Western Institute of Technology TOPIC 1

College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
MechE2: Dynamics of Rigid Bodies
Instructor: Engr. Narbie Joy L. Paclibar

COURSE OUTLINE:
MIDTERM EXAM
1. Introduction to Dynamics/Principles of Dynamics
2. Rectilinear Translation
3. Curvilinear Translation
4. Rotation
PRE-FINAL EXAM
5. Plane Motion
6. Work and Energy
7. Impulse and Momentum
Miscellaneous Topics
8. Mechanical Vibrations
9. Graphic Methods
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TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO DYNAMICS/PRINCIPLES OF

DYNAMICS

Mechanics- is a branch of physical science that is concerned III. Kinematics and Kinetics
with the state of rest or motion of bodies subjected to the
action of forces. Two Branches of Dynamics
1. Kinematics-is the study of the geometry of motion.
Branches of Mechanics -it is used to relate displacement, velocity,
1. Statics- is concerned with the equilibrium of a body that is acceleration, and time, without the reference to the cause of
either at rest or moves with constant velocity. the motion.
2. Dynamics-which deals with accelerated motion of a body. 2. Kinetics- the study of the relation existing between the
forces acting on a body, the mass of the body, and the motion
of the body.
It is used to predict the motion caused by given forces
or to determine the forces required to produce a given motion.

IV. Motion of a Particle

The kinematic discussion of the motion of a particle depends

upon the definitions of displacement, velocity and acceleration
I. HISTORY OF DYNAMICS
Displacement-is the vector distance from an origin to the
Galileo Galilei(1564-1542) was one of the first major position occupied by the particle on its path of travel.
contributors to this field. His work consisted of - It is the difference between the final position to the
experiments using pendulums and falling bodies. initial position.
Isaac Newton- his three fundamental laws of motion made Distance- is the total length travelled by the object.
made major contributions in dynamics.
Units: foot (ft), meter (m), mile (mi)
Euler, D’alembert, Lagrange, and others-after the laws were
postulated, they developed important techniques for their
applications. Example:

II. Particle and Body

Particle- denotes as an object of point size.

Body- denotes as a system of particles which form an object of
appreciable size

Example: In an astronomical calculation the earth may be

assumed to be a particle in comparison with the size of its
path(orbit, whereas to an observer on the earth, it is obviously
a body of appreciable size. In this case ∆𝑠 is positive since the particle’s final position is to
the right of its initial position. (Figure 1-a)

Reference: Singer, Ferdinand L. Engineering Mechanics.1954.

 Instantaneous Acceleration

∆𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑎 = lim | |=
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑣 𝑑 (𝑑𝑡 ) 𝑑 2 𝑠
In this case ∆𝑠 is negative since the particle’s final position is 𝑎= = = 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
to the left of its initial position. (Figure 1-b)
Example 4: The Instantaneous velocity of a particle is
Where: described by the function 𝑉(𝑡) = 𝑡 3 − 4𝑡 2 + 5 where V is in
ft/s and t is in second. What is the instantaneous acceleration
s=the initial position of the particle from the origin of the particle at t=3s?
s’=the final position of the particle from the origin
∆𝑠=displacement V. Newton’s Laws of Motion for a Particle.
∆𝑠 = 𝑠′ − 𝑠
Newton's laws of motion for a particle have been stated in a
variety of ways. For our purposes we shall phrase them as
Velocity-is defined as the time rate change of velocity. follows:

Units: foot per second(ft per sec), meter per second (m per 1. A particle acted upon by balanced force system has no
sec), mile per hour (mi per hr) acceleration.
2. A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force system has an
Average Velocity- it depends on the interval of time. acceleration in line with and directly proportional to the
resultant of the force system.
∆𝑠 3. Action and reaction forces between two particles are always
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
∆𝑡 equal oppositely directed.
Example 1:
Find the average velocity (in m/s) of a car that starts 150m
from the origin and is 450m from the origin after 65s. VI. D’ Alembert’s Principle

“The resultant of the external forces applied to a body (rigid or

non-rigid) composed of a system of particles is equivalent to
the vector summation of the effective forces acting on all
particles.

VII. Motion of the center of any Body

The principle of the motion of the center of any body says that
Instantaneous Velocity-the velocity of the object at that the resultant of the applied external forces is equivalent to the
certain point at that certain instant time. product of the of the body and the acceleration of its center of
gravity; it is expressed by the equation
∆𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑣 = lim | |= 𝑊
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑅= 𝑎
Example 2: 𝑔
Given position 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 , x in meters, t is in seconds. Find the
instantaneous velocity at t=1 and t=2. This equation is valid either for non-rigid bodies ot for the rigid
body motion of translation, rotation, and plane motion.
However, the location of the resultant force is not specified by
Acceleration-defined as the time rate of change of velocity. this equation.

Units: foot per square second (ft per sec 2), meter per square
second (m per sec2), mile square second(mi per hr2)

Average Acceleration

∆𝑣
𝑎𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
∆𝑡
Example 3:
A car accelerates from 10m/s to 30m/s in 4 seconds. What is
the average acceleration of the car?

Reference: Singer, Ferdinand L. Engineering Mechanics.1954.