Linear Algebra and Its Applications

Sixth Edition, Global Edition

Chapter 1
Linear Equations
in Linear Algebra

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Section 1.9: The Matrix of A Linear
Transformation

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The Matrix of A Linear Transformation (1 of 4)
• Theorem 10: Let 𝑇: 𝑅𝑛 → 𝑅𝑚 be a linear transformation.
Then there exists a unique matrix A such that

𝑇 𝐱 = 𝐴𝑋 for all 𝐱 𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑛

• In fact, A is the m  n matrix whose jth column is the vector

T ( e j ) , where e j is the jth column of the identity matrix in 𝑅𝑛

A = T ( e1 )  T ( e1 ) ( 3)

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The Matrix of A Linear Transformation (2 of 4)
• Proof: Write

x = I n x = e1 ... e n  x = x1e1 + ...+ x n e n

and use the linearity of T to compute

T ( x ) = T ( x1e1 +  + xn e n ) = x1T ( e1 ) +  + xnT ( e n )

 x1 
 
 
= T ( e1 )  T ( e1 )   = Ax
 
 
 xn 

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The Matrix of A Linear Transformation (3 of 4)
• The matrix A in (3) is called the standard matrix for the
linear transformation T.
• We know now that every linear transformation from
𝑅𝑛 to 𝑅𝑚 can be viewed as a matrix transformation,
and vice versa. The term linear transformation focuses on
a property of a mapping, while matrix transformation
describes how such a mapping is implemented, as the
example on the next slide illustrates.

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The Matrix of A Linear Transformation (4 of 4)
• Example 2: Find the standard matrix A for the
dilation transformation T(x)=3x, for x in 𝑅2

• Solution: Write

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Geometric Linear Transformations of
Double Lined R Squared (1 of 6)
• Tables 1-4 illustrate other common geometric linear
transformations of the plane.
Table 1 Reflections

Transformation Image of the Unit Square Standard Matrix

1 0 
a 2 by 2 matrix with elements as follows.
Row 1. 1, 0. Row 2. 0, negative 1.

Reflection through the

x1 -axis 0 −1
x sub 1
 
A graph plots an image of a gold fish in a x sub 1 x sub 2 plane with its bottom left corner at the origin and the bottom right corner at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows.
Row 1. 1. Row 2. 0. The image is inverted , with the bottom left corner of the inverted image at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. 0. Row 2. negative 1.

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Geometric Linear Transformations of
Double Lined R Squared (2 of 6)
• Table 1 continued:

Transformation Image of the Unit Square Standard Matrix

 −1 0
a 2 by 2 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. 0, 1. Row 2. 1, 0.

Reflection through
the x2 –axis  0 1
x sub 2
 

A graph plots an image of a gold fish in a x sub 1 x sub 2 plane with its bottom left corner at the origin and the top left corner at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows.
Row 1. 0. Row 2. 1. The image is mirror imaged, with the bottom left corner of the mirrored image at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. negative 1. Row 2, 0.

0 1 
a 2 by 2 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. 0, 1. Row 2. 1, 0.

Reflection through
the line x2 = x1 1 0
x sub 2 = x sub 1
 

A graph plots an image of a gold fish in a x sub 1 x sub 2 plane with its bottom left corner at the origin and the bottom right corner at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows.
Row 1. 1. Row 2. 0. The image is diagonally inverted , with the top left corner of the inverted image at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. 0. Row 2. 1. A text reads, x sub 2 = x sub 1.

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Geometric Linear Transformations of
Double Lined R Squared (3 of 6)
• Table 1 continued:
Transformation Image of the Unit Square Standard Matrix
 0 −1
a 2 by 2 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. 0, negative 1. Row 2. negative 1, 0.

Reflection through
the line x2 = − x1  −1 0
 
x sub 2 = negative x sub 1

A graph plots an image of a gold fish in a x sub 1 x sub 2 plane with its bottom left corner at the origin and the top left corner at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows.
Row 1. 0. Row 2. 1. The image is diagonally inverted , with the top left corner of the inverted image at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. negative 1. Row 2, 0, and the bottom right corner at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1., 0. Row 2, negative 1. A text reads, x sub 2 = negative x sub 1.

 −1 0
a 2 by 2 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. negative 1, 0. Row 2. 0, negative 1.

Reflection through
the origin  0 −1
 

A graph plots an image of a gold fish in a x sub 1 x sub 2 plane with its bottom left corner at the origin and the top left corner at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows.
Row 1. 0. Row 2. 1. The image is diagonally inverted but its diagonal sides are mirrored, with the top left corner of the inverted image at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. negative 1. Row 2, 0, and the bottom right corner at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1., 0. Row 2, negative 1.

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Geometric Linear Transformations of
Double Lined R Squared (4 of 6)
Table 2 Contractions and Expansions

Transformation Image of the Unit Square Standard Matrix

a 2 by 2 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. k, 0. Row 2. 0, 1.

Horizontal  k 0
contraction and 0 1 
 
expansion
Two graphs. First graph plots an image of a gold fish in a x sub 1 x sub 2 plane with its bottom left corner at the origin, the top left corner at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. 0. Row 2. 1, and its bottom right corner at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows.
Row 1. k. Row 2. 0. The image is shrunk vertically. A text reads, k is greater than 0 and is less than 1. Second graph plots an image of a gold fish in a x sub 1 x sub 2 plane with its bottom left corner at the origin, the top left corner at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. 0. Row 2. 1, and its bottom right corner at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. k. Row 2. 0. The image is expanded vertically. A text reads, k is greater than 1.

a 2 by 2 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. 1, 0. Row 2. 0, k.

Vertical 1 0 
contraction and 0 k 
 
expansion
Two graphs. First graph plots an image of a gold fish in a x sub 1 x sub 2 plane with its bottom left corner at the origin, t he top left corner at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. 0. Row 2. k, and its bottom right corner at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. 1. Row 2. 0. The image is shrunk horizontally.
Second graph plots an image of a gold fish in a x sub 1 x sub 2 plane with its bottom left corner at the origin, the top left corner at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. 0. Row 2. k, and its bottom right corner at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. 1. Row 2. 0. The image is expanded horizontally.

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Geometric Linear Transformations of
Double Lined R Squared (5 of 6)
Table 3 Shears

Transformation Image of the Unit Square Standard Matrix

a 2 by 2 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. 1, k. Row 2. 0, 1.

Horizontal shear 1 k 
0 1 
 
Two graphs. First graph plots an image of a bird in a x sub 1 x sub 2 plane with its bottom left corner at the origin, the top left corner at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. k. Row 2. 1, and its bottom right corner at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. k. Row 2. 0. The image is skewed leftward.
A text reads, k is less than 0. Second graph plots an image of a bird in a x sub 1 x sub 2 plane with its bottom left corner at the origin, the top left corner at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. k. Row 2. 1, and its bottom right corner at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. k. Row 2. 0. The image is skewed rightward. A text reads, k is greater than 0. Dashed lines extend from the point, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. k. Row 2. 1, to the point k on the x axis.

a 2 by 2 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. 1, 0. Row 2. k, 1.

Vertical shear 1 0
k 1 
 
Two graphs. First graph plots an image of a bird in a x sub 1 x sub 2 plane with its bottom left corner at the origin, the top left corner at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. 0. Row 2. 1, and its bottom right corner at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. 1. Row 2. k. The image is skewed downward.
A text reads, k is less than 0. Second graph plots an image of a bird in a x sub 1 x sub 2 plane with its bottom left corner at the origin, the top left corner at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. 0. Row 2. 1, and its bottom right corner at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. 1. Row 2. k. The image is skewed uptward. A text reads, k is greater than 0. Dashed lines extend from the point, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. 1. Row 2. k, to the point k on the y axis.

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Geometric Linear Transformations of
Double Lined R Squared (6 of 6)
Table 4 Projections
Transformation Image of the Unit Square Standard Matrix

1 0
a 2 by 2 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. 1, 0. Row 2. 0, 0.

Projection onto
the x1 -axis 0 0
x sub 1
 
A graph plots an image of a gold fish in a x sub 1 x sub 2 plane with its bottom left corner at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. 0. Row 2. 0, and its bottom right corner at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. 1. Row 2. 0. The image is shrunk horizontally along the x axis.

0 0
a 2 by 2 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. 0, 0. Row 2. 0, 1.

Projection onto
the x2 -axis 0 1 
x sub 2
 
A graph plots an image of a gold fish in a x sub 1 x sub 2 plane with its bottom left corner at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. 0. Row 2. 0, and its top left corner at a point labeled, a 2 by 1 matrix with elements as follows. Row 1. 0. Row 2. 1. The image is shrunk vertically along the y axis.

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Existence And Uniqueness Questions (1 of 8)
• Definition: A mapping 𝑇: 𝑅𝑛 → 𝑅𝑚 is said to be onto
𝑅𝑛 if each b in 𝑅𝑚 is the image of at least one x in 𝑅𝑛

Figure 3 Is the range of T all of 𝑅𝑚 ?

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Existence And Uniqueness Questions (2 of 8)
• Equivalently, T is onto 𝑅𝑚 when the range of T is all of
the codomain 𝑅𝑚 That is, T maps 𝑅𝑛 onto 𝑅𝑚 if, for each
b in the codomain 𝑅𝑚 there exists at least one solution of
T (x) = b. “Does T map 𝑅𝑛 onto 𝑅𝑚 is an existence
question. The mapping T is not onto when there
Is some b in 𝑅𝑚 for which the equation T (x) = b
has no solution.

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Existence And Uniqueness Questions (3 of 8)
• Definition: A mapping 𝑇: 𝑅𝑛 → 𝑅𝑚 is said to be one-to
-one if each b in 𝑅𝑚 is the image of at most one x
in 𝑅𝑛

Figure 4 Is every b the image of at most one vector?

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Existence And Uniqueness Questions (4 of 8)
• Example 4: Let T be the linear transformation whose
standard matrix is

1 −4 8 1 
A = 0 2 −1 3
 
0 0 0 5

• Does T map 𝑅4 onto 𝑅3 ? Is T a one-to-one mapping?

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Existence And Uniqueness Questions (5 of 8)
• Solution: Since A happens to be in echelon form, we can
see at once that A has a pivot position in each row.
By Theorem 4 in Section 1.4, for each b in 𝑅3 the
equation Ax = b is consistent. In other words, the linear
transformation T maps 𝑅4 its domain onto 𝑅3
• However, since the equation Ax = b has a free variable
(because there are four variables and only three basic
variables), each b is the image of more than one x. This
is, T is not one-to-one.

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Existence And Uniqueness Questions (6 of 8)
• Theorem 11: Let 𝑇: 𝑅𝑛 → 𝑅𝑚 be a linear transformation. Then T is one-
to-one if and only if the equation T (x) = 0 has only the trivial solution.

• Proof: Since T is linear, T (0) = 0. If T is one-to-one, then the equation

T (x) = 0 has at most one solution and hence only the trivial solution.

• If T is not one-to-one, then there is a b that is the image of at least

two different vectors in 𝑅𝑛 --say, u and v. That is
T (u) = b and T ( v ) = b . But then, since T is linear,

T ( u − v ) = T ( u ) − T ( v ) = b − b =0

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Existence And Uniqueness Questions (7 of 8)
• The vector u − v is not zero, since u  v. Hence the equation T (x) = 0
has more than one solution. So, either the two conditions in the
theorem are both true or they are both false.

• Theorem 12: Let 𝑇: 𝑅𝑛 → 𝑅𝑚 be a linear transformation and let A

be the standard matrix for T. Then:

a) T maps 𝑅𝑛 onto 𝑅𝑚 if and only if the columns of A span 𝑅𝑚

b) T is one-to-one if and only if the columns of A are linearly independent.

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Existence And Uniqueness Questions (8 of 8)
• Proof:

a) By Theorem 4 in Section 1.4, the columns of A span 𝑅𝑚

if and only if for each b in 𝑅𝑚 the equation Ax = b is consistent—
in other words, if and only if for every b, the equation T ( x) = b
has at least one solution. This is true if and only if T maps 𝑅𝑛 onto 𝑅𝑚

b) The equations T (x) = 0 and Ax = 0 are the same except for notation.
So, by Theorem 11, T is one-to-one if and only if Ax = 0 has only the
trivial solution. This happens if and only if the columns of A are
linearly independent.

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