surface Chernistry

(lg Introduction
► Surface chem istry deals with h
► The inter face is rep d bp eno~ ena that occur at the surfaces or interfaces.
invol ved e g sol1"d l~es~ndteN
' · .,
'! puttin g a
- iqm • o interface · hyph en or a slash between the two bulk phases
► . . . . t b
It 1s an impo rtant bran ch of ch • ex1s s etween gases as they are completely miscible.
d. l .. _ . . emi stry as a number of phenomena occur at the
e.g.' 1-r: Isso ,.Ut10n; ,q-ystallisa.trori, -:corrosion·,:heter interface,
ogeneous ca talysis,.electr0de pro~esses, etc.
0

m~ -~s.orption
► The accu mula tion of mole cular species at the surfac
e rather than in the bulk of a solid or
liqui d is term ed as adsorption.
► The mole cular speci es or substance, which conce
ntrates or,accpmulates ·at the. sm;.face is
~te.rrned as adso,,-bate and the material on the surfac
e of which the arlso1;pJion take~ place -is
4
iE?:alled adsorbent.
► The proc ess of nnnovir1g ""an aA~0rbed,,sub$t
aJ\l:~e-•from ~a .sutface on which it is 'adsorbed is
1

€%1lled deso rptio n.

Dist inct ion betw een Adsorption and Absorpt.
-~

- ---
ion
---- - ---- ·-- - - - - - - - -- - - - - -- - -- - - - - -- - - - - - ~
Adsorption Absorption
. · it occurs only It is a bulk phenomenon, i.e., occur .
It 1s a surfa ce phen omen ~n, 1.e., s throughout
f the b~ of the material.
ce of the adso1
a t th e sur a · · - - - bent.- -----: - - -· ---- - ~~:.. ..::.=
th In this phenomenon,=~the'---- - - . - .- ~
tl e -once ntrat1 0n on . e concentration 1s same
In this phen omen on, 1 L f· that in throughout the material.
surfa ce of adso rben . d'ffer1 ent iom
the bulk.
t is
- - - --- -:-- .
··
- cl ~
- - - --- -----1\
Its r;;-~emai~s sa~e throughQut the process. I
Its rate is high in the b~gmn~ngd an ___ _J__
______ __ _,._.___.,- - -
decre ases tI'll e ~- ·1·b ium lS attam e .
- - - k 1 ce simultaneously also. 1· ~ ~ ~1-:smpt
--nl.ns + ion is
~ -- - - - - b tion can ta e pa · . " ---· "" ~
► Bot1 l a._d so_r pif on·._and a sorp . , - ---
. . .. .,:_,.,,i,.,:.',,.n. ,,,,,1: .. rce~"'es.,,_
\ised 10;'. ctt§c'tioebutn lll.~e__ ·pro .:," , . .. .

Mechanism of Adsorption f the adsorbent are responsible for attracting the

.d al attractive forces o
► Unba lance d or res1 u ·t surface.
adso rbate parti cles on 1 s -
, W\,t& Objective NCERT at
es are held on the surface, entr· g~~ip1
Your Fin
r
c~effl
1st
94 I . s mo Iecu l . opy d
. . ··s i e ·AH is,- v:~;ant .1. mtlSt be !..ve -.which is possible o ecreas
,. Adsorption is an exothermic proc:es · ,., us processi thus 'f'c; · · nly i,f .~ ~s,
0
. . A, = --ve..i)~ds_
/, (;,, ' , ,
o,·p~iu11 .is ·a_ spont:1~; H· :.,... 1 Jl.·~:-all -~fe "-·ve.. .
~- .. !).G' ·L\ tt11'Cl '~..!J' ' ~as
suffo.:ientlx,.bi~~\t1e value, •P:l'ence, ,

Types of Adsorption . . . . >n solids. If accumulation of gas on the surf

. . : . t , •· Hon ot g,,ses < • • termed as phy · I ace 0f
> There are marnly two types of ,H soi P · , f . s the adsorpt10n is Sica adsor , a
solid occurs on account of weak van der Waals orce.' Plto11. or
physisorption. . I'd irface by chemical bonds, the adsorption i
I Jd to the so 1 st ' · · • • s ter"'1
► When the gas molecules or atoms are 1e . b ds may be cova1ent or ionic m nature ·• ed
. . • The chem1ca 1 on ' · ii~cJ11
chemical adsorption or chem1sorpt1on.
► Comparison of physisorption and chemisorption :
~hemisorpt!o~ __ ·------ -- Ads'
1
i Physisorption ~iJ11ila
! It is caused by chemical bond formatio~:---·----.. . :
' It arises because of van der Waals' forces. • - --

It is highly specific in na~me. __ _

• - - - - - - - -

------..!
I

~
It is not specific in nature. - · -- -- ! lfef
It is _rever~ible in nature.
It is irreversible.
------ I
----i fiog;
th
i It depends on the nature of gas. ¥or.a-easily liquefia~le It also depends on e nature of gas. Gases wh~ch ; , ~ f~
react with the adsorbent show chemisorption. an i
( g~-ses-a-re adsorbedi•_F,:_jldily. '' . __ · - - - - - _ 1
"'
j Enthalpy of adsorption is low (20-40 kJ·mol- 1). £nthalp~o!_~~- 0 ~ !~t~o~ is high (80-240 kfmol~ - ;
r Lo:-;~;1-~-~l~a-~~r; -is favourab-1; · for adsorption. I Higl1 -;e~1perature is favourable for~ d~·~;;-!
1
/ It decreases with increase of temperature. It increases with the increase of temperature. n.
1

/ No-appreciable activation energy-is needed. / High~ ctiv:aHon e~er~; is s;metimes needed.

1-It dep;nd; o~ th~ surface area. It in-cr;ases witl1 an It also depends on the ~urfa-c~ area. It too~~;
/__increase of surf~ce area. . with an increase of surface area.
I . ·-·-- . . . ·--. ·- - . ------ -·· - - - -- - - - - - - - - -- -
/\ lt results into 'nrnltim.oltcular layers on adso_rbent It results into unimolecular layer.·.
/~surface under high pre.sst!tre.
- . . . . --- . -,

+ : •

•
Concentration
. of adsorbate is high on the surface than
Concentrat101},of
Th . -~dsorbate' ~lesson
·
, in the bulk - p 0 s1,·t1ve
·· -- ad·-sorp t·10n.
the surface than in the bulk - .N ega•t·1ve .a\f.l~-P.}10n.
,.1 •

· e adsor.pnion ot. gases on the SLI:Jfac.e of metals is called occlusion.

0
When chemisorption takes place by raisin th . t . · '
the process is called '· t· t d d . , g e empei ature, 1. e-, by supplying activation energy, App
ac 1va e a sorption.
> l1

Adsorption Isotherms C
> h
► The variation in the aq1ount of gas adsorbed· b'y th d b .
, , •. . e a s0r ent with p
expresse d by means of cr··curve :termed d 0 . . ressure at constant temperature can be cl
► .. ~ .. • . , as a sorphon isotherm. ).
Ii...
Ff:fllDdhch adsorption isdtherID : Freunqli!eb\ hill 909 . . . ),
of gas adsorbed by unit mass of solid d b ' gave an empmcal relationship between the quantity Ii
.,..-f"..---.._____ a sor ent and pressur t .
/ ~ .x · k. 1/n r: .? ) ;;; · e a particular temperature. gi
( , -:--== ·p •., : \n > I . ),
·,..__: ·n1 . .· · _ __.. C
where, x-is
the mass of the gas ads ·b
depend on th o1 ed on mass m of the ad . b vhich
),
Ii
'..J....
. e nature of the adsorbent and the . sor e~t at presrnre.p_, k and n are constants\ ),
a<
Taking
. logarithm gas at a particular temperatu re. l,
X ·_ :-. l < if(
log""'.""¥ logk+:.... Iogp '.I.
m n
~
t}
 l .
Isurface chem,stry
,~.
I ,,,jstrY
I 95

L
m

0
,
/
/
~saturation

p ___ .__
1
I
1
I
I
pressure p
' s log~
I
ni ~ --~"
n
between 0 to l)
I
og k (intercept)
0
! ;l:o~~ --➔--~
,.... .,.-- '== co,nstant, the adsorpt·10n · logp
,. -~ .
,,,n.ell•_'n· .? m . .
: ••
is•independe nt
. of pressure;
I,,,be,,,.k:;c· , m -···kP t.e.,·. .,....,-~--m~-" p.-' .
· .
L;.ff:,-!l~ ·-
~,¢f"':::;;.1 .~ -
•
0c th·e··a..1
1:1.sorption :varies d·
1-re<::tly: :w.ith.
l Adso .
rpt1on frenrS-o·tutron"''Ph ase
,. _.
pressure.

. ·iariv;;,fll{t.10dsorp,ti9rf of solutes from .

~1nJ1 •..,. -, · -~-91utions
. ;he~~,-~ is tj;i~eqttilitf rium . , ,
.. . concentratio n i e h
' . ., w en adsor f .
~
~ -i
-
-1 lo c . x P ion 1s complete.
I ri g_:::logk+ g , Plot of log- vs lo C. .
-----. i
10 111 n m g is hnear.
h can : .
Factors affecting adsorption of gases bY so1ids·
►
► Nature of gas being adsorbed : Gas es wit. h higher
:
criti l
.). ► Nature and surface area of adsorbent . G , ca temperature are easily adsorbed.
· reater the surfa
► Pressure: At constant temperature th d . . ce area, greater is the adsorption.
, ea sorpbon mcrease "th.
► Temperature : As adsorption is exoth . b . s WI mcrease of pressure.
~ . th · '
ermic, Y applying Le Ch at e1ier · ·
-1fe~s- e adsorption and vice versa. s pnnc1ple, ,¥tcreasel'0f·temp.eratur~ 7
- 1
/
eases ;
.llite ,plot
vs pressute"fo· r gJYeo
of temp erature . amount""of adsor
__J , A ""~-:. -~ . ~
:Tuan:gmtrir adsorption isotherm -:- -~ : := . .elf'- ~·
! 1
.m: .·-i tbI:.,;;
I
I where, a and b are constants . x/m an d p are· h · •
t e terms similar to those expressed in Freundlich
- ~I isotherm.

• _ F~~~-~ ~li_c~· equation is a?proxi,m~t~.. and doe~ not a}?ply to·adsorption q( gases.hy sol-ids af hi her
pressures and low temperature s. g

ergy, . Application s of Adsorption

I > In making gas masks : In gas masks, activated charcoal preferentially adsorbs the harmful gases like, ctt 4,
CO, Cl2, etc. ·
1
> In decolourisation processes : For decolourisa tion of sugar cane juice, it is passed over activated animal
:an be charcoal, where colouring matter gets adsorbed on the surface of charcoal.
: ~ r e e atmosphere: Silica gd, alu~ina'.~tc. are used to _re~~~ ~tu~ ~~_th~_y_a~sorb water.
antity In production of high vacuum: In an evacuatedvessel, an adsorbe-nt is-added to remove small amounts of
> gases and this produces high vacuum.
> Chromatography : A technique used for separation of substances is based on adsorption
process.
1
1
.~ i o n of water : Ions from water may be removed by ~ J11.,,exehange '. resm, iand the process involves
which 1 adsorpt·ion.
>
In the extra f f n . t1.;- fl<lfat-alton -precess·us.ecirfo.r $~.c.oncentra,tion-of·ores~is·based-on:preferential
. .; <lid ~ "'•·"' _ c ton o meta Is•:,rro :ir - · · · .
'· > so ' ·:on · -~
--~·of·ore particles. · · ~- __ . .
i Adsorpti· . ·' ·,, l,__~·--. -. :,1.. "" • ;, . .,. fluorescein, -etc;:get adsorbed on the surface ofprec1p1tates and
th· on mdicators: 6bm°tuyes··1.l)\:e,eas1.1'1,
l ls Property serves, as the basis for adsorption indicators.
 W\.,--bG Objective NCER.T
rl
~ Ca t a Iys j S f h .cal reac tion and themselves
at Your F·

► Substances wh1.c h acce lera_te the rate

l
o a c emi
d fter the react10n, are mo wn a s catalysts, and the phe nom eno n is
rem ain chemically and
. kn quant·
11\getti~s i ~e
unchange a own as cata lys· Ita.tiv I
b tances tha t enh anc e the acti.vity
. f 1
o a cata yst while po.,is.
► Promoters an d poi son s ·. Promoters are su s ey
the activity of a catalyst. Fo~ examp1e, . H ber's process for man ufa ctu re o f am mo ma .
, molybde
isons d
m a ecrea
romoter for iron which is used as a cata nurn, acts s~
P lyst. F
N2(g) + 3H2(g) Mo(,e (,i 2N H asa
) ) 3(g)
Ho mo ge ne ou s an d He ter og en
eo us Ca tal ysi s
► Hom oge neo us catalysis is the proces
s in which the reac tant s an~ the cata
Tue following are some of the exampl lyst are in the sam e phase.
es of hom oge neo us catalysis : .
► O:iddation of sulphur-dioxide iiitb sulp . .. ···- .. .
. hur trioxide with dio:xyget'D h~t be ·pre
.

catalys~ -in-the lead chamber·process. ' sen ce of o~d eS:-o f nitrogen, .

~~
. 2S02(g) + 02(g) NO(gi ) 2S03(g) . . .
The reactants, sulp hur dioxide and oxy .
gen, and the catalyst, nitr ic oxi de, are
► Hydrolysis of-me~y1~acetate fs·catal all m the same phase.
ysed by H+ ions furnished by hyd roc
hlo ric acid.
CH 3CO OC H (I) + H 0(1) HCl ul)
3 2 CH 3CO OH(aq) + CH 30H (aq )
Both the reactants and the catalyst are
in the same phase.
► Hydrolysis of sugar is catalyse
d by H+ ions furnished by sulphuric
acid.
r;::;;)'""I C 12H 22 O 11 (aq) + H 2Oul Hraql ) C
6 H 12O 6(aq) + C6H12O 6(aq)
l.iiiiid Sugar solution
( Both the reactants and the catalyst are
Glucose Fruc tose Er
in the same phase.
► Het ero gen eou s cata lysi s is the pro ►
cess in which the reac tant s and the
Some of the examples of heterogene cata lyst are in diff ere nt phases.
ous catalysis are given as :
► Oxidation of sulp hur dio >
xide into sulphur trioxide in the presen
ce of Pt.
Ptcs)
2S0 2(g) + 0 2 (g) - -
The reac tant is in gaseous state while ~ 2S0 3(g)
the catalyst is in the solid state .
► Com bj ~ i~ tween dinitrogen and dihydrogen to
H~ s process. i form amm oni a in the pre sen ce of fine
ly divided iron in
Fe(s)
N 2(g) + 3H 2 (g) - - - - 4 2N H (g)
The reactants are in gaseous state whi 3
le the catalyst is in the soli d stat e.
► Oxidation ofa mm oni a into nitric oxid
e in the presence.o f pla tinµ m gauze
in Ost wald's process.
Pt(s)
.
4NH3(g) + s_o2(g) - - - - 4 4NO(g)
The reac tant s are m gaseous state whi + 6H2 0(g )
le the catalyst is in the soli d stat e.
► Hydrogenation of vegetable oils in
the presence of finely div ided · k l
me e as cata lyst.
V t bl 01·1 Ni<sl
ege a e s(I) + H2(g) -- -➔ Vegetable ghe e(s)
One of the reac tant s is in liquid stat
e and the oth er in
.
gas eou s stat e wh ile . . h solid state.
rAd so rpt ion Th eo the cata lyst is mt e
ry of He ter og en eo us Ca tal ys
is
> Acc ord ing to this theory, rea ctio n invo
lves follo ·
,, ► Diffusion of rea ctan ts to the surface wm g step s•
of cata l t ·
► Ads orp tion of rea ctan ts molecu ys.
les on th f
► Reactants com bin e tog eth er at the e sur ace o f cata lyst
► Des orp tion of pro duc ts tak es pl f surf ace t £
O .· od\lct.
orm firS t an inte rme dia te wh ich fina
► Catalyst is aga in available for furt ace rom the sur fac e of cata l lly form s pr
her reac t·
1011. Yst -
 . Isurface Chemistry
e111islrf
01 tant features of solid catalyst .
JJ11Por . . s. 97
J\Ctivitr: The act1V1ty of the catalyst . .
~ b'l ' f ..
is its cap-1 city
The a i ity o a catal~t deoend to incre .
c

- ,..,.. . 1 h h - J;..::_ s upon st . ase t1le speed f h

'strong y t at, t ey are immobi1· d .!_ength of chen . . o t e chemical reaction
f ise and oth - -- 11sorption but .
adsorp ion. er reactantsa re!~ft ~it , reactants must not get adsorbed so
It has been found that for hydro . h no space on the catalyst's surface for i
i
d . genation reac . I ,
• lllaXin1u1u,act:iv•.ih, b . hon,.the ca - - -ic .
· actiVit · .. •
·• .,.~,- .el.l.lik~
·
- .;::e!r~OWn by...gro1.1 7-~ y increases from Group 5 to Group
2H p leinents of l'he periodic table. ---- ·
. . ( 2(g) + 0 t ----
seiect1v1ty . The selectivity of a ca w-: -:--~(gC:: ➔ _21::1 20(1)
• • • - ----
. ··ty f d ·a.- yst is its abil't to direct a rea t· .
_ Se1eet-1-VI o Iuerent catalysts £or same iY c ion to yield a p·uti I
using different catalysts . . , • Jea<.::tapts is·dtffi c cu ar proc1uct.
__ ;. We-get different, products. erent. For example, starting with H2 and CO, and
~s the
co< ) + 38 ~CH
Ni
+H 0
'"-L 2(g)
~ - -- - · -...1.ti.L_ 2 (g)
CO(g) + 2H Cu/ZnO-cr o
2
,._.._,..
'•· ·
2(g) 3
➔ CH OH
3 (g)
CO C ,..,._ -~
(g) +8 2(g) ~ HCHO
Th e cata lytic - - ~ - -~
. reaction that depend - (g)

d 1 1 s upon the pore str t f h

pro uct mo ecu es is called shape-sele t·1ve catalysis . uc ure O t e catalyst and the size of the reactant and
. b . _ ..,,.._...c.....:::.::: c Zeol't d
fth 1·~ h~~~~
~~_e ;;like, structu1_es~ · ___ 1,:s} re goo shape-sele~tive _c~ alysts because

enzyme Catalysis
.. .
Enzyme.s, als~ ~.alled biochemical catalyst;,are com Jex nitro en , .- _ . _ . . ., . _ . which are
.,grodtl€~i1by1iJ.'.V'rng pla-~ts and anigials. p g ous organic compound s (protems)

► The following are some of the example of enzy me-ca t a1yse d reactions
. :
► Inversion of cane sugar : C H o
12 22 1I (a ) + H 2
O Invertase C H
0
Cane sugar q (/) G6l 12 6(aq) + C6Hl206(aq )
ucose Fructose
► Conversion of glucose into ethyl alcohol .· c H o
Zymase H c
6 12 6(aq) > 2 2 50 H(aq) + 2C0 2(g)
Glucose Ethyl alcohol
ronin
► Conversion of starch to maltose : 2(C 6 H IO o 5)n(aq) + nH 2O (/) Diastase nC 12H220 11 (aq)
Starch Maltose

► Conversion of maltose to glucose: C 12 H 22 0 11 (aq) + nH 20(I) Maltase 2c H o

6 12 6
(aq)

Maltose Glucose

► Conversion of milk into curd is catalysed by lactobacilli enzyme.

► In stomach, protein is converted to peptide in presence of enzyme pepsin . .
► In intestine, pancreati c enzyme trypsin catalyses conversion of protein into amino acid.
> Characteristics of enzymes :
► Efficiency : Enzymes are highly efficient catalysts. One-inolecule of-ertzyrri~ ·may tdnsform -one ..million
1

f>~~-of -i-eaota nt pe:n in1:Ji1~{e •. Enzymes can enhance the rate of reactiofi•11pf'6:1 oif!~titrtes.
state. ► Specificity : Enzymes are highly specific. One enzyme can catalyse only one reaction.
► .Optimum conditions : Activity of catalyst becomes maximum at optimum condition s of temperatu re

·
t(.29~ J-D K}i and:;gij\( 5;.t,o;·$'). ·
► Activators : A sub;tance which increases catalyst activity of an enzyme is called activator e.g., -W.~-~-- _,
► like Ni~/ c11.i+,:Mnz.+, etc. when weakly-bo nded to enzyme increase their activity.
also
~ ~-Sm_a l~ 1l,""J?.!'Qteip.__ Il!QleC11le_s -~~.!1~~d _!?_.!~e ~nzyme are called co-en_~.Y.!P~-~--!hey
t.
►
2
hal:lce.a-ctivtty of a cafaiyst. . . .
. b t which reduces or completel y destroys the catalytic actlVlty of an
Inhibit - ·
ors or poisons : A su s ance
enzyme is called inhibitor or poison.
 wt,--bG- Objective NCERT at
Your Fin
9e~·
enzyme changes 'Ps
e catalysed shape slightly as
98 substrate enters
. chanis.111 : Enzym
Enzyme catalysis me . active site, making Products i ..
► h · hly specific. ~ substra~e the site more precise • ~
reactions are ig . ibstrate.
Step I : Binding of enz~e w1tl~~t (fast) •~ /4 ,ct;ve ~ ~? .J

U,.:, •U •a
r
E + S ~ Enzyme-substrate
Enzyme Substrate complex
r
+ substrate enzyme enzyme enzYrne +
Step 2 : Dissociation of ES complex. E + -p product leaving a ~roduc~
enzy~e ctive site substrate
ES ~ BP ~ Product entering a complex complex Chve Site
Enzyme-product Enzyme
Enzyme-substrate
complex association

pre

Bl] Colloids
► A colloid is a heterogeneous system in which one substance (disperse d phase) is
disperse d as very fine particles
particles isibef!veen J
in another substance calleq dispersion medium. The range of diamete rs of colloida l
1 .QQG-nm- 1.£0"-zl.to 10- 6'111.).
:. ·. anti-.
-f.'~ .•~:-~•4 . · ~~-~ . .

~ Classification of Colloids

Based on Physical State of Dispersed Phase and Disper sion Mediu m

is~r!•pe,sed_phase - l!s~·l~-dp~rs~i~ ;~djum _/ Type of colloid Examples

-0 1
/Liquid -- Solid sol some coloure d glass_es a_nd_ gems_t_~ ~ -
- -- - -
ISolid Sol
/_~~fd_--- ---·-- -- r G;~ Aerosol /' Paints, cell fluids

:1-~~~?- rs~Iid- Gel f Smoke, dust

· 1- -- ,_ Cheese, butter, J. ellies
I_Liqu1·d __ --- · - - 1

Liquid Emulsion
L
1 Milk, hair cream
I Liquid ---- -
-
I . - - /- G~_s_ Aerosol
/ Gas Fog, mist, cloud, insectic ide sp~ys _,
- . - --- --
- -
__;_~lid Solid sol . - .

Gas Pumice stone, foam rubber -·- ----· --·

Foam - ··-··· -- -
Based on Na,·ure of Int eractio . -B I F~ot~,_w h~pped cream, soa,£}~~he£_---- /
--- -- · --- -
n etween Dispe d Ph . M diLJf11
> . ..
eyop~ilie.-<:0Uoiqs, the rQrd l:yophilic m
sols directly formed by
dispersion mediu ) .
.. . . rse
.m,ixif -su&
d.
~ ea?s li__~~~:_!oving; these
g. stances .hke gum gel i· -
.
ase and Dispersion
, . c, , .. ~
are also <.:alled r e v e ~ ·. ·d (tb(
e ,
ls coJloid~ I
I

> L h b' _m an cl_::__quite stable. , a me, starch, rubber, etc. with a ' su itable hqUl
yo~ o 1c col101ds, .tb.e.....w-0.rd.Jio h 6.
. .
collo1dal I· b .' - I?~~J~-~~ans t· ·a - . . :: rbeif
sos can e prepared only by spe~i~I - .Jh.qw ,-{ha1~g;-rth~s~~~d--c aHed ift~
sibte:.:sflf
-----·~me t ods and th -·
~-. - -- - ese are not stable:-- .
 Isurface L/lt:1/IIJ" J
I efllistrY
Ch
e
d 0 ,, Type of Particles
of th
e D1spe
.
rs ed Ph as e
99

I 5
/ , j l1ess t 1an 1 nm and these
·
ese so lu r
6~ Jtii JW ~,ar colloids : Thmolecules Ihonls consist of agg
- e~ d tog
~v, her Withregate s of atoms or small I
, mo ecules with diameter)
· · o ;1eeir1 ..-= . - - -- - et
··----- -- -~a n de r W aals' for (S
"--~ fe tu iiir co llo 'id s .I - .. ces , ~-g.,.gold\sols, sulphur. 8
£t he, ly ; ~~ collo it . ~ ~
I ifl'O ids, the d'
: y-W•e!?~sr:--~ ersed parti l molecules ( usua11 y
_op 1 I~ so l&,be lon
~ -
-y . . c es are themselves large
I' vly rrrers .
icelles) .· Th er . gi tlii ~,cat~
- ·.__
P soc1ated collobids_,(M -h .. - - --- e are ce rt a1n .
co llo ids h-. h
·· -~ w ic beha low
s
: ' ~coil eerrtra no ns , u,u t ex
kn
ib1 t co lloidal pr op er r
he r con cen tra tio vne ~s no rmal strong ~lectrolytes at
as m i~ e$tor ilss:~ at
hig gregated
articles. m.;~ se ·are:. 0wn ue to the formation of ag
ls
: 'Jhese ar~ fQr.i;p.ed1hyrelect
Iih____ --.
t;oly.tes ~•a ted co llo ids .
. ..
ra tio n ( CM .C) a d· i..~oaps alild. detergents' above a partici.tl~ ' -rconcentrafion calledi'C. rit
ical
Mitelle'C on c:~ i,.t n ov e-a
ar, . particular temperatu . .
'd ert bact<. to ind.IVI.d ual ion S re called Kraft-tem peratureTx,_Ondilution,
these coII01h.s rev I ace act iv~ _ ag ep ts su~ . gents
.o~pSt .th¢,;C, .·· ~- ~rf s so~ps and synthetic deter
belo~J. ~~ .: is c a~s. :EoF.-siay cont .~· lv!_G;~~,: IQ _::!_o· ro -3 inol-L;1· ·Th esehacolloids have ib0tn l'"oplrobic-and
Jf.C:5~~-c·J,.afts. M1cel te~sn _. . - ,
,. · ·- - am as many as i 0O. mo le,m les or. more
_,:.-' "d . ·
, ' . f C II
prepa ra tion o o 01 s
Afew important me th od
s for the prepa rat·ion of coUo.1d
le de . _ s are as follows :
~ By chemical m, eth ods such as doub comp osition ' oxidat'ion, reduct10 . n or hydrolysis
.
bi,; "ll .. ~ . • •
1h · t· f
0n .. Prepa ra ion o collo1'd f rom-m .
-
.n
iv ou · 1e u· e co mp os s organic; salt.
,, '
,:as2 03 -:f-·3HzS ➔ As2S3.::.i:~-:r3M
.
Q ;'
. 2 1
. - · -
(Sol) · ·
p ' ·- - l sol f
-' 1'
nv.i-rl ,-.~ · : reparatio n of co lloida 0 non-me tals.
~ ~ uliuOJ!,:
3s +2H-2·o •:•
,~H 2.s + s0 2 1-➔,· (Sol) ·

Rf}.lu
- ;._,,,
•
,ction: Metal sols are prep~ area
.b·y ·: 1-s.me o . --
t·h · .. ~ th -
d
··· ➔ 2Au + 3HCOOH + 6HCI
2AuC13 + 3HCHO + 3H 20 (Sol)
es on of hydroxide sol.
- ;,,-!iE.dr,olr.sis: Preparati + 3HCI
FeCl 3 + 3H20 ➔ Fe(OH) 3
l) (So

d which
ica l di sin teg ra tio n or Bredig~S':'~ar.<::. ~metho
► By electr al soJ&o~hfel:m s
olv es dis pe rsi on as we lJ as condensation.,QoHoid d.
Dispersion
inv red by this me tho me diu m
m, etc., can be prepa
·s~1r'.«-~~g0Jd, silver, platinu e inten se
een two metallic rods. Th Ice-bath
An electric arc is struck tsbetw th e me tal in to vapour
s wh ich are
heat of th e ar c co nv er y resulting in the formation
, I
co ld wa ter im me dia tel
condensed in on
of particles ofco11oidal siz
e.
pit ate .>into:&o lioidal so lhysh aking if with dispersi
inw~ pr ed
is the proces s of t0nv~rt te used for this purpose
is called
► By peptization which ele ctr oJy te. Th e electr oly
of a smal4_amount of by adding small quantity
,Gf FeCI3 solution to
medit:im in the presence l solution is ob tai ne d
ple, a colloida
I ' P~ptizing agent. For exam
i
I the ftesh1,recipitate 'o f Fe(O
H)3,

lut:Ons
~

- .) l Purification of C ol lo id al So ou nt of im pu rit ies to a requisite minimum is kn

own as purification of
du cin g the am
,,,..! ) Thlle process used for re
__
ans of diffusion
co 01·dal solution so lved subs tan ce from a colloidal solution by me
· g a dis
rt1 ► Dialys1s · I . · process of removm · fi Id
: t 1s a electn c e •
the presence of
Jal th rough a suitable membrane. ure colloidal solution of an electrolyte in nt and soluble solutes
. f . from the solve
tbe ~ Electr odiaI . . . the co lloida l pa rticles
nces except the
► l.Jit ys1s : Dialysis o imp mg d filters, wh ich are permeable to all substa
ess of se~a rat
rafiltration : It is th e proc by specially prepare
ei! lut ion
1
l1 Present in the colloidal so
·ct .
· llo1. al particles.
.co
i
 wt,-t;G Objective NCERT
at Your Fin
"r' i
9ert1~ I cner
100
c- O II Oli:· fol Solut i ons . n,
,1 l
• f ·t' like relative lowenn g_of vapour
Propt ·I flt'S o , . . , , •nlli1
.
1 11ttve propet ics . - .
· • · . ~~~sure
, f ezing pornt and magm tude of colhga tiv~·-.._ ' eb al'
" Colli on th·<! propt.•1·1ks: L llllt11ds sho.,,,i "nressl l eo l
o n iJl\ re si .ze of colloid al part-le . 1 i ,. PLO;"~ ·- """liO~
r
osm ~ti l:. pn .issurt'. ( . ., es, J~ · Of
in•bnilin~ po int. ,_ _ ____,__ \~r ·~ t r-
ue•
tO 1 a1ge1 '
•- fj l co'loid al part~cl es due to which't ht!"'tvath · .
'cQUQids t, f nh.:Jl less th:111 trne :())~ s ·( ttering o lg11t )Y ~ y, 0f.un1.1
- - - .,l prop<.·rty : · l 1 . . t p·'ssing throug h the co 1loid is called Ty ndall6l t-bea il1
Tv mlnll t•fft.~l'l (Optk .. Th t.:• p·1t 11 o 1 1g 1 11 '" · cone.
·
bci.:t, mes visihl~ -is (n lle~i 'fy11dnll ctl't•ct. '

r than wavele ngth of incid 1.

• Condi tions for 't),ndall effect : 1· ·I ·s should not. b e muc1,.snnlle ' ent ight
. · .1 1 I :l d ' ersion mediti m should ,bel ·
. .Diamd ~r ot -:ollntu a so par IL l , • ·
_. ----::...<!rge.
. • . 1111 • 1· . , 0 f d'sE)ers ed phase ant isp · . _ .,,:.... , ,
- . U-itfu rence in r~fra ~-rive ' tees- . .t · · ·'the size
1
. • ll .d-- J p. -irticle s. 'Partidce-s•-ofs;~.rn..,.•e size s""
I of co o1 a ' ', ~ ..tt~,ugh
w •
-. Colou r: The -:olour of colloidal sol t epenus on ' , ., t
same co our:· I f II .d l t' l d
o( smne.-wuvel~r,~th and have . anu:al . property) .· z·g zag movem ent o co 01 a par 1c es ue to the unbalanced
"" ent (Mech .., J . ,
-,. Brown ian movem
les of dispers ion medmm . .
bombn rdmt' nt by tlw molecu c charge . The nature of th·is char
. es : Collo1.. 'd a1 p,11 • ·Ies a1w.ays carry an electn
, .tic . . . .
>- Charg e on colloid .ti particl ' -.h ge
..i::..c
. . . . . · II 'd · 1 . J 1t·1 11 'and may be either positiv e or negative. 'Tcm!'-C_~ is
" s~/ ~
1s sanw on all the particl es 11p a given ~o 01
'i1s.:':fr0m ,i,\Olutt~ ij ~
1 d1<\e ~)""1:.'Feferential :at:is.01:f)~i@lll of),1
fl, _, ~ ~ ~t~4, . · "" . · ~ •I i.,.• ·!\ 1 ·, ·- ~ 11' · ,\.
...
. .
► · Origin.of charge on colloid al sol particles: any· o~ ~ -
· s carry c Irnrge. Ol · 1 particl es may arise due to " u15r ea~:
1

- Collo1d · al sol particle · )arge on so

r----- -~ '
by friction ,.ionisa tion a.nd adsorp tion.
and _beco~ e char~e d, e.g.\wheir.~lisad~
_ Colloid al s;:>lv ar.!_iclcs...nd.s.Qrb their own ions from the solutio n
llf>-AgNO:, solutio n, silver ~ Ag-I is formed which adsorb s silver 10ns, Ag and becomes positively
d~ll'ged.
. __ ..A gI ( Ag+ ~---,.~---...... _
iodide is precipi tated which adsorbs
- Howev~r w~<.n:~gN0 3.i~ ~~ __t9. p ot~ sium ~~~,§,9,l.!.,.J~jo~ , silver
iodide ions tron the solutio n and becom es.megatively- charge d.
· _~:· A.gI /I"'''
Negatively char_ged !ol_s_ ___ _
Doiitiv.ely tha~e d sols
.
Hydra ted metall ic oxides . e.g::;. ;A.Ji03 -xH2O, ; Metals , e.g.,
C u, Ag, Au,
d,e s - •e.g., As 2S~,'.~~~.::.~ ~tf.rd~J..e.~,t
):Jie2 ~ 3f iij 2O, n~~ al).iy<;lro~des, Fe(OH ) 3, Al(OH~ 3, I MetalH c sulphi
etc, sols of gelatin / gum, starc];erc.
basIC dye stufl like Rr11:esi an _bl ue, haemo globm ; ,eosin, congb 'ted, . ___ _
, (bl0od ). · lI

•·-- •

one of its ion from the solution

1> Hebnholtz elecfriGal double layer theory : Colloid al sol particl es adsorb
te charge from the·solutig ri;,ancl'-fo.rws_an
prefere ntially and gets charge d. 'Fhi& charg~ attract s ions of opposi
layer.
electri'c~al double layer. This is called Belmh ohz electric al double
d lay~r of a collo~dal sol
► Electrokinetic potential : TI1e difference of potent ial betwee n fixed layer and diffuse
is known as electFolcin~tic .or zeta potent ial.
► Electrophoresis (Electrical property) : ~ovem ent
of colloid al
particl es toward s one of the electro des o_n p~ sage 0£.elec tricity
of -
~J.~r~1:,g_1:5~!~oi~a1 soluti~JL·-T.he directi on depend s on.the type
charge on colloi_gal-p afticles. Positiv ely charge d particl es move Initial level
toward s the cathod e while negati vely ·cha·r ged part-icle-s move
toward s anode.
Water
( dispersi on 1--- - ~ -
coU~id:
-6. soluuo
f~: i~ I

medium ) ~ ~ ~ # -

bic
_. .

> CQa~ ~lation or precip itation : The ~ bility of the lyopho

.·~ 1.<?J:u s::g~ ~ t~e_y2:ese_~~ _?f char~ ~ 0i ~ f , op ,oc~
someh ow, the charge is remov ect,the particl esw ID come, ;earer
to each other to form aggreg ates ( or coagul ate) and settle down Electrophoresis
under the force of gravity .
1_he p.r:oc~ss of se~tling .of colloidal sparti.cl~_S:isil1.,.a.1le~ '· oa:g·hlat1·· on·. :or:; ,::. · ·; •,.;,,+:;, ·-c '," .ti'::',¾,-;l.;~&(J-l .'
·-- ,,t · .. .. P,f t'tC.lph 'a1!.10U,-€h ""'Jlli,;r. .- ..
-•-- ".t,- .· · ·
 ~ .
rface Chemistry
ro l su
,ist,, f I . b·
,r,111 .1tods o coagu ahon of Iyoph 0~~
L ~
BY adding electrolyte : When s: 101
. 1 e:xcess of
of opposite c 1arge, get neutralised an electro! t .
d S h I uJ C , corne to y e is added t
~ by- :a;e::: ~l: oagulation of a sol _gether and thus sett!~~ colloidal sol, sol particles attract ions
sol, t e gr e va ency of the effi . is caused b .. own.
_..,{ iit,tlff1.fs:~0r;tw¾ iJ.i ~ ectivef'",r. ion Yaddition of an i .
u~ed, greater is th -
.
on carrymg charge opposite to the
o . I : . , h,, !Fl t0 :Wlil:n~'We
negative so 1s m t e order :~&q ·.... .t . «n . 4 0l' ttS' vale"nG:tT" e coagulatio_g power. ~ ......_..
~- . - :>. l)a :tQ >-'N. + ,.1Coagulatin ---< ::::_~..5u1- ....15 rower
eoaguiauon power of anion fortiie"C - - a . ~ .. ·-- ___ ! ~ow_e_r _of cation for coagulation of ~
[Fe(C:N')6]1~ -Pe>'; /-·· >-•S0;i 2- > ci- oagulation of positives I . . ~p e,l ( '\J.,JQ.'()(1.J),
;
ht. - --- --1- --;- ~ -:----.._--- -- o is in the order . ~{."'"
coagu ation vame or floccular ·
...-· ·1- ~· 1 r .. f
((6~~ a~!!e--t) __ colloidal solutio
ion value. M· .
. in1mum number of . . .
:att€a: 1, h ---· · · 11 "d f n. ' milhmoles of electrolyte required to
... 4g t By m1xmg co 01 s o opposite charge. Coll 'd
- .h h ·. 01 al sol particles f .
combine wit eac other and e O
opposite charge when mixed together,
ibalan ced . Wh ll g t neutralised which
By boilmg : en co oidal sol is boiled i . . causes coagulation.
collisions adsorbed ions may get d'1sturbed .
' tsthkinetic energy inc reases, rate of collisions increases during
his cha of ' _ey 1oose charge and coagulate. '
- rge By dialysis : Prolonged dialysis
~ch . · a col101dal sol
-~ ~1S coaguIation. may remove electrolytes completely and lead to
By electrophoresis : Under the appl'1ed e1ectnc . ·-
field 11 01.d I
opposite charge. At the electrode it get d. h co a sol particles move towards electrode of
. f 1 h"l" ' s isc arged and coagulated
Coagulation o yop 1 1c sols : There are tw o 1actors c .
which a
·
'bl £
► · . r~ responsi e or the stability of lyophilic sols.
1hese factors are the..:,Cha1;ge ·and ·solv..atioR f th 11
~I isadded fyophilic sol can Q~ fQ~g-~1Jal:ect ]hi;is don~ ~rticl: ~-~n.eJ:L~ ~se -tw<? fac~O!:_S·-:r-:- ~ oved, a
positively ,11,~en solvents such as alcohol a._n_d ac --t· dyd · m_g an electrolyte and (n) by adding a suitable solvent.
eonearea edtoh d hT 1 h ·
- -vvu
curs Under this condition a s 11
.
. f Y rop 1ic so s, t e dehydration of dispersed phase
oc · ' ma quantity o electrolyte can bring about coagulation
► Protection of colloids : ·
:h adsorbs
- ~ sols are mo_re st able _.than )y:Qphobic sols. This is due to the fact that lyophilic colloids are
. extensively solvated, i.e., colloidal particles are covered by a sheath of the liquid in which they are
dispersed.
- Lyophilic colloids have a unique property of protecting lyophobic colloids.
When a lyo_E.1-!i_lic sol is added to the lyophobic sol, the lyophilic particles form a layer around lyophobic
particles and thus protect the latter from electrolytes. Lyop_hllic collojds useclfor this purpose are called
--~~tw.e:folloi<ls. ·-

1e solution
i foJ!JlS,all
-
~- ~C>-
The minimum mass of the protective colloid in milligrams that rriu:~f.le?a"d"~?l.110~of-a'-s-tan~a!~ red
th~J ,uo cua$u,lati~n~o£:GN1's'.-~ ~~·:-1Jl.L"'c>ti~~~ ~lutidmiS"t-api<dty:ttl-gW:t-04Fi:~~alled )lYe_:-----
g9l4w~&~J of thdyqphilic colloid (protective collo1d),
- ~ ~olq_npm.ber-.-n£a.prote.cttv.e~ ~~ -! ~: ~re~!~r i~it~ p~otectiv~ u ,
)lioidal sol - ~ r the ge>!d_numbe r, gr~ater is its prgtectiye powe.r.
......._____,_.----- 1
- Protecting power oc b
Gold num er
~ En, ul~i ~~- '-~~-----------···-· /. -
> Cll • . • dium are in liquid state.
) o o1ds in which both dispersed phase and d1spers10n me
rYPes of e I . milk, body. lot!@:
t colloidal /, ► • • mu s1ons : . .
t~ solutio!l Oil in water (0/ W) where dispersed phase is 011, e.g., <:b. -.,tt r- c.old cream.
W · ter eg u e '
~-
;
) E ~ter in oil (W/O) where dispersed phase_is wa ' · .,
► llluls1fication : Process o°f making_an .: m~lsIO~- . e. ., s~a:ps and detergents: .
JP cod< ► Elllulsifying agent: Used t o 'S-t~bflicz~the,emulsIOll,. g . they separate into two layers on standm~. ~or
l. e-and somleltid~.e,n1s:1lsifying agent is usually added: Th~~~ls1fy~ g
E111ulsions-',t>f o1'•¾::w.~n·· ,..~~~ -'~r- e)',iµi st~L.-t
st b .. . . • .r . vv q'll_Y-!'11,l-'I ,. . t ca e ~... ~ .
a ilisation of a~ emulsion, a thit d :componen ded p~rticles and ~~e.-~ ~di_ur,n.,
. a~ n!erfa_~ al fil~ ~een suspe~ -- - - - ---··
....
 102
V'A
-t G - Objective NCER
► Som e very co m m on .. . .i
en ts ar e Rl
as emulsif . . ly us ed em ul sifying ag W
i~t ei ns ,vg um s, na tur,al an d synt~eth:::~ at Your F·
ying agents ,:tor 0/ W t h he cr s0aps
la inp bl ac k; et c1 are ype e mulsions. ·Wereas..l-~ - -•'"' '
m eb tl-saltn r fatty
acids, lon etc. are~l\i\li
ltig
- -- used as emulsi f}'m g! /O ty pe ,emulsions. · . ,
- che;,_.,.. alc0llst
g
► -✓ D e~ ul sif ic at ge_ri~ fo! ~ -- :-· ~ ¼ ~
io n_ : The process
of se t· of co ns tit ue nt 1. -: ds of an em ul si on is
► Pr op er tie s of para ion iq m call d
e dein. · . ·l._ ',
► .llroulsions em ul si on s :
exhibit all th e,prope u1s1fi.ca\ion. \
· ·~ rties· li.ke Tyndall ef . em en t •el ec tro ph
addition of electroly fect, &r9 w m an m ov .
- tes as shown by collo · 1 ' or es is; coaguiatio
► ~ id al so s.
e.dispersed particles .
m ! .lJ!.ul_sio. • 1 ger th an th
os h
n.is ar ' - - - e in t e so1s. ra ng es •· - It . f ll on
. ro m lOOO r-,
11,3 ~ o ll o id s A ro u n . _ _ L\,.{{).109%~ I /
► Bl ue co lo ur
d U s . 10
of sk y : Th e at m os
air· . Th ey sc at te r bl ph er e ar ou nd us is •
· ht du
ue lig a co1101·d 0 f du st pa rti cl es an d w at er ~
\
e to Ty n d a 11 e ft: H va po d'
> Fo od m at er
ia ls : Milk, bu tte r, 1e ct. en ce , th e sk y lo ok s bl ue . ur s 1sp ersed .
► Bl oo d : Bl oo d is cream, fr ui t juices
etc. are all co llo id s. in
a colloid in whiGh
el ec tro ly te l~ e al um -a lb um in oi d is su sp en
or ferric ch lo rid e de_d in wa~er . Bl oo
:t-o,,st~ p-bteedi:n-g . it un de rg oe s co ag d w he n ~o~e ~ in
ul at io n to give bl oo contact With
► D el ta fo rm at io d cl ot .rnT ni s IS why•a'
n : River w at er is .lum.is used
H_en.<;e w hen ·se a colloidal so lu tio
a:water co m esJ.n..&.on n of clay an d _sea w
ta ct w ith river watei at er ~on~~ins a ~~
.! ' ~0:.ih.C:;~tio1!: :, tb~·co llo id pr es,e m be r ~ ~ectrolytes.
·o_f~ ~ !r.;i¥1~ - Th es nt m nv er w at er u_
► So ils : Soils ar e1colloids are ~~p~ nd :e rg o~ ~Lon
e coUe id ah·n-nat:ttr-€ . jt ed -~ ~-1:1ee~ ~g
_ ~0 !1
na t~ ~ Gi a so rb s m oi st ur e an d :~ ~f -~ ~e r..~ o r ~
12r ot ec tiv e colloi ot he r no un sh m g
► Fo g ao o m is m at er ia ls due to its
t : Fog -an d- m is t ar colloidal
ar e flo at in g in air. e colloids in w hi ch
du st pa rti cl es ha vi
ng co nd en se d m oi
► R ai n: Cl ou ds ar st ur e on their surface
e ae ro so ls in w hi ch
co m bi ne to fo rm sm al l dr op le ts of w at er ar
bi gg er dr op s an d e su sp en de d in air.
ch~~g~~ do ud s fin al ly fall do w n as ra O n co nd en sa tio n the
m ee t w ith ea ch ot in . Ra in fa ll also ta ke se droplets
> A rti fic ia l ra in he r. s pt ac e w he n two
ca n be pr od uc ed by op.,p_o~ite\y
th ro w in g ch ar ge d
sa nd or sp ra yi ng a
A p p li ca ti o n s o f so l ca rr yi ng ch ar ge
C o ll o id s opposite to the cloud.
> Th e im po rt an
t ap pl ic at io ns of co
llo id s ar e :
Pr ec ip ita tio n of so
lid pa rti cl es fr om
► P~ . fat io n of dr sm ok e co m in g fr om
in ki ng w:~ter by cc; ch im ne y of in du st
>_~gµlating th e su sp ri es .
► ~ os t of th en de d im pu ri tie s
e m ed ic in es ar e pr w ith_ th e he lp__o f.a
ep at ed in co llo id al lu.m.--
fo fm .
► ~ $ of le at he r
·.:tannin.~ -- -= -- -is ba se d on th e.p rin ci pl e.o f co ag ul at io
- - - ·- -- -- -- --n of po si tiv el y ch ar ge d•h id e ·us in gn eg
► Cl~ansing_~c
tio n of so ap s an d
-- ..-- -- . -• -- ..-.- -•---.at ivelJ_~
de te rg en ts ar e du e .. ., ,. ,--
► Ph ot og ra p~ ic pl at to m ic el le fo rm at io
n.
es an d films co nt ai
► -- N at ur al ru bb n coating_.9f an ~m
~l si on of th e lig ht
er-is a co llo idao fl at
► ex in watcl:. . se ns iti ve s,ilve'( bi
- ~ n_ !~in_l_<.s,~ YE ohud~ iE,_g;e¼~~ \
t~-~!ic p}~~ ~, ~~ -
he r~gr ap hi te lu br
-=I• ) • ~_o1!_o ~ .:.a~ ~1!1~
4:.s e--,~ ~~ 0u r_i!?-_g !5
ka n~ s, ce m en t et c.
ar e al l co llo i~ al ~
,V O
:~ rg yr ol is -~ siJye
·-is
~a~~!::f ·---- -. · \
r _sa j -u~ ed--:~S-• e:ye
J.oti <;>.~. .
ci , <;;:ollC>id_
~l _~oJ ut io ~ of gr ae \
4i te"' is:_c; 1:1~d .aqu
adag.
___________ ' so11?~~~ -~0Jution_.o
(z o1~ .i~ w~~e ; is _-ciiled:•!p
ttf fl e-.0 £.cassius'. \
1

_-- ·_---_-·----===~--- - - - ~