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Atomic Structure

Atomic structure

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9 views

Atomic Structure

Atomic structure

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alexkujur4040
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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4 a S ( A < e at ~ WW > SS of Atom A ie ints and Terms, hapter © we has been derigedtom the Greek wort a mio’ which nee he ‘ . Q WN 9 Q an in een that an sega a spherical (radius resco" er m) in whic itive charge is ly distributed. The \s are embeddedsi RY itin such a wake to give the electrostatic i (Fig. 2.4, scree 9 5). Many different names are sive is model, s =e “O's, bam pudding, reps ling or watermelon. eo < 3. Rutherford’s Nuclear ae f Atom: > a) Most of the the atom is ae of the a - © through the e undeflected. b) A tively charged a Os were Se Sn must be eavinbus repulsive fe ing that the posit ae of the atom is : one the ator n had presu apie charge — Q Smesenl ae Small volume “ a and deflected en vely charged a~ i YS particles, Ro cateugass Ste sho) S volume a the nucleus is a > small as Cbmpared to the Ss of the atom. of the atom is, 0” m, while that nek is m. Some Im) i ae 4) On the basis of abort o ol Wovens and cor Sane p e nuclear x ‘model of atom, << discovery of = to this :G) The positivs S charge and nine mass noe the om densely ‘a in extremely smal Qe region, This very small portio atom was called yy Rutherford. pe is surrounded by = that move aroun Stas with a ve ‘Speed en paths callk Sn Rutherfor lel of atom ms 1¢ solar ! oer in which Jeus plays the rol x the electron: iinet se Q and the nucleusgre we together by eB tic forces of eS ~ Pate ir) mtg x < D ~ \ @ © scanned with OKEN Scanner “N a Se > 4. The number of protons pres mane nucleus is = _ number (Z). the hue us sequal to atomic number OQ i a (= en in the ro? nucleus of an atom fares electronsin, 5. Protons and neutrons present in the ae collectively kno} Kine The total number of afifleons is termed as Nie (A) of the ataghmnass number nn n Y proton; @y ate oe the atoms with se .s number but wie ‘atomic number oan = we nthe other seen ‘with identical atofaie plimber but “e (Cl wre known as Isof CM 6CP CP ACHES CP” Ww Drawbacks of at srford Model According to the clectrom: “O a > particles when accelerated sede} sctromagnetie rai Donn feature doe: ist for planets since they are co erefore, an electrag}in an orbit will emit nt < from 8. The frequency (v ), wavelength (A) locity of light (c) oe. by the equation ($)-€ = vi. The ioe used quanti specially in spec » is the wavenumt Jer is ye number of ' per unit length. siSipits are reciprocal Jength unit, mass = energy carried by radiati oe Hertz Se interesting wonieatl which electrongfor electric current) we ww ‘ejected when gon (for examy jepatasium, aati ‘etc,) were expo > beam of light “Hhe phenomenon 3 Photoelectric ce - menace 2h hy + 1/2 mv* 10. Planek’s quantum tno > ww gine is x radiated or absorbed Cc not continuous! KK Scontinuousy i in ak all packets. Q? (ii) Each packet is called quantum. In case wc the quantum is salen hhoton’. The cei er quantum is directly proportional to thefrequency (v) of the ee Ex vE = hy, AS is Planck’. int, Its value is 10™ Joule second. 11, The sp&eeh of radiation aN substance that rbed energy is c ‘one \ = Atoms, moleculé8¢r ions that have abj radiation ae said tSbe excited”. To Q ee an asta energy is suppli sample by meee irradiating it and r re the wavelength of ea jency) of the mit as the sat 's up the sbsarbstN SS oop. Oo Q © scanned with OKEN Scanner > ‘NO \) - Sf - SY" 12. An absorption een is,lik@the photographic ne; 2. emission ae A continuum ofradason oy ae a samy Ie ih absorbs radiati ot erin > wavelengths 5 o Q LS 13. Line Spectrum of Hydrogen: When aryeledtrit discharge is jugh gaseous tw the Hy moles dissociate and th ically excited hyduematoms produced clo ic radiation of di quencies. The me named after kG verers. Ra =a ‘Spectral Tégion ~\ io ee | s ran gh =n Pfund 7 6, Infrared The Swedish spectroscopist, es. aeons ma of lines i f 1 x SS worm =109,677 | 7s} ‘em r could be described by the following expressign’® ~~ SS 14, Bohr’s vt For Hydrogen AN ‘The’electron in the hy atom can move ¢ nucleus ina path of fixed | ee radius and energy. These paths are called gFbifs, stationary states <— energy states. Q These orbits fe alfanged mess al around the nucleus. 1 ww b) An sgh move only e a = for which its tum is int ~S multiple of h/2[] that is why win fixed obits ae lowed. The angulau = 9 momentum of an electron i @* stationary suka be expressed as intguni mvron ge 4X3. S RY S ©) The energy exon in the orb change with ti sever, the electron will move froma lower caiong stateto a higher staiopat ~ when required ambit of exh is absorbed by the or energy is €1 en electron mor tar innymte on Qe ‘a continuous mans Ray The frequency Arp ion absorbed or, ck Den two ye stationary iat differ in ener NE, is given by : S we Ss e ws ws S aK S 9 h © scanned with OKEN Scanner ™’ - A - SY" eC Se S « 15, Bohr’s theory can also Sik to the ions S only one electro =e to that present > in hydrogen atom. Fe ple, He* ae me N on. The ene je stationary. sete associated with these kinds of ions (al ies hydrogen a are given by . ve ee 18x10" a & aa radii Ms w ! SS 228 aw ws Sie * of Limitations 's Model: It fails, an for the finer defails (doublet, that is + spaced lines) of the hydrogen sogyicen observed by rcs oo techniques. This model is alsounable to explain the s f atoms other en, for example, helium atom ees only two ea Further, nap ‘was also XS unable to explain the splitting of spectral S sence of maj (Zeeman mS oran electric field (Stark effect). A 17, Dual Behaviour of Matter: The F: hysicist, de Broglie proposed that = radiatic ea also exhibit See ice., both, mm 18. The, abe relation. fo relation state javelength ae a moving ‘ haan ‘Or an electron is inverSély proportional to wail of the meh Q wees wag, on the momentum, icle = mv. WO 1 ss 19, Heisenberg’s Ungértainty Principle hot possible to eee the position mca simultaneously for a sub-atomic patie like electron at 4 ivén instant to an artsy gree of precision. Consequently, x ssible to talk of the electron in which it moves. If é “ Ax’ is uncertainty in peye and‘ AP? is uncerfaisity’in momentum ~ 20. Orbital. Itisya region or space wae ee is ‘maximum, Sy getting ele se 21. Quant bers. They & x ve © scanned with OKEN Scanner > Qe AY NY 23. Angular momentum ee Itis also eee quantumaumber’. It < determines the shape ofthe oWbital. It is deno wy? the permitted waar are 0, 1,2, > Ns eg. aor "4, can have valu Air =a we 0,1,2,3. Ibdgtermines anne flue depends f1" since Xv mney the magnetic orie of an orbital, 24. Mi bee! the direction of. “i in which it is pl a permitted vate > OF oi hed 2a%0, 258, “a ee Pogo i SS equal to 2 + A “wr 9 25, Spin quantum wumber: It iQ pei, the dixcetion ha electron revelves, Spi ‘magnetic property and is on itized. It has two. secs values + 4 aa spin XS angular momentum of, nis constant a t be changed 26. (n+) rule: The relat ic of energies of Varfous sub-shells in a poses atom can eS predicted with the help of (n+l) rule (als calla Boht-Bury rul jing to this rule shell with Jower-values of (n+1) energy. In case twéilb shell has equal v . the su ‘with lower value lower energy OD 28. Aufbau principle. Electrons are Oo various orbi < increasing = energies, ie., orbital tng Ghergy will be fill ‘nd the orbital having highest < energy will be filled rey ing energy ofateGs rbitals for multi vee atoms ee 1s <2s<2p<3s<3pcl4 cere oves os 29. Hund’s rule of maxinium multiplicity, Neekeren pairing =o inp, dand forbi ae until each orbital in the given sub-sh niin one electro (7) has electronik — confi Sr 2s 2p! 22) oh ing to ne aN not Is? 2s? 2p? oo of Cr and one re, are 3d° 4s! “anton ee and not ee "and 3d°4s°, oe 1d that there is extra stability(Stability of SS ‘ompletely Fill If Filled Subshell it eS configuration x SS 1. Three tenon subshell 3 — orbitals). etc., upto n-1. For a alue of n, |= 0. ative to magnet fi fiel 30.71 ence electronic cont < > ms © scanned with OKEN Scanner 32-Five orbitals of 3d stibshell (3d,,, 3d,,, 3d,4d,","and 3d,’ orbitals)< © scanned with OKEN Scanner

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