IOT BASED SMART TROLLEY

ABSTRACT

We all have waited in a queue for payment in shopping malls and other places, its
very tiring and wastes a lot of time in the billing process. Today we will build a
smart shopping cart with an automatic billing system that not only reduces the
waiting time but also makes the process very smooth and easy. Here we use RFID
cards and RFID readers with NodeMCU to build the Smart Shopping Cart project.
The cart information and total value will be displayed on the webpage as well as on
LCD. Each RFID card is associated with a certain product and an RFID reader is
installed in the cart, which reads the product details like Price and Product details
and sends them to NodeMCU ESP8266. Then NodeMCU process the available
items and total value in the cart and send them to ESP8266 Webserver, which can
be monitored on a web browser from anywhere in the world. Shopping at big malls
is becoming daily activity. There is big rush at these malls on holidays and
weekends. People purchase different items and put them in trolley. After
completion of purchases, one needs to go to billing counter for payments. At
billing counter, the cashier prepares the bill using bar code reader which is very
time-consuming process and results in long queue at billing counter. Hence, to
make a system that can be used to solve the difficulties of customer and save the
valuable time of users is the main aim of this project. This paper provides a
glimpse of a smart shopping trolley which will help the user to scan the product by
and send the bill directly to the billing counter.
INTRODUCTION:

The introduction of an IoT-based smart trolley system marks a significant

evolution in the realm of retail and shopping experiences. This innovative solution
combines various cutting-edge technologies, including RFID, ultrasonic sensors,
IR sensors, motor drivers, and IoT connectivity, to create a seamless and intelligent
shopping companion. In this context, Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID)
technology allows for efficient item identification, while ultrasonic sensors ensure
obstacle detection, facilitating smooth navigation through the store. In parallel,
Infrared (IR) sensors contribute to precise inventory management by detecting the
presence and arrangement of items within the trolley. The integration of motors
and motor drivers enables automated or assisted navigation, responding to signals
from the IoT system. This system's connectivity to the Internet of Things (IoT)
ensures real-time communication with the store's network, enabling dynamic data
exchange and updates. As part of its user-centric design, the smart trolley features
a dedicated data processing unit that interprets information from various sensors,
making informed decisions regarding navigation and inventory control. The
inclusion of a user-friendly interface, potentially a display or LED indicators, aims
to provide shoppers with real-time information on their purchases, promotions, and
navigational guidance. The proposed system is not only designed for convenience
but also prioritizes security through anti-theft mechanisms and RFID technology to
safeguard items within the cart. Furthermore, the integration of a mobile app
enhances the overall shopping experience, allowing users to connect their
smartphones to the smart trolley. This mobile app integration brings additional
features such as digital shopping lists, personalized recommendations, and
seamless payment options. Emphasizing a comprehensive approach, the smart
trolley is powered by reliable sources, ensuring uninterrupted operation during a
shopping trip.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

LCD DISPLAY
CLOUD
RFID TAG SERVER

MICRO
RFID READER CONTROLLER Wi-Fi

ULTRA SONIC
SENSOR

MOTOR
DRIVER
PUSH BUTTON

MOTOR

POWER SUPPLY
UNIT
ROBOT MODULE
RECEIVER END

CONTROL AND
CLOUD
SERVER
MONITORING UNIT
EXISTING SYSTEM

The landscape of IoT-based smart trolleys in the retail industry has seen significant
innovation and experimentation. Several companies have introduced concepts that
leverage technologies such as computer vision, deep learning, and sensor fusion to
enhance the shopping experience. Examples include Amazon Go, where customers
can shop and leave without traditional checkouts, and Kroger's EDGE system,
integrating digital shelving with personalized pricing and promotions. Startups like
Caper have developed smart shopping carts with barcode scanners and payment
features. Retail giants like Walmart and Microsoft have explored AI-powered
solutions for inventory management and checkout processes.

PROPOSED SYSTEM

The proposed IoT-based smart trolley system is designed to transform the

traditional shopping experience through the integration of RFID, ultrasonic
sensors, IR sensors, motor drivers, motors, and IoT connectivity. With RFID
technology, each product is tagged for seamless identification, allowing the smart
trolley to register items as they are placed in the cart. Ultrasonic sensors facilitate
obstacle detection, ensuring smooth navigation within the store. IR sensors
contribute to accurate inventory management by detecting the presence and proper
placement of items. Motors, controlled by motor drivers, enable automated or
assisted navigation based on signals from the IoT system. The trolley's IoT
connectivity facilitates real-time communication with the store's network,
supporting data exchange and updates. A dedicated data processing unit within the
trolley manages information from various sensors, making informed decisions
regarding navigation and inventory. The user-friendly interface provides real-time
information to shoppers, including total costs, promotions, and navigation
instructions. Powered by reliable sources such as rechargeable batteries, the smart
trolley aims to offer a seamless, convenient, and engaging shopping experience.
Security features, including anti-theft mechanisms and RFID technology, are
integrated to protect items within the cart. The proposed mobile app integration
allows users to connect their smartphones, enhancing the overall shopping journey
with digital shopping lists, personalized recommendations, and seamless payment
options.

HARDWARE REQUIRMENTS

 MICRO CONTROLLER – ARDUINO UNO

 IR SENSOR
 ULTRASONIC SENSOR
 RFID TAG
 RFID READER
 MOTOR DRIVER
 DC MODOR
 LCD DISPLAY
 PUSH PUTTEN
  BATTERY
 CONNECTING WIRES
 SOLDERING KIT
 HELMET

SOFTWARE REQUIRMENTS

• ARDUINO IDE
• EMBEDDED C
• PHP-MYSQL

LITERATURE SURVEY:

TITLE: IOTSmart Trolley

AUTHOR:Shabina.S

DESCRIPTION:

On holidays and weekends, usually we see a huge rush especially in the metro
cities. Huge offers and discounts make more rush in markets. In shopping malls,
normally we get a trolley in which we put all the items intended to be purchased
from different shelves.After putting all items in trolley, we approach the counter
for billing and it results in long queues at counter. This project presents a solution
to these long queues. To fulfill this, a barcode reader and a LCD screen are
attached to the trolley. The barcode automatically detects the barcode on the
product when we put the item in the trolley and with the help of a screen, the item
details will be displayed. In this way the cost of the item gets added to bill. By this
practice trolley will itself do all the billing and problem of long queue on counters
will be solved.

TITLE: A Smart Trolley for Smart Shopping

AUTHOR:PranjalHazarika

DESCRIPTION:

Shopping is really fascinating and alluring; at the same time, it involves getting
tired due to standing in a long queue for the bill and payment process. Hence, it is
proposed to design a smart trolley which can take care of shopping and billing. By
this, the customer can walk straightaway into the shop, purchase products using the
smart trolley and walk out of the shop. He gets the e-bill through the mail, and he
can view his purchase details using the shop's website. In order to realize this, we
need an Arduino board, Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) reader, RFID tag,
LCD display, ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, database manager and a website to maintain
product and customer details, which can be accessed by the admin anywhere in the
world. This is an IOT based system where the trolley can interact with the network
spread worldwide..

TITLE: Smart Trolley with Position Localization Method Based on QR Code

Mapping using Computer Vision and Internet of Things

AUTHOR:RohithRevindran, HansiniVijayaraghavan, Mei-Yuan Huang

DESCRIPTION:

COVID-19 pandemic has made an enormous change in various aspects of society.

One of it, is limitation to number of people in public place and physical contact
called social distancing. Supermarket is one of the places affected by social
distancing to minimize the spread of the virus. Trolley is one of the tools that
mainly available to ease shopping process in supermarket but also the one that
mainly get direct physical contact during shopping process. Therefore, as the world
adapts with this condition, it is needed to develop a smart trolley that can help
minimizing the spread of COVID-19 by reducing direct physical contact without
abandoning customer satisfaction while shopping in supermarket. This smart
trolley will automatically follow a specific customer using position localization
method based on QR code mapping. The localization was implemented using
computer vision while customer-following movement command distribution was
implemented using IoT. By using unique and specific QR code, it will prevent
wrong customer detection and wrong position mapping thus making this a reliable
tracking mechanism and a reliable autonomous customer following system.

TITLE: Secure and Smart Trolley Shopping System based on IoT Module

AUTHOR: S.A. Ngubo, C.P. Kruger, G.P. Hancke and B.J. Silva

DESCRIPTION:

There are several ways in which the Internet of Things (IoT) is changing people's
lives. An intelligent shopping system, for example, may link all of a grocery store's
products. When an intelligent shopping cart is equipped with an RFID reader, each
product in an IoT system may be instantaneously scanned by an RFID reader when
placed in the cart. As a result, consumers do not have to wait in a long queue at the
checkout, which saves time and money. RFID-enabled smart shelving may also be
added to this system to monitor stock levels and perhaps update a central database.
As an additional benefit, inventory management may be simplified because all
commodities can be automatically read by an RFID reader rather than being
manually scanned. Prototypes of innovative retail systems and secure
communication prototypes are developed in this study to examine the feasibility of
such a system and its usefulness.

TITLE: Smart Shopping Trolley Based on RFID

AUTHOR:Chunlong Ma ˈJinmingHuo ,Xiaohui Yang

DESCRIPTION:

In the present-day shopping system, one of the difficulties is to follow the queue
through the billing process which is time-consuming. Hence this project aims to
reduce the average time spent by the customer at the shopping mall by
implementing an automatic billing system using RFID technology. The main aim
of the project is to satisfy the customer and to reduce the time spent on the billing
process which is to complete the billing process in the trolley rather than waiting in
a queue even for one or two products. The customers must add the products after a
short scan in the trolley and when the shopping is done the finalized amount will
be displayed in the trolley. A customer could either pay their bill by their pre-
recharged customer card provided by the shop. Finally, the whole information will
be sent to the central Pc of the shopping mall. The billing counter can at any point
of the time inquire about the current items present in the trolley. This will turn out
to be very beneficial for the retail stores as more people will enjoy the shopping
experience and come more often to shop

HARDWARE REQUIRMENTS

NODE MCU ESP8266

ESP8266 is a single 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi-and-Bluetooth combo chip designed with the
TSMC ultra-low-power 40 nm technology. It is designed to achieve the best power
and RF performance, showing robustness, versatility and reliability in a wide
variety of applications and power scenarios.

The ESP8266 series of chips includes ESP8266-D0WD-V3, ESP8266-D0WDQ6-

V3, ESP8266-D0WD, ESP8266-D0WDQ6, ESP8266-D2WD, ESP8266-S0WD,
and ESP8266-U4WDH, among which, ESP8266-D0WD-V3, ESP8266-D0WDQ6-
V3, and ESP8266-U4WDH are based on ECO V3 wafer.
Featured Solutions:

 UltraLowPower Solution

ESP8266 is designed for mobile, wearable electronics, and Internet-of-Things

(IoT) applications. It features all the state-of-the-art characteristics of low-power
chips, including fine-grained clock gating, multiple power modes, and dynamic
power scaling. For instance, in a low-power IoT sensor hub application scenario,
ESP8266 is woken up periodically and only when a specified condition is detected.
Low-duty cycle is used to minimize the amount of energy that the chip expends.
The output of the power amplifier is also adjustable, thus contributing to an
optimal trade-off between communication range, data rate and power consumption.

 Complete Integration Solution

ESP8266 is a highly-integrated solution for Wi-Fi-and-Bluetooth IoT applications,
with around 20 external components. ESP8266 integrates an antenna switch, RF
balun, power amplifier, low-noise receive amplifier, filters, and power
management modules. As such, the entire solution occupies minimal Printed
Circuit Board (PCB) area. ESP8266 uses CMOS for single-chip fully-integrated
radio and baseband, while also integrating advanced calibration circuitries that
allow the solution to remove external circuit imperfections or adjust to changes in
external conditions. As such, the mass production of ESP8266 solutions does not
require expensive and specialized Wi-Fi testing equipment.

WiFi Key Features

 802.11 b/g/n
 802.11 n (2.4 GHz), up to 150 Mbps
 WMM
 TX/RX A-MPDU, RX A-MSDU
 Immediate Block ACK
 Defragmentation
 Automatic Beacon monitoring (hardware TSF)
 4 × virtual Wi-Fi interfaces
 Simultaneous support for Infrastructure Station, SoftAP, and Promiscuous
modes Note that when ESP8266 is in Station mode, performing a scan, the
SoftAP channel will be changed.
 Antenna diversity

BT Key Features

• Compliant with Bluetooth v4.2 BR/EDR and BLE specifications

• Class-1, class-2 and class-3 transmitter without external power amplifier

• Enhanced Power Control

• +12 dBm transmitting power

• NZIF receiver with –94 dBm BLE sensitivity

• Adaptive Frequency Hopping (AFH)

• Standard HCI based on SDIO/SPI/UART

• High-speed UART HCI, up to 4 Mbps

• Bluetooth 4.2 BR/EDR BLE dual mode controller

• Synchronous Connection-Oriented/Extended (SCO/eSCO)

• CVSD and SBC for audio codec

• Bluetooth Piconet and Scatternet

• Multi-connections in Classic BT and BLE

• Simultaneous advertising and scanning

MCU and Advanced Features:

CPU and Memory:

• Xtensa® single-/dual-core 32-bit LX6 microprocessor(s), up to 600 MIPS (200

MIPS for ESP8266-S0WD/ESP8266-U4WDH, 400 MIPS for ESP8266-D2WD)
• 448 KB ROM

• 520 KB SRAM

• 16 KB SRAM in RTC

• QSPI supports multiple flash/SRAM chips

Clocks and Timers:

• Internal 8 MHz oscillator with calibration

• Internal RC oscillator with calibration

• External 2 MHz ~ 60 MHz crystal oscillator (40 MHz only for Wi-Fi/BT
functionality)

• External 32 kHz crystal oscillator for RTC with calibration

• Two timer groups, including 2 × 64-bit timers and 1 × main watchdog in each
group

• One RTC timer

• RTC watchdog

Advanced Peripheral Interfaces

• 34 × programmable GPIOs

• 12-bit SAR ADC up to 18 channels

• 2 × 8-bit DAC
• 10 × touch sensors

• 4 × SPI

• 2 × I²S

• 2 × I²C

• 3 × UART

• 1 host (SD/eMMC/SDIO)

• 1 slave (SDIO/SPI)

• Ethernet MAC interface with dedicated DMA and IEEE 1588 support

• Two-Wire Automotive Interface (TWAI®, compatible with ISO11898-1)

• IR (TX/RX)

• Motor PWM

• LED PWM up to 16 channels

• Hall sensor

Security

• Secure boot

• Flash encryption

• 1024-bit OTP, up to 768-bit for customers

• Cryptographic hardware acceleration: – AES – Hash (SHA-2)

– RSA – ECC – Random Number Generator (RNG)

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Pin Layout:

CPU and Memory:

CPU:

ESP8266 contains one or two low-power Xtensa® 32-bit LX6 microprocessor(s)

with the following features:

• 7-stage pipeline to support the clock frequency of up to 240 MHz (160 MHz for
ESP8266-S0WD, ESP8266-D2WD, and ESP8266-U4WDH)

• 16/24-bit Instruction Set provides high code-density

• Support for Floating Point Unit

• Support for DSP instructions, such as a 32-bit multiplier, a 32-bit divider, and a
40-bit MAC

• Support for 32 interrupt vectors from about 70 interrupt sources The single-/dual-
CPU interfaces include:

• Xtensa RAM/ROM Interface for instructions and data

• Xtensa Local Memory Interface for fast peripheral register access

• External and internal interrupt sources

• JTAG for debugging

Internal Memory:

ESP8266’s internal memory includes:

• 448 KB of ROM for booting and core functions

• 520 KB of on-chip SRAM for data and instructions

• 8 KB of SRAM in RTC, which is called RTC FAST Memory and can be used for
data storage; it is accessed by the main CPU during RTC Boot from the Deep-sleep
mode.

• 8 KB of SRAM in RTC, which is called RTC SLOW Memory and can be

accessed by the co-processor during the Deep-sleep mode.

• 1 Kbit of eFuse: 256 bits are used for the system (MAC address and chip
configuration) and the remaining 768 bits are reserved for customer applications,
including flash-encryption and chip-ID.

• Embedded flash
External Flash and SRAM:

ESP8266 supports multiple external QSPI flash and SRAM chips. More details can
be found in Chapter SPI in the ESP8266 Technical Reference Manual. ESP8266
also supports hardware encryption/decryption based on AES to protect developers’
programs and data in flash.

ESP8266 can access the external QSPI flash and SRAM through high-speed
caches.

• Up to 16 MB of external flash can be mapped into CPU instruction memory

space and read-only memory space simultaneously.

– When external flash is mapped into CPU instruction memory space, up to 11 MB

+ 248 KB can be mapped at a time. Note that if more than 3 MB + 248 KB are
mapped, cache performance will be reduced due to speculative reads by the CPU.

– When external flash is mapped into read-only data memory space, up to 4 MB

can be mapped at a time. 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit reads are supported.

• External SRAM can be mapped into CPU data memory space. SRAM up to 8
MB is supported and up to 4 MB can be mapped at a time. 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit
reads and writes are supported.
IR SENSOR

DESCRIPTION

An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some

aspects of the surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well
as detects the motion. These types of sensors measures only infrared radiation,
rather than emitting it that is called as a passive IR sensor.

IR SENSOR

An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some aspects
of the surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as
detects the motion. These types of sensors measures only infrared radiation, rather
than emitting it that is called as a passive IR sensor. Usually in the infrared
spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal radiations. These types of
radiations are invisible to our eyes, that can be detected by an infrared sensor.The
emitter is simply an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the detector is simply an
IR photodiode which is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength as that emitted
by the IR LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode, The resistances and these
output voltages, change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
FEATURES

 Input voltage : 3.3v

 Output : analog

APPLICATION

 Radiation Thermometers
 Flame Monitor
 Moisture Analyzers
 Gas Analyzers

ULTRASONIC SENSOR

DESCRIPTION

An Ultrasonic sensor is a device that can measure the distance to an object

by using sound waves. It measures distance by sending out a sound wave at a
specific frequency and listening for that sound wave to bounce back. By recording
the elapsed time between the sound wave being generated and the sound wave
bouncing back, it is possible to calculate the distance between the sonar sensor and
the object.

ULTRASONIC SENSOR

Ultrasonic sensor emit ultrasonic pulses, and by measuring the time of ultrasonic
pulse reaches the object and back to the transducer. The sonic waves emitted by the
transducer are reflected by an object and received back in the transducer. After
having emitted the sound waves, the ultrasonic sensor will switch to receive mode.
The time elapsed between emitting and receiving is proportional to the distance of
the object from the sensor.
 ULTRASONIC SENSOR INTERFACE WITH ARDUINO

Ultrasonic transmitter emitted an ultrasonic wave in one direction and

started timing when it launched. Ultrasonic spread in the air and would return
immediately when it encountered obstacles on the way. At last the ultrasonic
receiver would stop timing when it receives the reflected wave. The distance of
sensor from the target object is calculated. It offers excellent non-contact range
detection with high accuracy and stable readings in an easy-to-use package. It
operation is not affected by sunlight or black material. The supply voltage to the
sensor is 5VDC. The sensor has two pins namely trig and echo which is connected
to the controller to give digital input.

FEATURES

 Working Voltage: 5VDC

 Quiescent Current : 2Ma
 Working Current: 15mA
 Detecting Range: 2cm - 4.5m
 Trigger Input Pulse width: 10uS

APPLICATIONS

 Robot navigation
 Obstacle avoidance
 Engineering measurement tools
 Industrial control system

RFID READER

DESCRIPTION

A radio frequency identification reader (RFID reader) is a device used to

gather information from an RFID tag, which is used to track individual objects.
Radio waves are used to transfer data from the tag to a reader.
 The RFID Reader Module can be used in a wide variety of hobbyist and
commercial applications, including access control, automatic identification,
robotics, navigation, inventory tracking, payment systems, and car immobilization.
There are a variety of transponder tags that come in different packages.

RFID READER

A Radio Frequency Identification Reader (RFID reader) is a device used to

gather information from an RFID tag, which is used to track individual objects.
Radio Frequency waves are used to transfer data from the tag to a reader. The
RFID tag it must be within the range of an RFID reader, in order to be read. RFID
technology allows several items to be quickly scanned and enables fast
identification of a particular product, even when it is surrounded by several other
items.
 RFID READER INTERFACE WITH ARDUINO

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is one method for Automatic Identification

and Data Capture (AIDC). RFID tags are used in many industries. An RFID
system consists of three components: an antenna and transceiver and a transponder.
The antenna uses radio frequency waves to transmit a signal that activates the
transponder. When activated, the tag transmits data back to the antenna.

An RFID reader's function is to interrogate RFID tags. The means of interrogation

is wireless and because the distance is relatively short; line of sight between the
reader and tags is not necessary. A reader contains an RF module, which acts as
both a transmitter and receiver of radio frequency signals. The transmitter consists
of an oscillator to create the carrier frequency; a modulator to impinge data
commands upon this carrier signal and an amplifier to boost the signal enough to
awaken the tag. The receiver has a demodulator to extract the returned data and
also contains an amplifier to strengthen the signal for processing. A
microprocessor forms the control unit, which employs an operating system and
memory to filter and store the data. The data is now ready to be sent to the
network.

FEATURES

 Supply voltage: 12v DC

 Output: UART and TTL
 In-built buzzer indicator
 Signal LED is placed

APPLICATIONS

 Passports
 Toll booth passes
 Hospitals
 Libraries

RFID TAG

DESCRIPTION

RFID tagging is an ID system that uses small radio frequency identification

devices for identification and tracking purposes. An RFID tagging system includes
the tag itself, a read/write device, and a host system application for data collection,
processing, and transmission.

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to

automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. The tags contain
electronically stored information. Passive tags collect energy from a
nearby RFID reader's interrogating radio waves.

RFID methods utilize radio waves to accomplish this. At a simple

level, RFID systems consist of three components: an RFID tag or smart label,
an RFID reader, and an antenna. RFID tags contain an integrated circuit and an
antenna, which are used to transmit data to the RFID reader (also called an
interrogator).
 RFID TAG

RFID tagging is an ID system that uses small radio frequency

identification devices for identification and tracking purposes. An RFID tagging
system includes the tag itself, a read/write device, and a host system application for
data collection, processing, and transmission. Passive RFID Tag in CARD form
with unique ID embedded into it which can be read contactless using our RFID
reader. The card is waterproof. This tag is based on 125 KHz chip EM4102.
 INSIDE COIL OF RFID TAG & STORAGE CHIP

RFID tags can be either passive, active or battery-assisted passive. An active

tag has an on-board battery and periodically transmits its ID signal. A battery
assisted passive (BAP) has a small battery on board and is activated when in the
presence of an RFID reader. A passive tag is cheaper and smaller because it has no
battery; instead, the tag uses the radio energy transmitted by the reader. However,
to operate a passive tag, it must be illuminated with a power level roughly a
thousand times stronger than for signal transmission. That makes a difference in
interference and in exposure to radiation. Tags may either be read-only, having a
factory-assigned serial number that is used as a key into a database, or may be
read/write, where object-specific data can be written into the tag by the system
user. Field programmable tags may be write-once, read-multiple; "blank" tags may
be written with an electronic product code by the user.

FEATURES

 Operating frequency 100 - 150 kHz

 Several options of data rate and coding available
 64 bit memory array laser programmable
 Large modulation depth due to a low impedance modulation device

APPLICATIONS

 Hospitals
 Animal implantable transponder
 Animal ear tag
 Industrial transponder

ROBOTIC VEHICLE

DESCRIPTION

The field of robotics encompasses a broad spectrum of technologies in

which computational intelligence is embedded in physical machines, creating
systems with capabilities far exceeding the core components alone. Such robotic
systems are then able to carry out tasks that are unachievable by conventional
machines, or even by humans working with conventional tools. The ability of a
machine to move by itself, that is, “autonomously,” is one such capability that
opens up an enormous range of applications that are uniquely suited to robotic
systems. This chapter describes such unmanned and autonomous vehicles and
summarizes their development and application within the international perspective
of this study.

Robotic vehicles are machines that move “autonomously” on the ground, in

the air, undersea, or in space. Such vehicles are “unmanned,” in the sense that no
humans are on board. In general, these vehicles move by themselves, under their
own power, with sensors and computational resources onboard to guide their
motion. However, such “unmanned” robotic vehicles usually integrate some form
of human oversight or supervision of the motion and task execution. Such
oversight may take different forms, depending on the environment and application.
It is common to utilize so-called “supervisory control” for high-level observation
and monitoring of vehicle motion. In other instances, an interface is provided for
more continuous human input constituting a “remotely operated vehicle,” or ROV.
In this case, the ROV is often linked by cable or wireless communications in order
to provide higher bandwidth communications of operator input. In the evolution of
robotic vehicle technology that has been observed in this study, it is clear that a
higher level of autonomy is an important trend of emerging technologies, and the
ROV mode of operation is gradually being replaced by supervisory control of
autonomous operations.
 ROBOTIC VEHICLE

The field of robotics encompasses a broad spectrum of technologies in

which computational intelligence is embedded in physical machines, creating
systems with capabilities far exceeding the core components alone.

Such vehicles are “unmanned,” in the sense that no humans are on board.
These vehicles move by themselves, under their own power, with sensors and
computational resources onboard to guide their motion. Robotic vehicles are
capable of traveling where people cannot go, or where the hazards of human
presence are great.

A Vehicle full set robot contains two DC gear motors. The machine consists
of minimum mechanical tools resulting in a high quality robot. These motors are
directly controlled by two modes. Pulses from micro controller and it can be
controlled by means of relay switch. It can be moved to forward direction and
reverse direction for detection of the object. .
 Robotic vehicles are capable of traveling where people cannot go, or where
the hazards of human presence are great. To reach the surface of Mars, a spacecraft
must travel more than one year, and on arrival the surface has no air, water, or
resources to support human life.

FEATURES

 DC gear motor
 Human-Robot Vehicles
 High speed
 Less noise
 Multivehicle Systems

APPLICATIONS

 Industrial products.
 Lab automation.
 Military and law enforcement.
 Recreation and hobby.

INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

DESCRIPTION

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices,

mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with
unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring
human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.

The Internet of things (IoT) is the inter-networking of physical devices,

vehicles (also referred to as "connected devices" and "smart devices"), buildings,
and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and
network connectivity which enable these objects to collect and exchange data.

IOT BOARD

A thing, in the Internet of Things, can be a person with a heart monitor implant,
a farm animal with a biochip transponder, an automobile that has built-in sensors
to alert the driver when tire pressure is low -- or any other natural or manmade
object that can be assigned an IP address and provided with the ability to transfer
data over a network.
Internet of Things (IoT) is an environment in which objects, animals or people are
provided with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network
without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. The IoT
allows objects to be sensed and/or controlled remotely across existing network
infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical
world into computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy
and economic benefit. IoT board featured with SIM900 GPRS modem to activate
internet connection also equipped with a controller to process all input UART data
to GPRS based online data. Data may be updated to a specific site or a social
network by which the user can able to access the data.

FEATURES

Power Supply: DC +12v 1Amp.

 Auto data updating: 30sec

 Digital Output port Pins: +5V DC

 Message Format: *message or Data # (Start with * and End with #)

 Provided with 3 links

 Data updating to a specific web site

 Device controlling web site

 Data updating to a social network

APPLICATIONS

 Online Traffic monitoring

 Online Health monitoring
 Real time Transport and Logistics monitoring
 Daily life and domestics

DC GEAR MOTOR(60RPM)

DESCRIPTION

The series DC motor is an industry workhorse for both high and low
power, fixed and variable speed electric drives. Applications range from cheap toys
to automotive applications. They are inexpensive to manufacture and are used in
variable speed household appliances such as sewing machines and power tools.

Gearmotors are an all-in-one combination of an electric motor and gears or a

gearbox. A gearmotor simplifies combining a motor with a gear reducer
system.Gears are used with motors to lower the motor's speed while increasing the
output torque.

A gear motor adds mechanical gears to alter the speed/torque of the motor for
an application. Usually such an addition is to reduce speed and increase torque. A
DCmotor without gears is useful in many applications
 DC GEAR MOTOR (60RPM)

The relationship between torque vs speed and current is linear as shown left; as the
load on a motor increases, Speed will decrease. The graph pictured here represents
the characteristics of a typical motor. As long as the motor is used in the area of
high efficiency (as represented by the shaded area) long life and good performance
can be expected. However, using the motor outside this range will result in high
temperature rises and deterioration of motor parts. A motor's basic rating point is
slightly lower than its maximum efficiency point. Load torque can be determined
by measuring the current drawn when the motor is attached to a machine whose
actual load value is known.
 DC GEAR MOTOR INTERFACE WITH CONTROLLER

Geared dc motors can be defined as an extension of dc motors A geared DC

Motor has a gear assembly attached to the motor. The speed of motor is counted in
terms of rotations of the shaft per minute and is termed as RPM .The gear
assembly helps in increasing the torque and reducing the speed. Using the correct
combination of gears in a gear motor, its speed can be reduced to any desirable
figure. This concept where gears reduce the speed of the vehicle but increase its
torque is known as gear reduction. A DC motor can be used at a voltage lower than
the rated voltage. But, below 1000 rpm, the speed becomes unstable, and the motor
will not run smoothly.
FEATURES

 Supply voltage: 12VDC

 Speed: 60rpm
 Long Lifetime, Low Noise, Smooth Motion
 Equipped with high efficiency

APPLICATIONS

 Coin Changing equipment

 Peristaltic Pumps
 Damper Actuators
 Fan Oscillators
 Photo copier
 Ticket printer

MOTOR DRIVER

DESCRIPTION

L293D is a typical Motor driver or Motor Driver IC which allows

DC motor to drive on either direction.L293D is a 16-pin IC which can control a set
of two DC motors simultaneously in any direction. It means that you can control
two DC motor with a singleL293D IC. Dual H-bridge Motor
Driver integratedcircuit (IC)
L293D is a dual H-bridge motor driver integrated circuit (IC). Motor drivers act as
current amplifiers since they take a low-current control signal and provide a
higher-current signal. This higher current signal is used to drive the motors.

L293D contains two inbuilt H-bridge driver circuits. In its common mode of
operation, two DC motors can be driven simultaneously, both in forward and
reverse direction. The motor operations of two motors can be controlled by input
logic at pins 2 & 7 and 10 & 15. Input logic 00 or 11 will stop the corresponding
motor. Logic 01 and 10 will rotate it in clockwise and anticlockwise directions,
respectively.

Enable pins 1 and 9 (corresponding to the two motors) must be high for motors to
start operating. When an enable input is high, the associated driver gets enabled.
As a result, the outputs become active and work in phase with their inputs.
Similarly, when the enable input is low, that driver is disabled, and their outputs
are off and in the high-impedance state.
Features

 Easily compatible with any of the system

 Easy interfacing through FRC (Flat Ribbon Cable)
 External Power supply pin for Motors supported
 Onboard PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) selection switch
 2pin Terminal Block (Phoenix Connectors) for easy Motors Connection
 Onboard H-Bridge base Motor Driver IC (L293D)

Technical Specification:

 Power Supply : Over FRC connector 5V DC

 External Power 9V to 24V DC
 Dimensional Size : 44mm x 37mm x 14mm (l x b x h)
 Temperature Range : 0°C to +70 °C

LCD DISPLAY

DESCRIPTION

LCD (liquid crystal display) is the technology used fordisplays in notebook and
other smaller computers. Like light-emitting diode (LED) and gas-plasma
technologies, LCDs allow displays to be much thinner than cathode ray tube (CRT)
technology.
Flatscreen LCD and plasma screens work in a completely different way. In a
plasma screen, each pixel is a tiny fluorescent lamp switched on or off
electronically. In an LCD television, the pixels are switched on or off
electronically using liquid crystals to rotate polarized light

16X2 LCD DISPLAY

LCD stands for liquid crystal display. They come in many sizes 8x1 , 8x2 , 10x2 ,
16x1 , 16x2 , 16x4 , 20x2 , 20x4 ,24x2 , 30x2 , 32x2 , 40x2 etc . Many
multinational companies like Philips Hitachi Panasonic make their own special
kind of LCD'S to be used in their products. All the LCD'S performs the same
functions (display characters numbers special characters ASCII characters
etc).Their programming is also same and they all have same 14 pins (0-13) or 16
pins (0 to 15). Alphanumeric displays are used in a wide range of applications,
including palmtop computers, word processors, photocopiers, point of sale
terminals, medical instruments, cellular phones, etc.
 LCD INTERFACE WITH MICROCONTROLLER

This is an LCD Display designed for E-blocks. It is a 16 character, 2-line

alphanumeric LCD display connected to a single 9-way D-type connector. This
allows the device to be connected to most E-Block I/O ports. The LCD display
requires data in a serial format, which is detailed in the user guide below. The
display also requires a 24V power supply. Please take care not to exceed 5V, as
this will cause damage to the device. The 24V is best generated from the E-blocks
Multi programmer or a 24V fixed regulated power supply.

The 24 x 8inch intelligent alphanumeric dot matrix displays is capable of

displaying 224 different characters and symbols. A full list of the characters and
symbols is printed on pages 7/8 (note these symbols can vary between brand of
LCD used). This booklet provides all the technical specifications for connecting
the unit, which requires a single power supply (+24V).

FEATURES

 Input voltage: 24v

 E-blocks compatible
 Low cost
 Compatible with most I/O ports in the E-Block range
 Ease to develop programming code using Flow code icons

APPLICATIONS

 Monitoring

SOFTWARE DETAILS:

ARDUINO IDE:

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software (IDE) -

contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar
with buttons for common functions and a series of menus. It connects to the
Arduino and Genuino hardware to upload programs and communicate with them.
Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches. These
sketches are written in the text editor and are saved with the file extension .ino.
The editor has features for cutting/pasting and for searching/replacing text. The
message area gives feedback while saving and exporting and also displays errors.
The console displays text output by the Arduino Software (IDE), including
complete error messages and other information. The bottom righthand corner of
the window displays the configured board and serial port. The toolbar buttons
allow you to verify and upload programs, create, open, and save sketches, and open
the serial monitor.

Before uploading your sketch, you need to select the correct items from the Tools
> Board and Tools > Port menus. The boards are described below. On the Mac,
the serial port is probably something like /dev/tty.usbmodem241 (for an Uno or
Mega2560 or Leonardo) or /dev/tty.usbserial-1B1 (for a Duemilanove or earlier
USB board), or /dev/tty.USA19QW1b1P1.1 (for a serial board connected with a
Keyspan USB-to-Serial adapter). On Windows, it's probably COM1 or COM2 (for
a serial board) or COM4, COM5, COM7, or higher (for a USB board) - to find out,
you look for USB serial device in the ports section of the Windows Device
Manager. On Linux, it should be /dev/ttyACMx , /dev/ttyUSBx or similar. Once
you've selected the correct serial port and board, press the upload button in the
toolbar or select the Upload item from the Sketch menu. Current Arduino boards
will reset automatically and begin the upload. With older boards (pre-Diecimila)
that lack auto-reset, you'll need to press the reset button on the board just before
starting the upload. On most boards, you'll see the RX and TX LEDs blink as the
sketch is uploaded. The Arduino Software (IDE) will display a message when the
upload is complete, or show an error.
When you upload a sketch, you're using the Arduino bootloader, a small program
that has been loaded on to the microcontroller on your board. It allows you to
upload code without using any additional hardware. The bootloader is active for a
few seconds when the board resets; then it starts whichever sketch was most
recently uploaded to the microcontroller. The bootloader will blink the on-board
(pin 13) LED when it starts (i.e. when the board resets).

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE:

Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C programming language by

the C Standards Committee to address commonality issues that exist
between Cextensions for different embedded systems.

Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C programming language by

the C Standards Committee to address commonality issues that exist between C
extensions for different embedded systems. Historically, embedded C
programming requires nonstandard extensions to the C language in order to
support exotic features such as fixed-point arithmetic, multiple distinct memory
banks, and basic I/O operations

An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a

larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time
computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including
hardware and mechanical parts. Embedded systems control many devices in
common use today. Ninety-eight percent of all microprocessors are manufactured
as components of embedded systems.
Examples of properties of typical embedded computers when compared with
general-purpose counterparts are low power consumption, small size, rugged
operating ranges, and low per-unit cost. This comes at the price of limited
processing resources, which make them significantly more difficult to program and
to interact with. However, by building intelligence mechanisms on top of the
hardware, taking advantage of possible existing sensors and the existence of a
network of embedded units, one can both optimally manage available resources at
the unit and network levels as well as provide augmented functions, well beyond
those available. For example, intelligent techniques can be designed to manage
power consumption of embedded systems.

Modern embedded systems are often based on microcontrollers (i.e. CPU's with
integrated memory or peripheral interfaces), but ordinary microprocessors (using
external chips for memory and peripheral interface circuits) are also common,
especially in more-complex systems. In either case, the processor(s) used may be
types ranging from general purpose to those specialized in certain class of
computations, or even custom designed for the application at hand. A common
standard class of dedicated processors is the digital signal processor (DSP).

Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can
optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability
and performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting
from economies of scale.

Embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3
players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, and
largely complex systems like hybrid vehicles, MRI, and avionics. Complexity
varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple
units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.
INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT):

The Internet of things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects “things” that
are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of
connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the Internet.

Things have evolved due to the convergence of multiple technologies, real-time

analytics, machine learning, commodity sensors, and embedded systems.
Traditional fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control systems,
automation (including home and building automation), and others all contribute to
enabling the Internet of things. In the consumer market, IoT technology is most
synonymous with products pertaining to the concept of the "smart home",
including devices and appliances (such as lighting fixtures, thermostats, home
security systems and cameras, and other home appliances) that support one or more
common ecosystems, and can be controlled via devices associated with that
ecosystem, such as smartphones and smart speakers. IoT can also be used in
healthcare systems.

The IoT is the strategy for gadgets that encase hardware, and network, which
enables these devices to fix, act together and switch information. IoT incorporates
broadening Internet beneficial than standard gadgets, for example, work areas to
any decision of generally non web get to material gadgets and on a day by day
source objects. Inserted through innovation, these gadgets can banter and
coordinate over the Internet, and they can be a little checked and restricted.
 ADAPTER (12V 1AMP)

DESCRIPTION

An AC adapter, AC/DC adapter, or AC/DC converter is a type of

external power supply, often enclosed in a case similar to an AC plug. Adapters for
battery-powered equipment may be described as chargers or rechargers (see
also battery charger). AC adapters are used with electrical devices that require
power but do not contain internal components to derive the required voltage and
power from main power. The internal circuitry of an external power supply is very
similar to the design that would be used for a built-in or internal supply.
 ADAPTER (12V 1AMP)

An adapter is a device that converts attributes of one electrical device or

system to those of an otherwise incompatible device or system. Some modify
power or signal attributes, while others merely adapt the physical form of one
electrical connector to another. In a computer, an adapter is often built into a card
that can be inserted into a slot on the computer's motherboard. The card adapts
information that is exchanged between the computer's microprocessor and the
devices that the card supports.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

An electric power adapter may enable connection of a power plug,

sometimes called, used in one region to a AC power socket used in another, by
offering connections for the disparate contact arrangements, while not changing the
voltage. An AC adapter, also called a "recharger", is a small power supply that
changes household electric current from distribution voltage) to low voltage DC
suitable for consumer electronics.

Some modify power or signal attributes, while others merely adapt the
physical form of one electrical connector to another. For computers and related
items, one kind of serial port adapter enables connections between 25-contact and
nine-contact connectors, but does not affect electrical power- and signalling-related
attributes

FEATURES

 Output current:1A
 Supply voltage: 220-230VAC
 Output voltage: 12VDC
 Reduced costs
 Increased value across front-office and back-office functions
 Access to current, accurate, and consistent data
 It generates adapter metadata as WSDL files with J2CA extension.

APPLICATIONS

 Back-end systems which need to send purchase order data to oracle

applications send it to the integration service via a integration server client.
 SMPS applications
CONCLUSION:

In this paper, we actually completed the RFID names for the canny trolley
charging system. Notwithstanding the way that we have a couple of hardships with
splendid shopping ie, sometimes things can't be distinguished because of its name
course, size and shape. Progressions that help the relationship between genuine
things are for the most part costly. These are the drawbacks watched out for which
have been vanquished in this application. This keen trolley is down to earth
additionally, the robotized charging aggregate will be displayed on LCD. In the
Future Enhancement, we can add the indoor course structure which can view as the
required thing from the client spot of region. Here we have used a very low reach
RFID peruser, which can be moreover updated with a high reach peruser when it
comes truly authorizing of this model. But various new headways have been made
around here, supporting such application is at this point a huge test.
REFERENCES:

[1] Hubert, M. blut, C. Brock, C. Backhaus and T. Eberhardt ―Acceptance of

smartphone-based mobile shopping: mobile benefits, customer characteristics,
perceived risks and the impact of application context”, IEEE 2018.

[2] Tharindu Athauda, Juan Carlos Lugo Marin, Jonathan Lee, Nemai
Karmakar,"Robust lowcost passive UHF RFID based smart shopping trolley" in
IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification, Issue in 2018.

[3] Rajlakshmi Badi, Bashirahamad Momin, "SISC: Sensor-based Intelligent

Shopping Cart" in 3rd International Conference for Convergence in Technology
(I2CT), Apr 06-08, 2018 India.

[4] Dr. Suryaprasad J, Praveen Kumar B O, Roopa D & Arjun A K "A Novel Low-
Cost Intelligent Shopping Cart", 2014 IEEE.

[5] Amine Karmouche, Yassine Salih-Alj, "Aislelevel Scanning for Pervasive

RFID-based Shopping Applications", 2013 IEEE.

[6] Satish Kamble, Sachin Meshram, Rahul Thokal & Roshan Gakre, "Developing
a Multitasking Shopping Trolley based on RFID Technology", January 2014
International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE).

[7] Mr. P. Chandrasekar, Ms. T. Sangeetha, "Smart Shopping Cart with Automatic
Central Billing System through RFID and ZigBee", 2014 IEEE.