Grade 10

Unit 1 – Organization of Files

At the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

- Explain file management system

- Analyze extensions of file types
- Familiarize with the techniques to organize, delete and restore files and folders
- Review file formats
- Convert a file into different formats
- Mechanisms of file importing and exporting
- File backup and recovery in case of disaster
- File compression

Unit 2 – Computer Networks

At the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

- Explain transmission (network) media

- Describe telecommunications network
- Explain mobile and cellular communications
- Analyze satellite networks
- Discuss data communication
- Conceptualize the use of Internet protocols (IP)

Unit 3 – Application Software

At the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

- Create tables (make use of Microsoft Word)

- Organize and insert pictures, clip arts and shapes
- Explain how page numbers are formatted
- Analyze mathematical operators on data to perform addition and others
- Summarize functions such as filter, sort and rank
 - Apply different effects to a cell and its contents
- Prepare and present a slide show
- Create a slide master

Unit 4 – Image Processing and Multimedia

At the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

- Importance of multimedia
- Explain Multimedia and their components
- Describe multimedia authoring and its tools (make use of Macromedia Flash)
- Summarize multimedia editing
- Edit and publish multimedia files
- Explain computer animation

Unit 5 – Information and Computer Security

At the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

- Explain information security

- Apply steps to install antivirus software
- Create and change user account in their computers
- Explain privacy and security
- Computer security threats
- Threat prevention strategies
- Analyze cyber security

Unit 6 – Fundamentals of Programming

At the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

- Explain concepts of algorithms

- Describe the representation of algorithms
- Discuss Integrated Development Environment (IDE).
Unit 1 – Organization of Files

File management

Brainstorming

1. How are files handled at your home?

2. Can you describe ways of managing files in school or other organizations?

File management is the process of organizing and keeping track of files and folders,
helping you stay organized, so information is easily located.

Traditional file systems (such filing cabinets) vs modern file management

The followings are the advantages and disadvantages of traditional file based approach:

Advantages Disadvantages

Easy to understand and use Data redundancy and inconsistency

Low cost implementation Limited data sharing

Minimal training required Hard to enforce standards

High data security Lack of flexibility in queries

Poor security and limited data integrity

The followings are the advantages and disadvantages of computer based approach:

Advantages Disadvantages

Flexibility Lack of human interaction

Interactivity Technical issues

Data duplication

Personalization Though it’s minimal, here still we encounter data

duplication
 Advantages Disadvantages

Accessibility
Cost effective
Direct access, less flexible

Tracking and assessment Redundancy

Security Inconsistency

Reliability
Files here are very less likely to undergo Requires expertise (including training)
damage or destruction.

Data backup
Any damages from nature or handling can
Security
be completely avoided in a file management
system.

Data recovery
Data sharing
Limited, manual backup required

Scalability
Data retrieval
Limited, not ideal for large datasets

Environment friendly

Common storage devices (let’s do a simple google; we end up with the below screenshots)

o Primary storage devices

o Magnetic storage devices
o Flash memory devices
o Optical storage devices
o Cloud and virtual storage
Brainstorming

1. What do you think a drive is? Why is it used for?

2. How do you identify a drive on your computer?

Disk drives vs drivers - related but distinct concepts

Open to discussion – check their difference in class (ChatGPT tells us that …)

Key concepts:

File management is the process and act of creating an organized structure in which you
store information for easy retrieval.

Folder (directory) is a virtual storage space used to store and organize computer files.
File name extension

Brainstorming

1. How do you identify one file from another (a music file from an image file, for
instance)?
2. What do you understand by the term filename extension?

A file extension is a two- or three- or four-letter identifier found at the end of a file name
being followed by a period. The extension tells you about the characteristics of a file
and its use.

File extensions are used by an operating system to identify what applications are
associated with a particular file type.

Activity – in-class activity – define an OS (Operating System and list some popular operating systems)

Section activity – lists down some random files from a device and differentiate them based on their file
extensions; including the application they’re made of.

File directory structure

Files are typically displayed in a hierarchical tree structure. When you see the structure,
it looks like a tree; hence, the term hierarchical tree structure is used to describe it.

The first or the top folder (directory) in the structure is called the root directory. A
directory contained inside another directory is called a subdirectory.

The terms parent and child are often used to describe the relationship between the
directory and the subdirectory.

For Example, the root directory of the main partition on a computer is usually C:\.
 spy.mp4
spy.mp4

Pathname: refers to a path for files and folders is the list of parent directories that the
computer (the OS to be precise) must go through to find that particular item.
Filesystems have two different types of paths: absolute and relative paths.

Side note: The slash (/) is used to delimit names in the sequence.

Note that it is perfectly acceptable to have several files with the same file name, as long
as they have unique pathnames. That is, the same file name may be used in different
directories.

Section activity – in-class activity: discuss absolute and relative pathnames.

Absolute pathname is the path given from the root directory to the file. Relative
pathname is the path referenced relative to the current directory.
File conversion

File conversion is the process of converting a file from one file format into another.

File converter is the software that converts a file from one file type to another.

If a file was created in one application and you want to use it in another, you can either
import the file or use a conversion program.

Saving and opening files, file importing and exporting

Create a document (using MS-Word) and practice activity 1.6 given on the textbook.

Section activity (1.6) – in-class activity

File backup and recovery

Backup and recovery describe the process of creating and storing copies of data that
can be used to protect individuals and organizations against data loss. This is
sometimes referred to as operational recovery.

Backing up is a precautionary measure so that your data is accessible in case it is lost,

stolen or damaged.

Restoring is the process of copying backed-up data from a secondary location and
restoring it to its original device or a new device. The purpose of the backup is to create
a copy of data that we use to recover in the event of a primary data failure.

Section activity – in-class activity

File compression

File deletion

File restoration
Unit 2 – Computer Networks

Overview

Computer network is the connection of two or more computers or communication

devices connected by transmission media and guided by a set of rules (the so-called
protocols) for communication purposes that allow users to communicate with each
other and share hardware, applications and data.

And therefore, the fundamental components of a network are devices, media, messages
and protocols.

Network media (transmission media)

Data can be transmitted from point A to point B (from device A to device B) via a
physical pathway or medium. These pathways are called transmissions media and can
be either physical or wireless. The physical transmission use wire, cable, and other
tangible materials; wireless transmission media send communications signals through
the air or space.

The physical transmission media are generally referred to as guided media (or cable
media) – example, twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable.

Wireless media include cellular radio, microwave transmission, satellite transmission,

radio and infrared media and are also called unguided media.

Types of computer networks

o PAN (Personal Area Network)

o LAN (Local Area Network)
o MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
o WAN (Wide Area Network)
Other types of computer networks include:

o WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network)

o Storage Area Network
o System Area Network
o Home Area Network
o POLAN- Passive Optical LAN
o Enterprise private network
o Campus Area Network
o Virtual Area Network
Guided (wired) media

Ethernet cable color coding

Ethernet cable which is used to connect networking devices through UTP cable and end
is terminated with RJ45 connector. UTP cable consists of 4 pair or 8 wire of different
color that is used to terminate on RJ45 (or 8P8C - Eight Position, Eight Contact)
connector.

Ethernet cable color coding as standardized by EIA (Electronic Industries association)

and TIA (Telecommunication Industry Association) there are two standards: EIA/TIA-
568-A and EIA/TIA-568-B.

An easy way to remember color code is in odd places (1, 3, 5, and 7) color with white strip is present.

Identifying the Cable type

Hold both ends/RJ-45connectors of cable with their Jack in downward position. Now
start matching the color coding from left pin of connector towards right.
There are 3 types of cables

o Straight through

o Crossover Ethernet cable

o Rollover or Console
Straight cable

Devices having different function can be connected with this type of cabling. It is used
to connect:

 a router to a hub or switch

 a server to a hub or switch

 workstations to a hub or switch

Cross cable

It is used to connect devices having same functions or roles. It is used to connect:

 uplinks between switches (a switch to another switch)

 hubs to switches

 a hub to another hub

 PC to PC

 PC to a Router*

 2 routers together without a hub or a switch

Unlike straight through cabling, crossover cables use the two different wiring standards: one end
uses the T568A wiring standard and the other end uses the T568B wiring standard.

Note that the only difference with respect to straight cable is that 1st and 3rd and 2nd and 6th
numbered cables are swapped on the 2nd end of the cable.
Rollover or console cable

It is used for device configuration. For example, one end of console cable is connected
to console port of the router or a switch and other end would be connected to NIC
(Network Interface Card) port of your laptop or PC.

Below is the color coding of Console cable. The color coding of both ends are totally
reversed.