Fuzzy Logic Based Mamximum Power Point

Tracking For Solar PV Array Using

MATLAB
Rithik K R T Jeevaa SR Rani C
School of Electrical Engineering School of Electrical Engineering School of Electrical Engineering
Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore Institute of Technology
Vellore, India Vellore, India Vellore, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract— To track the maximum power from a photovoltaic

panel, this research offers an MPPT (maximum power point
tracking) controller based on fuzzy logic. The I-V of solar PV
arrays is nonlinear. traits and are influenced by variables such as
temperature and brightness. The fuzzy MATLAB Simulink in
this study is used to implement fuzzy logic in the MPPT
controller methodology. Uncertain reasoning The MPPT model
can manage nonlinearity well and can monitor the highest power
more quickly and accurately. It offers generally superior
performance in relation to traditional methods in terms of
tracking the maximum power point. We also demonstrated how
to create a fuzzy system with a boost converter and determine the
maximum power of a photovoltaic array at a fixed temperature
and irradiance in our suggested method. Ultimately, our findings
show that the fuzzy controller outperforms other controllers and
P&O in tracking solar MPPT.

Keywords—Boost converter, Fuzzy logic, Maximum power point

tracking (MPPT), Membership function,
PV array, Simulink. Fig. 1 Year wise solar and wind capacity addition data

The need for sustainable power supplies is growing rapidly due

I. INTRODUCTION to the scarcity of coal and oil, their rapid depletion, their
negative effects on the atmosphere, and their involvement in
One of the most promising energy sources is photovoltaic climate disasters. Another aspect that promotes their increased
energy since it produces no pollution and is widely available. usage is the fact that sustainable power resources may be
As of March 31, 2018, India's solar installations surpassed 20 produced in a variety of ways and installed everywhere. In this
GW, while the country's total grid-connected solar installations sense, solar and wind power are two of the most often
reached 20.6 GW. Meanwhile, rooftop capacity exceeded 1 employed sustainable energy. To generate electricity from the
GW. About 10GW of additional installed solar capacity was airflow, wind turbines should be positioned to receive as much
added in 2017–18, about twice as much as the previous year. exposure to wind as possible. That can, however, not apply to
The amount of solar capacity added in the last year is more every state in Bangladesh in all situations.
than five times that of wind capacity installed in the same year.
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has In addition, since the noise produced by wind turbines irritates
released the year-by-year data on solar and wind capacity people, residential neighbourhoods must be prepared to tolerate
expansion, which is listed below. Climate change is one of the windmills. The percentage of PV generation to global power
major environmental issues that the world is now dealing with. generation is rising as photovoltaic (PV) system integration
Using renewable energy is one of the best strategies to deal with the grid expands internationally. Therefore, solar energy is
with this problem. The usage of sustainable energies has the most alluring renewable energy source. It can also be
replaced fossil fuels as the primary energy source considering regarded as one of the most valuable resources due to its many
the depletion of conventional energy supplies and the harm that benefits, including the ability to operate without emitting
increasing human activity is causing to the environment. This is pollutants or requiring maintenance, and its predicted rise in
because the output of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels has popularity in the coming years. A range of valued inference
decreased. Sustainable power sources include both energy form is one in which the reality value of a parameter is any
derived from continuous environmental forces and energy actual integer between 0 and 1, in accordance with the fuzzy
derived from environmental elements that have been converted. systems idea. In real life, we are unable to determine if the
statement is accurate or not. Numerous energy sources,
including solar and wind energy, have been studied using the
fuzzy logic system. Nevertheless, there are a lot of holes in the any model. It is the most important nonlinear system control
fuzzy logic controller process when it comes to connecting approach.
solar energy to a grid. We attempted to restrict the largest
fluctuations in solar energy using a fuzzy logic controller in III. METHODOLOGY
conjunction with a grid connection technology. because it has
an intelligence system in addition to offering the best A boost converter with an MPPT controller, a DC
productivity. The article describes the modelling and load, and a solar panel make up the suggested control method.
implementation of such a fuzzy controller to record the PV Typically, MPPT is positioned between the converter circuit
array maximum power level and uses the fuzzy system features and the solar photovoltaic system module. DC power, voltage,
to characterise a problem using linguistic notions. and current from solar PV were supplied to the converter
circuit. This MPPT controller senses and measures the voltage
Natural factors like as solar radiation and operating heat have
and current from the solar PV module. An MPPT controller
an impact on the anticipated electricity generation of RES. The
main purpose of the maximum recording power point approach regulates the boost converter, which raises the PV voltage
control system is to remove the maximum power capabilities of since the solar PV voltage is insufficient. The duty cycle is
the solar radiation sensor (RES) in relation to temperature and changed using MPPT controllers to determine the maximum
sun irradiation at a suitable time point. Almost all the power output power.
available will be used by the MPPT controller. Early on, the
MPPT algorithms garnered a lot of interest. They have been
examined, enhanced, and put into practise. To align the MPP
voltage with the solar panels' real operating voltage is the aim
of MPPT.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

Humans have been using solar energy since the 7th century
B.C. In the third century B.C., the Greeks and Romans began
using "burning mirrors" to reflect sunlight and light holy
torches during religious ceremonies. Sunrooms were built in
the past to harness the natural warmth of the sun. In the 1970s,
the Greek navy put its solar power experiment to the test. Fig. 2 Control technique for PV array

The photovoltaic notion originated in 1839 with experiments A. PV Model

conducted by French physicist Edmond Becquerel using a cell
The analogous circuit for a solar PV panel is shown in
made of metal electrodes in a conducting fluid. He noticed that
Figure 2. The symbols Rs and Rp stand for series and parallel
the cell produced more energy in response to light exposure. In
resistance, respectively. A current source in anti-parallel with a
1873, Willoughby Smith discovered that selenium could be
diode can be used to replicate the single diode method. The
utilised as a photoconductor. Three years following Becquerel's
following formula may be used to get the solar PV output
discovery, in 1876, William Grylls Adams and Richard Evans
current, or Ipv :
Day put into practise the photovoltaic principle to selenium.
They found that it could generate electricity when exposed to
light. The first functional selenium sun cell was created in 1883
by American inventor Charles Fritz, about 50 years after the
photovoltaic effect was initially discovered. Eliminating the
steady state inaccuracy brought on by the P controller is the
main goal of the PI controller. Usually, this controller is used in
situations where system speed is not an issue. The PI controller
is used in many industrial applications due to its ability to
adjust for the majority of realistic industrial processes.
A proportional-derivative controller, or PD controller, reacts to
the rate at which process error changes . The PID
(Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controller is among the first
examples of a typical industrial controller. These control
methods are built around the PID controller. This system is Fig. 3 Equivalent circuit of PV Panel
composed of three elements: a derivative, an integral, and a
proportional element. There are several methods for monitoring
the maximum power point. The simplest approach is the P & O
method, which includes varying the PV array voltage
periodically in order to get the operating point closer to the (1)
maximum power point. If the power is increased, the where Ipv is the solar panel's output current and Vpv is its output
fluctuation will either remain unchanged or flip in the next voltage. Iph and Io stand for photocurrents and saturation; VT
cycle . stands for the thermal voltage of the PV cell; and for the
Initially, Lotfi Zadeh established the Fuzzy Logic (FL) concept. ideality factor of the diode. The resistances of the PV cell are
He was presented as a data processing method rather than a Rs and Rp in series and parallel, respectively. The temperature
control methodology. In human decisions, Fuzzy Logic, unlike of PV cells and the strength of solar PV radiation are the main
other computers, consists of a range of possibilities between factors influencing photocurrent.
True and False, according to his observation. This strategy was
not used until the 1970s due to a lack of small-computer
capacity at the time. FLCs are not interdependent predictable (2)
computational formalism; they are designed to accommodate
The diode saturation current can be represented as follows

(3)
Where Irs represent to reverse saturate current, and Eg donates
energy in band-gap.

B. Boost Converter
This converter is a step-up. It is powered by a dc voltage
supply from the PV solar panels. The duty cycle, which is Fig. 6 Fuzzy Logic Control mechanism
provided to the MOSFET device and controlled via pulse-
width modulation, is necessary to control the circuit's output. It
is made up of a load resistor R, filter capacitor C, diode D,
boost inductor L, and power switch (MOSFET transistor)
actual load values.

Fig. 4 Equivalent circuit of DC-DC Converter

The relation of input and output voltage of a boost converter

can be expressed as

(4)
Fig. 7 Control flowchart

C. Proposed optimization Technique

The complete system is divided into three major parts FLC uses 2 inputs: dV and dP, both of which are fuzzified
Electrical power generating Solar PV system, Power using a rule-based method. Negative Big (NB), Negative
electronics interface DC-DC boost converter and FLC based Small (NS), Zero (ZE), Positive Small (PS), and Positive Big
MPPT model. (PB) are the five fuzzy subsets used to assign membership
function values to linguistics variables.
Its design is straightforward and strong. It is not required to
have a deep comprehension of PV panel specifications.

The three phases of the operation and design of the fuzzy logic
controller are fuzzification, rule assessment, and
defuzzification. The input membership functions (MFs) of the
FL-based MPPT controller are found during the first step,
known as fuzzification, by measuring fluctuations in the PV
panel's output voltage and current. By connecting the logic Fig. 8 small change in V (dV)
operations between the input and output membership, the
control action is found using FLC linguistic rules in the rule
assessment process. For any kind of action that the input
membership function may take after it, the rule evaluation
stage produces a fuzzy output membership function. Linguistic
variables are transformed into distinct variables during the
defuzzification step.
Fig. 9 small change in P (dP)
(5)
Where P denotes power and V denotes voltage of a PV array.

(6)

Fig. 10 Duty Cycle output (D)

 IV. RESULTS
Because it does not require a thorough grasp of a specific In MATLAB/SIMULINK, the DC-DC Converter with
MPPT model, it is easier to develop. The Mamdani type fuzzy photovoltaic system is simulated using a fuzzy logic controller.
inference system is employed. About twenty-five hazy IF- This Controller is applied to boost converter which in its places
THEN rules are covered. connected to resistive load. Firstly, simulation has been done
under constant temperature of 25 0°C with fast changes in
irradiation 1000 W/m2 . The model is simulated for one
TABLE. 1 Proposed Fuzzy Rule second. By using the proposed FLC based MPPT technique
efficiency of tracking has been found as 99.48%.
D dV

NB NS ZE PS PB
NB PS PB NB NB NS
dP NS PS PS NS NS NS
ZE ZE ZE ZE ZE ZE
PS NS NS PS PS PS
PB NS NB PB PB PS

There are two operational scenarios for the fuzzy rule that was
used in this investigation. The working point is to the left of
the maximum power point in the first scenario if the dV is
positive. Similarly, the working point converges to the
maximum power point when the dP is positive.
Fig. 11 Output voltage of converter at 1000W/m2 and 250C
For example, if both dV and dP are positive big, the output, or
duty cycle, will be PL and will attempt to converge towards
the maximum power point. In a similar manner, the table
summarises every other rule. In the second scenario, the
working point is to the right of the maximum power point if
dV is negative. In the latter scenario, the operating point
moves away from the maximum power point if "CE" is
negative and diverges if dP is positive.

Fig.12 Output current of converter at 1000W/m2 and 250C

Fig. 10 Plot of PV Solar Array

PPV = Power output of PV panel

VPV = Output voltage of PV panel
ΔPPV = Power change inside PV panel Fig.13 Output power of converter at 1000W/m2 and 250C
ΔVPV = Voltage change inside PV panel

(i) If ΔPPV < 0 and ΔVPV < 0

So E > 0 and D increases
(ii) If ΔPPV > 0 and ΔVPV > 0
So E > 0 and D decreases
(iii) If ΔPPV > 0 and ΔVPV < 0
So E < 0 and D decreases
(iv) If ΔPPV < 0 and ΔVPV > 0
So E < 0 and D decreases
(v) If ΔPPV = 0 and ΔVPV = 0
So E = 0 and maximum power point is achieved.
Fig.14 PV Voltage at 1000W/m2 and 250C
 V. RESULTS ANALYSIS
Optimising the PV array's power output is the main goal of
an MPPT system. The tracking efficiency of the Fuzzy Logic-
Based MPPT system was excellent. Under dynamic weather
circumstances, such as variations in temperature and sun
irradiance, it successfully monitored the MPP. Comparing this
flexibility to more conventional MPPT algorithms like
Incremental Conductance or Perturb and Observe (P&O)
reveals a big benefit.
The assessment of the Fuzzy Logic-Based MPPT system's
steady-state performance involved analysing its reaction to
different levels of solar irradiation. The output voltage and
Fig.15 PV Current at 1000W/m2 and 250C current of the system demonstrated its capacity to sustain
optimum power conversion, as they closely tracked the voltage
and current of the MPPT. through the application of abrupt
variations in solar irradiation to the PV array, the transient
response of the MPPT system was assessed. With lightning
speed, the duty cycle was modified by the fuzzy logic
controller to match the new MPP. In real-world applications
where weather conditions might change quickly, this quick
reaction is essential.
The MPPT system based on fuzzy logic shown resilience in
handling measurements that were noisy or ambiguous. It could
continue to function steadily in the face of changing
environmental circumstances and yielded reliable findings
Fig.16 PV Power at 1000W/m2 and 250C throughout several simulation runs. The Fuzzy Logic-Based
MPPT was evaluated for efficacy by contrasting it with other
widely used MPPT algorithms, such P&O and Incremental
Conductance. The findings demonstrated that in terms of
tracking accuracy and speed, the Fuzzy Logic controller
performed better than these conventional techniques.
The effect of the Fuzzy Logic-Based MPPT system on the total
efficiency of the solar PV array was a crucial component of the
investigation. It was found that by keeping the array closer to
the MPP, the system increased the energy yield and boosted the
array's efficiency. This may lead to considerable cost savings
and a quicker solar PV system payback period.
Fig.17 PV Power at 800W/m2 and 250C
PV modules frequently experience partial shadowing in
real-world setups. By swiftly adjusting the operating point, the
There is no oscillation in our designed fuzzy logic method that Fuzzy Logic-Based MPPT system showed that it could lessen
means we get better output from fuzzy logic system to get the impact of partial shade and therefore the power loss caused
MPPT. In solar PV system there is an impact of solar by shading. Sensitivity analysis was used to determine how
irradiation. In fuzzy logic method there is no possibility to get changes in the rule sets and membership functions influenced
incorrect decision under sudden increase solar radiation. the Fuzzy Logic-Based MPPT system's performance. The
Because this fuzzy logic is an intellectual method to find MPPT outcomes demonstrated that adjusting these settings might
and we can make irradiation at a fixed range. improve the system's functionality even further.
The MATLAB study of the fuzzy logic-based maximum power
point tracking (MPPT) method for solar photovoltaic arrays
TABLE. 2 Comparison of Without MPPT and FLC MPPT
shows that this method is a reliable and effective way to
Methods Without MPPT FLC MPPT maximise power production in a variety of environmental
scenarios. It is a good option for practical applications because
VPV (V) 35.45 29.97 to its versatility, quick reaction time, and capacity for handling
partial shading. The Fuzzy Logic controller provides better
IPV (A) 3.385 7.648 tracking accuracy and efficiency increase over typical MPPT
algorithms, leading to a greater energy yield. It is a potential
Power (W) 119.99 229.21 approach to increase the performance of solar PV systems, and
more gains in system performance may be obtained by
optimising the membership functions and rule sets.
TABLE. 3 Result of FLC
MATLAB-based MPPT design and simulation for a
Irradiance Input Power Output Efficiency photovoltaic system based on a fuzzy logic controller is given.
(W/m2) (W) Power (%) The usage of MPPT in solar systems may be concluded to
(W) perform well at a range of temperatures and irradiances, either
at R load or batteries. On a system with battery, the temperature
1000 230.6 229.12 99.5 variation is 98.81%, and the irradiance variation is 99.01%.
Results for output voltage and output current are acquired with
800 184.6 182.4 98.99 MATLAB/SIMULINK. First, a switch without a tracking
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