The topic of my presentation is

Firstly, I’ll explain what

Secondly, we’ll discuss
Then, we’ll be looking at…
Finally, we’ll discuss

Intro

-It refers to the scientific efforts to detect signals or evidence of

technological activity originating from potential extraterrestrial
civilizations.
-Scientists search mostly for electromagnetic signals in SETI due to their
efficient propagation through space, technological feasibility for
detection, and the potential for intentional modulation.
3-
-At the end of the 19th century.
-Scientists like Nikola Tesla looking for electromagnetic signals.

-Mars was closer to the earth than ever in the century.

-The US government asked the radio to stop emitting for 5 minutes every
hour between the 21st and 23rd.
-The goal was to catch any signal from mars.

-The first official SETI project

-by American astronomer Frank Drake.
-Green Bank radio telescope
-Since the Project Ozma, numerous SETI project, found suspicious
signals but no evidence of intelligent life.

-Big Ear radio telescope

-The Wow! Signal remains an unsolved mystery, and its origin is
unknown.

1-
-formulated in 1961
-an attempt to estimate the number of extraterrestrial civilizations in our
galaxy with which we might potentially communicate.
2-
Italian physicist
Manhattan project (atomic bomb)
Summer 1950
Lunch time at Los Alamos national library New Mexico
Talking about travelling faster than light
Blurted out : « where is everybody »

4)If Earth-like planets are typical, some may have developed

intelligent life long ago.
5)Some of these civilizations may have developed interstellar travel
Since many of the Sun-like stars are billions of years older than the Sun,
the Earth should have already been visited by extraterrestrial civilizations.
The Earth should have already been colonized, or at least visited, but no
evidence of this exists

Solution: (Explanation)
Great Filter:
Most common agreed upon low probability event: abiogenesis
« Natural process by which life has arisen from non-living matter »

4-
-Expansion -civilization - sooner or later limited.
-On the other hand, the energy of the star - used- much longer timescale.
-Advanced civilization could try to catch its sun energy - ways to detect it.
-According to Dyson,
4.2-
-A Dyson sphere would radiate a lot of infrared light.
-Way to detect a Dyson sphere or any stellar engine
-spectrophotometer.
-Trigonometric parallax
-Distort the spectrophotometric parallax. A discrepancy between those two
parallaxes could mean that an object is covering the star.
The detection in Infrared of such a variation does not automatically
mean
-gives clues on where to search with other observation instruments.
-It most likely means the presence of a natural structure like a protostar, a
cloud of gas or dust condensing into a star. Infrared sources search led to
the understanding of the formation of stars.

In conclusion, even if after a hundred year of research, we still haven’t

seen any evidence of an other intelligent civilization, SETI has not been
useless. For example, the detection of electromagnetic signals from the
cosmos have provided valuable insights into various phenomena, such as
the understanding of protostars.

-R∗ = the average rate of star formation in our Galaxy. (Per year)
-fp = the fraction of those stars that have planets. (%)
-ne = the average number of planets, per solar system that can potentially support life.
(Nb)
-fl = the fraction of those planets that actually develop life at some point.
-fi = the fraction of planets with life that actually go on to develop intelligent life
-fc = the fraction of civilizations that develop a technology that releases detectable
signs of their existence into space.
-L = the length of time for which they would release those signals into space.

-Qu’est-ce qu’un signal Narrowband ?

Narrowband signals are signals that occupy a narrow range of frequencies.
-Pourquoi est-ce qu’une sphere de Dyson doit émettre dans l’infrarouge ?
2 first laws of thermodynamics
 Introduction (1 minute)

1.1- Introduction to the topic: Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence

(SETI).

1.2- Importance of the search and the question of the existence of other
intelligent civilizations in the universe.

1.1-
The topic of my presentation is
Firstly, I’ll explain what
Secondly, we’ll discuss
Then, we’ll be looking at…
Finally, we’ll discuss

-SETI stands for search of extraterrestrial intelligence.

-It refers to the scientific efforts to detect signals or evidence of
technological activity originating from potential extraterrestrial
civilizations.
- Methods used (on earth and in orbit )
-
1.2-

Drake Equation: (Frank Drake 1961)

Frank Drake formulated the Drake Equation in 1961, an attempt to
estimate the number of extraterrestrial civilizations in our galaxy with
which we might potentially communicate.

-R∗ = the average rate of star formation in our Galaxy. (Per year)
NASA

-fp = the fraction of those stars that have planets. (%)

planets seem to orbit around a star as a rule rather than an exception
-ne = the average number of planets that can potentially support life per
star that has planets. (Nb)

-fl = the fraction of planets that could support life that actually develop
life at some point. (abiogenesis —> natural process by which life has
arisen from non-living matter)
(No degree of freedom no other example small sample size)

-fi = the fraction of planets with life that actually go on to develop

intelligent life
-complexity of life over time
-there has been billion of species on earth and it took million of years
for the earth to develop intelligent life

-fc = the fraction of civilizations that develop a technology that releases

detectable signs of their existence into space.
-would they want to communicate
-close enough for us to detect those signals

-L = the length of time for which such civilisations release detectable

signals into space.

Fermi paradox

Who’s Enrico Fermi

Italian physicist
Manhattan project
1950
Lunch time
Talking with other scientist about travelling faster than light
Different quote from different person

What’s the paradox

There are billions of stars in the Milky Way similar to the Sun.
With high probability, some of these stars have Earth-like planets in a
circumstellar habitable zone.
 Many of these stars, and hence their planets, are much older than the
Sun. If Earth-like planets are typical, some may have developed
intelligent life long ago.
Some of these civilizations may have developed interstellar
travel, a step humans are investigating now.
Even at the slow pace of currently envisioned interstellar travel, the
Milky Way galaxy could be completely traversed in a few million years.
Since many of the Sun-like stars are billions of years older than the
Sun, the Earth should have already been visited by extraterrestrial
civilizations, or at least their probes.
However, there is no convincing evidence that this has happened.

The consequences
The Earth should have already been colonized, or at least visited, but no
evidence of this exists
• f1, abiogenesis not common
• fi, took million of years for human to evolve
• fc, don’t want to communicate

2. Foundations of SETI Research (2 minutes)

2.1- Brief history of SETI research.
2.2- Mention of traditional search methods such as radio signal
detection.
Electromagnetic waves

2.1-
Begun in the end of the 19th century before the advancement of radio
communication. Scientists like Nikola Tesla have been looking for
electromagnetic signals since then.

In August 1924, mars was closer to the earth than ever in the century. The
US government asked the radio to stop emitting for 5 minutes every hour
between the 21 and 23. It was called « National Radio Silence Day ». The
goal was to catch any signal from mars.

The first official SETI project, called Project Ozma, was initiated in 1960
by American astronomer Frank Drake. It used the Green Bank radio
telescope to listen for signals from two Sun-like stars Tau Ceti and
Epsilon Eridani. Since the Project Ozma, there has been numerous SETI
project, some detected suspicious signals but no evidence of intelligent life
in the universe.

On August 15, 1977 , the Ohio state’s university’s Big Ear radio
telescope detected a signal from the Sagittarius constellation. The signal
lasted for 72 seconds and was a strong, narrowband signal. Ehman
circled the signal on the computer printout and wrote "Wow!" next to it,
giving it its name. Despite numerous attempts to detect the signal again, it
has never been observed since that day. The Wow! Signal remains an
unsolved mystery, and its origin is unknown. Many theories have been
proposed, including natural phenomena, terrestrial interference, or even a
signal from an extraterrestrial source.

4. Dyson Spheres: An Advanced Perspective (1 minute)

4.1 - Explain what Dyson Spheres are and how they relate to the search
for advanced civilizations.

4.2- Discuss the physical principles behind Dyson Sphere construction

for capturing a star's energy.

4.1-
During its expansion a civilization is sooner or later limited by the
resources of its planet. On the other hand, the energy of the star around
which the planet orbits can be used on a much longer timescale. We can
then conclude that a more advanced civilization could try to catch its sun
energy and that maybe there is a way to detect such a thing.

-A Dyson sphere is defined as 'any collection of artificial material

around a star that produces significant amount of waste heat
regardless of its specific geometry or purpose’. According to Dyson, a
swarm of satellites at 2U:A: would require the mass of Jupiter to be
built.

4.2-
-Such a structure would collect the star energy but because of
thermodynamics laws, the structure would also have to radiate its
waste energy most likely as heat. A Dyson sphere would as a result
radiate a lot of infrared light.
-But for the Dyson sphere to radiate in IR there are two assumptions: the
waste heat radiated has to be isotropic which means that it is radiated in
all directions the same way (or anisotropic but radiated in our direction)
and the energy that isn't used isn't stored. If those conditions are
fulfilled, the Dyson sphere would have a strong infrared signature and
would be detectable.

-A way to detect a Dyson sphere or in fact any stellar engine is to compare

the trigonometric parallax to the parallax calculated by a
spectrophotometer.

-Parallax

Dyson sphere radiating in Infrared would distort the spectrophotometric

parallax. A discrepancy between those two parallaxes could mean that an
object is covering the star.

Today's technology can’t detect the difference induced by a Dyson sphere

that covers less than 75% of the star because of errors in measurements.
The disparity would be too small to be detected. Also the detection in
Infrared of such a variation does not mean automatically the existence
of a Dyson sphere around the star but give clues on where to search with
other observation instruments. For example, we could search for
irregular light variation or electromagnetic noise.
it most likely means the presence of a natural structure like a protostar, a
cloud of gas or dust condensing into a star. Infrared sources search led to
the understanding of the formation of stars.
5. Conclusion (0.5 minute)
- Summarize the significance of SETI research for our understanding of
the universe.

- Emphasize the potential of Dyson Spheres as a fascinating avenue in

SETI research.