Journal of Cereal Research

Reveiw Article
Volume 15 (1): 24-30
Homepage: http://epubs.icar.org.in/ejournal/index.php/JWR

Nanofertilizers in Wheat crop nutrition: A Review

Alok Singh Jayara1*, Rajeew Kumar2 and Priyanka Pandey3

PhD Scholar, 2Professor, Department of Agronomy, 3Assistant Professor, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic
1

Engineering, G B Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar

Article history: Abstract

Received: 31 Dec., 2022
Revised: 28 Mar., 2023 Nutrient management is one of the important determinants of yield
Accepted: 18 Apr., 2023 of wheat crop. The conventional practices of fertilizer management
are characterized by intensive use and low efficiency which has
impact on the ecological and economic cost of crop production.
Nanofertilizers can prove as an efficient alternative to the present
fertilizer management owing to their unique properties of smaller
Citation: size, higher surface area and reactivity. The studies have indicated
Jayara AS, R Kumar and P Pandey. 2023.
Nanofertilizers in Wheat crop nutrition: A that nanoformulations of macronutrients as well as micronutrients
Review. Journal of Cereal Research 15 (1): 24-30. are effective in enhancing yield, nutrient use efficiency and
http://doi.org/10.25174/2582-2675/2023/128120
enables cost reduction. In addition, the nanofertilizers are effective
in alleviating various abiotic stress as well as in increasing the
chlorophyll and protein content in wheat. Nanofertilizers also hold
potential for biofortification. The future of nanofertilizers lies in
*Corresponding author: their further advancement to nanosensors and intelligent fertilizers.
E-mail: [email protected] However, there is need to address certain challenges including their
usage regulation and commercialization.

Keywords: Nutrient management, nanofertilizer, efficiency, yield,

© Society for Advancement of Wheat and Barley Research stress, biofortification

1. Introduction
Wheat is one of the early domesticated and staple food further to the 1.3% in 1985-97 which is less than the 1.5% of
crops of the world. The domestication of this crop is the preGreen revolution era (Tandon and Sethi, 2006). In
perceived about 10000 years ago in fertile crescent of the recent past only 0.9% growth in wheat production has
Western Asia and North Africa (de Sousa et al., 2021) been achieved (Salim, 2020). It is important to look into
(insert Ref.). The crop is grown on an area of 242.39 mha the principal causes of reduction of the wheat production
with the production of 895.18 mT (FAOSTAT, 2022) so as to reverse the causes systematically. Though there
satisfying the 85% energy demand and 82% of the protein are several reasons being attributed to the yield reduction
demand of the global population (Al-Juthery et al., 2022). including heat stress, degraded soil health due to intensive
In India, wheat stands next to rice crop with a total area of cropping and tillage and rising biotic stress ( Jasrotia et al.,
31.12 mha and production of 109.58 mT (Indiastat, 2022). 2018), crop nutrition in wheat is an essential aspect. Pre-
The major wheat growing nations of world are China, Green revolution has seen the negligible fertilizer usage;
India, USA, Canada. The world population is expected to however, with the introduction of Green revolution, there
reach 10 billion by 2050 which definitely calls for getting has been introduction of high yielding dwarf varieties
an increase in the wheat production so as to satisfy the which were accompanied with the use of higher doses
energy and protein needs. If we see the rate of increase of fertilizers and irrigation. Now with time, there has
in production of the wheat crop, there has been increase been increased difference between the input use cost and
of 2.1% in 1966-77 after green revolution, which further return impacting the overall profitability of the wheat
increased to 3.0% in 1977-85, however, it has reduced cropping (Dhanda et al., 2022). Land degradation due to

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 Nanofertilizers in Wheat crop nutrition

intensive farming practices and excess input use is another utilized in agriculture (Mukhopadhyay, 2014; Chippa,
reason for the reduction in the yield and output (Mythili 2019). The application of nanotechnology in the field
and Goedecke, 2016). It can’t be neglected that there is of nutrient management has potential to improve the
strong correlation between the food grain production and agricultural landscape.
fertilizer usage ( Jayara, 2022). The number of florets per Nanofertilizers are either nutrient in form of nanomaterials
spikelet which determines the number of grains has direct or nutrients are encapsulated inside them or these
correlation with the nutrient supply to the plant. Fertilizer are carriers/ additives for the minerals (Usman et al.,
application is essential to replenish the soil nutrient pool. 2020). Fertilizers in form of nanoformulations possess
However, the present times fertilizer use is associated with the properties of controlled and timely release, higher
higher consumption compared to the yield enhancement, solubility, effectiveness, stability, improved targeted
thus, characterized by the lower nutrient use efficiency delivery with desired concentration, safe and easy
(NUE). Overall NUE for the primary nutrients is less than disposal and reduced toxicity (Pramanik et al., 2020).
50% in conventional fertilizers (Subramaniam et al., 2015; Nanostructured material such as chitosan, zeolites,
Salim and Raza, 2020). The excess application of chemical nanohydroxyapatites and clay minerals can be used to
fertilizer for higher yields is common practice since develop fertilizers for soil or foliar application and their
nutrient is most yield limiting element (Salim and Raza, interaction with nutrient can be utilized e.g. urea modified
2020). Excess and imbalanced application of fertilizers has with nanohydroxyapatite particles can serve as slow
led to the emergence of micro nutrient deficiency. There release fertilizer supplying nutrient upto 60 days (Chippa,
is increased deficiency of iron, sulphur, zinc, boron and 2019; Pramanik et al., 2020; Usman et al., 2020). Presently
manganese in some wheat growing areas of South Asia there is availability of natural or synthetic polymers for
( Jasrotia et al., 2018). Soil application of the fertilizers also coating for slow release fertilizers such as biodegradable
leads to the reduced NUE as these become more prone chitosan nanoparticles, kaolin and biocompatible
to fixation and volatilization losses depending on the soil nanoparticles (Duhan et al., 2017). The slow release of
characteristics. Eutrophication and contamination of water fertilizer nutrients especially beneficial where the nutrients
bodies is additional problem with loss of nutrient. The are lost in form of volatilization, leaching or denitrification
beneficial microflora is also impacted with the excess use in case of nitrogen fertilizer use or reversion in case
of fertilizers (Duhan et al., 2017). This calls for devising of phosphate fertilizers. The problem of leaching and
the alternate mode of nutrient delivery in wheat crop so as fixation also extends to potassium fertilizers depending
to address these issues. Nanotechnology is one such area on texture of the soil (Dhillon et al., 2019; Dianjun et al.,
which can reduce the amount of fertilizer, increase the 2022). The majority of micronutrients are available at
NUE and meet out the nutritional demands of wheat crop. lower pH, thus spray of nanoparitcles can prove superior
Nanotechnology is the science of tiny things and refers for them. Nanomaterial encapsulation on fertilizer binds
to the study of particle in size range of one-billionth. Its more strongly due to higher surface tension (Pramanik
use extends to the various fields including medicine, et al., 2020). Some of the additives in fertilizers such as
electronics, physics, chemistry, pharmaceuticals and now nano silica and nano titanium dioxide improve the plant
extending to the field of agriculture. Another definition resistance to biotic and abiotic stress (Duhan et al., 2017).
of nanoparticle in agriculture is size dimension of 10 to 2. Nanonutrition in wheat
1000 nm or below 1000 nm, provided these are colloidal
2.1 Macronutrients
particulates simultaneously (Mukhopadhyay, 2014;
Manjunatha, 2016). The smaller size of the nanoparticle Application of nutrients in nano form will lead to the
imparts unique properties and consequent applications in reduction in the cost as well as increase in efficiency of
the various fields. The major changes in the properties of the nutrient use (El-Saadony et al., 2021). The research
nanoparticles are increase in surface area, cation exchange evidences has shown that application of nano nutrients
capacity, ion adsorption, complexation and different leads to yield advantage. Multinutrient mixture in
surface composition, reactivity, types and densities of sites, nano form proved superior in terms of the yield (15%
higher entropy in colloidal state which can be favorably increase), chlorophyll (15% increase) and protein content

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Journal of Cereal Research 15 (1): 24-30

(6% increase) than the conventional form and even the loaded on nanoparticle led to at par NPK uptake even
application of only nano NPK (8.5% increase) proved with half of the recommended dose of these fertilizers
to be have significantly higher yield than multinutrient when compared to full dose in wheat crop (Hasan and
mixture in conventional form (Al-Juthery et al., 2018). All Saad, 2020). The yield gain of 5.35% was reported when
the vegetative growth parameters, yield, protein content, nano zinc and nano nitrogen were applied along with the
nutrient uptake and agronomic efficiency increased organic sources of nutrients compared to the conventional
significantly with the application of nanofertilizers along NPK along with zinc (Kumar et al., 2022).
with amino acids than combination of mineral and amino 2.2 Micronutrients
acid or mineral and nano fertilzer or nanofertilizer alone
Application of micronutrients (Fe, Zn and Cu) in
(Kandil et al., 2017; Al-Juthery et al., 2019a). Combination
combination has reported the significant increase in
of nano chelated NPK, nano micro-nutrients and yeast
the vegetative parameters, yield attributing parameters,
extract has synergistic effect resulting in significant
grain yield and chlorophyll content (Al-Juthery et al.,
enhancement in wheat yield and nutrient uptake (Al-
2019b). Similar increase was reported with application
Juthery et al., 2020). Nano formulation of lithovit, a rich
of increasing concentration iron nanofertilizer (Hanon
source of calcium, magnesium and silica when sprayed
Mohsen et al., 2022). 20-40 nm iron oxide nanoparticles
at concentration of 400 ppm resulted in the significantly
were found to be effective in terms of uptake, translocation,
higher durum wheat yield with simultaneous increase
increased biomass and chlorophyll content (Al-Amri et al.,
in nitrogen fertilizer dose when compared to control
2020). Seed treatment followed by the foliar application
especially under deficit irrigation conditions (Morsey et
zinc nanoparticles reported significant increase in grain
al., 2018). Lower concentration of Chitosan-Nano NPK
yield and yield contributing characters than application
particles in increasing the vegetative and reproductive
as seed treatment or foliar spray alone and the application
parameters, increased yield, increased polysaccharide
of zinc sulfate at similar stages (Prajapati et al., 2018).
content, however, reduced total soluble sugar and protein
Similarly, Nanozinc @ 400mg/lt along with recommended
content in grain, increased total P and K content in
dose of nitrogen proved superior in stimulating plant
grain than their higher concentration and normal NPK
growth and yield than 600 mg/lt dose (Seadh et al., 2020).
application and nanofertilization also led to the reduction
Abdelaziz et al. (2020) reported nil Zn-P antagonistic
in the life-cyle of wheat crop by 23.5% (Abdel-Aziz et
interaction when nano zinc was applied to highest dose
al., 2016; Abdel-Aziz et al., 2018). Average yield gain of
along with 100% phosphorus and simultaneously increase
16% was reported with three sprays of nano P, K and
in the yield and quality parameters including protein
Zn (different treatments) with 75% of RDF than one
and carbohydrate content in wheat. Iron nanochelated
spray with 100% RDF (Meena et al., 2021). Similarly,
fertilizer @ 2.5kg/1000 lts of water reported significantly
Abdelsalam et al (2019) reported significant increase in the
higher yields compared to higher concentrations in
yield attributing characteristics and grain yield when there
wheat crop under semi-arid conditions of Iran (Rezaeei
was application 75% Nano NPK + 25% mineral NPK than
et al., 2014). Application of iron and zinc oxides reported
100% of each alone or 50% of each in combination. Nano
increase in enzymatic (catalase and polyphenoloxidase)
formulations of NPK fertilizers along with different levels
activities and grain yield under saline conditions (Babaei
of fertilizers has reported significantly higher nitrogen,
et al., 2017). Similar role of zinc nanoparticles in alleviating
phosphorus and potassium use efficiencies compared
salinity stress in wheat which was reflected in its increased
to RDF alone in wheat crop (Mehta and Bharat, 2019).
yield, chlorophyll content and vegetative parameters was
Chitosan nanoparticles nano Nitrogen when applied
reported by Adil et al. (2022). Similarly, under late sown
with mineral Nitrogen reported significantly higher grain
conditions, there was increase in plant height with increase
yield and yield attributing characteristics compared when
in nanobiofertilizer concentrations (Mardalipour et al.,
mineral nitrogen dose was doubled (Saad et al., 2022).
2014). Nano fertilization in form of nano iron or nano zinc
Under drought stress, nitrogen in form of chelated nano
or combination of both resulted in higher yield compared
nitrogen resulted in higher grain yield with lesser dose
to control under severe water limiting conditions in wheat
of nitrogen in wheat (Astaneh et al., 2018). Biofertilizer

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 Nanofertilizers in Wheat crop nutrition

(Seyed Sharifi et al., 2020). Similar role of Zn+Fe+Mn of cost gained with increase in production and other issues
nanochelates along with one supplementary irrigation of safety, consumer acceptance, government regulations
in increasing grain yield by 86% than with only one and intellectual property need to be addressed (Cheng
supplementary irrigation was highlighted by Moitazedi et al., 2016). It has been reported that increase exposure
et al. (2022). Application of Chitosan Zinc nanoparticles of nanoparticles in wheat resulted in increase in mitotic
along with urea reported increased zinc, iron and protein activity resulting into the abnormal cells and chromosomal
content in grain even when applied at 10 fold lower aberration (Abdelsalam et al., 2019).
concentrations compared to conventional zinc sulfate, Conclusion
thus, hold potential for biofortification (Dapkekar et al.,
From the literature review, it can be inferred that
2018). Similar potential for biofortification was reported by
nanofertilizers are effective in increasing yield and
Munir et al. (2018) where increasing concentration of ZnO
simultaneously reducing the fertilizer use in wheat. In
nanoparticles for seed priming resulted in increased grain
addition to this, these nanoparticles increase the metabolic
Zn concentration in wheat and by Ghafari and Razamjoo
activity within the plant and thus, increase chlorophyll
(2013) where nano iron oxide even at lower concentration
content and quality parameters. The nanofertilizers are
were more effective in increasing grain iron and protein
also helpful in alleviating the abiotic stress in wheat.
content than iron chelates and iron sulphate.
Nanoferitilizers are also suited for biofortification of
3. Future Research Potential in nano nutrition wheat with lower doses of fertilizers. However, there is
of wheat need to address certain challenges in form its safety, cost
The field of nanofertilizer is revolutionary in terms of and acceptance.
optimizing the nutrient dose requirement and its use
Author Contributions
efficiency in agricultural crops. Further there is need to
Collection of literature: ASJ, RK and PP; Preparation &
develop intelligent fertilizers which can sense chemical
writing of manuscript ASJ; Proof reading & finalisation
and physical stimuli which may be in form of ethylene
of manuscript ASJ, RK and PP.
production, rhizosphere acidification in response of
nutrient deficiency (Usman et al., 2020). Nanosensors is Ethical Approval
another advancement in the crop nutrition where there NA.
is potential of real time monitoring the fertilizer use
Conflicts of Interest:
and increasing efficiency. Gold nanoparticles, copper
nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes and silver nanoparticles The authors declare no conflict of interest.
are widely studied as sensor for real time monitoring of crop 4. References
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