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Part2 - Signal Sampling and Quantization

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Part2 - Signal Sampling and Quantization

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khaledwaled535
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Signal Sampling and Quantization

(2)
Sampling of Continuous Signal
• T: represents the sampling interval or sampling period in seconds.
• sample and hold: each sample maintains its voltage level during the
sampling interval T to give the ADC enough time to convert it.
• The sampling rate is:

For example, if a sampling period is T = 125 microseconds, the sampling rate is


determined as fs = 1/125 s = 8,000 samples per second (Hz).
sample and hold

• A quantizer is an analog device that will sense the


level of its input and produce as output the nearest
available level, say, xq (nT ), from a set of allowed
levels.
Analoge to Digital Signal
Analoge to Digital Signal
Shannon sampling theorem
• An analog signal can be in theory perfectly recovered as long
as the sampling rate is at least twice as large as the highest-
frequency component of the analog signal to be sampled:

where fmax is the maximum-frequency component of the analog signal to be


sampled.
Example: An EEG usually contains statistical, more or less sine wave-shaped
fluctuations that may occur at a rate of up to 30 times/second. This can also be
expressed by saying that the EEG contains frequencies up to 30 Hz.
Higher frequencies may also be present (e.g., from other signal sources) but these
are generally not of semantic interest. The sampling theorem then prescribes that
we should sample the EEG at least at 2 x 30 = 60 Hz to keep all signal properties.
Bandwidths, Amplitude Ranges, and Quan tization
of Some Frequently Used Biosignals
Biosignal Quantization
Shannon sampling theorem
• Example1:

Plot of an appropriately sampled signal


T = 0.01 second, thus the sampling rate is fs = 100 Hz.

The original analog signal can be reconstructed or recovered later.


Shannon sampling theorem
• Example2:

Plot of an nonappropriately (aliased) sampled signal

T = 0.01 second, thus the sampling rate is fs = 100 Hz.

We cannot tell whether the sampled signal comes from sampling a 90-Hz sine wave or from
sampling a 10-Hz sine wave. They are not distinguishable. Thus they are aliases of each other.
Sampling theorem in frequency domain
• The sampled signal xs(t) can be written as the product of the
continuous signal and the sampling pulses (pulse train):
Sampling theorem in frequency domain cont.

• From spectral analysis, the original spectrum (frequency components)


X( f ) and the sampled signal spectrum Xs( f ) in terms of Hz are
related as:

where X( f ) is assumed to be the original baseband spectrum, while Xs( f ) is its


sampled signal spectrum, consisting of the original baseband spectrum X( f ) and
its replicas X( f ± nfs).

the original signal spectrum X( f )


Sampling theorem in frequency domain cont.

B = fmax

The replicas, have separations


between them.
Sampling theorem in frequency domain cont.

the baseband spectrum and its replicas


are just connected.
Sampling theorem in frequency domain cont.

the original spectrum and its replicas


are overlapped.
Sampling theorem in frequency domain cont.
• If applying a lowpass reconstruction filter to obtain exact
reconstruction of the original signal spectrum, the following
condition must be satisfied:

or

This fundamental conclusion is well known as the Shannon sampling theorem.

Half of the sampling frequency fs /2 is usually called the Nyquist frequency


(Nyquist limit), or folding frequency. The sampling theorem indicates that a DSP
system with a sampling rate of fs can ideally sample an analog signal with its highest
frequency up to half of the sampling rate without introducing spectral overlap
(aliasing). Hence, the analog signal can be perfectly recovered from its sampled
version.
x(t) Nyquist–Shannon X( f )

Sampling Theorem
FT
f
t - fmax fmax
band-limited function
k   
 f  1  k 1
p(t) = III     [ t  kT ]    f  kf 
t p(f)  III    f   
 f T s
k   
T    T T k  
k  

FT
t f
T
-fs fs
x(t). p(t) X ( f )  p( f )
1
FT f max  fs
2

t f
- fmax fma
-fs fs
x
x(t). p(t) X ( f )  p( f ) 1
f ma x  fs
2
or
FT
f s  2 f ma x
t f
- fmax fma
-fs x fs
Sampling theorem in frequency domain cont.
• Example:
Sampling theorem in frequency domain cont.
• Solution cont.:
Sampling theorem in frequency domain cont.

• Example 2:
Sampling theorem in frequency domain cont.
• Example 2: solution
Sampling theorem in frequency domain cont.

• Example 2: solution

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