a diagram to demonstrate your choice of methodology/design

17 | P a g e
Methodology section outlines the approach or the systematic plan of action that will be used to
achieve the objectives stated in the proposal. It describes the methods and techniques that will be
employed to carry out the proposed project or research.

Key components of the methodology section may include:

Creating an effective ICT project proposal involves outlining research and design methodologies
that align with your project's goals and objectives. Here's a structured approach to crafting these
methodologies:
1. Research Methodology:
This could entail A research methodology example utilizing quantitative research could
involve survey research. Mention your data collection technique e.eg, structured or unstructured
interviews, observation, secondary data, sending out questionnaires and the like.
Ensure compliance with ethical guidelines and obtain necessary permissions.
2. Design Methodology:
For example the Waterfall, spiral, iteration, incremental, prototype, RAD methodology among
others.
Note: the methodology section plays a crucial role in demonstrating the rigor, credibility,
and feasibility of the proposed approach, thereby enhancing the persuasiveness and effectiveness
of the proposal.

3.1.8 Scope of Work:

Define the scope of the proposal, including the geographic, organizational, or thematic boundaries.
Provide an overview of the approach or methodology that will be used to achieve the objectives
of the proposal.
Define the scope of the problem, including its geographic, organizational, or thematic boundaries.
Discuss the extent of its impact on stakeholders, systems, processes, or outcomes within the ICT
context.
This part should detail the specific tasks and activities that will be carried out to meet the project
objectives.
Example it could list activities such as content development, platform customization, and teacher
training workshops.
In an ICT-related proposal, the "Scope of Work" section outlines the specific tasks, activities, and
deliverables that will be carried out as part of the proposed project. This section provides a clear
understanding of what will be done to achieve the project objectives and defines the boundaries
of the project.
Here are the details typically included in the Scope of Work:
18 | P a g e
Objective Alignment: Begin by reaffirming the project objectives stated earlier in the proposal.
This ensures that the scope aligns with the overall goals of the project and sets the context for the
subsequent details.
Description of Activities: Provide a detailed description of the activities that will be undertaken
to accomplish the project objectives. These activities should be listed in chronological order and
should be comprehensive enough to cover all necessary tasks.
Task Breakdown: Break down each major activity into smaller tasks or sub-tasks, if applicable.
This helps to provide a granular understanding of the work involved and facilitates project
planning and management.
Timeline: Include an estimated timeline or schedule for each activity or task. This timeline should
indicate the start and end dates for each activity, as well as any dependencies or milestones that
need to be considered.
Deliverables: Specify the deliverables or outputs that will be produced as a result of completing
the activities. This may include documents, reports, software applications, hardware installations,
or other tangible products.
Acceptance Criteria: Define the criteria that will be used to determine whether each deliverable
has been successfully completed and accepted. This ensures clarity and transparency regarding
expectations and standards of quality.
Roles and Responsibilities: Identify the individuals or roles responsible for carrying out each
activity and producing each deliverable. This helps to establish accountability and ensures that all
necessary resources are allocated appropriately.
Resource Requirements: Outline the resources required to complete the scope of work,
including personnel, equipment, materials, and any external services or expertise that may be
needed.
Assumptions and Constraints: Highlight any assumptions or constraints that may impact the
scope of work, such as budget limitations, technological dependencies, or regulatory requirements.
This helps to manage expectations and risks associated with the project.
Scope Change Management: Define the process for managing changes to the scope of work,
including how scope changes will be evaluated, approved, and communicated throughout the
project lifecycle.
Examples
Example 1:
The Scope of Work involves developing a customized web-based application to streamline
workflow processes, integrating databases, and implementing security protocols. Tasks are broken
down into iterative cycles with key milestones over six months. Roles are defined, with a project
manager overseeing development, testing, and training. Resource requirements include personnel

19 | P a g e
with expertise in software development and cybersecurity. Assumptions and change management
protocols are outlined.

Example2:
"The Scope of Work encompasses building a bespoke web app, integrating databases, and ensuring
security measures. The project will unfold over six months, managed by a designated project
manager. Skilled personnel in software and cybersecurity are pivotal. Assumptions and change
management guidelines are provided."
It should cite the focus of the study geographical area or target group/ population.
- State what you will confine yourself to as far as the focus
- It clearly shows the coverage of the work

By providing a clear and detailed Scope of Work, an ICT-related proposal ensures that all
stakeholders have a common understanding of the project scope, objectives, activities, and
expectations, thereby setting the stage for successful project execution.

REFERENCES
Use APA Style for Citations and Bibliography
The APA (American Psychological Association) style is commonly used for citing sources within
the sciences. The general format for referencing sources in APA style includes in-text citations and
a reference list at the end of your paper.
General Guidelines for APA Style:
1. In-Text Citations:
• For a direct quote: (Author, Year, p. Page Number)
• For a paraphrase: (Author, Year)
2. Reference List:
• Begin the reference list on a new page titled "References."
• Use a hanging indent for each reference.
• Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the last name of the first author.
Examples:
1. Book
In-Text Citation:
• Paraphrase: (Smith, 2020)
• Direct Quote: (Smith, 2020, p. 15)
Reference List:
Smith, J. A. (2020). *Title of the book: Subtitle if any*. Publisher.
2. Journal Article
20 | P a g e
In-Text Citation:
• Paraphrase: (Doe, 2018)
• Direct Quote: (Doe, 2018, p. 134)
Reference List:
Doe, J. B. (2018). Title of the article. *Title of the Journal, 12*(4), 123-145.
https://doi.org/10.1234/abc123
Detailed Examples:
Example 1: Book
In-Text Citation:
• Paraphrase: (Robinson, 2019)
• Direct Quote: (Robinson, 2019, p. 101)
Reference List:
Robinson, P. L. (2019). *Understanding psychology: An introduction to behavior*. Academic
Press. country
Example 2: Journal Article
In-Text Citation:
• Paraphrase: (Williams & Jackson, 2021)
• Direct Quote: (Williams & Jackson, 2021, p. 256)
Reference List:
Williams, R. T., & Jackson, M. K. (2021). Effects of social media on mental health. *Journal of S

APPENDICES
This are attachments and reference documents that you could have used to guide on the write up
of the proposal
These may include;
✓ Budget- costings
✓ Work Schedule -Generated time schedules

21 | P a g e