Curriculum for M.Sc.

in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018

Department of Physics

Physics is concerned with those aspects of nature which can be understood in a

fundamental way in terms of elementary principles and laws. In the opinion of a
non-physicist (J Moliere, French playwright), “Physics explains the properties of
natural bodies and properties of matter; it discourses on the nature of elements,
minerals, plants, rocks and animals, and teaches us the causes of all the meteors,
rainbow, aurora borealis, comets, lightening, thunderbolts, rains, snows, hails and
whirl winds”. In course of time, various specialized sciences broke away from
physics to form autonomous fields of investigation. In this process physics retained
its original aim of understanding the structure of the natural world and explaining
natural phenomenon. Physicists think about what exists and how it works; they
also seek to understand reality from possible infinite vastness of the universe down
to the infinitesimal particles that form the structure of an atom.
History
The Department of Physics, Rajshahi University, started functioning in March 1958
and its academic activity started in July 1958 in its own building in the university
campus, under the leadership of Late Dr Ahmad Husain with a batch of 15 post-
graduate students and three teaching staff members. The teaching was started in
December, 1958. A three-year B.Sc. (Honours) course was introduced in 1962. Over
the years, the department has grown in every sphere and now assumes the
structure of a large department in the university.
The department has been offering a four-year B.Sc. (Honours) course since 1998. At
present, there are 28 members of teaching staff and 26 supporting technical and
office staff catering the needs of over 500 students including a number of research
scholars.
Location
The Department of Physics is located in the first science building, which is
surrounded by the scenic beauty of the university. It has a beautiful flower garden
inside.
Research Activities
The department has a long tradition of research in various areas of physics under
M.Sc., M.Phil. and Ph.D. programmes. The faculty members along with their
research students pursue research in diverse fields which has resulted in a large
number of research publications in various journals of international repute, like
Nature, Physical Review Letters, Physical Review, Nuclear Physics, Physica C,
Journal of Superconductivity, Superconductor Science and Technology, Solid State
Communications, Physics Letters, Journal of Materials Science, Journal of Non-
Crystalline Solids, Physica Status Solidi, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of
Solids, Journal of High Energy Physics, Physics and Chemistry of Glasses, Nuovo
Cimento, Annals of Physics, etc. The department is also working under different
international collaboration programmes with India, Japan, UK and USA. The
current research areas are:
Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
• Nuclear Physics: Nuclear Reaction &Nuclear Structure
• Radiation Physics and Medical Physics
• Atomic Physics
• Condensed Matter Physics:
o Perfect and Defect Crystals- Computer Simulation studies (theoretical).
o Solid State Reaction (experimental)
• Superconductivity
• Semiconductors: Thin Film Deposition and Characterization
• Structural properties of Glass and Glass Ceramics
• Solar Energy
• High Energy Physics: Lattice QCD.
Teaching Activities
The department is at present involved in teaching the following courses:
• Four-year B.Sc. (Honours) degree course (started from the session 1997-98).
• One-year M.Sc. course in General and Thesis group.
Mission and Objectives of the Department
Since its inception in 1958, the mission of the Department of Physics, University of
Rajshahi has been to advance the knowledge in various branches of Physics via
teaching-learning and research. The academic program is focused on the creation,
translation, and dissemination of knowledge on the subject matter. The strategic
goals of the Department are to:
• Support the aims and objectives of the University within the capacity of our
Departmental program.
• Advance the academic, research, scholarship and service priorities, consistent
with a top tier university, and continue to promote growth and national
prominence in these areas.
• Train and produce high-quality graduates to meet up national and
international requirements in scientific sectors of the job market.
• Enhance the teaching-learning and research capacities of the Department by
retaining and recruiting outstanding faculty and staff.
• Enhance the Department’s learning environment by attracting and retaining
students of high intellectual ability and aptitude.mm
M.Sc. Program Learning Outcomes (PLOs)
The M.Sc. Degree programs offered by the Department cover the advanced topics of
Physics. It also provides a selection of recent topics and develops experimental,
mathematical, computational, and other transferable skills. On successful completion of
these programs a student should have-
1. Knowledge and understanding of advanced physical laws, principles and
phenomena and competence in the application of these to diverse branches of
Physics.
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 Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
2. An ability to solve problems in Physics using appropriate mathematical tools.
3. An ability to execute and analyze the results of an experimental investigation
or theoretical modeling and to draw valid conclusions with an estimate of the
uncertainty in the result. An ability to compare experimental results with the
predictions of relevant theories.
4. A knowledge of the principles and applications of some advanced areas of
Physics at the forefront of contemporary research.
5. An ability to use IT packages and a competence of the usage of analytical
software in problem solving.
6. An ability to communicate scientific information verbally and in the form of
clear and accurate scientific reports.
7. An ability to make appropriate use information and communication
technologies in regard to problem solving in different sectors of Physics.

Knowledge and understanding of areas 1 – 2, and 4 – 7 are acquired through lectures,

tutorials, problem classes and guided independent study. The practically oriented
knowledge of area 3 is acquired in practical classes, both experimental and computing,
and in thesis work.
An M.Sc. student, after completion of his/her degree from the Department is expected
to have the following mental and moral attributes:
8. An understanding and appreciation of current issues and debates in
various branches of Physics.
9. An understanding and appreciation of the philosophical bases,
mathematical structure, methodologies, characteristics of scientific
scholarship, research, and creative work.
10. An ability to work independently and in collaboration with others.
11. Personal and professional integrity and an awareness of the requirements
of ethical behavior.
The graduates are also expected to have the following skills:
12. Competence in using various computer software and programming
languages.
13. Competence in troubleshooting and solving basic problems in electronic
equipments and circuits.
14. An ability to prepare multimedia presentations for conveying scientific
facts and findings to audience with diverse backgrounds.

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Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
Mapping of Programme Learning Outcomes (PLOs) with Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs) of the
M.Sc. Programme in Physics at the University of Rajshahi

Outcomes
Prog.Lear
Domain

(PLOs)

PH501

PH502

PH503

PH504

PH505

PH506

PH507

PH508

PH509

PH510

PH511

PH512

PH513

PH521

PH522

PH523
ning

PLO1 X X X X X X X X X X X X
PLO2 X
Cognitive

PLO3 X
PLO4 X
PLO5 X
PLO6 X X
PLO7 X X

PLO8 X X
Affective

PLO9 X X
PLO10 X X
PLO11 X

PLO12 X
Psycho-
motor

PLO13 X X X
PLO14 X
Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018

Resources
The department has 28 members of teaching staff consisting of Professors,
Associate Professors, Assistant Professors and Lecturers, who cater the needs
of nearly 500 undergraduates, post-graduates and research students. A list of
members of academic staff is given below:

Name Specialization
Professor Emeritus
Dr. Arun Kumar Basak Nuclear Physics, Atomic Physics
MSc(Raj), PhD(Birmingham),
FInstP (London), CPhys
UGC Professor
Dr M Alfaz Uddin Atomic Physics, Nuclear Physics
MSc(Raj), PhD(Raj)
Professors
Dr Somnath Bhattacharjee (PRL) Theoretical Physics, Fibre Optics
MSc(Raj), PhD(Banaras)
Dr M Golam Mortuza Condensed Matter Physics, Glass
MSc(Raj), PhD(Warwick,UK), and Glass Ceramics,
C in Comp.(Coventry,UK) Superconductivity
Dr M Mozibur Rahman Condensed Matter Physics (Expt.),
MSc(Raj), PhD(Ukraine) Electronics, Metallurgy
Dr M Khalilur Rahman Khan Condensed Matter Physics, Mat.
MSc(Raj), PhD(Japan) Science (Expt.), Thin films,
Superconductivity
Dr Irine Banu Lucy Condensed Matter Physics (Expt.)
MSc(Raj), PhD(Brunel,UK)
Dr M Rafiqul Ahsan Condensed Matter Physics, Glass
MSc(Raj, PhD(Raj) and Glass Ceramics, X-ray
Crystallography
Dr F Nazrul Islam Cond. Matter Physics (Comp.
MSc(Raj), PhD(Raj) simulation), Superconductivity,
Nuclear Physics
Dr Saleh Hasan Naqib Superconductivity, Computational
MSc(Raj), PhD(Cambridge) Condensed Matter Physics
Dr Abul Kalam Fazlul Haque Nuclear Physics
MSc(Raj), PhD(Raj)
Dr Abdullah Shams Bin Tariq Particle Physics, Nuclear Physics
MSc(Raj), PhD(Southampton)
Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018

Dr Raihana Shams Islam Superconductivity

M Phil(Cambridge),
PhD(Cambridge)
Dr Fahmida Parvin Superconductivity, Computational
MSc(Raj), PhD(Raj) Condensed Matter Physics
Dr M A Razzaque Sarker Materials Science
MSc(Raj),PhD(Japan)
Ms Dilruba Akhter Banu Nuclear Physics
MSc(Raj)
Associate Professors
Dr Laila Arjumand Banu Condensed Matter Physics (Expt.)
MSc(Raj, PhD (Raj)
Dr M Rezaur Rahim Condensed Matter Physics (Expt.),
MSc(Raj), PhD(Brunel,UK) Electronics
Dr M Atiqur Rahman Patoary Nuclear Physics, Condensed Matter
MSc(Raj),MSc(Japan), PhD(Japan) Physics (Theory)
Dr M Samiul Islam Sarker Nuclear Physics, Fibre-laser,
MSc(Raj), MSc(Adelaide, Materials Science
Australia), PhD(Tohoku, Japan)
Dr M Monirul Haque Medical Physics, Radiation and
MSc(Raj), PhD (Japan) Health Physics
Assistant Professors
Mr M Masum Billah Nuclear Physics
MSc( Raj)
Mr K M Mahmudul Hasan Nuclear Physics
MSc(Raj)
Dr Monira Jannatul Kobra Nuclear Physics
MSc(Raj), PGD(ICTP), PhD
(Kyushu, Japan)
Mr M Leaket Ali Condensed Matter Physics
MSc(Raj)
Mr M Ismail Hossain* Theoretical Atomic Physics
MSc(Raj)
Mr M Alamgir Hossain* Medical Physics
MSc(Raj)
Dr M Saiful Islam Condensed Matter Physics (Theory
MSc(Raj), PhD(Kyushu, Japan) and Expt.)
* On study leave.
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 Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
Seminar Library
The department may boast to have the biggest seminar library in the
university with text and reference books. It also has some international
journals, such as Physical Review, Physical Review Letters, Reviews of
Modern Physics, which the department has been receiving as a joint
contribution from the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical
Physics, Italy and American Physical Society. The library is constantly being
updated with reference books and other reading materials. The department is
about to start a rental library for students. Groups of students will soon be
able to borrow important textbooks through this service. Besides, a significant
number of e-books and a very large number of e-journals are accessible online
through the University Central Library.

Computer Facilities
The department has established a computer lab with internet facilities for
students and teachers. Recently an N-Computing system has been introduced
in the student section of the lab on trial basis. If this is successful, there are
plans for a major expansion of the student section in the near future. Research
students also have access to computers and internet in their research labs.
Workshop
A mechanical workshop was established in the department from the
beginning of the department. The students get training in the workshop on
some instrumentation, as a part of their laboratory experiments. It also serves
as a centre for minor repairing of laboratory equipment.

From the inception, the department of physics is known to be the most

disciplined department in the university, both in administration and in
academic activities. Academic members are very particular in completing
their courses, conducting examinations and publishing results according to
the calendar published by the department at the beginning of every academic
year. It is the tradition of the department to publish the examination results
within the quickest possible time and thus it has become possible for the
department to avoid the academic backlog in the university. The department
constantly reviews its curriculum and takes steps to enhance facilities to
match the present day need and thus prepares the students to face the
challenges of the future.

Co- and Extra- Curricular Activities

Physics Club
Physics Club was established in 2011. Since then Physics Club has been
providing the students and the faculty members with an open platform to

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Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
discuss various topics in physics outside the class hour. This club is open to all
the students of Department of Physics, University of Rajshahi (RU).
English Club
English Club has been functioning since 2010. This club was established with
the aim to develop speaking, reading, and writing skills of the students of this
department. Only the members of the English Club are permitted to
participate in various club activities.
Study tour
The department arranges study tour within Bangladesh and abroad for the
M.Sc. Students each year. The tour is partly financed by the University.
Picnic
Every year students of the department organize annual picnic in cooperation
with the academic and non-academic staff.
Students’ Association
There is a student association in the department called Physics Students’
Association. All students of the department are the members of the
association. This Students’ Association regularly organizes farewell for the
outgoing M.Sc. students and welcome reception for the fresher’s admitted in
the B.Sc. course. Besides, the Association arranges various cultural and sports
related activities.
Physics Alumni Association
Department of Physics has an active Alumni Association. The objectives of
this association are to build active communication network among all the
present and ex-students of the Department of Physics through various
programs and to contribute in the academic development of the department
and to economic development of the country through the dissemination of
new concepts in the relevant field.
Sports and Culture
Students of Department of Physics participate in all inter-department games
organized by the RU. The department has achieved notable success in sports
by winning matches in cricket, football, badminton, table tennis etc. The
students of the department have also participated in various cultural events
with distinction.

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 Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018

UNIVERSITY OF RAJSHAHI
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

Curriculum for M.Sc.in Physics

Session: 2017 - 18 Examination: 2018
The M.Sc. Examination in Physics is divided into two groups:
Group A: General
Group B: Thesis
All students will have to take six Theoretical courses including at least one
course from PH501 and PH502 (subject to the approval of the Chairman of
the Department). Additionally, the students of the General group will have
to take the practical course, while the students of Thesis group will have to
take a research topic approved by the Department.
A full-unit course shall carry 100 marks and a half-unit course 50 marks
out of which 80% is for the Final Exam, 15% is for Tutorial/Terminal and
5% is for Class Attendance.
Total GPA Round off:
Total GPA shall be round off up to 2 (two) digits after decimal. For instance
GPA=2.114 shall be round off as GPA=2.11 and GPA =2.115 shall be round off
as GPA =2.12.
The M.Sc. curriculum in Physics shall consist of:
i) Theory courses (6 units), 100 6 = 600 marks=24 Credits
ii) Practical /Thesis (2units) = 200 marks=08 Credits
iii) General Viva-voce (1 unit) = 100 marks = 04 Credits
Total (10 course units) =900 marks= 36 Credits
Mode of Examination: Written test 80% at the end of the year and two
tutorial written examinations will be held for 15% within the classes. The
rest 5% will be from class attendance.
Award of Degree:
The degree of M.Sc. shall be awarded on the basis of the Grade Point
Average (GPA) obtained by a candidate in his/her M.Sc. examination. In
order to qualify for the degree, a candidate must obtain (within three
academic years from the date of first admission):
i) A minimum GPA of 2.50,
ii)A minimum Grade point (GP) of 2.00 in Practical/Thesis, and
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Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
iii) A minimum total Credit points (TCP) of 32.

Result Improvement:
A student obtaining GPA less than 3.00 shall be allowed to improve his/her
courses up to 12 credits including ‘F’ Grade only once within 3 academic years.
Here, it is noted that GP of courses, which he/she wants to improve should be
less than 3.00.

Gradation of the Results:

Numerical Grade Letter Grade (LG) GP (Grade Point)

(NG)
80% or above A+ (A plus) 4.00
75% or above A (A regular) 3.75
70% or above A- (A minus) 3.50
65% or above B+ (B plus) 3.25
60% or above B (B regular) 3.00
55% or above B- (B minus) 2.75
50% or above C+ (C plus) 2.50
45% or above C (C regular) 2.25
40% or above D 2.00
Less than 40% F 0.00
Incomplete I 0.00

Eligibility for the M.Sc. examination:

Class attendance (both in theory and practical classes):
Students with ≥ 75% class attendance are eligible to sit for the final
examination.
Below 75% are considered as Non-collegiate who will have to pay Tk 500 as
fine to sit for the final examination.
Below 60% are considered as discollegiate who will not be allowed to sit for
the final examination.

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 Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
The Detailed Distribution of Courses

Course no. Title Marks Exam duration Credit Point

PH501 Advanced Nuclear Physics 100 4 Hours 04
PH502 Advanced Solid State Physics 100 4 Hours 04
PH503 Electronic Communications 100 4 Hours 04
PH504 Advanced Medical Physics 100 4 Hours 04
PH505 Materials Science 100 4 Hours 04
PH506 Superconductivity 100 4 Hours 04
PH507 Physics of Environment 100 4 Hours 04
PH508 Crystallography and
Spectroscopy 100 4 Hours 04
PH509 Particle Physics and Cosmology 100 4 Hours 04
PH510 Advanced Reactor Physics 100 4 Hours 04
PH511 Biomedical Instrumentation
and Imaging System 100 4 Hours 04
PH512 Quantum Field Theory 100 4 Hours 04
PH513 Optical Fiber Physics 100 4 Hours 04
PH521 General Viva-voce 100 04
PH522 Study Tour -Industrial Scientific exposure (Non Credit)*
PH523 Practical
(Compulsory for General Group) 200 08
a) Continuous evaluation 60
b) Annual Examination (28×4) 112 (Four days)
c) Defense on Experiments 28 (One day)
- OR - Thesis group (Compulsory for Thesis Group) 200 08
a) Thesis evaluation 150
b) Defense on Thesis 50

*N.B. Submission of Report on industrial trip is compulsory for all participants. Students
unable to go outside Rajshahi may visit local Industries to have their experience. They also
have to submit report on their visit.

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Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
PH501 ADVANCED NUCLEAR PHYSICS (75 lectures)
Full Marks: 100 (Examination 80, Tutorial/Terminal 15, and Attendance 5)
(5 questions to be answered) Examination duration: 4 hours
Prerequisite Knowledge: PH301, PH303, PH306, PH401, PH403
1. Direct Nuclear Reactions: Reaction kinematics: non-relativistic and
relativistic; Theory of transfer reactions; Selection rules in a transfer reaction;
Theory of inelastic scattering; Importance of direct reactions.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Identify direct reactions.
(ii) Obtain expressions for transition amplitudes for transfer and inelastic
processes.
(iii) Verify shell model predictions from direct reaction observables.
2. Nuclear Shell Models: Single particle shell model; Isospin formalism; Two-
particle system; Shell model Hamiltonian; Perturbation theory and
configuration mixing, Allowed states; Anti-symmetric wave functions, More
than two particles in one orbit; Coefficient of fractional parentage;
Spectroscopic factors; Spectroscopic factors for mixed configurations; Sum
rules for single particle transfer reactions.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Understand advanced models to identify basic nuclear structure and
outline their theoretical descriptions.
(ii) Calculate isospin and third component of isospin for nuclei.
(iii) Represent a wave function diagrammatically or pictorially.
(iv) Calculate coefficient of fractional percentage and spectroscopic factor
for transfer reactions.
3. Collective Models: Shortcomings of the shell model and the nuclear
collective models; Nuclear rotational motion; Rotational energy spectra and
nuclear wave functions for even and odd A nuclei; Nuclear deformation;
Collective oscillation; Quadrupole deformation; Electromagnetic properties.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Describe various models of collective nuclear excitation.
(ii) Compare rotational and vibrational energy spectra.

4. Electromagnetic Interactions with Nuclei: Infinitesimal rotations in vector

fields; Intrinsic angular momentum of vector fields; Total angular momentum
of vector fields and vector spherical harmonics; Multipole fields; Sources of
multipole fields; Transition probability of a multipolar radiation; Multipole
moments; Selection rules in a gamma transition; Angular distribution of a
gamma transition; Angular correlations; Relative strengths of different

12
 Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
multipolar radiations in a transition between two low-lying states of an
excited nucleus.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Describe the significance of nuclear charge and current distributions in
regard to nuclear structure and decays.
(ii) Discuss sources of multipole fields and selection rules in gamma
transition.
(iii) Calculate relative transition probabilities of different multipolar
radiations.
5. Nuclear Astrophysics: Primordial nucleosynthesis; pp chain and CNO cycle;
Stellar synthesis of light elements; Synthesis of heavy elements; Stellar
evolution and different stages of burning; White dwarfs and neutron stars,
Supernova explosions.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Recognize the importance of stars as the factory of nuclides, including
red super-giants and supernova.
(ii) Describe the importance of the Hoyle resonance and similar resonance
states in explaining the creation and survival of carbon and oxygen.
6. Rare or Exceptional Nuclei: Driplines and nuclei far from stability;
Exceptional light nuclei: Halo nuclei; Borromean nuclei; Transuranic nuclei.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Describe key properties of rare nuclei and analyze issues related to
their synthesis and stability

Books recommended:
Text Books:
Satchler, GR Direct Nuclear Reactions
Brussaard, PJ and Glaudemans, PW Shell Model Applications in Nuclear
Spectroscopy
Roy, RR and Nigam, BP Nuclear Physics
Blatt, JM and Weiskopff, VF Theoretical Nuclear Physics
Bertulani, DA Nuclear Physics in a Nutshell

Reference Books:
Glendenning, NK Direct Nuclear Reactions
Thompson, IJ and Nunes, FM Nuclear Reactions for Astrophysics
Lawson, RD Theory of the Nuclear Shell Model
Pal, MK Theory of Nuclear Structure
Sen Gupta, HM Nucleo Padarthavidya (in Bangla)
Greiner, W and Maruhn, JA Nuclear Models
Bertulani, DA and Danielewicz, P Nuclear Reactions
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Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
Iliadis, C Nuclear Physics of Stars
Krane, K Nuclear Physics

PH502 ADVANCED SOLID STATE PHYSICS ( 75 lectures)

Full Marks: 100 (Examination 80, Tutorial/Terminal 15, and Attendance 5)
(5 questions to be answered) Examination duration: 4 hours
Prerequisite Knowledge: PH304, PH404

1. Periodic Structure: Symmetry operations; Groups; Function spaces; Bravais

lattice; Periodic functions; Bloch’s theorem; Brillouin zones and crystal
symmetry; Fermi surface construction; Experimental method: de-Hass-van
Alphen oscillation.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Locate an atom in a crystal with different symmetry.
(ii) Understand the origin of periodic potential.
(iii) Understand the use of Bloch function.
(iv) Calculate the zone boundary of Brillion zones and draw them in
reciprocal space.
(v) Show the impact of zone boundary on the solution of Schrodinger
equation.
(vi) Construct the Fermi surface.

2. Electron States and Energy Bands in Solids: The nearly free electron model;
Tight binding method; Cellular method; Muffin-Tin potentials;
Orthogonalized plane wave method; Pseudopotentials; Wannier function and
its uses.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Know the origin of energy bands
(ii) Differentiate between energy bands obtained from the free electron
model and nearly free electron model.
(iii) Discuss the origin of approximations used in various methods.
(iv) Calculate the free electron energy bands using different models.
(v) Show the distinct nature of energy bands due to use of different
approximation methods.
(vi) Relate the Wannier function with Hartree-Fock equation.
(vii) Demonstrate the orthogonality properties of Wannier function.

3. Energy Band beyond the Independent Electron Approximation: Hartree

equation; Hartree-Fock equation: Hartree-Fock theory of free electrons;
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 Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
Density functional theory for band structure calculations; Screening;
Dielectric function; Thomas-Fermi theory of screening; Lindhard theory of
screening.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Differentiate between Hartree and Hartree-Fock (H-F) equations.
(ii) Solve the equations for free electron case.
(iii) Demonstrate the utility of the presence of the exchange term in the H-F
equations.
(iv) Demonstrate the effect of exchange term on free electron graphically.
(v) Calculate the effect of screening and demonstrate how the effect
changes the potential with the consideration of various models.

4. Theory of Electronic Processes in Semiconductors: Carrier effective mass

and band structure; Effects of temperature and pressure on band gap; Carrier
scattering phenomena; Semiconductor statistics: Energy distribution function;
Density of states; Density of carriers in intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors;
Compensation of carriers; Charge neutrality condition; Consequences of
heavy doping; Conduction processes in intrinsic and extrinsic
semiconductors.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Link the electronic band structure to carrier effective mass.
(ii) Demonstrate the variation of effective mass, group velocity,
momentum with wave vector.
(iii) Explain the temperature and pressure induced changes in the bandgap.
(iv) Obtain expressions for the energy density of states for carriers in the
conduction and valence bands.
(v) Calculate carrier density for intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors.
(vi) Calculate the shift in Fermi energy with doping.
(vii) Understand the changes in the electronic structure due to heavy
doping.
(viii)Calculate the total current density for intrinsic and extrinsic
semiconductors.

5. Theory of Optical Processes: Reflectivity at an interface; Absorption of

radiation; Kramers-Kronig relations; Determination of optical constants; Free
carrier absorption: Experimental results for metals and semiconductors;
Interband transition: Fundamental absorption near band gap; Theory of
vertical and non-vertical transition; Optical processes in amorphous
materials; Measurement of absorption and luminescence spectra.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Explain various optical transitions in semiconductors and metals.

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Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
(ii) Obtain the Kramers-Kroing (KK) relations.
(iii) Apply the KK relations to obtain all the frequency dependent optical
constants.
(iv) Understand optical processes in amorphous semiconductors.
(v) Describe experimental arrangements for obtaining optical absorption
and photoluminescence spectra.

6. Junction Theory: Mathematical derivation of contact potential and space

charge in p-n junction; Built-in voltage; Physical mechanisms of breakdown
in p-n junction; Schottky barrier and Ohmic contacts; Metal-Semiconductor
junction; Semiconductor heterojunction; I-V and C-V relationships.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Calculate contact potential from doping.
(ii) Draw the electric field and potential profile across the junction.
(iii) Obtain the expression for junction capacitance and understand its effect
in practical uses.
(iv) Obtain the diode equation that can be related to rectification process
and other diode applications.
(v) Draw the band-bending features of homo- and hetero-junctions.
(vi) Explain the function of Schottky barrier and their applications.
(vii) Understand various junction breakdown mechanisms.

Books recommended:
Text Books:
Ashcroft, NW Solid State Physics
and Mermin, ND
Bhattacharya, P Semiconductor Optoelectronic Devices
Kittel, C Quantum Theory of Solids
Clark, H Solid State Physics: an Introduction to Its Theory
Fraser, DA The Physics of Semiconductor Devices
Reference Books:
Ziman, JM Principles of the Theory of Solids
McKelveym, JPM Solid State and Semiconductor Physics
Mario, PT- edited Crystalline Semiconducting Materials and
Devices
Omar, A Solid State Physics

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 Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
PH503 ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS (75 lectures)
Full Marks: 100 (Examination 80, Tutorial/Terminal 15, and Attendance 5)
(5 questions to be answered) Examination duration: 4 hours
Prerequisite Knowledge: PH305, PH402

1. Communications Fundamentals: Communications model; Frequency

allocations; Types of signals; Analogue and Digital data transmissions;
Transmission impairments; Noises: Types and measurements of noises.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Describe the electrical and logical characteristics of analogue and
digital data transmission and transmission impairments.
(ii) Know the meaning and origin of noise and its impact on signal.
2. Modulation and Demodulation: Principles; Modulations: Amplitude,
Frequency, Phase, Pulse modulations; Demodulations: FM discrimination,
Demodulation of PM waves.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Get familiar with pulse-based communication, different pulse
modulation schemes, applicability of these different design scenarios in
telecommunications.
3. Digital Communications: Transmission modes: Asynchronous and
Synchronous; Data transmission circuits; Digital codes; Matched filter; Digital
carrier system; Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK); Baseband &
Broadband communications: Channels, ISDN; Multiplexing: FDM, TDM and
STDM.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Comprehend the underlying technology of fiber-optic communication
system.
4. Transmission Media and Antennas: Guided transmission media: Open-wire,
Coaxial, Optical fibers; Wireless transmission media: Radio and Microwave;
Antennas: VHF, UHF and Microwave antennas.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Analyze components associated with digital and analog
communication in guided and wireless communication systems.
5. Optical and Satellite Communications: Optical communication: Principles,
Transmission and losses, Dispersion, Light sources and Photodetectors;
Satellite communications: Orbits and inclinations, Types of satellites, Satellite
construction, Satellite links.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:

17
Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
(i) Explain the various ways in which satellites systems are classified,
including the standard communication satellite system.
6. Modern Communication Systems: Television Fundamentals: Beam scanning,
Blanking and sync pulses; TV system: Transmitter and Receiver; Mobile
cellular telephony: Concept of cellular technology, Operations of cellular
systems; Cellular systems: GSM and CDMA; Radar: Types and uses, Radar
Range, Pulse and CW Radars; Navigation: Global positioning system (GPS),
Air traffic control: ILS and GCA.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Identify the technology features which enable cell phone
communication.
(ii) Describe the basic function, principles of operation, and
interrelationships of the basic units of a radar system.
(iii) Comprehend the concept of modern navigation systems, like the global
positioning system (GPS), ILS and GCA in air traffic controls, and their
uses.
(iv) Get conceptual and implementation aspects of computer networking
applications.
(v) Find problem solving solutions using the information gained through
the component manuals and manufacturer web sites.

7. Computer Networking and Internet: Computer networking: Categories,

Types and Topologies; Internetworking; The Internet; World Wide
Web(WWW).
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Calculate contact potential from doping.

Books recommended:
Text Books:
Frenzel, LE Communication Electronics: Principles &
Applications
Roddy, D and Coolen, J Electronic Communications
Roden, SR Digital and Data Communications
Singh, A Principles of Communication Engineering
Martin, J Communication Satellite System
Chellis, J, Perkins, C and
Tanenbaum, AS Computer Networks

Reference Books:
Stallings, W Data and Computer Communications
Streb, M MCSE: Networking Essentials
Pfaffenberger, B Mastering Internet World Wide Web
18
 Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
PH504 ADVANCED MEDICAL PHYSICS (75 lectures)
Full Marks: 100 (Examination 80, Tutorial/Terminal 15, and Attendance 5)
(5 questions to be answered) Examination duration: 4 hours
Prerequisite Knowledge: PH405

1. Medical Internal Radiation Dosimetry (MIRD): Internal radiation

dosimetry; Radiation dose: quantities and units; Calculation of radiation
dose: absorbed fraction method; Cumulated activity Ā; Equilibrium absorbed
dose constant Δ; Absorbed fraction  and the dose reciprocity theorem; Mean
dose per cumulated activity.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Calculate radiation dose absorbed in patient at various biologic
conditions.
2. Cancer Biology and Treatment: What is cancer; Mutation of cells; Genes
involved in cancer development; Tumor formation; Risk factors; Metastasis;
Overview of methods of treatment; Radiation therapy- Teletherapy,
Brachytherapy, Systematic radiation therapy; How radiation cures cancer;
Fascination of radiation therapy.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Understand the formation, development and cure of cancer and the
basic techniques of cancer treatment.
3. Clinical Radiation Generators: Kilo-voltage units; Linac: X-ray and electron
beam, Target and flattening filter, Beam collimation and monitoring, Gantry;
Multi leaf collimator (MLC); Co-60 unit: Source housing; Beam collimation
and penumbra.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Design teletherapy beam (x and γ-ray) line, develop idea regarding
beam collimation and intensity modulation.
4. Dose Distribution and Scatter Analysis: Phantoms; Depth dose distribution;
Percentage depth dose; Tissue-air ratio; Backscatter factor; Scatter-air ratio;
Dose calculation parameters; Collimator scatter factor; Phantom scatter factor;
Tissue-Phantom and Tissue-Maximum ratios; Properties of TMR; Scatter-
Phantom and Scatter-Maximum ratios; Practical applications.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Calculate dose in clinical situation.
5. Isodose Distribution: Isodose chart; Measurement of isodose curves;
Parameters of isodose curves; Wedge filters; Combination of radiation fields;
Isocentric techniques; Wedge field technique; Tumor dose specification.

19
Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Characterize a radiation beam that produces a dose distribution in a
3D-vlome.
6. Patient Data, Corrections and Setup: Acquisition of patient data; Treatment
simulation; Treatment verification; Corrections for contour irregularities;
Corrections for tissue inhomogeneities; Tissue compensation; Patient
positioning.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Acquire sufficient knowledge about treatment planning and treatment
simulation.
7. Modern Radiation Therapy: Introduction to 3-D conformal radiation therapy
(3-D CRT); Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT); Image-Guided
radiation therapy (IGRT), Stereotactic radiotherapy; Proton beam therapy;
Volumetric modulated art therapy.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Realize the advantages of 3-D teletherapy over 2-D technique.
(ii) Demonstrate the differences between 3-D CRT, IMRT, IGRT and SRT.
(iii) Explain the advantages of proton beam therapy.
8. Brachytherapy: Radioactive sources; Calibration of brachytherapy sources;
Calculation of dose distribution; Systems of implant dosimetry; Computer
dosimetry; Implantation techniques; Remote after loading units; High dose
rate brachytherapy.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Name brachytherapy sources and their characteristics.
(ii) Understand source implant techniques and dosimetry.

Books recommended:
Text Books:
Khan, FM & Gibbons, JP The Physics of Radiation Therapy (5th Ed)
Podgorsak, EB Radiation Oncology Physics-A Handbook
for Teachers and Students
Reference Books:
Waston, EE MIRD primer
Mayles, P, Nahum, A and
Rosenwald, JC Handbook of Radiotherapy Physics,
Theory and Practice
Levitt, SH, Purdy, JA and Perez, CA Technical Basis of Radiation Therapy
Godden, TJ Physical Aspects of Brachytherapy
20
 Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
Johns, HE and Cunningham, JR The Physics of Radiology (4th Edition)
Sorenson, JA and Phelps, ME Physics In Nuclear Medicine (2nd Edition)
Dyson, NA An Introduction to Nuclear Physics with
Applications in Medicine and Biology

PH505 MATERIALS SCIENCE (75 lectures)

Full Marks: 100 (Examination 80, Tutorial/Terminal 15, and Attendance 5)
(5 questions to be answered) Examination duration: 4 hours
Prerequisite Knowledge: PH304, PH404

1. Microstructure Examination (brief review): Experimental methods for the

physical examination of materials; Metallurgical microscope; Microscopy of
surfaces; TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy); SEM (Scanning Electron
Microscopy); STM (Scanning Tunneling Microscopy) and AFM (Atomic Force
Microscopy); Thermal analysis – DTA, TGA, DSC (Differential Thermal
Analysis, Thermogravimetric Analysis, Differential Scanning Calorimeter).
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Demonstrate the principle of photography.
(ii) Know the difference between SEM and TEM sample preparation.
(iii) Predict the micrographs of SEM and TEM.
(iv) Know how to do qualitative analysis of the elements in a material.
(v) Explain the process of STM and AFM.
(vi) Predict the STM and AFM data for practical purposes.
(vii) Differentiate among DTA, TGA and DSC and predict the meaning of
the traces obtained from these experiments.
(viii)Calculate thermodynamic variable and determine glass transitions,
crystallographic and metallic temperature.

2. Solidification: Homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleations; Theory of

liquid-solid phase transformation; Crystal growth technique; Sintering of
materials; Glassy phase; Experimental facts regarding glass transition; V-T
diagram; Non-equilibrium and thermodynamic views of glass transition; Free
volume theory.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleations.
(ii) Differentiate between solid and liquid phase.
(iii) Use V-T diagram to explain glass and crystal transition.
(iv) Know how the crystals grow.

21
Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
(v) Know how the difference in cooling process changes the structure of
materials.
(vi) Know the necessity of sintering as well as controlled heat treatment.
3. Equilibrium Phase Diagrams: Solid solution of two-component system;
Simple eutectic diagram; Hume-Rothery electron compounds; Order-disorder
phase transformation; Long-range and short-range order theories.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Know what does solid solution means.
(ii) Demonstrate the homogeneous solid mix needed to form a joint super
lattice.
(iii) Describe the properties of Hume-Rothery compounds.
(iv) Explain order-disorder phase transformation.
4. Diffusion: Fick’s laws for isothermal diffusion; Atomic mechanisms of
diffusion; Hydrogen diffusion; Thermodynamics of diffusion of Pd-H system;
Effect of lattice defects.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Derive Flick’s first and second law of diffusion and know the physical
significance of these equations.
(ii) Demonstrate the mechanism of diffusion process by solving Flick’s
equations.
(iii) Demonstrate the pressure and temperature effect on diffusion.
5. Engineering Alloys: Ferrous and non-ferrous alloys; Production of steel; The
iron-carbon phase diagram; The structure and classification of plain carbon
steel; Heat treatment of steel; Alloy, Steel, Stainless steel; Cast-iron and
malleable iron; Tool steels.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Differentiate between ferrous and non-ferrous alloys.
(ii) Know the purification process of ferrous ores.
(iii) Know how the binary or ternary phase diagrams help to calculate the
amounts of components and particular temperature needed to prepare
a specific phase of a material.
(iv) Know the necessity of heat treatment of steel.
(v) Calculate the amount of components needed to prepare alloy, steel and
stainless steel.
(vi) Know the distinctive characteristics of different steels.
6. Optoelectronic Materials and Devices: Optical materials for LED, LASER
and Photo detectors and their preparation and characterization; Physical
processes in these materials.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
22
 Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
(i) Know the preparation and characterization process for materials
needed to LED, LASER and photo-detector.
(ii) Know the necessity of optoelectronic materials.
7. Composite Materials: Fibers for reinforced plastic; Composite materials;
Formation of composites; Open-mold and closed-mold process of
preparation; Metal matrix and ceramic-matrix composites; Elastic properties
of composites; Strength and toughness of fiber reinforced composites.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Know the necessity of reinforcement in plastics and other materials as
well.
(ii) Predict the cause of change of physical, chemical and electrical
properties of composite materials.
(iii) Demonstrate the preparation techniques for composite materials.
(iv) Explain the cause of formation of various matrix in composite
materials.
(v) Know the measurement process of elastic properties, strength and
toughness of ordinary and fiber reinforced composites.

8. Corrosion: Definition, Electrochemical considerations; Electrode potentials

and EMF series; Nernst equations; Polarization; Evan’s diagram; Forms of
corrosion; Corrosion rate; Mechanism of oxidation; Corrosion prevention
methods; Corrosion testing.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Know the meaning of corrosion in material science.
(ii) Calculate the rate of corrosion.
(iii) Understand the mechanisms for prevention of corrosion, e.g.,
anodic/cathodic process, which is used for protection of gas and oil
pipeline, should be known to the students.
(iv) Prevent and test corrosion in physical systems.

Books recommended:
Text Books:
Smith, NF Principles of Material Science and Engineering
Heyer, RH Engineering Physical Metallurgy
Compbell, JS Principles of Manufacturing Material & Processes
CallisterJr, WD Mater. Science and Engineering- an Introduction
Pascoe, KJ Intro. to the Properties of Engineering Materials
Fontana, Mars G Corrosion Engineering

Reference books:
Hench, LL and Gould, RW Characterization of Ceramics
23
Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
Verron, J Introduction of Engineering Materials
McMillan, PW Glass-Ceramics
Haasen, P Physical Metallurgy
Uhlig, HH, Revie, R Corrosion and Corrosion Control
Bhattacharya, P Semiconductor Optoelectronic Devices
Robert, S,Norman, HM and
Mario, PT- edited Amorphous Solids and the Liquid State
Norman, HM, Butcher, PN Crystalline Semiconducting Materials and
and Mario, PT-edited Devices
Owen, FD Topics in Metallurgical Thermodynamics

PH506 SUPERCONDUCTIVITY ( 75 lectures)

Full Marks: 100 (Examination 80, Tutorial/Terminal 15, and Attendance 5)
(5 questions to be answered) Examination duration: 4 hours
Prerequisite Knowledge: PH304, PH404

1. Phenomenological Theory: London model; Thermodynamics of the

superconducting state; Ginzburg-Landau (G-L) theory of phase transition: G-
L free energy; G-L equation and its applications; Penetration depth;
Coherence length; Type-I and type-II superconductors; Critical fields.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Relate current with electromagnetic field and explain Meissner effect.
(ii) Interpret microscopic properties of superconductivity.
(iii) Demonstrate the second order phase transition using G-L theory.
(iv) Calculate penetration depth, coherence length.
(v) Differentiate between type-I and type-II superconductor in terms of
critical field.
2. Microscopic BCS Theory: BCS Theory: Cooper pairs; BCS ground state;
Excitations in the BCS model; Energy gap equation; Critical temperature;
Isotope effect; Specific heat and coherence effects; BCS theory and G-L theory.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Demonstrate the variation of critical magnetic field with temperature.
(ii) Explain the condition and process of formation of cooper pairs.
(iii)Demonstrate the superconducting band gap at the Fermi level.
(iv) Demonstrate the isotope effect on critical temperature.
(v) Demonstrate the change in heat capacity near the critical temperature
for some superconductors.
(vi) Compare the BCS and G-L theory.

24
 Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018

3. Vortex Behaviour and Critical Current: Mixed states; Interaction between

vortices; The Abrikosov lattice; Flux dynamics: Flux flow; Flux glass; Flux
creep; Magnetic hysteresis (M-H) loop; The Bean Model; Pinning of vortices.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Explain the formation of vortex in type-II superconductor.
(ii) Demonstrate the formation of Abrikosov vortex of supercurrent in
type-II superconductor.
(iii) Explain the pinning of superconductor in space above a magnet.
(iv) Explain the irreversible magnetization behavior of hard type-II
superconductor.
4. High-Tc Superconductors: Introduction to high-Tc superconductors: Cuprate,
Organic, Diboride; Fe-based superconductors; Metallic hydrides; Cuprates:
Structure, Physical properties, Anisotropy, Electronic and Magnetic phase
diagrams; Diborides: Structure and Physical properties; Applications of high-
Tc superconductors.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Have working knowledge on various high-Tc superconductors.
(ii) Have detailed knowledge on diboride superconductors.
(iii) Acquire detailed knowledge on the structure, properties and phase
diagrams of Cuprate systems and use this knowledge for application
purposes.
5. Heavy Fermion Systems: Heavy fermion superconductors: Structure and
physical properties of heavy fermion systems; Magnetically mediated
pairing; Electronic phase diagram of heavy fermion superconductors.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Have detailed knowledge on heavy fermion superconductors.

6. Josephson Effect: The tunnel effect: Metal-Insulator-Superconductor (MIS);

Superconductor-Insulator-Superconductor (SIS) junctions; dc and ac
Josephson effects; Josephson effect and Ginzburg-Landau equation;
Josephson Junction in a circuit: The Resistance-Capacitance-Shunted Junction
(RCSJ) model; Pendulum analog; Weak links: The Aslamazov-Larkin
scenario; SQUIDS and their applications.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Explain the functioning of Josephson junctions in detail.
(ii) Acquire considerable knowledge on SQUID magnetometry.
(iii) Calculate junction current under different conditions.

25
Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
7. Fluctuation Effects in Superconductors: TDGL equation, Paraconductivity
and Fluctuation diamagnetism, Fluctuation heat capacity.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Explain the basic features of order parameter fluctuations in
superconductors.
(ii) Calculate fluctuation effects in superconductors.

Books recommended:
Text books:
Waldram, JR Superconductivity of Metals and Cuprates
Cyrot, M and Pavuna, D Intro. to Superconducting and High-Tc Materials
Poole,CP, Farach,HA,
Creswick, RJ and Prozorov, R Superconductivity (2nd Edn.)

Reference books:
Ketterson, JB and Song, SN Superconductivity
Burns, G High Temperature Superconductivity: An Intro.
Tinkham, M Introduction to Superconductivity

PH507 PHYSICS OF ENVIRONMENT (75 lectures)

Full Marks: 100 (Examination 80, Tutorial/Terminal 15, and Attendance 5)
(5 questions to be answered) Examination duration: 4 hours
Prerequisite Knowledge: PH202, PH407

1. The Essentials of Environmental Physics: The environment; The impact of

environment upon human and vice versa; Global temperature; Greenhouse
effect; The Energy Balance: A zero dimensional greenhouse model; Radiative
forcing; Global warming; Green house effect enhancement; Elements of
weather and climate; Climate variations; Climate models.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Explain global warming.
(ii) Demonstrate greenhouse effect.
(iii) Analyze temperature, pressure, wind, humidity and precipitation to
study weather and climate.
(iv) Determine the effective earth emissivity of long wave radiation emitted
to space.

26
 Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
2. Mass and Energy Transfer: Materials balance: Conservative and non-
conservative systems; Pollutants; Step function response.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Demonstrate the adverse and undesired effects of pollutants.
(ii) Explain the long- or short-term damage caused by pollutants by
changing the growth rate of plant or animal species, or by interfering
with human amenities, comfort, health, or property values.
(iii) Demonstrate the horizontal and vertical zones of influence of
pollutants.
3. Air Pollution: General consideration; Comparison of polluted and
unpolluted air; Types of air pollutants- formation and sources; Effects of air
pollutants on plants and human body; Acceptable limits of air pollutants;
Control of air pollutants.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Differentiate between polluted and unpolluted air.
(ii) Demonstrate the formation of air pollution.
(iii) Demonstrate the effects of air pollution on plants and human.
(iv) Construct a model to control air pollution.
4. Water Pollution: Water pollutants; Surface water quality: Rivers and streams,
Effects of oxygen demanding waste in rivers, Ground water; Arsenic in
drinking water: Source, Effects, Measurements, Prevention and control,
Arsenic pollution in Bangladesh; Water purification process: in natural
systems, physical process, chemical process, Bio-chemical process.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Learn about what causes water pollution and how to be
environmentally aware.
(ii) Assess the quality of surface water.
(iii) Calculate the critical time and distance downstream at which the
oxygen deficit is maximum.
(iv) Know the causes, mechanism and effects of arsenic communication in
ground water.
(v) Increase the awareness among the people in our country about arsenic
pollution.

5. Noise Pollution and Control: Sources of Noise pollution; Noise intensity;

Human perception and noise criteria; Effect of noise on people; Factors
affecting threshold shift; Noise pollution control.
Intended learning outcome: Enables successful students to:
(i) Identify the sources of noise pollution.
(ii) Grasp the various adverse impacts of noise pollution.
27
Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
(iii) Control the noise pollution.
6. Mechanism of Pollutants Transport: Diffusion and its application in
practical purposes; Flow in rivers: One dimensional approach, the influence
of turbulence, a continuous point emission; Ground water flow: Vertical flow
in the unsaturated zone, Conservation of mass, Stationary flow, Vertical flow.
Intended learning outcome: Enables successful students to:
(i) Calculate diffusion equation.
(ii) Learn about Darcy’s law and how water moves through an aquifer.
(iii) Determine the hydraulic conductivity of aquifer material.
(iv) Explain how quicksand is formed.
7. Nuclear Waste and the Environment: Power plant emissions: Radioactive
gases and effluents; Radioactive waste, High-level waste; Impact of reactor
accidents on the environment; Radioactive waste management;
Decommissioning.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Learn about the radioactive wastes and their effects on the
environment.
(ii) Know about the impact of reactor accidents on the environment.
(iii) Acquire knowledge about nuclear decommissioning.

Books recommended:
Text books:
Masters, GM Introduction to Environment Engineering and
Science
Boecker, E and van Grondelle, R Environmental Physics
Bhatia, HS A Textbook on Environmental Pollution and
Control
Peavy, HS and Rowe, DR Environmental Engineering
Botkin, DB and Keller, EA Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet

Reference books:
Revenscroft, P, Brammer, H
and Richards, K Arsenic Pollution
McGuffie, K A Climate Modelling Primer
and Henderson-Sellers, A
Manahan, SE Environmental Science & Technology
Stoker, HS and Scott, SLS Environmental Chemistry
Monteith, JL and Unsworth, M Principles of Environmental Physics
Nevers, ND Air Pollution Control Engineering

28
 Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
PH508 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY & SPECTROSCOPY (75 lectures)
Full Marks: 100 (Examination 80, Tutorial/Terminal 15, and Attendance 5)
(5 questions to be answered) Examination duration: 4 hours
Prerequisite Knowledge: PH304, PH404, PH406

1. Symmetry Elements: Point groups; uniaxial point groups; sub- and super-
group of the point groups and space groups; their formation, general
equivalent points, plane groups and their uses.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Demonstrate different symmetry elements.
(ii) Differentiate between point group and space group.
2. Fourier Transform: Fourier series; Diffraction and Fourier transform;
Convolution; Diffraction by a periodic distribution; Electron density
equation.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Know the applicability of Fourier transform.
(ii) Use Fourier transform to derive diffraction equation in reciprocal
space.
(iii) Calculate the inequality to show the condition of diffraction.
(iv) Distinguish between diffractions from periodic and a periodic
distribution of atoms.
(v) Explain the effect of convolution and deconvolution.
(vi) Calculate electron density.

3. Factors Affecting X-ray Intensities: Diffraction from a rotating crystal;

Absorption of X- rays; Absorption correction; Temperature factor; Lorentz
and polarization factors.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Know the mechanism of production of x-rays from atomic shell.
(ii) Demonstrate the effect of crystal rotation on diffraction.
(iii) Calculate the degree to which the electron density is spread out either
for an atom or for a group of atoms.
4. Determination of Crystal Structure: Patterson function; Sharpened Patterson
function; Harker line and section; Heavy atom method; Inequality
relationship; Least Square Refinement; Fourier Refinement, Rietveld analysis.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Calculate the coordinates of atoms and hkl/uvw values of the planes.
(ii) Predict the differences among the various relationships.
(iii) Demonstrate the way of calculating 𝒳 2 value.
29
Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
(iv) Know the process of refining the crystal structure.
5. Infrared Spectroscopy: Introduction to IR spectroscopy; Energy of diatomic
molecule; Simple harmonic oscillator; Anharmonic oscillator; Molecular
vibration; IR spectrum; Scanning of IR spectrum; Sampling Technique;
Qualitative and quantitative interpretation of the IR spectra.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Know the range of IR radiation.
(ii) Differentiate between harmonic and an-harmonic oscillator.
(iii) Calculate the energy associated with various bonds.
(iv) Vibrational mechanisms of various chemical bonds in a crystal and
amorphous material.
(v) Calculate the amounts of various components needed to prepare
sample.
(vi) Know the mechanism for preparation of sample and collection of IR
spectrum.
(vii) Predict the various chemical bonds and calculate their amounts.
6. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Nuclei in a magnetic field;
Larmor precession; Bloch equation; Free induction decay; Nuclear interaction:
Chemical shifts; Dipolar interaction; Quadrupolar interaction; Relaxation
process: Spin-Spin and Spin-lattice relaxation time; Magic angle spinning
(MAS); A basic NMR Spectrometer; Interpretation of NMR spectra.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Know the effect of static magnetic field upon nuclei.
(ii) Explain what NMR signal is and how it is detected.
(iii) Demonstrate the effect of various interactions on static line shapes and
how do the adverse effects can be removed.
(iv) Know the effect of T1 and T2 times on the collection of NMR signal
(FID).
(v) Know the reason of plotting chemical shift in terms of ppm instead of
frequency.
(vi) Know the necessity of Fourier transform on NMR spectrum.
(vii) Draw block diagram for NMR spectrometer.
(viii) Assign various peaks with different chemical environments of the
investigated nuclei.
7. Neutron Scattering Theory and Application: Basic properties of neutrons;
Advantages of using neutron as an experimental probe; Basics of neutron
diffraction; Neutron scattering – elastic and inelastic scattering; Small angle
neutron scattering; Scattering by magnons and determination of magnetic
order; Scattering by phonons – relevance to structure of materials and lattice
dynamics.

30
 Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Demonstrate the mechanism of Neutron diffraction.
(ii) Differentiate between elastic and inelastic scattering.
(iii) Predict the structure of materials from neutron diffraction pattern.

Books recommended:
Text Books:
Woolfson, MM X-ray Crystallography
Azaroff, L Elementary X-ray Crystallography
Buerger, MJ X-ray Crystallography
Abragam, A Introduction to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Bacon, GE Neutron Diffraction

Reference Books:
Carlson, TA Photoelectron and Auger Spectroscopy
Harris, RK Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Stout, GH and Jensen,LH Practical Structure Determination
Stranghan, BP and Walker, S Spectroscopy
Sharma, BK Spectroscopy
Slichter, CP Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Akitt, JW NMR and Chemistry
Willis, BTM and Carlile, CJ Experimental Neutron Scattering
Squires, GL Introduction Theory of Thermal Neutron
Scattering

PH509 PARTICLE PHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY (75 lectures)

Full Marks: 100 (Examination 80, Tutorial/Terminal 15, and Attendance 5)
(5 questions to be answered) Examination duration: 4 hours
Prerequisite Knowledge: PH403, PH407

1. a) Relativistic Kinematics: Lorentz transformations and covariance; Four-

vector notation.
b) Groups and their Representations: Introductory group theory; Lie groups
and algebra; Irreducible representations; SU(2); SU(3); Young’s tableaux.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Describe the fundamentals of groups and their representations.
(ii) Describe representations of symmetric group using young’s tableaux.

31
Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
(iii) Calculate dimension of a representation.
2. Feynman Diagram Techniques: Fermi’s golden rule for lifetimes and Cross-
sections; Feynman rules for a toy scalar theory; Cross-sections and Lifetimes,
Tree level and Higher order diagrams.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Draw relevant Feynman diagrams for a given process up to required
order in a toy theory of three scalar particles (ABC theory).
(ii) Calculate amplitudes for these diagrams.
(iii) Use Fermi’s golden rule to obtain cross sections and decay rates from
amplitudes.
(iv) Demonstrate the appearance of divergences in diagrams with loops.
(v) Apply an ultraviolet cutoff to regularize a divergent amplitude.
3. QED: Dirac -matrices; Trace theorems; Feynman rules for QED; Calculation
of cross-sections and lifetimes; Introduction to renormalization.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Draw relevant diagrams and calculate amplitudes in QED (including
manipulations of Dirac gamma matrices).
(ii) Renormalize a vacuum polarization diagram.
(iii) Calculate running (energy/momentum dependence) of the QED
coupling.
4. QCD: QCD Feynman rules; Quark-antiquark and quark-quark interaction
QCD; Confinement and asymptotic freedom; Perturbative and non-
perturbative QCD.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Calculate potentials between quark and antiquark pairs in perturbative
QCD for the possible colour configuration.
(ii) Explain quark binding in hadrons in only one of possible colour
configurations.
(iii) Demonstrate the anti-screening of the strong coupling constant-leading
to asymptotic freedom and confinement.
(iv) Differentiate between the perturbative and non-perturbative regimes of
QCD.
5. Weak Interaction and Electroweak Unification: Feynman rules for the weak
interaction; Charged and neutral weak currents; Cabibbo angle; CKM matrix;
Electroweak unification.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Explain the strength of flavour-changing weak decays
(ii) Demonstrate the electroweak unification.

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 Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
6. Introduction to Lagrangians for Gauge Theories and Physics beyond the
Standard Model (BSM): Gauge Theories: Lagrangians for Scalar, Spinor and
Vector particles; Derivation of Feynman rules; Global and Local gauge
invariance; Spontaneous symmetry breaking; Higgs mechanism; BSM: GUTs,
Neutrino masses and oscillation; Ideas of Supersymmetry and String Theory;
LHC physics.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Have knowledge of Lagrangians for spinor, scalar and vector.
(ii) Have the knowledge of global and local gauge invariance.
(iii) Understand spontaneous symmetry breaking and higgs mechanism.
(iv) Have the basic knowledge of BSM, GUTs, neutrino oscillations,
supersymmetry and string theory.
7. Cosmology: Expansion of the universe; Hubble’s law; Big bang; Friedman
equation; Hubble constant; Cosmological Models, Density parameter 0;
Deceleration parameter; Cosmological constant; Dark matter and its
candidates; Dark energy; Cosmic microwave background; Inflation; Large
scale structure; Gravitational waves.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Explain the ultimate fate of the universe.
(ii) Find out whether the expansion of a model universe is acceleratory or
not.
(iii) Describe the behavior of matter dominated, radiation dominated or
mixed flat universes.
(iv) Explain the importance. of cosmological constant
(v) Understand the dark matter and dark energy.
(vi) Understand cosmic microwave background and its importance.
Books recommended:
Text Books:
Griffiths, D Introduction to Elementary Particles
Liddle, A Introduction to Modern Cosmology

Reference Books:
Halzen, F and Martin, AD Quarks and Leptons
Perkins, DH High Energy Physics
Georgi, H Lie Algebras in Particle Physics
Longair, MS High Energy Astrophysics
Collins, PDB, Martin, AD Particle Physics and Cosmology
and Squires, FJ
Rolnick, WB The Fundamental Particles and their
Interactions

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Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
Kane, G Modern Elementary Particle Physics
Aitchison, IJR and Hey, AJG Gauge Theories in Particle Physics
Bettini, A An Introduction to Elementary Particle
Physics
Mann, R An Introduction to Particle Physics and the
Standard Model
Ryden, B Introduction to Cosmology
Dodelson, S Modern Cosmology
Kolb, E and Turner, M The Early Universe
Weinberg, S Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and
Applications of the General Theory of
Relativity

PH510 ADVANCED REACTOR PHYSICS (75 lectures)

Full Marks: 100 (Examination 80, Tutorial/Terminal 15, and Attendance 5)
(5 questions to be answered) Examination duration: 4 hours
Prerequisite Knowledge: PH403, PH407

1. Nuclear Reactors and Nuclear Power: Components of nuclear reactors; Non-

nuclear components of nuclear power plants; Power reactors and Nuclear
steam supply systems; PWR, Organic-cooled reactors; Gas-cooled thermal
reactors; Heavy-water reactor; Breeder reactors: LMFBR; MSBR.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Know about the nuclear and non-nuclear components of a nuclear
reactor.
(ii) Calculate the efficiency of a reactor.
(iii) Learn how to convert fertile isotopes into fissile isotopes.
(iv) Learn about breeding and its importance for the future of nuclear
energy.
(v) Design a nuclear reactor.
2. Nuclear Reactor Theory: One-group reactor equation for different reactor
shapes; Two-group critical equations; Calculations of critical size; Reflected
reactors.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Derive one and two group reactor and critical equations.
(ii) Calculate the critical mass and size of the reactor.
(iii) Calculate the critical fuel amount for a particular shape and size of a
reactor.

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 Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
(iv) Know the use of reflectors.
3. Time Dependent Reactor: Reactor Kinetics; Control rods and chemical shim,
Temperature effects on reactivity, Fission production poisoning, Core
properties during lifetime.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Know the time dependent behavior of nuclear reactor.
(ii) Know the use of control rods to control the reactor power and handle
the emergency.
(iii) Know the effect of temperature on reactivity.
(iv) Demonstrate fission product poisoning.
4. Heat Removal: General thermodynamic considerations; Heat generation in
reactors; Heat flow by conduction; Heat transfer to coolants; Boiling heat
transfer; Reactor coolants and associated phenomena.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Know the sources of heat energy in a reactor.
(ii) Know the detail of heat flow and transfer of heat to coolants.
(iii) Know the detail procedure of removing heat for uses from the core.
5. Reactor Materials: Structural materials; Moderator and reflector materials;
Radiation effects on materials; Corrosion and chemical reactions in coolant
circuit materials.
Intended learning outcome: Enables successful students to:
(i) Select the proper material for the construction of different components
of a reactor.
(ii) Know how to minimize the radiation damage.
6. Reactor Shielding and Safety: Principles of reactor shielding; Different types
of shielding systems and materials; Attenuation of fast neutrons and gamma
rays; Principles of Nuclear power plant safety; Reactor accidents and risk
analysis.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
(i) Know the sources of γ and neutron radiation.
(ii) Know the positive uses of radiation.
(iii) Know how to dispose the high level radioactive materials.
(iv) Understand three level of safety.
(v) Design the reactor protector systems.
(vi) Know the future of nuclear power.

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Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018

Books recommended:
Text books:
Lamarsh, JR Introduction to Nuclear Engineering
Glasstone, S and Sesonske, A Nuclear Reactor Engineering

Reference books:
Stacey, WM Nuclear Reactor Physics
Duderstadt, JJ and Hamilton, LJ Nuclear Reactor Analysis
Garg, S et al Nuclear Reactor Physics
Garland, WJ www.nuceng.ca(website)
King, DG Nuclear Power Systems
Henry,A Nuclear Reactor Analysis
Murray, RL Introduction to Nuclear Engineering
Liverhant, SE Elementary Introduction to Nuclear Reactor
Physics

PH511 BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION AND IMAGING SYSTEM (75

lectures)
Full Marks: 100 (Examination 80, Tutorial/Terminal 15, and Attendance 5)
(5 questions to be answered) Examination duration: 4 hours

1. Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation: Physiological systems of human

body; Cardio vascular system; Respiratory system; Nervous system; Source
of biomedical signals; Basic medical instrumentation system; Microprocessor;
Interfacing of analog signals to microprocessors; PC based medical
instruments.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
i) Understand various physical systems of human body.
ii) Have basic knowledge about medical instruments.
iii)Know the interfacing between two systems.
iv) Gather knowledge about operation of medical instruments controlled by
PC.
2. Bioelectric Signals and Electrodes: Origin of bioelectric signals;
Electrocardiogram (ECG), Electroencephalogram (EEG); Electromyogram
(EMG); Recording electrodes; Metal-electrolyte interface; Skin contact

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 Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
impedance; Silver-silver chloride electrodes; Electrodes for: ECG, EEG, EMG;
Electrical conductivity of jellies and creams.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
i) Understand the process of bioelectric signal recording.
ii) Explain the mechanism of physiological assistance devices.

3. Instrumentation Amplifier and Recorders: Principle of instrumentation

amplifier; Carrier amplifier; Chopper amplifier; Biomedical signal analysis
techniques; Fourier transform; Signal processing techniques; Writing
processes: Ink jet recorder; Potentiometric recorder; Digital recorder,
Biomedical recorders; ECG; Vector-cardiograph (VCG); EEG; EMG;
Biofeedback instrumentation.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
i) Design and use amplifiers used in biomedical instrumentation systems.
ii) Predict the experimental patterns of physiological assistance devices.

4. Patient Monitoring System: Cardiac monitor; Cardiac monitor using digital

memory; Central monitors; Measurement of: Heart rate, Pulse rate, Blood
pressure, Respiration rate, Foetal monitoring instruments.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
i) Recognize and monitor various cardiac problems.
5. Clinical Laboratory Instruments and Blood Cell Counters: Principles of
spectrophotometer; Microprocessor based spectrophotometer; Automated
biochemical analysis system; Clinical flame photometer; pH measurements of
blood; Blood pCO2; Blood pO2 ; Complete blood gas analyzer; Methods of
blood cell counting; Coulter counters; Automatic recognition and differential
counting at cells.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
i) Understand the construction and measuring procedure of various
pathological instruments.
6. Audiometer and Hearing Aids: Basic audiometer; Sections of audiometer;
Mechanical; Electrical; Evoked response audiometer system; Hearing aids;
Conventional, Digital; Cochlear implants.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
i) Design and use audiometer and hearing aids.
7. Modern Imaging Instrumentation: X-ray machines; Digital radiography; X-
ray computed tomography (CT); Position emission tomography (PET);
Nuclear medical imaging; Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); Ultrasonic
imaging; Thermal imaging.
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Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
i) Explain the working principles of various imaging techniques.
ii) Predict the images obtained from CT, PET and MRI.
iii) Demonstrate the differences among the images obtained from CT, PET
and MRI.
8. Therapeutic Equipments: Cardiac pacemaker; Cardiac defibrillators;
Haemodialysis machines; Lithotripter machine; Radiotherapy equipment;
Physiotherapy and electrotherapy equipment.
Intended learning outcomes: Enables successful students to:
i) Explain the working principles of various therapeutic equipments.
ii) Use the various therapeutic equipments.

Books recommended:
Text books:
R,S, Khandpur Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation
L Cromwell, F J. Weibell,
E A Pfeiffer Biomedical Instrumentation and Measuring system
B.L. Chrisfe Introduction to Biomedical Instrumentation

PH512 QUANTUM FIELD THEORY (75 lectures)

Full Marks: 100 (Examination 80, Tutorial/Terminal 15, and Attendance 5)
(5 questions to be answered) Examination duration: 4 hours

1. Canonical Quantisation: Real Klein-Gordon field; Complex Klein-Gordon

field; Dirac (Spinor) field; Electromagnetic vector field; Choice of gauge.

2. Perturbative Expansion, Feynman Diagrams Techniques and Path Integral

Quantisation: Perturbative (loop) expansion; Feynman diagrams;
Propagators and interactions; S-matrix; Path integral formalism; Generating
functional; Green’s function for free and interacting fields; Examples using 4
theory; Connected and disconnected diagrams; Fermions; LSZ reduction
formula; Gauge fields; Gauge invariance; QED: Photon propagator; Self-
energy; Ward-Takahashi identities; Cross-sections for some elementary
processes.

3. Renormalisation: Renormalisability of a theory; Ultraviolet and infrared

divergences; Divergences in 4 theory; Dimensional regularization;

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 Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
Renormalisation of 4 theory; Divergences in QED; Renormalisation of QED;
Renormalisation group.

4. Symmetry Breaking: Goldstone theorem; Pion as a Goldstone-Nambu boson;

Higgs mechanism and Glashow-Salam-Weinberg model.

5. Applications:
a) Non-Abelian Gauge Theories: Yang-Mills theory; Faddeev-Popov ghosts;
One-loop divergences in QCD; Asymptotic freedom.
b) Condensed Matter Physics: Superfluids; Landau-Ginzburg theory;
Superconductivity; Quantum Hall fluids.

Books recommended:
Text books:
Peskin, ME and Schroeder, DV An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory
Ryder, LH Quantum Field Theory
Zee, A Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell

Reference books:
Ramond, P Field Theory: A Modern Primer
Weinberg, S Quantum Theory of Fields, vols. 1 and 2
Itzhykson, C and Zuber, J Quantum Field Theory
Kaku, M Quantum Field Theory
Srednicki, M Quantum Field Theory

PH513 OPTICAL FIBRE PHYSICS (75 lectures)

Full Marks: 100 (Examination 80, Tutorial/Terminal 15, and Attendance 5)
(5 questions to be answered) Examination duration: 4 hours

1. Basic Characteristics: Ray theory; Electromagnetic theory; Single mode fibre;

Multimode fibres.

2. Transmission Characteristics: Material absorption loss; Linear ion linear

scattering loss; Band loss; Splice loss; Different types of dispersions;
Polarization.

3. Fabrication of Optical Fibre: Liquid phase technology; Vapour phase

deposition technique (OVP,VAD, MCVD and PCVD); Fluoride gas fibers.

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Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
4. Optical Communication Systems: Sources: Different types of LASER and
their characteristics; LEDs; Detectors: Principles, PIN photodiodes; APDs;
Transmitter; Fibre sensors; Optical interferometers.

5. Optical Amplifications and Integrated Optics: Optical amplifier; Fibre

amplifier; Integrated optics principle; Planer waveguide; Integrated optical
devices.

6. Measurement Methods in Optical Fibre: General experimental

consideration; Measurement of attenuation; Refractive index profile;
Numerical aperture; Pulse dispersion and bandwidth.

Books recommended:
Text books:
Ghatak, A and Thyagarajan, K Introduction to Fibre Optics
Senior, JM Optical Fibre Communication

Reference books:
Ghatak, A and Thyagarajan, ZK Optical Electronics
Shydev, AW and Love, JD Optical Waveguide Theory
Gowav, P Optical Communication
Lacy, EA Fiber Optics

PH523 PRACTICALS
Full Marks: 200 (Continuous Assessment-60 marks, Practical Examination 140
marks. 4 days for experiments and one day for defense on experiment)
Examination Duration: 5 6 hours
Prerequisite: PH411

List of Experiments

1. Determination of total cross-section by analyzing bubble chamber photos.

Intended Learning outcomes: Enable successful students to:
a) Distinguish between partial cross section and total cross section.
b) Explain the probability of interaction of a nuclear reaction.
c) Explain the mechanism of happening of a nuclear interaction in
superheating condition of a liquid in bubble chamber.
d) Understand elastic, inelastic and exchange nuclear interactions.
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 Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018

2. Measurement of the range of π-meson in liquid hydrogen.

Intended Learning outcomes: Enable successful students to:
a) Grasp the knowledge how the range of nuclear particles vary with
the density of medium as well as its kinetic energy.
b) Explain the concept of superheated condition of a liquid.
c) Demonstrate the columbic collisions of -meson with atomic
electrons while traveling through matter.
d) Calculate the range of -meson using Sagitta method by measuring
the radius of curvature, momentum and velocity.

3. Determination of the maximum energy of beta particles from its energy

spectrum.
Intended Learning outcomes: Enable successful students to:
a) Perceive the condition for maximum energy of beta particles.
b) Demonstrate the trajectory and energy of beta particle in a
homogeneous magnetic field.
c) Explain the energy spectrum of beta particle.

4. Measurement of the mass of π-meson from the analysis of the decay of

pions and muons in hydrogen bubble chamber.
Intended Learning outcomes: Enable successful students to:
a) Demonstrate the decay modes of pions and muons.
b) Calculate the momentum of meson from the radius of curvature of
its daughter’s track and that of muons from its daughter’s track
length.
c) Calculate the mass of -meson and muon analyzing the bubble
chamber photographs using the concept of momentum and energy
conservation.

5. Analysis of nuclear interactions on a bubble chamber film using

relativistic kinematics.
Intended Learning outcomes: Enable successful students to:
a) Demonstrate momentum and energy conservation for an interaction
in a bubble chamber.
b) Find out product particle from Ionization code versus momentum
curve.
c) Identify missing particle by calculating missing energy, missing
momentum and mass.
d) Reveal the interaction type.

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Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
6. Determination of the thermal neutron flux using neutron activation
method.
Intended Learning outcomes: Enable successful students to:
a) Make known induced radioactivity.
b) Explain neutron activation methodology.
c) Know the uses of neutron activation in radiation safety, neutron
detection and material analysis.
d) Demonstrate the function of GM counter by explaining threshold
voltage, operating voltage, flatness of plateau, quenching,
avalanche, breakdown voltage etc.

7. Determination of the half-life of a radioisotope using 7mCi Ra-Be neutron

source.
Intended Learning outcomes: Enable successful students to:
a) Know the production of neutrons.
b) Calculate half-life of radioactive substance and aware to handle its
harmful radioisotopes.
c) Learn the application of radioisotopes in medical physics and some
other potential fields e.g. agriculture, industry.
d) Calculate the half life of an unknown radioisotope.

8. Studies of magnetic properties of a ferromagnetic sample using an

oscilloscope.
Intended Learning outcomes: Enable successful students to:
a) Explain the distinction between B and H and their variation with
each other.
b) Explain the formation of hysteresis loop as a function of alternating
field in a ferromagnetic sample.
c) Calculate retentivity, coercivity, magnetic permeability, magnetic
susceptibility and hysteresis loss and explain their variation in
materials to materials.
d) Demonstrate the uses of the ferromagnetic materials for preparing
permanent magnet, cores for electromagnets, electric motors,
transformers, generators, and other electrical equipment of electric
technology.

9. Studies of conductivity and activation energy of a semiconducting sample

and measurement of TCR.
Intended Learning outcomes: Enable successful students to:
a) Know the differences among Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein and Fermi-
Dirac statistics.

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 Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
b) Know the meaning of activation energy and carrier activation from
valence band to conduction band happens in a sample.
c) Demonstrate the change of conductivity characteristics of a
semiconducting sample due to heat energy through  vs. T graph.
d) Understand the carrier generation mechanism in semiconducting
sample.
e) Calculate the temperature coefficient of resistivity and graphical
methods of solution of an equation to find experimental value.

10. Determination of Hall constant, Hall mobility and other related

parameters of a semiconducting sample
Intended Learning outcomes: Enable successful students to:
a) Explain the origin of Hall voltage, Measure Hall voltage; determine
the magnitude of the voltage for various sample current and
magnetic field. And determine the sign of the Hall voltage in a
semiconductor.
b) Identify the type of an extrinsic semiconducting sample.
c) Explain Lorentz force and its direction in a sample.
d) Produce magnetic field in a desired direction.
e) Calculate the concentration of charge carriers and its variation with
external current in the sample.
f) Calculate Hall mobility and its magnitude?
g) Explain Hall coefficient and electrical conductivity of a
semiconducting sample.

11. Study of the characteristics of a solar cell/panel

Intended Learning outcomes: Enable successful students to:
a) Explain the development of potential barrier due to the presence of
positive and negative ions in the junction area of a solar cell (pn
diode).
b) Explain the formation of dc voltage developed in a solar cell when
light impinges on it.
c) Explain the constructional difference between a rectifier diode and a
solar cell.
d) Measure light intensity using thermopile.
e) Plot I-V Characteristics of a solar cell and hence calculate open and
short circuit voltage and current, current and voltage at maximum
power, fill factor, efficiency, shunt and series resistance as a function
of the cell temperature.
f) Explain the availability of current at night while no solar radiation is
present.

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Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
12. Deconvolution of digitized NMR spectrum and hence identification and
quantification of various species present in an amorphous material
Intended Learning outcomes: Enable successful students to:
a) Digitize and deconvolute any spectra.
b) Learn the procedure of collecting NMR signal using an NMR
spectrometer.
c) Find out the local order, including nearest neighbor and next nearest
neighbor, of the investigated nuclei.
d) Know the dominant interactions in solid state materials and their
effects in the NMR spectrum.
e) Know the removal mechanism of the effect of chemical shift, dipolar
and quadrupolar interactions.
f) Learn the effect of changing local order of the investigated nuclei.
g) Identify and quantify the relative amounts of various species present
in the materials.
h) Know the spin-spin and spin-lattice relaxation times and their effects
on free induction decay.
i) Know the practical uses of this experiment in our daily life.

13. Identification and quantification of various chemical bonds present in a

specific material by using IR Spectrum.
Intended Learning outcomes: Enable successful students to:
a) Present block diagram of IR spectrophotometer.
b) Explain the effect of sweeping the IR radiation from its minimum to
maximum values.
c) Identify and quantify various chemical bonds present in the material.
d) Know the practical uses of this experiment in our daily life.

14. Estimation of absorption coefficient and optical band gap from

absorption edge of amorphous and crystalline semiconductors.
Intended Learning outcomes: Enable successful students to:
a) Determine the band gap of a semiconductor sample using its optical
transmission spectrum.
b) Learn about Urback energy or Urback-tail and their magnitude with
respect to the band gap.
c) Demonstrate the absorption edge in an optical spectrum.
d) Predict direct and indirect band gap energies.
e) Know about allowed and forbidden transitions.
f) Demonstrate the effect of optical interference in a thin film sample
prepared on glass substrate.
g) Understand the function of an optical spectrophotometer (Double
beam) and know the procedure of collecting transmission spectrum of
the sample.
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 Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018

15. Study of pulse width modulation (using 555 timer).

Intended Learning outcomes: Enable successful students to:
a) Explain the effect of modulation and demodulation.
b) Demonstrate the effect of pulse width modulation.

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Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018

Academic Calendar

M.Sc. Session: 2017-18; Examination 2018

Class Starts Class Ends Exam starts

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 Curriculum for M.Sc. in Physics, Session: 2017-18; Examination: 2018
Class Routine

47