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INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN

PERSON

GRADE 12 - CORE SUBJECT

MODULE 2

MRS. CHRISTINE JOYCE J. SIMEON LPT.

SUBJECT TEACHER
 Pre-Test
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Read the following items carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on
a separate sheet of paper.

1. What do you call to the series of statements that provides reasons to convince the
reader or listener that a claim or opinion is true?
a. arguments
b. conclusion
c. fact
d. knowledge

2. Which of the following is technically based on judgement on certain facts?

a. argument
b. beliefs
c. conclusion
d. judgment

3. What do you call the argument based on faulty reasoning?

a. fallacy
b. ideas
c. knowledge
d. opinion

4. What do you call the statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons
why the statement is true?
a. argument
b. belief
c. explanation
d. opinion
5. Which of the following is the scientific study of the essential structures of the
consciousness?
a. empiricism
b. epistemology
c. logic
d. phenomenology

6. What is the Greek word for the word “appearance “?

a. appara
b. paenomane
c. phainomenon
d. paenoma

7. Which method of philosophizing distinguishes opinion from facts or from personal

feelings or emotions? a. bias elimination
b. critical thinking
c. reduction criticism
d. wishful thinking

8. What do we call the tendencies and influences that affect our views of people?
a. Bias
b. Claims
c. Explanations
d. Fallacies
9. What fallacy assumes that what is true for the whole is true for the parts?
a. Ad hominem
b. Appeal to emotion
c. Appeal to force
d. Fallacy of division

10. What do we call the fallacy where in the idea is acceptable because it has been
true for a long time?
a. Appeal to force
b. Appeal to tradition
c. Appeal to emotion
d. Ad hominem
 Lesson 1: Distinguish Opinion from Truth
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

1. determine the differences between truth and knowledge;

2. distinguish opinions from the truth by analyzing a given situation correctly; and
3. illustrate the three perspectives regarding truth.

Nowadays we encounter often of information from different sources such as the media and our interactions with
our friends, family, and members of the community. Most of the information we receive is helpful, but some may
mislead us or may even be completely false.

In our daily life we are confronted with news, claims and announcements from our friends, family members, from
the authority of the government and media. How do we know if they are telling the truth?

Truth
Philosophers often grapple with the concept of truth.
Truth lies at the heart of any inquiry. It is a fact that has
been verified. (Abella 2016)

Knowledge
According to Abella (2016), it is important to
clarify knowledge before we discuss truth, since it
through knowing that we are able to determine what is
true. He further discusses Knowledge is the clear
awareness and understanding of something.

Propositions or statements which are observed to be

real or truthful are considered facts. However, there are statements that are not evidently or
immediately known to be true. This statement is claim, a further examination is required to
establish whether it is true or false.

Philosophy has various views which can help us tackle the concepts of knowing the truth, and
arrive at a reasonable assessment if a statement, idea, or event is believable.

3 Theories of Truth
The Correspondence Theory states that a proposition is true if it is corresponding to the
facts. (Hospers 1997)

o Consider: ‘The snow is white.’ o One needs to check if the statement

corresponds to facts.
o Strength:
▪ Simplicity
▪ Appeal to common sense o Problem: what about
religious truths?
If we can’t see God, does it mean there is no God?

Hospers also discuss, The Coherence Theory states that if a proposition coheres with all the
other propositions taken to be true, then it is true
 o Consider: ‘The snow is white.’ o One needs to check if it is consistent with other
beliefs known to be true, e.g. ‘Ice is white,’ ‘Snow is frozen water,’ ‘Frozen water
is ice.’
o Problem: can’t a body of false statements be coherent as well? What made other
beliefs true?

And also, according to him, The Pragmatic Theory states that a proposition is true is true if it is
useful to believe.

o William James is considered as the father of Pragmatism.

o Consider: ‘The snow is white.’ o One needs to test if the proposition works in
reality; specifying the pigment white and checking to see if different snow
samples exhibit the white pigment.
o Problem: if fake news works, does it become true?

3 Perspectives regarding truth:

According to Abella (2016), there are several views regarding truth. But what kind of belief is
truthful? How do we know that what we believe is true?

He further explained, that everything we know about this world is true. But philosophers who
pondered upon the origins of knowledge doubted everything that there is to know about
themselves and the world. It is said that there are instances when we have to unlearn something
so that we may learn anew.

Let’s embark on our own investigation on the nature of knowledge. (Abella 2016)

1. A belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s senses. I am alive.
I have a body.
I can breathe.

In philosophy, systematic doubt is employed to help determine truth.

Using doubt as our starting point, Let’s rewrite the statements as questions so we can review
and examine them further.
Am I alive?
Do I have a body?
Can I breathe?

Now, how will you figure out the answers to these questions? The obvious answer would be
to examine yourself to determine if indeed you are alive, that you have a body, and you can
breathe. Do you have a pulse? Can you feel your heartbeat? Do you have hands, arms, legs,
feet, and a head? Try to take a deep breathe, then exhale. Were you able to do it? If you
answered “yes” to all these questions, then you can conclude with certainty that the previous
statements about yourself are true. You can now say:
I am alive!
I have a body!
I can breathe!

2. A belief or statement is true if it is based on facts.

I am a Filipino.

How philosophy can help us determine if it is true.

 So, let’s apply systematic doubt and revise the statement for further examination.

Am I a Filipino?

We can use facts to guide us in our search for truth. If you look up the word “Filipino” in a
dictionary, you will come across the following definitions:

Filipino (noun)
1. a native of the Philippine Islands
2. a citizen of the Republic of the Philippines
3. the Tagalog-based official language of the Republic of the Philippines.

We applied this perspective when we looked up the meaning of the word “Filipino” in a
dictionary. We assumed that what is stated in the definition is the actual meaning of the
word.

3. Getting a consensus or having people agree on a common belief.

When you asked your peer, family, relatives and friends regarding your question, all of them
have the same answer then it is true. But this approach has certain limitations. (Abella
2016)

What I Have Learned

1. Philosophy is concerned with determining truth since it lies at the heart of any inquiry.
2. The discussion on truth is part of philosophical studies on knowledge where philosophers
explore the nature of knowledge and ways of knowing.
3. Facts are statements that are observed to be real of truthful. Claims are statement that
require further examination to determine their truthfulness.
4. Philosophers consider something as truthful if it is corresponding with an observable fact
or reality. Something is also true if it can be justified through experience and the use of
one’s senses. Another view believes that truth is a product of agreement or consensus.
5. Opinions are comprised of statements which not only give facts but also provide
conclusions or perspective regarding certain situations.

Lesson 2: Methods of Philosophy that Lead

to Wisdom and Truth
At the end of this lesson you are expected to:

1. discuss the various philosophical methods in determining truth;

2. justify the validity of statement “The scientific method leads to wisdom and truth; and
3. compare the Socratic Method, dialectic method, and scientific method as methods of
philosophizing.

In your science class, you already know that chemical solutions are homogenous mixture. On
the other hand, ice cubes in soda forms heterogeneous mixture. What process led you to know
that?

According to Abella (2016), a method of philosophizing is a process of determining the truth or

drawing conclusions from a statement using various philosophical methods

Doing experiments are standard in science classes. In the previous example, knowing whether a
mixture is heterogenous or homogenous can easily be done just performing a simple test. This
lesson involves the process of experimentation and observation referred to as the scientific
method of philosophizing. (Gilbuena 2018)

The Scientific Method

Gilbuena (2018) also stated the term “science” is derived from the
Latin word scientia that means “to produce knowledge.” The
scientific method also called empirical method, is a process of
determining truth or knowledge through experimentation,
inductive and deductive reasoning, and hypothesis or theory
testing. The scientific could trace its history from the Classical
period with Aristotle giving the earliest structured theory on the
scientific approach. The process begins with an idea about any
given topic. Hypothesis testing is done to prove the validity of this
idea.

In philosophical view, the means of hypothesis testing and its result are considered the most
important feature of the method. The scientific method also values observation as an important
aspect because it contributes to further understanding the result of the hypothesis testing.

The Socratic method

Socrates engaged in “didactic dialogue” of questioning that is

expressed in the critical examination and cross examination of the
positions of every participant to the conversation. This didactic
dialogue intends not to convey new truth but only as guide to arriving
the truth (Nelson 1965). The method is later known as ‘Socratic method
of questioning”.

The Dialectic Method

 Gilbuena (2018) also explained dialectic method is also known as the dialectical method,
is at base a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a
subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned methods of argumentation. Dialectic
resembles debate, but the concept excludes subjective elements such as emotional
appeal and the modern pejorative sense of rhetoric.

Gilbuena further discuss the difference of the three methods which are as follows:

Socratic Method Dialectic Method Scientific Method

Origin elenchus dialektike Scientia

Meaning “to inquire” or “the art of “to produce

“to cross- examine” conversation” knowledge”

Methods ask, find or use Ask, clarify, reject Define the question,
examples, reject ask form a hypothesis
again. perform an
experiment, collect
data, draw
conclusions, publish
result.

Purpose To gain the truth knowledge and wisdom and to know

Sample • What made you • Can you clarify • What predictions

Questions say that X is your response can I make about
valid? about X? X?
• If X is valid, why • What makes X • How do I test the
does Y contest it? more useful than validity of X?
Y? • What can I
conclude based on
my experiment?

He also stated both the Socratic and Dialectic method are based on a discussion between two or
more people who carry differing views but wish to pursue the truth by seeking an agreement
with one another. Meanwhile, scientific method is a process of determining truth or knowledge
through experimentation, and inductive or deductive reasoning.

compare the Socratic Method, dialectic method, and scientific method as methods of
philosophizing. Activity 1: Sense It!
Write down the functions and uses of the senses below. Write your answers in your
notebook.
 EYES

NOSE EARS

YOU

ARMS TONGUE
&LEGS

Process Questions

1. If one of the senses will malfunctioned, do you think you will still appreciate the
entire “YOU” as a person? Why or why not?

2. How did you find this activity?

Activity 2: Get Engage!

Engage in reflection on the following situations. List down the simple, serious, and deep questions
you would ask yourself in these situations. Write your answers on your notebook.
 Possible questions
Situations
( simple, serious, and deep)

1. You go to the market, and several

vendors are calling you to buy the fish
that they sell. You are deciding which
vendor you will choose to
buy fish.

2. You and your friends are deciding to

go window shopping and you
decide which shop you will go first.

3. You open your wallet and saw

P50.00 left from your weekly
allowance.

4. One of your friends has uploaded

embarrassing pictures of another
friend on Facebook. It was supposed
to be a joke, your other friend is angry
for what your other friend did and is
telling you to befriend her.

5. You have been saving your allowance

in order to buy a new pair of fashion
shoes, but your mother is asking you
to give your savings for your brother
to buy materials for his project.

Activity 3: What I Can Do?

1. As a student, you have encountered and experienced activities wherein you reflect
 philosophically. Post them on the boxes and write your reflection below.

2. Complete the table below. Write your answer on your notebook.

Philosophical actions to be done

Situation
before accomplishing the situation
1. Buying new clothes

2. Choosing friends

3. Eating foods
4. Deciding where to study for Senior
High
5. Going to school

6. Playing computer games

7. Asking permission if you would like
o goes out with friends.
8. Watching movies that are not
allowed with your age.
9. Posting your feelings and opinion in
the social media.

As a student, what have you realized in this activity? Reflect and explain your answer in your
notebook.

Post Test
Multiple Choice: Choose the letter that best corresponds to the right answer. Write your
answer in your activity notebook.
1. It is the study or discipline that uses human reason to investigate the ultimate causes, reasons
which govern all things.
a. Philosophy c. Ethics
b. Epistemology d. Logic
2. It is a branch of philosophy which deals with questions regarding reality and existence.
a. Ethics c. Metaphysics
b. Logic d. Political Philosopy
3. It is a branch of philosophy which deals with correct reasoning.
a. Logic c. Pythagoras
b. Ethics d. Epistemology
4. The Philosopher who was among the first to propose that matter is composed of tiny particles
called atom.
a. Democritus c. Aristotle
b. Plato d. Socrates
5. The Philosopher who was a known advocate of living a simple and virtuous life.
a. Heraclitus c. Socrates
b. Epicurus d. Diogenes of Sinope
6. The Philosopher who proposed that everything that exist is based on higher order plan
a. Pythagoras c. Aristotle
b. Heraclitus d. Democritus
7. What does the Greek word “philosophia” mean?”.
a. Love of wisdom c. Love of parents
b. Love of knowledge d. Art of questioning
8. It refers to a way of thinking about the world & is made up of a person’s views
and beliefs.
a. Framework c. Aesthetic
b. External questions d. Limit Situation
9. These questions examine personal ideas regarding correctness and values.
a. Academy c. Internal Questions
b. Partial thinking d. Ethics
10. An activity that requires a person to examine his or her thoughts, feelings and actions and learn
from experience.
a. Reflection c. Framework
b. Holistic thinking d. Partial thinking
Identification: Identify what is asked in the following sentences. Write your answers on
a separate piece of paper. Choose your answer from the box below. Write only the letter
of your choice.

b. doubt b. Epicureanism c. Karl Jasper d. holistic thinking e. Partial thinking

1. It is a perspective that considers the “bigger picture” when looking at

problems situations.
2. The reason why people philosophize.
3. He believed that people engaged in philosophy in order to make sense of
difficult life experience.
4. It is a perspective that focuses on specific aspects of a situation.
5. A school of Philosophy, which believes that wisdom and simple living, will
result in a life free of fear and pain.
 Refference

Books
Roberto D. Abella Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person.
Quezon City:C & E Publishing, Inc.,2016, 1-15

Brenda B. Corpuz, Corpuz, R.A., Paclibar, M.L.C.,Paclibar, S.O.,

Introduction of the Philosophy of the Human Person. Quezon City:
Loremar Publishing Inc.:2016,1-7

Christine Carmela R. Ramos, Introduction to the Philosophy of the

Human Person: Quezon City.Rex Bookstore, Inc.1-12

The Human Person as an Embodied Spirit by jefjust24

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embodied-spirit/ 01 Dec. 2018
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