SANS634:2012 Preliminary Engineering Geological

Investigation Conducted on Erf 184 Olifantsnek situated on

Portion 62 of the farm Commissiesdrift 327-JQ, North-West
Province, South Africa

SANS634:2012 Preliminary Shallow Soil Engineering Geological Assessment

Client: HydroScience
Contact person: Paulette Jacobs

Project number: RS19022 20 August 2019

Report version: V1.0
 SANS634:2012 Preliminary Engineering Geological
Investigation Conducted on Erf 184 Olifantsnek situated on
Portion 62 of the farm Commissiesdrift 327-JQ, North-West
Province, South Africa

Document History
Rev. Date Revised Editor Details Note of Changes Conducted

V1.0 20 August 2019 DH Wessels Final Report

Document Approval and Quality Control

Action Responsible Person Profession and Registration

Fieldwork J Tunnell Qualified Engineering Geologist

Data capturing J Tunnell Engineering Geologists

Report writing J Tunnell and M Dippenaar Engineering Geologists - Pr.Sci.Nat

Approved by DH Wessels Engineering Geologist - Pr.Sci.Nat

© RockSoil Consult (Pty) Ltd.

No part of this document or any of the information or data within may be disclosed, copied, distributed or used
for any purposes without the written permission of RockSoil Consult (Pty) Ltd. RockSoil Consult (Pty) Ltd. take
no responsibility for any loss of any kind resulting from miss-interpretation of data that may result from selective
data distribution. If anything is unclear, feel free to ask.

ii
Table of Contents Page no.
1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1
2 Objectives of the Assessment ............................................................................................. 1
3 Information Used During the Study .................................................................................... 1
4 Investigation Methodology................................................................................................. 2
5 Site Description ................................................................................................................... 3
6 Regional Climate ................................................................................................................. 3
7 Geology ............................................................................................................................... 5
7.1 Regional Geology......................................................................................................... 5
7.2 Site Specific Geology ................................................................................................... 5
8 Hydrology and Hydrogeology ............................................................................................. 5
9 General Engineering and Material Characteristics ............................................................. 6
9.1 Soil Profile.................................................................................................................... 7
9.2 Material Grading and Atterberg Limits ....................................................................... 7
9.3 Material Classification - Unified Soil Classification ..................................................... 7
9.4 Material Classification - AASHTO Classification .......................................................... 8
9.5 Material Classification – COLTO or TRH Classification ................................................ 8
9.6 Corrosivity Indicators .................................................................................................. 8
9.7 Typical Material Properties and Expected Performance ............................................ 8
9.8 Compaction Characteristics ........................................................................................ 8
9.9 Bearing Capacity .......................................................................................................... 9
10 Geotechnical Constraints .................................................................................................... 9
10.1 Collapsible Soil........................................................................................................... 10
10.2 Seepage ..................................................................................................................... 10
10.3 Active Soil .................................................................................................................. 11
10.4 Highly Compressible Soil ........................................................................................... 11
10.5 Erodibility of Soil ....................................................................................................... 11
10.6 Excavation Difficulty .................................................................................................. 11
10.7 Undermined Ground ................................................................................................. 11

3
 10.8 Dolomite Stability ...................................................................................................... 11
10.9 Steep Slopes .............................................................................................................. 11
10.10 Areas of Unstable Natural Slopes .......................................................................... 11
10.11 Seismic Activity ...................................................................................................... 12
10.12 Areas Subject to Flooding ...................................................................................... 12
11 Preliminary Geotechnical Zonation .................................................................................. 12
12 Installation of Services ...................................................................................................... 12
13 Building Construction ....................................................................................................... 13
14 Assessment Limitations .................................................................................................... 13
15 Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................................. 13
16 Way Forward..................................................................................................................... 14
17 Report Provisions .............................................................................................................. 14
18 References ........................................................................................................................ 15

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List of Appendices Appendix no.
Appendix A: Figures ................................................................................................................................ A
Appendix B: Soil Profile Descriptions ...................................................................................................... B
Appendix C: Soil Profile Photographs ..................................................................................................... C
Appendix D: Laboratory Test Results ......................................................................................................D
Appendix E: Reference Tables................................................................................................................. E

List of Figures Page / Appendix no.

Figure 1: Locality Map ............................................................................................................................. A
Figure 2: Geological Map ........................................................................................................................ A
Figure 3: Drainage Map........................................................................................................................... A
Figure 4: Test Pit Positions ...................................................................................................................... A
Figure 5: Preliminary Broad Zonation Map ............................................................................................. A

5
List of Charts Page no.
Chart 1: Regional Average, Minimum and Maximum Temperatures ..................................................... 4
Chart 2: Regional Average Monthly Rainfall ........................................................................................... 4

List of Photographs Page no.

No table of figures entries found.
(Intentionally left blank. Refer to Appendix C)

List of Tables Page / Appendix no.

Table R1: General Investigation Procedures and Information ............................................................... 2
Table R2: Laboratory Tests and Tests Quantities.................................................................................... 3
Table R3: Summarised laboratory test results ........................................................................................ 6
Table R4: Geotechnical Constraints in Urban Development (SANS634, 2012) ...................................... 9
Table E5: Descriptors for moisture condition (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1) .............................................. E
Table E6: Descriptors for predominant colour (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1) ............................................ E
Table E7: Descriptors for secondary colour patterns (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1) .................................. E
Table E8: Descriptors for consistency of granular soils (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1) ............................... E
Table E9: Descriptors for consistency of cohesive soils (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)............................... E
Table E10: Descriptors for the structure of soils (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1) ......................................... E
Table E11: Descriptors for spacing of structures in soil (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1) ............................... E
Table E12: Descriptors for degree of prominence of structures (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1) ................. E
Table E13: Primary descriptors for soil texture (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1) ........................................... E
Table E14: Descriptors for gravels, cobbles and boulders (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1) ........................... E
Table E15: Descriptors of origins of transported soils (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1) ................................. E
Table E16: Pedocrete classification (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1) ............................................................. E
Table E17: Descriptors of the degree of cementation of pedocretes (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1) ......... E
Table E18: Qualifications to descriptors for rotary percussion borehole samples (SANS 633:2012
Edition 1) ................................................................................................................................................. E
Table E19: Descriptors for degree of weathering (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1) ........................................ E
Table E20: Descriptors of rock texture (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1) ........................................................ E
Table E21: Typical material properties (Unified Soil Classification System) ........................................... E
Table E22: Material properties after NAVFAC DM7 (1971) .................................................................... E
Table E23: Shear strength parameters for slow draining cohesive materials ........................................ E
Table E24: Shear strength parameters for quick draining non-cohesive materials................................ E

6
 SANS634:2012 Preliminary Engineering Geological
Investigation Conducted on Erf 184 Olifantsnek situated on
Portion 62 of the farm Commissiesdrift 327-JQ, North-West
Province, South Africa

1 Introduction
A preliminary engineering geological investigation was conducted in accordance with SANS634:2012.
The investigation was conducted on approximately 29 hectares on Portion 62 of the farm
Commisiesdrift 327-JQ near Rustenburg in North-West Province (South Africa; Figure 1).

2 Objectives of the Assessment

The main objectives of a SANS634:2012 Preliminary Geotechnical assessment are to (SANS634, 2012):

• Gather readily available geotechnical information;

• Identify and categorize terrain types;
• Establish if a parcel of land is suitable for the proposed development;

• Indicate appropriate land uses;

• Comment on potential sources of construction materials.
The preliminary investigation is generally supplemented by a site walkover survey and examination of
existing profiles in the area or limited trial pit excavation and soil profile descriptions.

3 Information Used During the Study

The following available information were considered during this investigation:
1) Locality map with provided approximate site boundaries;
2) 1:250 000-scale regional geological sheet;
3) 1:50 000-scale regional geological sheet;
4) 1:500 000-scale Hydrogeological map series (DWAF/WRC 1995);
5) GoogleEarth images;
6) Climate-date.org database;
7) Local knowledge of the area.
The available information was supplemented with the information obtained during the fieldwork
phase/s of this assessment, as discussed in the relevant report sections.

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4 Investigation Methodology
The investigation comprises:

• Desk study of readily available information;

• Limited trial pit excavation;
• In-situ soil profile logging by a suitably qualified engineering geologist/s;
• Soil profile photography;
• Selective material sampling;

• Limited soil testing at an accredited commercial laboratory;

• Evaluation and reporting by a qualified and professionally registered engineering geologist.
The number of trial pits, equipment and general investigation procedures/methods are provided in
Table R1. The soil classification testing, relevant test methods and quantities are provided in Table R2.
Additional information on the test procedures can be provided upon request.

Table R1: General Investigation Procedures and Information

Description Information

Number of trial pits excavated 10

Placing Methodology Land facet targeting and site coverage

Machine used for excavation TLB

Profiling standards used for descriptions SAICE 2009 and SANS633:2012

Profile logged by Qualified engineering geologist/s

Test pit positioning Hand-Held Garmin E-Trex GPS

Soil profile capturing and illustration dotPLOT Version 3.22.0

Coordinate system Decimal Degrees or WGS84 SA Grid

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Table R2: Laboratory Tests and Tests Quantities

Number
Laboratory Test Laboratory Test Standard
of Tests

Screen Analysis ST Laboratory (Pty) Ltd. SANS 3001:GR1 7

Hydrometer Analysis ST Laboratory (Pty) Ltd. SANS 3001:GR3 & TMH1 7

Atterberg Limits ST Laboratory (Pty) Ltd. SANS 3001:GR10 7

pH ST Laboratory (Pty) Ltd. Refer to lab report 7

Electrical Conductivity ST Laboratory (Pty) Ltd. Refer to lab report 7

ST –> Specialised Testing

Refer to the laboratory test reports for investigation procedures/standards followed. More details on
the investigation methodology and test standards can be provided upon request.

5 Site Description
The site, covering a spatial extent of approximately 29 hectares, is presently mostly undeveloped with
limited residential dwellings and earthworks in the south-eastern portion and the R24 motorway
transecting the site. The site, on both sides of the R24, is accessible from the R24.
Vegetation is mostly shrubs with some grassy undergrowth. The environment is very likely disturbed
through historical agriculture or proximate developments, and subsequently vegetation may also be
disturbed.
Topography is fairly flat, draining locally to the river to the south and east of the site.

6 Regional Climate
As per climate-data.org, the climate in the Randburg area is considered “Cwa” according to the
Koppen-Geiger climate classification. The average annual temperature is ~18.6 °C with an average
annual rainfall of ~663 mm. The temperatures are highest on average in January, at around 23.7 °C.
The lowest average temperatures in the year occur in July at around 11.5 °C. The regional average,
minimum and maximum temperatures are depicted in Chart 1. The regional average monthly rainfall
is depicted in Chart 2.

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 Regional Average, Minimum and Maximum Temperatures
35.0

30.0 30.5 30.3

29.7 29.5 29.7
28.3
27.1
25.0 25.8
Average monthly temperature (°C)

23.7 23.1 23.2 23.7 23.2

21.6 22.3
20.7 20.7 21.3
20.0
18.3 18.1
17.0 16.5 16.2
15.0 14.9 14.6 14.3 15.0
13.2
10.9 11.7 11.5
10.0
9.2
6.1
5.0 4.9
2.7 2.3
0.0

-5.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Months 1 January to 12 December

Chart 1: Regional Average, Minimum and Maximum Temperatures

Regional Average Monthly Rainfall

140.0

120.0
117.0
113.0
Average rainfall per month (mm)

100.0 100.0
95.0
86.0
80.0

60.0
55.0

40.0
37.0

20.0 18.0 18.0

9.0 7.0 8.0
0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Months 1 January to 12 December

Chart 2: Regional Average Monthly Rainfall

The information provided is crude and should be refined by nearby weather stations if deemed critical
for design-level input.

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7 Geology
7.1 Regional Geology
The site is underlain by shale associated with the Silverton Formation of the Pretoria Group found in
the Transvaal Supergroup (denoted by pale brown shading on Figure 2). The contact with the
quartzites of the Magaliesberg Formation (Pretoria Group) is approximately 2 km to the east of the
proposed site (cross-hatched purple shading).
A number of stratiform (bedding-parallel) diabase dykes are intruded into the sedimentary rocks
(green-shading; denoted by di). These mostly strike west-east to northwest-southeast and are
expected to be persistent along the strike even where not indicated as surface outcrop on the
geological map.
Quaternary colluvium and alluvium occur along the existing drainage channels and the adjacent flood
plains (yellow shading; denoted by Q).
There are no soluble rocks (e.g. dolomite) underlying the site, and subsequently no specialist
investigations are required in this regard.
No mineral deposits or mining operations appear to affect the site, and subsequently mineral deposits
and potential undermining are not expected to influence the site.
The area is not in a geologically seismically active area, and natural seismicity is not expected to affect
the developability of the site.

7.2 Site Specific Geology

The site itself is underlain by shale and diabase, with a contact between the two transecting the site
in the northern portion along a west-east strike. Given the resolution of the 1:250 000-scale geological
sheet in Figure 2, it cannot be ruled out that the diabase can exist at depth without having been
identified during regional mapping exercises.
Though maximum potential effort was used during the preliminary investigation, the exact extent of
the different lithologies will need to be confirmed during a detailed investigation as stipulated in
SAN634:2012.

8 Hydrology and Hydrogeology

The site is situated in the A22G quaternary catchment of the Marico/ Crocodile (West) Water
Management Area. Regional drainage is to the northeast via the Olifantsnek Dam (Figure 3).
The 1:500 000-scale Hydrogeological map series (DWAF/WRC 1995) were consulted for background
hydrogeological conditions. The following generic conditions are noted:
• Electrical conductivity c. 70-300 mS/m

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 • Total dissolved solids c. < 300 ppm
• Hydrochemical type (Ca,Mg)(HCO3)2

• Depth to groundwater level 10-30 m

• Mean annual recharge 50-110 mm
Aquifers in the area are likely fractured to intergranular and fractured, with diabase and shale likely
acting as local aquitards rather than aquifers.
Recharge is likely from shallow gradients or depressions, and will likely be very localised and
preferential rather than dispersed and regional.
Given the bedrock geology, site soils will likely comprise low permeability silts and clays with high
retention of moisture.

9 General Engineering and Material Characteristics

Engineering and material characterisation is based on ten soil profiles described on the site (positions
indicated on Figure 4; photographs and logs supplied in Appendix B and Appendix C respectively).
Seven representative soil samples were submitted for foundation indicator tests and determination
of pH and electrical conductivity (Table R3 and Appendix D.

Table R3: Summarised laboratory test results

Sample TP03 TP03 TP05 TP06 TP08 TP09 TP10

Depth (m) 0.0 - 0.2 1.1 - 1.6 1.6 - 1.8 1.0 - 1.2 1.0 - 1.2 1.3 - 1.5 0.6 - 0.8

Weathered Residual Residual Weathered Weathered

Horizon Topsoil Transported?
shale shale shale shale shale

GM 1.77 1.40 0.96 0.45 1.31 1.88 0.42

LL (%) 24 32 31 32 32 34 41

PI (%) 5 5 5 13 7 6 20

LS (%) 2.5 3.5 3.5 7.5 4.0 2.5 10.0

Unified GC-GM GM ML CL GM GM CL

AASHTO A-2-4 A-4 A-4 A-6 A-4 A-2-4 A-7-6

pH 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.2

EC (S/m) 0.017 0.011 0.022 0.0250 0.055 0.008 0.023

GM – Grading Modulus; LL – Liquid Limit; PI – Plasticity Index; LS – Linear Shrinkage; Unified and AASHTO Soil Classification Systems; EC –
Electrical Conductivity

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Typical material properties and expected performance based on the Unified Soil Classification system
are provided in Appendix E for guideline purposes only. Material properties and expected
performance should be assessed in the detailed follow-up assessments and testing programs.

9.1 Soil Profile

Two typical soil profiles were identified at the site. Test pits TP01-TP06, TP08 and TP09 were described
as shale and TP07 and TP10 as diabase.
Typical material successions for each comprise the following:

• Thin topsoil overlying silty sandy residual shale becoming highly jointed, laminated weathered
shale bedrock, resulting in TLB refusal at depths of 1.20-1.90 m below surface.

• Thin topsoil overlying coarse diabase gravel to corestones, mostly clast-supported in a silty to
clayey matrix, resulting in TLB refusal at approximately 1.20 m depth below surface.

9.2 Material Grading and Atterberg Limits

Residual shale generally grades as low plasticity clays and silts. Highly weathered shale encountered
at the base of most test pits grade as silty to clayey gravels with low plasticity.
Diabase bedrock is shallow and soil cover is very thin to absent in the limited exposures at the site.
Colluvial and other transported soil horizons are similar despite deeper bedrock.

9.3 Material Classification - Unified Soil Classification

The materials tested classifies as the following soil classes (Unified Soil Classification System):
GM → Course-grained soils (more than 50% retained on the 0.075 mm sieve), gravels (50 % or
more of course fraction retained on the 4.75 mm sieve), gravel with fines, silty gravels,
gravel-sand-silt mixtures.
GC → Course-grained soils (more than 50% retained on the 0.075 mm sieve), gravels (50 % or
more of course fraction retained on the 4.75 mm sieve), gravel with fines, clayey gravels,
gravel-sand-clay mixtures.
ML → Fine-grained soils (more than 50 % passes the 0.075 mm sieve), silts and clays with Liquid
Limit of 50 % or less, inorganic silts, very fine sands, rock four, silty or clayey fine sands.
CL → Fine-grained soils (more than 50 % passes the 0.075 mm sieve), silts and clays with Liquid
Limit of 50 % or less, inorganic clays of low to medium plasticity, gravelly/sandy/silty/lean
clays.
Residual shale is classified as “ML” to “CL” according to the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS).
Highly weathered shale is classified as “GM” to “GC”.

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9.4 Material Classification - AASHTO Classification
The materials tested classifies as the following soil classes (AASHTO Classification System):
A-2 → Granular materials (35 % or less passing the 0.075 mm sieve), different LL and PI for A-2
variances (refer to A-2-4, A-2-5 A-2-6 and A-2-7 sub-groups) with significant constituent:
silty or clayey gravel sand.
A-4 → Silt-clay materials (>35 % passing the 0.075 mm sieve), minimum of 36 % passing the 0.075
mm sieve, LL max of 40, PI max of 10, with significant constituent: silty soils.
A-6 → Silt-clay materials (>35 % passing the 0.075 mm sieve), minimum of 36 % passing the 0.075
mm sieve, LL max of 40, PI min of 11, with significant constituent: clayey soils.

9.5 Material Classification – COLTO or TRH Classification

The materials were not classified in terms of COLTO or TRH in this preliminary assessment.

9.6 Corrosivity Indicators

Based on acidic pH values, moderate electrical conductivities, the presence of clays, and the likely
elevated moisture conditions in natural state, the site soils are expected to be mildly to highly
corrosive to cement and steel.

9.7 Typical Material Properties and Expected Performance

The majority of the site soils are low plasticity silts and clays with variable amounts of sand and gravel.
Typical material properties and expected performances, based on the Unified Soil Classification
System (USCS), are provided in the relevant reference tables attached in Appendix E. The properties
are provided for guideline/planning purposes and should be assessed in more detail in the Phase 1
detailed assessment to follow.

9.8 Compaction Characteristics

No compaction testing was conducted. However, given the grading and properties of the soils,
compaction might be difficult, especially for those soils classified as “CL” or “ML” according to the
Unified soil classification system. Permeability will also decrease substantially, and waterlogging or
induced runoff may result from compaction. Typical compaction characteristics/expected
performance, based on the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS), are provided in the relevant
reference tables attached in Appendix E.

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9.9 Bearing Capacity
The bearing capacity of a specific material/soil type is not a fixed property. The bearing capacity
depend on a number of parameters including, but not limited to 1) friction angle of the material, 2)
cohesion of the material, 3) compaction density, 4) foundation shape/size, 5) depth of placement of
the footing and 6) drainage precautionary measures. Typical material properties are provided in the
relevant reference tables attached in Appendix E. The allowable bearing capacity considers, in addition
to the ultimate bearing capacity, the structural tolerances and settlement limits of the specific
structures under consideration. The bearing capacity should thus be evaluated once conceptual
layouts, structural detail and load schedules are available.

10 Geotechnical Constraints
Table R4: Geotechnical Constraints in Urban Development (SANS634, 2012)
1 2 3 4 5

Constraint Descriptor

Letter Description 1 (most favourable) 2 (intermediate) 3 (least favourable)

Any collapsible horizon or Any collapsible horizon or

A least favourable situation
consecutive horizons consecutive horizons with a
A Collapsible soil for this constraint does not
totalling a depth of less depth of more than 750 mm in
occur
than 750 mm in thicknessa thickness

Permanent or perched Permanent or perched water

B Seepage water table more than 1,5 table less than 1,5 m ground Swamps and marshes
m below ground below surface

Low soil-heave potential Moderate soil-heave potential High soil-heave potential

C Active soil
anticipateda anticipated anticipated

Highly Low soil compressibility Moderate soil compressibility High soil compressibility
D
compressible soil anticipateda anticipated anticipated

E Erodability of soil Low Intermediate High

Difficulty of Scattered or occasional Rock or hardpan pedocretes Rock or hardpan

F excavation to 1,5 boulders less than 10 % of between 10 % and 40 % of the pedocretes more than 40 %
m depth the total volumea total volume of the total volume

Undermining at a depth
Mining within less than 200
greater than 200 m below Old undermined areas to a
Undermined m of surface or where total
G surface (except where total depth of 200 m below surface
ground extraction mining has taken
extraction mining has not where stope closure has ceased
place
occurred)

Potentially characterized by
Stability Possibly stable. Areas of Known sinkholes and
H instability. Anticipated inherent
(dolomite land) dolomite overlain by Karoo dolines.
classes 2 to 5
rocks or intruded by sills.

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 Areas of Black Reef rocks. (see SANS 1936-2) Anticipated inherent hazard
Anticipated inherent hazard classes 6 to 8
class 1 (see SANS 1936-2)
(see SANS 1936-2)

Slopes between 6° and 18° and

More than 18° (Natal and
less than 2° (Natal and Western
Between 2° and 6° Western Cape)
Cape)
I Steep slopes
(all regions) More than 12° (all other
Slopes between 6° and 12°and
regions)
less than 2° (all other regions)

Areas of unstable High risk (especially in areas

J Low risk Intermediate risk
natural slopes subject to seismic activity)

10 % probability of an
Areas subject to Mining-induced seismic activity Natural seismic activity
K event less than 100 cm/s²
seismic activity more than 100 cm/s² more than 100 cm/s²
within 50 years

A ”most favourable” Areas adjacent to a known Areas within a known

Areas subject to
L situation for this constraint drainage channel or floodplain drainage channel or
flooding
does not occur with slope less than 1 % floodplain

Note 1: Areas should be designated by the numeral associated with the most appropriate descriptor in columns 3 to 5
followed by the letter associated with the constraint. For example, an area designated as Zone 2BF would be an
intermediate class with anticipated seepage and excavation problems while an area designated as Zone 3B would
be least favourable and not recommended for development due to surface water inundation.

Note 2: More detailed information on undermined land can be obtained from Stacey, T.R. and Bakker, D. The erection or
construction of buildings and other structures on undermined ground. NOTE 3 Undermining assessments should be
carried out by persons with expert knowledge of such conditions.

a These areas are designated as 1A, 1C, 1D, or 1F where localized occurrences of the constraint might arise.

10.1 Collapsible Soil

Site soils are not expected to behave in a collapsible manner.

10.2 Seepage
Soil profiles are described mostly as slightly moist, indicating no sudden or substantial change in
moisture content with depth or across the site.
Fine-textured soils and orange to red discoloration in profile support the likely presence of periodical
wet conditions in the site soils. Soils are likely low permeability and may waterlog and possibly induce
some lateral interflow on the bedrock interface. The proximity of the dam further increases the
likelihood of seepage in the profile despite groundwater likely occurring at depths below influence of
the proposed development.

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10.3 Active Soil
Some clays are present in the site soils, but, coupled with low plasticity, expansive behaviour is not
anticipated. Scattered occurrences of some potentially expansive clays may be anticipated, notably
between diabase corestones and in diabase residuum.

10.4 Highly Compressible Soil

Soil might be moderately compressible. Given the general thin soil cover above bedrock, this should
not result in substantial volume change. Differential settlement can be encountered where diabase
cobbles and boulders are present in the soil profile.

10.5 Erodibility of Soil

Based on the nature of the soils (consistency and grading) and site gradient, the site soils are expected
to be erodible if subject to concentrated water flow. Construction phasing and basic erosion
precautionary measures will be required.

10.6 Excavation Difficulty

Excavation conditions are soft becoming soft to intermediate in diabase corestones and diabase and
shale bedrock, and likely to be hard excavation in fresh diabase. The inspection trenches were mainly
single-bucket width excavations, thus considered restricted excavation conditions. The refusal depths
recorded in the soil profiles are thus conservative and the excavatability should be assessed in more
detail within follow-up investigations, ideally in semi-restricted to unrestricted conditions.

10.7 Undermined Ground

The site is not located within known mining areas, and undermining is not expected at the site.

10.8 Dolomite Stability

The site is not underlain by dolomite or other soluble rock. No dolomite stability investigation is
required.

10.9 Steep Slopes

No steep natural slopes seem to be present on the site itself.

10.10 Areas of Unstable Natural Slopes

No unstable natural slopes seem to be present at the site.

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10.11 Seismic Activity
The area is not situated in a naturally seismic active area. Impoundment of water in dams may,
however, result in limited induced seismicity, although this is not expected to significantly affect the
developability of the site.

10.12 Areas Subject to Flooding

The area is situated very near the Olifantsnek Dam and the associated rivers and streams. Flood lines
should be delineated by suitably qualified professionals, and, if relevant, possible waterlogged or
marshy land should be investigated for possible wetland conditions.

11 Preliminary Geotechnical Zonation

The site is considered two geotechnical zones based on the findings of this preliminary investigation
(Appendix E):
Zone I: S1-H1/2BCD (2F) – shale; TP01-TP06; TP08 and TP09
Zone II: S-H/2BCDF – diabase; TP07 and TP10.
The major constraints on the site relate to highly variable excavation conditions and the very high
likelihood of waterlogging in upper soil horizons coupled with periodical seepage in shallow soil
horizons.
Some consolidation of compressible behaviour of site soils should be anticipated. In the diabase
profiles, the presence of corestones and the irregular bedrock interface associated with diabase
terrains will result in further differential settlement.
The influence of proximate drainage features should be determined by suitably qualified specialists.

12 Installation of Services
Excavatability in localised areas across the site may impact on the installation of services. Limited
blasting and/or hard rock excavation cannot be out ruled. Diabase were encountered in test pits TP07
and TP10 towards the northern site portion, confirming the presence of diabase dykes in the region
and on-site. Localised excavation difficulty can be expected, especially toward the northern site
portions. The excavatability should be assessed and confirmed in follow-up assessments.
The site-soils generally contain high percentages of fines (clay and silt) and is in general not deemed
ideal for pipe bedding and blanketing as per the DWA and SANS specifications. The suitability is
dependent on the pipe specifications considered for this site and should be confirmed and assessed
in more detail within the follow-up investigations. Limited index testing was conducted. The
planners/designers should refer to the grading and Atterberg limits for initial indications of suitability
of the on-site soils for bedding and blanketing.

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Excavation and construction phasing will probably be required due the expected presence of shallow
seasonal seepage water conditions and erodability o the soils upon exposure to concentrated water
flow. Construction guidance and recommendations should be provided in the more detailed follow-
up investigations.

13 Building Construction
Foundation and building precautionary measures will be required. Based on preliminary findings,
reinforced strip footings or rafts should suffice. Drainage precautions are required to minimise
moisture changes in soils, as these will affect the corrosivity of site materials as well as its strength.
The aforementioned should be assessed and confirmed in the Phase 1 detailed assessment, as per
standard practice.
Earthwork and building precautionary measures should be provided in the more detailed follow-up
investigation/s.

14 Assessment Limitations
The following assessment limitations should be noted:
1. The level of assessment is considered a SANS634:2012 preliminary engineering geological
assessment;
2. The main objective of the assessment is to provide general conditions and constraints
establish whether or not a parcel of land is suitable for township development as from a
geotechnical perspective;
3. A limited number of tests pits were used in order to arrive at the land-facets and preliminary
zonation map;
4. A limited number of soil horizons were sampled with only basic index testing to arrive at the
soil classification and expected material performances;
5. The information provided in this report is thus suitable for basic planning purposes and is
deemed not suitable for preliminary design-level input.

15 Conclusions and Recommendations

The site is provisionally deemed suitable for the proposed development.
The site conditions and broad preliminary zonation should be established/refined/verified during
follow-up investigations in order to comply with the requirements as outlined in SAICE 2010
investigation code of practice as for a design-level investigation.
Earthworks and foundation precautionary measures will be required.
Minor surface and subsurface drainage and damp proofing precautionary measures will be required.

13 | P a g e
This investigation excludes the delineation of flood lines, wetlands and environmentally sensitive
areas.

16 Way Forward
The recommended way forward can be provided as:
1. Conduct an environmental impact assessment to identify any potential environmentally
sensitive are that should be excluded from the development or that will required special
development precautionary measures;
2. Conduct a flood line assessment with certification of the 1:100-year floodline. This will
determine the zone boundary of constraint “L” (Potential flooding) as required for Urban
Development (see Table R4 report section 10);
3. Conduct infill engineering geological assessments, aligned with the national standards and
code of practice (SANS634:2012 and SAICE2010 code of practice). Based on the development
type (Campus and recreational facilities), the infill assessment should ideally be guided by
SAICE 2010 Site Investigation Code of Practice. With reference to SAICE 2010 investigation
code of practice, this assessment can be considered a “Pre-feasibility” to “Feasibility” level
assessment. A SAICE 2010 design-level assessment should thus follow.

17 Report Provisions
While every effort was made during this preliminary engineering geological investigation to identify
the different geological materials, areas subject to a perched water tables, hydrogeological conditions,
areas of poor drainage and to estimate their distribution, it is impossible to guarantee that isolated
zones of significantly different conditions have not been missed.
For this reason, this investigation has sought to highlight the significant issues regarding the influence
of the proposed development on the geological environment to provide prior warning to the
developer.
The report may only be distributed in its full context. RockSoil Consult (Pty) Ltd. and/or any of its
employees or sub-contractors will not be held liable for any damages caused due to miss-
interpretation of the findings and/or recommendations due to selective data presentation or
distribution.

MA Dippenaar Pr.Sci.Nat DH WESSELS Pr.Sci.Nat.

(Evaluation and Reporting) (Technical Editor)
Engineering Geologist Engineering Geologist
SACNASP registration number: 400032/06 SACNASP registration number: 400076/8

14 | P a g e
18 References
SAICE. (2010). Site Investigation Code of Practice. The South African Institution of Civil
Engineering - The Geotechnical Division of SAICE.

SANS634. (2012). Geotechnical Investigations for Township Development. South African

National Standard.

van der Merwe, D. (1964, June). The prediction of heave from the plasticity index and
percentage clay fraction of soils. The Civil Engineer in South Africa, 103-229.

15 | P a g e
Appendix A: Figures

Figure 1: Locality Map

Figure 2: Geological Map

A
Figure 3: Drainage Map

Figure 4: Test Pit Positions

A
Figure 5: Preliminary Broad Zonation Map

A
Appendix B: Soil Profile Descriptions

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Appendix C: Soil Profile Photographs

C
Project reference number: RS19022
Project name: Rustenburg - Olifantsnek Prelim Shallow Soil

Test Pit no: TP01 Test Pit no: TP01

Notes: Upper soil profile. Notes: Excavated excavation and

material.

Test Pit no: TP02 Test Pit no: TP03

Notes: Soil profile down to 1.20 m below Notes: Upper soil profile.
surface.
Project reference number: RS19022
Project name: Rustenburg - Olifantsnek Prelim Shallow Soil

Test Pit no: TP03 Test Pit no: TP04

Notes: Soil profile down to 1.60 m Notes: Soil profile down to 1.90 m
below surface. below surface.

Test Pit no: TP05 Test Pit no: TP06

Notes: Upper soil profile. Notes: Soil profile down to 1.40 m below
surface.
Project reference number: RS19022
Project name: Rustenburg - Olifantsnek Prelim Shallow Soil

Test Pit no: TP07 Test Pit no: TP07

Notes: Excavation down to 1.20 m Notes: Lower diabase.

below surface.

Test Pit no: TP08 Test Pit no: TP09

Notes: Upper soil profile. Notes: Soil profile down to 1.60 m below
surface.
Project reference number: RS19022
Project name: Rustenburg - Olifantsnek Prelim Shallow Soil

Test Pit no: TP10

Notes: Soil profile down to 0.80 m

below surface.
Appendix D: Laboratory Test Results

D
Client Name: RockSoil Consult (Pty) Ltd
Project Name: Olifantsnek
Job Number: RSC-12
Date: 12-Aug-19
Method: SANS 3001 GR1, GR3, GR10, GR12 GR20, GR30, GR31, GR40, GR50, GR53, GR54 & BS 1377 (where applicable)

SUMMARY OF TEST DATA

Grading & Hydrometer Analysis (% Passing)
Sample TP03 TP03 TP05 TP06 TP08 TP09 TP10
Depth (m) 0 - 0.2 1.1 - 1.6 1.6 - 1.8 1.0 - 1.2 1.0 - 1.2 1.3 - 1.5 0.6 - 0.8
Lab No RSC-12-199 RSC-12-200 RSC-12-201 RSC-12-202 RSC-12-203 RSC-12-204 RSC-12-205
53.0 82 100 100 100 100 100 100
37.5 75 100 100 100 100 100 100
26.5 71 96 100 100 100 94 100
19.0 66 88 100 99 93 85 99
13.2 60 81 98 98 87 79 99
9.5 57 73 93 98 81 67 99
6.7 54 68 89 98 75 58 99
4.75 51 65 85 97 71 54 98
2.00 47 60 79 95 64 46 94
1.00 46 58 76 93 62 43 92
0.425 46 57 74 92 60 40 91
0.250 45 57 72 91 59 38 90
0.150 43 54 68 88 57 34 88
0.075 30 43 51 68 45 26 73
0.060 21 31 31 51 27 18 56
0.050 17 27 26 47 24 15 52
0.035 12 19 17 41 17 10 46
0.020 9 14 13 36 13 7 42
0.006 7 8 9 27 10 5 36
0.002 4 5 5 22 7 2 30
GM 1.77 1.40 0.96 0.45 1.31 1.88 0.42
Atterberg Limits
LL (%) 24 32 31 32 32 34 41
PI (%) 5 5 5 13 7 6 20
LS (%) 2.5 3.5 3.5 7.5 4.0 2.5 10.0
pH & Conductivity
pH 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.2
EC (S/m) 0.017 0.011 0.022 0.0250 0.055 0.008 0.023
MDD / OMC
MDD (kg/m³)
OMC (%)
CBR
100%
98%
97%
95%
93%
90%
Swell (%)
UCS (MPa)
100%
97%
90%
COLTO Classification

Remarks:

Although everything possible is done to ensure testing is performed accurately, neither Specialised Testing Laboratory (Pty) Ltd nor any of its directors, managers, employees or contractors can
be held liable for any damages whatsoever arising from any error made in performing any tests, nor from any conclusions drawn therefrom. Test results are to be published in full. Samples will be
kept for 1 month after the submission of test results due to limited storage space, unless other arrangements are in place.
Client Name: RockSoil Consult (Pty) Ltd
Project Name: Olifantsnek
Job Number: RSC-12
Date: 2019-08-12
Method: SANS 3001 GR1, GR3, GR10 GR12 & BS 1377 (where applicable)

FOUNDATION INDICATOR
Grading & Hydrometer Analysis
Atterberg Limits & Classification
(Particle Size (mm) & % Passing)
Sample TP03 TP03 TP05 Sample TP03 TP03 TP05
Depth (m) 0 - 0.2 1.1 - 1.6 1.6 - 1.8 Depth (m) 0 - 0.2 1.1 - 1.6 1.6 - 1.8
Lab No RSC-12-199 RSC-12-200 RSC-12-201 Lab No RSC-12-199 RSC-12-200 RSC-12-201
53.0 82 100 100 Liquid Limit (%) 24 32 31
37.5 75 100 100 Plastic Limit (%) 19 27 26
26.5 71 96 100 Plasticity Index (%) 5 5 5
19.0 66 88 100 Linear Shrinkage (%) 2.5 3.5 3.5
13.2 60 81 98 PI of whole sample 2 3 4
9.5 57 73 93
6.7 54 68 89 % Gravel 53 40 21
4.75 51 65 85 % Sand 26 29 48
2.00 47 60 79 % Silt 17 26 26
1.00 46 58 76 % Clay 4 5 5
0.425 46 57 74 Activity 1.3 1.0 1.0
0.250 45 57 72
0.150 43 54 68 % Soil Mortar 47 60 79
0.075 30 43 51
0.060 21 31 31 Grading Modulus 1.77 1.40 0.96
0.050 17 27 26 Moisture Content (%) N/T N/T N/T
0.035 12 19 17 Relative Density (SG)* 2.65 2.65 2.65
0.020 9 14 13
0.006 7 8 9 Unified (ASTM D2487) GC-GM GM ML
0.002 4 5 5 AASHTO (M145-91) A-2-4 A-4 A-4
Remarks: *: Assumed
N / T: Not Tested

Although everything possible is done to ensure testing is performed accurately, neither Specialised Testing Laboratory (Pty) Ltd nor any of its directors, managers, employees or contractors
can be held liable for any damages whatsoever arising from any error made in performing any tests, nor from any conclusions drawn therefrom. Test results are to be published in full.
Samples will be kept for 1 month after the submission of test results due to limited storage space, unless other arrangements are in place.
Client Name: RockSoil Consult (Pty) Ltd
Project Name: Olifantsnek
Job Number: RSC-12
Date: 2019-08-12
Method: SANS 3001 GR1, GR3, GR10 GR12 & BS 1377 (where applicable)

FOUNDATION INDICATOR
PSD
100

80

60
% Passing

40

RSC-12-199
20
RSC-12-200
RSC-12-201
0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Size (mm)

Potential Expansiveness Casagrande Plasticity Chart

60 60
LOW

VERY HIGH
MEDIUM
PI of Whole sample

HIGH

50 50 CH or OH
Plasticity Index

40 40
CL or OL
30 30
CL-ML MH or OH
20 20
10 10 MLorOL

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Clay Fraction of Whole sample Liquid Limit

RSC-12-199 RSC-12-200 RSC-12-201 RSC-12-199 RSC-12-200 RSC-12-201

Although everything possible is done to ensure testing is performed accurately, neither Specialised Testing Laboratory (Pty) Ltd nor any of its directors, managers, employees or contractors
can be held liable for any damages whatsoever arising from any error made in performing any tests, nor from any conclusions drawn therefrom. Test results are to be published in full.
Samples will be kept for 1 month after the submission of test results due to limited storage space, unless other arrangements are in place.
Client Name: RockSoil Consult (Pty) Ltd
Project Name: Olifantsnek
Job Number: RSC-12
Date: 2019-08-12
Method: SANS 3001 GR1, GR3, GR10 GR12 & BS 1377 (where applicable)

FOUNDATION INDICATOR
Grading & Hydrometer Analysis
Atterberg Limits & Classification
(Particle Size (mm) & % Passing)
Sample TP06 TP08 TP09 Sample TP06 TP08 TP09
Depth (m) 1.0 - 1.2 1.0 - 1.2 1.3 - 1.5 Depth (m) 1.0 - 1.2 1.0 - 1.2 1.3 - 1.5
Lab No RSC-12-202 RSC-12-203 RSC-12-204 Lab No RSC-12-202 RSC-12-203 RSC-12-204
53.0 100 100 100 Liquid Limit (%) 32 32 34
37.5 100 100 100 Plastic Limit (%) 19 25 28
26.5 100 100 94 Plasticity Index (%) 13 7 6
19.0 99 93 85 Linear Shrinkage (%) 7.5 4.0 2.5
13.2 98 87 79 PI of whole sample 12 4 2
9.5 98 81 67
6.7 98 75 58 % Gravel 5 36 54
4.75 97 71 54 % Sand 44 37 28
2.00 95 64 46 % Silt 29 20 16
1.00 93 62 43 % Clay 22 7 2
0.425 92 60 40 Activity 0.6 1.0 3.0
0.250 91 59 38
0.150 88 57 34 % Soil Mortar 95 64 46
0.075 68 45 26
0.060 51 27 18 Grading Modulus 0.45 1.31 1.88
0.050 47 24 15 Moisture Content (%) N/T N/T N/T
0.035 41 17 10 Relative Density (SG)* 2.65 2.65 2.65
0.020 36 13 7
0.006 27 10 5 Unified (ASTM D2487) CL GM GM
0.002 22 7 2 AASHTO (M145-91) A-6 A-4 A-2-4
Remarks: *: Assumed
N / T: Not Tested

Although everything possible is done to ensure testing is performed accurately, neither Specialised Testing Laboratory (Pty) Ltd nor any of its directors, managers, employees or contractors
can be held liable for any damages whatsoever arising from any error made in performing any tests, nor from any conclusions drawn therefrom. Test results are to be published in full.
Samples will be kept for 1 month after the submission of test results due to limited storage space, unless other arrangements are in place.
Client Name: RockSoil Consult (Pty) Ltd
Project Name: Olifantsnek
Job Number: RSC-12
Date: 2019-08-12
Method: SANS 3001 GR1, GR3, GR10 GR12 & BS 1377 (where applicable)

FOUNDATION INDICATOR
PSD
100

80

60
% Passing

40

RSC-12-202
20
RSC-12-203
RSC-12-204
0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Size (mm)

Potential Expansiveness Casagrande Plasticity Chart

60 60
LOW

VERY HIGH
MEDIUM
PI of Whole sample

HIGH

50 50 CH or OH
Plasticity Index

40 40
CL or OL
30 30
CL-ML MH or OH
20 20
10 10 MLorOL

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Clay Fraction of Whole sample Liquid Limit

RSC-12-202 RSC-12-203 RSC-12-204 RSC-12-202 RSC-12-203 RSC-12-204

Although everything possible is done to ensure testing is performed accurately, neither Specialised Testing Laboratory (Pty) Ltd nor any of its directors, managers, employees or contractors
can be held liable for any damages whatsoever arising from any error made in performing any tests, nor from any conclusions drawn therefrom. Test results are to be published in full.
Samples will be kept for 1 month after the submission of test results due to limited storage space, unless other arrangements are in place.
Client Name: RockSoil Consult (Pty) Ltd
Project Name: Olifantsnek
Job Number: RSC-12
Date: 2019-08-12
Method: SANS 3001 GR1, GR3, GR10 GR12 & BS 1377 (where applicable)

FOUNDATION INDICATOR
Grading & Hydrometer Analysis
Atterberg Limits & Classification
(Particle Size (mm) & % Passing)
Sample TP10 Sample TP10
Depth (m) 0.6 - 0.8 Depth (m) 0.6 - 0.8
Lab No RSC-12-205 Lab No RSC-12-205
53.0 100 Liquid Limit (%) 41
37.5 100 Plastic Limit (%) 21
26.5 100 Plasticity Index (%) 20
19.0 99 Linear Shrinkage (%) 10.0
13.2 99 PI of whole sample 18
9.5 99
6.7 99 % Gravel 6
4.75 98 % Sand 38
2.00 94 % Silt 26
1.00 92 % Clay 30
0.425 91 Activity 0.7
0.250 90
0.150 88 % Soil Mortar 94
0.075 73
0.060 56 Grading Modulus 0.42
0.050 52 Moisture Content (%) N/T
0.035 46 Relative Density (SG)* 2.65
0.020 42
0.006 36 Unified (ASTM D2487) CL
0.002 30 AASHTO (M145-91) A-7-6
Remarks: *: Assumed
N / T: Not Tested

Although everything possible is done to ensure testing is performed accurately, neither Specialised Testing Laboratory (Pty) Ltd nor any of its directors, managers, employees or contractors
can be held liable for any damages whatsoever arising from any error made in performing any tests, nor from any conclusions drawn therefrom. Test results are to be published in full.
Samples will be kept for 1 month after the submission of test results due to limited storage space, unless other arrangements are in place.
Client Name: RockSoil Consult (Pty) Ltd
Project Name: Olifantsnek
Job Number: RSC-12
Date: 2019-08-12
Method: SANS 3001 GR1, GR3, GR10 GR12 & BS 1377 (where applicable)

FOUNDATION INDICATOR
PSD
100

80

60
% Passing

40

20
RSC-12-205

0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Size (mm)

Potential Expansiveness Casagrande Plasticity Chart

60 60
LOW

VERY HIGH
MEDIUM
PI of Whole sample

HIGH

50 50 CH or OH
Plasticity Index

40 40
CL or OL
30 30
CL-ML MH or OH
20 20
10 10 MLorOL

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Clay Fraction of Whole sample Liquid Limit

RSC-12-205 RSC-12-205

Although everything possible is done to ensure testing is performed accurately, neither Specialised Testing Laboratory (Pty) Ltd nor any of its directors, managers, employees or contractors
can be held liable for any damages whatsoever arising from any error made in performing any tests, nor from any conclusions drawn therefrom. Test results are to be published in full.
Samples will be kept for 1 month after the submission of test results due to limited storage space, unless other arrangements are in place.
Appendix E: Reference Tables

Table E5: Descriptors for moisture condition (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)

Table E6: Descriptors for predominant colour (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)

Table E7: Descriptors for secondary colour patterns (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)

Table E8: Descriptors for consistency of granular soils (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)

Table E9: Descriptors for consistency of cohesive soils (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)

Table E10: Descriptors for the structure of soils (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)

Table E11: Descriptors for spacing of structures in soil (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)

Table E12: Descriptors for degree of prominence of structures (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)

Table E13: Primary descriptors for soil texture (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)

Table E14: Descriptors for gravels, cobbles and boulders (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)

Table E15: Descriptors of origins of transported soils (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)

Table E16: Pedocrete classification (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)

Table E17: Descriptors of the degree of cementation of pedocretes (SANS 633:2012 Edition
1)

Table E18: Qualifications to descriptors for rotary percussion borehole samples (SANS
633:2012 Edition 1)

Table E19: Descriptors for degree of weathering (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)

Table E20: Descriptors of rock texture (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)

Table E21: Typical material properties (Unified Soil Classification System)

Table E22: Material properties after NAVFAC DM7 (1971)

Table E23: Shear strength parameters for slow draining cohesive materials

Table E24: Shear strength parameters for quick draining non-cohesive materials

E
Table E5 – Descriptors for moisture condition (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)

Descriptor Field identification

Dry No moisture detectable.
Moisture just discernible.
Slightly moist
Soil just below optimum moisture content.
Moisture easily discernible.
Moist
Soil at or near optimum moisture content.
Moisture above optimum moisture content.
Very moist
Soil close to saturation but no seepage evident.
Generally at or below water table.
Wet
Soil saturated and usually with seepage.

Table E6 – Descriptors for predominant colour (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)

Term
Basic descriptor
Type 1 Type 2
Pink Pinkish
Red Reddish
Orange Orangey
Yellow Yellowish
Brown Brownish Very light
Olive Light
Greenish
Green Dark
Blue Bluish Very dark
Purple Purplish
Grey Greyish
Black
White

Table E7 – Descriptors for secondary colour patterns (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)

Descriptor Pattern description

Speckled Very small patches of colour < 6 mm.
Mottled Irregular patches of colour 6 mm to 60 mm.
Blotched Large irregular patches of colour > 60 mm.
Banded a Approximately parallel bands of varying colour.
a
Streaked Randomly orientated streaks of colour.
Stained Local colour variations associated with discontinuity surfaces.
a
Describe thickness using bedding thickness criteria, e.g. thickly banded or thinly streaked.
Table E8 – Descriptors for consistency of granular soils (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)

Descriptor Field identification

Very loose Crumbles very easily when scraped with a geological pick.
Loose Small resistance to penetration by the sharp end of a geological pick.
Medium dense Considerable resistance to penetration by the sharp end of a geological pick.
Very high resistance to penetration of the sharp end of a geological pick.
Dense
Requires many blows of a geological pick for excavation.
High resistance to repeated blows of a geological pick.
Very dense
Requires power tools for excavation.

Table E9 – Descriptors for consistency of cohesive soils (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)

Descriptor Field identification

Pick head can easily be pushed in up to the shaft of the handle.
Very soft
Easily moulded with fingers.
Easily penetrated by thumb.
Soft Sharp end of pick can be pushed in 30 mm to 40 mm.
Moulded with some pressure.
Indented by thumb with effort.
Sharp end of pick can be pushed in up to 10 mm.
Firm
Very difficult to mould with fingers.
Can just be penetrated with an ordinary hand spade.
Penetrated by thumbnail.
Slight indentation produced by pushing pick point into the soil.
Stiff
Cannot be moulded with fingers.
Requires hand pick for excavation.
Indented by thumbnail with difficulty.
Very stiff Slight indentation produced by blow of pick point.
Requires power tools for excavation.
Table E10 – Descriptors for the structure of soils (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)

Descriptor Field identification

Structureless.
Intact a No discontinuities identified.
An absence of fissures or joints.
Soil contains discontinuities that can be open or closed, stained or unstained and
Fissured of variable origin.
When cut with a pick, the soil tends to break along these discontinuities.
b
Slickensided Discontinuity surfaces are smooth or glassy and possibly striated.
Very closely to extremely closely spaced discontinuities resulting in gravel-sized
soil fragments which are usually stiff to very stiff and difficult to break down.
Shattered a Presence of fissures in which joints have opened up and permitted the entry of air.
The soil fragments are usually cubical or granular fragments and are broken up
when the soil is cut with a pick.
As for shattered, but sand-sized fragments.
c When micro-shattering is well developed and the soil is cut with a pick, it appears
Micro-shattered
granular but these grains break down into a clay or silt or some combination of
clay and silt when rubbed with water on the palm of the hand.
Identifiable geological patterns in transported soils and relict structures in residual
Stratified, laminated, foliated d
soils. e
Pinhole-sized voids or pores (up to approximately 2 mm) which might require a
Pinholed
hand lens to identify. f
Similar to pinholed but voids and pores greater than 2 mm (pore size may be
Honeycombed
specified in millimetres). g
Matrix-supported Clasts supported by matrix.
Clast-supported Clasts touching (matrix might or might not be present).
a
This term is only typically used in the description of cohesive soils.
b
Slickensides might be a sign of fairly recent shearing movements in the soil, but similar shiny surfaces can also be
developed on joint planes along which there has been no displacement. The direction of slickensides should be
recorded as that can be a major indicator/warning of ground movement.
c
Often associated with expansive soils.
d
These and other geological terms may be used to describe sedimentary structures.
e
Many residual soils show the structure of the parent rock (stratified, laminated, foliated, etc.) from which they are
derived. Observation of this structure often provides an indication of the parent rock material, e.g. type of
bedding might provide a clue to the origin of residual soils. In some transported soils, stratified materials consist
of alternating layers of various colours or textures. If the layers are less than approximately 6 mm thick, the
structure may be described as laminated (varved if the soil is silty or clayey).
f
Often indicative of potentially collapsible or dispersive soil types (or both).
g
Often associated with weathered and leached crystalline rocks and is indicative of potentially collapsible or
dispersive soil types (or both).
Table E11 – Descriptors for spacing of structures in soil (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)

Spacing
Descriptor
(mm)
Very widely > 2 000
Widely 600 to 2 000
Medium 200 to 600
Closely 60 to 200
Very closely 20 to 60
Extremely closely < 20

Table E12 – Descriptors for degree of prominence of structures (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)

Descriptor Field identification

Faint(ly) Poorly formed, closed, barely observable until disturbed.
Distinct(ly) Well formed and observable, but closed.
Very distinct(ly) Well formed and open.

Table E13 – Primary descriptors for soil texture (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)

Particle size
Descriptor Subdivision Field identification test
(mm)
Boulders - > 200
Cobbles - 60 to 200
Coarse 20 to 60 Observed with naked eye.
Gravel Medium 6 to 20
Fine 2 to 6
Coarse 0.6 to 2 Particles are visible to the naked eye.
Sand is clearly distinguishable by the presence of gritty particles
Sand Medium 0.2 to 0.6 which do not break down when rubbed with water on the palm of
the hand.
Fine 0.06 to 0.2 Gritty feel on teeth.
Silt particles are barely felt when rubbed on the palm of the hand
with water. When a small quantity of the wetted soil is placed on
Silt - 0.002 to 0.06 the
tongue, the particles can be felt grating against the enamel of the
teeth. Chalky feel on teeth.
In general the particles are flaky and, when rubbed on the palm of
the hand with water, have a soapy or greasy feel. There is no
Clay - < 0.002
sensation of grittiness when placed between the tongue and the
teeth. Soils hands. Shiny when wet.
NOTE Most natural soils are a combination of one or more textures and, in describing a soil, the adjective is used
to denote the lesser type, e.g. a silty clay is a clay with some silt. A silt-clay, however, has approximately equal
proportions of silt and clay.
Table E14 – Descriptors for gravels, cobbles and boulders (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)

Parameter Descriptor Field identification

Matrix-supported Clasts supported by matrix
Packing
Clast-supported Clasts touching (matrix might or might not be present)
Blocky Length ≈ width ≈ thickness
Shape, where Platy Length ≈ width > thickness
applicable, e.g. Elongated Length > width ≈ thickness
Karoo mudrocks Bladed Length > width > thickness
Irregular -
Well-rounded Nearly spherical
Rounded Generally rounded, convex, no flat surfaces
Angularity Subrounded All corners rounded off
Subangular Corners slightly bevelled
Angular Corners sharp or irregular
Glassy Conchoidal
Smooth Water worn or smooth due to fracture of laminated or fine-grained rock
Surface Granular Surface showing medium to coarse sedimentary grains
characteristics Rough Rock containing no easily visible crystalline constituents
Crystalline Containing easily visible crystalline constituents
Pitted With visible pores and cavities
Material crumbles under firm (moderate) blows with sharp end of
Very soft geological pick and can be peeled off with a knife. It is too hard for a
triaxial sample to be cut by hand.
Can just be scraped and peeled with a knife. Indentations of 1 mm to 3
Soft
mm show in the specimen with firm (moderate) blows of the pick point.
Cannot be scraped or peeled with a knife. Hand-held specimen can be
Rock hardness
Hard broken with the hammer end of a geological pick with a single firm
(moderate) blow.
Hand-held specimen breaks with the hammer end of a pick under more
Very hard
than one blow.
Extremely hard Specimen requires many blows with a geological pick to break through
(very, very hard) intact material.
Rock type As appropriate
Table E15 – Descriptors of origins of transported soils (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)

Descriptor of origin Agency of transportation Problems to be expected

Collapsible fabric
Instability of dredged marine deposits
Littoral and mobile
Waves, current and tides Excavations
dune sands
High soluble salt content
Variable carbonate cementation
Compressibility
Variability
Tidal rivers depositing into saline
Estuarine and deltaic Sensitivity
water
Quick-sand
High soluble salt content
Talus (coarse
Gravity (mass-wasting processes) Slope instability
colluvium)
Expansive characteristics
Silty or clayey hillwash
Sheetwash Compressibility
(fine colluvium)
Dispersive characteristics
Collapsible fabric
Aeolian Wind Mobility(dunes)
Poor compaction characteristics
Collapsible fabric
Sandy soils of mixed Dispersive characteristics
Sheetwash, wind, termites
origin Compressibility
Subject to flooding
Expansive characteristics
Dispersive characteristics
Alluvium Streams
Compressibility
Subject to flooding
Compressibility
Streams depositing into lakes, pans,
Lacustrine Expansive characteristics
or vleis
High soluble salt content
Table E16 – Pedocrete classification (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)

Descriptor Field identification

Soils (clay, silt, sand, gravel, etc.) with little or no cementation or nodular
Calcareousa soil concentrations, but that contain some mineralization (calcareous soil
effervescence).
A relatively massive platy soil which has been indurated by cementation to a firm or
Calcifieda soil
stiff consistency.
Mainly loose silt and fine sand-sized cemented or aggregated particles of nearly
Powder pedocreteb pure mineral, with few or no host soil particles or nodules. Any nodules present are
generally weak.
Silt to gravel-sized nodules of cemented host soil. Usually in a matrix of calcareous
Nodular pedocreteb soil. Overall consistency of horizon might be loose. Nodules can be firm to very hard
rock.
Stiff to very hard coalesced nodular pedocrete with loose or soft soil filled voids.
Honeycombed pedocreteb
Can also occur as fissure filling in weathered rock resulting in a boxwork structure
Stiff to very hard rock, cemented, relatively massive and impermeable sheet-like
Hardpan pedocreteb horizon. Normally overlying weaker pedocrete forms. Hardpan can be structureless,
jointed or contain a variety of structures or voids.
Discrete or partially connected boulder and cobble-sized fragments usually in a
Boulder/cobble pedocretesb non-mineralized or weakly mineralized soil formed by the weathering of hardpan.
Fragments usually very hard.
a
Substitute the terms ferruginous, manganiferous, siliceous, ferrugenised, or silicified, as appropriate.
b
Substitute the terms calcrete, ferricrete, silcrete, or manganocrete, as appropriate.

Table E17 – Descriptors of the degree of cementation of pedocretes (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)

Descriptor of degree Field identification

Some material can be crumbled between
Very weakly cemented finger and thumb. Disintegrates under
knife blade to a friable state.
Cannot be crumbled between strong
fingers. Some material can be crumbled
Weakly cemented by strong pressure between thumb and a
hard surface. Under light hammer blows
disintegrates into friable state
Material crumbles under firm blows of
Moderately cemented sharp pick point. Grains can be dislodged
with some difficulty with knife blade.
Firm blows of sharp pick point on
hand-held specimen show 1 mm to 3 mm
Strongly cemented
indentations. Grains cannot be dislodged
with knife blade.
Hand-held specimen can be broken by a
Very strongly cemented single firm blow of hammerhead. Similar
appearance to concrete.
Table E18 – Qualifications to descriptors for rotary percussion borehole samples (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)

Qualification Usage
The subordinate amount is less
Traces
than 10 % of the total sample.
The subordinate amount is
Minor between 10 % and 30 % of the total
sample.
The subordinate amount is
Abundant between 30 % and 50 % of the total
sample.
The major fractions occur in equal
Equal amounts
amounts.
Table E19 – Descriptors for degree of weathering (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)

Diagnostic feature
Descriptor Surface characteristics Grain
Discolouration Fracture Surface Original
boundary
extent condition appearance texture
condition
No visible signs of alteration in the rock material but Closed or
Unweathered None. Unchanged. Preserved. Tight.
discontinuity planes can be stained. discoloured.
Discontinuities are stained or discoloured and might contain
< 20 % of fracture Discoloured.
Slightly a thin filling of altered material. Unweathered rock colour is Partial
spacing on both Might contain Preserved. Tight.
weathered generally preserved. Discolouration might extend into the discolouration.
sides of fracture. thin filling.
rock from the discontinuities.
Slight discolouration extends from discontinuities for a Partial to
distance greater than 20 % of their spacing (i.e. generally complete
greater part of the rock). Discontinuities might contain filling > 20 % of fracture Discoloured. discolouration.
Moderately Partial
of altered material. The surface of the core is not friable spacing on both Might contain Not friable Preserved.
weathered opening.
(except in the case of poorly cemented sedimentary rocks) sides of fracture. thick filling. except poorly
and the original fabric of the rock has been preserved. cemented
Partial opening of grain boundaries might be observed. rocks.
Friable and possibly pitted. Discolouration extends
throughout core. The surface of the core is friable and
Partial
Highly usually pitted due to washing out of highly altered minerals Friable and Mainly
Throughout. - separation
weathered by drilling water. The original fabric of the rock has mainly possibly pitted. preserved.
.
been preserved but separation of grains has occurred. Not
easily indented with a knife, does not slake in water.
Resembles soil. The core is totally discoloured, though
Complete
Completely internally the rock fabric is partly preserved but grains have Party
Throughout. - Resembles soil. separation
weathered completely separated. Easily indented with a knife, slakes in preserved.
.
water.
NOTE The boundary between soil and rock is defined in terms of strength or hardness and not in terms of weathering.
Table E20 – Descriptors of rock texture (SANS 633:2012 Edition 1)

Size
Descriptor Field identification
(mm)
Very fine grained < 0.2 Individual grains cannot be seen with a hand lens.
Fine grained 0.2 to 0.6 Visible as individual grains under hand lens.
Medium grained 0.6 to 2.0 Grains clearly visible under hand lens, just visible to the naked eye.
Coarse grained 2.0 to 6.0 Grains clearly visible to the naked eye.
Very coarse grained > 6.0 Grains measurable.
TABLE E21: Typical material properties (Unified Soil Classification System)

Material Drainage when Compaction Embankment Compressibility

Class: Subgrade Subbase Base
description compacted characteristics material when compacted

Well-graded Good to
GW Good Fair to good Excellent Good Reasonably stable Low
gravel Excellent
Poorly grade
Good to
GP gravel Good Fair to good Excellent Good Reasonably stable Low
Excellent
(<5% fines)
Clayey gravel Poor to not Poor to practically
GC Good Fair Good to fair Reasonably stable Low
(>12% fines) suitable impervious
Poorly graded
Poor to not
SP sand Fair to good Fair Excellent Good Reasonably stable Low
suitable
(<5% fines)
Silty sand Fair to practically
Poor to not
SM (sand with Fair to good Fair to good impervious to Good Reasonably stable Low
suitable
fines PI<4) impervious
Clayey sand
Poor, impervious
SC (>12% fines Fair Poor Not suitable Good to fair Reasonably stable Low
when compacted
PI>7)
Silts and clays Practically
CL Fair to poor Not suitable Not suitable Good to fair Good stability Medium
(LL<50 & PI>7) impervious
Silts and clays Semi-pervious to
ML Fair to poor Not suitable Not suitable Good to poor Poor stability Medium
(LL<50 & PI<4) impervious
Silts and clays Practically
CH Poor to fair Not suitable Not suitable Fair to poor Fair stability Medium to high
(LL>50) impervious
Fair to poor, semi-
Silts and clays
MH Poor Not suitable Not suitable pervious to Fair to poor Poor stability Medium to high
(LL>50)
pervious
TABLE E22: Material properties after NAVFAC DM7 (1971)

Typical strength characteristics

Group Optimum
Soil type Max yd Cu C` ф` tan
symbol moisture (%)
(kPa) (kPa) (deg.) ф`
Well-graded clean gravels, gravel-sand
GW 19.7-21.2 11-8 0 0 >38 >0.78
mixtures
Clayey gravels, poorly graded gravel-
GC 18.1-20.5 14-9 0 0 >31 >0.60
sand-clay
Silty sands, poorly graded sand-silt
SM 17.3-19.7 16-11 50 5 34 0.67
mixtures
SC Clayey sands poorly graded sand-clays 16.5-19.7 19-11 75 10 31 0.60
Inorganic clays of low to medium
CL 15.0-18.9 24-12 85 12 28 0.54
plasticity
ML Inorganic silts and clayey silts 15.0-18.9 24-12 65 10 32 0.62

CH Inorganic clays of high plasticity 11.8-16.5 36-19 100 12 19 0.35

yd – Dry density; Cu – Undrained cohesion; C` - Drained cohesion; ф`(deg.) – Shearing resistance

TABLE E23: Shear strength parameters for slow draining cohesive materials

Unconfined
UCS UCS Approximate
Rule of thumb Field Compressive
Consistency (kPa) (kPa) SPT
identification Strength
(COP4) (Terz & Peck) (N)
(kN/m2)
Easily moulded by
S.1 Very soft fingers. Full pick < 40 < 35 <25 <2
penetration
Easily penetrated by
with thumb. Moulded
S.2 Soft 40 to 80 35 to 75 25 to 50 2 to 4
with strong pressure. 30
to 40mm penetration
Indent by thumb with
effort. Very difficult to
S.3 Firm 80 to 160 75 to 150 50 to 100 4 to 8
mould with fingers.
10mm penetration
Penetration by thumb
nail. Cannot be moulded
with fingers. Geologist
S.4 Stiff 160 to 320 150 to 300 100 to 200 8 to 15
pick (sharp end) makes
slight indentation when
pushed.
Indentation by thumb
nail difficult. Slight
indentation with blow of
S.5 Very stiff 320 to 1000 > 300 200 to 400 15 to 50
geologist pick. Power
tools required for
excavation.

TABLE E24: Shear strength parameters for quick draining non-cohesive materials

Approx Approx Typical Dry

Rule of thumb Field Approximate
Consistency CPT SPT Density
identification ф`
(MPa) (N) (kg/m3)
Crumbles very easily when
Very loose 0 to 2 0 to 5 26 to 28 < 1450
scraped with geological pick
Small resistance to
Loose penetration by sharp end of 2 to 4 5 to 10 28 to 30 1 450 to 1 600
geological pick
Considerable resistance to
Medium
penetration by sharp end of 4 to 9 10 to 30 30 to 35 1 600 to 1 750
dense
geological pick
Very high resistance to
penetration of sharp end of
Dense geological pick. Requires 9 to 12.5 30 to 50 35 to 40 1 750 to 1 950
many blows of pick for
excavation
High resistance to repeated
blows of geological pick. > 50
Very dense < 12.5 40 to 50 > 1 950
Requires power tools for
excavation