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4 views

9 Part32

Uploaded by

arashameem60
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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f) Difference in the selection of subject in the pre-test and post-

test,
g) Differential loss of subjects from the experimental and control
groups tend to bias the results of the experiment,
h) Interaction of selection and maturation and selection and
history.

(ii) External Validity:


The crucial point is what is the applicability of the findings beyond the
limits of particular experiment. Are the results valid in general for
students? The following factors are to be controlled for obtaining
external validity;
a) Selections of sample with some special characteristics make the
application restrictive.
b) Pre-testing may sensitize the subject to the experimental factor.
c) Effects of experimental procedures restrict the generalize ability
of the findings.
d) Effects of a treatment on a subject previously exposed to other
treatments cannot be generalized to other subjects who have not
undergone the same sequence of treatments.
Types of Experimental Designs:
It is to the researcher what a blue –print is to an architect. The following
are the factors upon which the selection of designs depends;
(i) What is the nature of the experiment?
(ii) What is the main purpose of the experiment?
(iii) What types of the variables are to be manipulated?
(iv) What is the nature of data?
(v) What is the competence level of the experimentor?

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The experimental designs are classified as follows;
(a) Pre-experimental designs:
In this type of design there is no control over extraneous or situation
variables. They are divided into the following categories;

Design No.1:
One Group, Pre-test –Post-test Design
Pre-test Independent Variable Post-test
T1 X T2

Since there is no control group in this research design it cannot be


checked whether the obtained result is due to treatment or extraneous
variables.
Design No.2:
Two Group, Static Design
Group Independent Variable Post-test
Experimental T2
Control T2

In this design, the two groups are assigned but neither on the basis of
randomization nor matching. There is no pre-test so the researcher
cannot measure the difference on account of treatment. In this design,
comparison is made on the basis of post-test, in experimental group and
control group.

(b)True-experimental designs:
In these designs, the researcher attempts to control the effects of
history, maturation, testing, measuring instruments etc.

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Design No.3:
Two groups, Randomized Subject, Post –test only Design
Randomly assigned Group Independent Variable Post-test
Experimental T2
Control T2

In this design, there is provision of randomization of subjects to the two


groups, it assures the equivalence of groups and since there is no
provision of pre-test there is probability of interaction effect. However,
the use of the designs restricts the external validity of the experiment.
There are some situations which do not permit selection of subjects at
random.

DesignNo.4:
Two groups, Randomized Matched Subjects, Post-test only Design
Randomly assigned group after Independent
Post-test
matching Variable
Experimental T2
Control T2

This design is the most useful where small groups are to be used. In this
design the subjects are randomly assigned to two groups after
matching, it ensures strengths to design.
But it is very difficult to match the subjects with precision
because it reduces the sizes of the sample. In some cases it is not
possible to match one or more potential subjects. If some subjects are
to be reduced for this purpose, a bias is introduced in the sample.

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