ANGLES

2
What’s in
Chapter 2?
2–01 Naming angles
2–02 Types of angles
2–03 Measuring and drawing angles
2–04 Complementary and supplementary angles
2–05 Angles at a point and vertically opposite angles
2–06 Corresponding angles on parallel lines
2–07 Alternate angles on parallel lines
2–08 Co-interior angles on parallel lines

In this Chapter
you will:
name angles using three letters, for example ∠ABC
use a protractor to measure and draw angles
classify angles as acute, right, obtuse, straight, reflex and revolution
identify pairs of angles that are complementary, supplementary, adjacent and vertically
opposite
solve geometry problems involving right angles, angles on a straight line, angles at a point
and vertically opposite angles
identify pairs of angles formed by parallel lines crossed by a transversal: corresponding
angles, alternate angles and co-interior angles
solve geometry problems involving corresponding angles, alternate angles and co-interior
angles

Shutterstock.com/BassKwong

ISBN 9780170350969 Chapter 2 angles

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 2–01 Naming angles
WORDBANK P
arm One side or line of an angle. vertex arm

vertex The corner of an angle. G arc

An angle measures how much an object turns or spins, and is measured in degrees (°).
An angle is usually named using three letters, with its vertex being the middle letter. The angle
drawn above is named ∠PGH or ∠HGP. It could also be named using one letter ∠G but this is
confusing when a diagram has more than one angle drawn at G.

Just think of the order of letters when you draw the angle: P–G–H.

EXAMPLE 1
Name the marked angle.
C

B
A

SOLUTION
∠ACB or ∠BCA.
Shutterstock.com/lisafx

20 Developmental Mathematics Book 1 ISBN 9780170350969

 exercise 2–01
1 What is an angle? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A Part of a line B The point where two lines meet
C The turn between two lines D A corner

2 Name this angle. Select A, B, C or D.

A ∠EGR B ∠GRE C ∠ERG D ∠GER

3 a    How many letters do we use to name an angle?

b Do we use capital letters or small letters?
c Does it matter what order we use for the letters?

4 Name each angle in two different ways using 3 letters.

a P b Y c S
T

Q R
Z R
X
d D E e L
f C
N

M
F
B
A

5 Draw each angle named, labelling it correctly.

a ∠POT b ∠TAF c ∠RHK

6 How can the angle marked • below be named? Select A, B, C or D.

A ∠ABD B ∠CBD C ∠ABC D ∠BCA

B
D

ISBN 9780170350969 Chapter 2 angles

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 2–02 Types of angles
There are many different types of angles and they have special names.

Acute angle: less than 90° Right angle: 90°, a quarter-turn

A right angle is marked by a small square.
There are many right angles in the room where you are now.

Obtuse angle: between 90° and 180° Straight angle: 180°, a half-turn
Looks like a straight line.

Reflex angle: between 180° and 360° Revolution: 360°, a complete turn

What types of angles are marked in red below?

Shutterstock.com/Jodie Johnson

istockphoto/katatonia82
istockphoto/RobHowarth
Shutterstock.com/zstock

22 Developmental Mathematics Book 1 ISBN 9780170350969

 exercise 2–02
1 What type of angle is 101°? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A a reflex angle B an obtuse angle C a right angle D an acute angle

2 What type of angle is 234°? Select A, B, C or D.

A a reflex angle B an obtuse angle C a right angle D an acute angle

3 Classify each angle below.

a b c

d e f

g h

4 Draw:
a an acute angle b an obtuse angle c a right angle
d a reflex angle e a straight angle f a revolution

5 Classify each angle size.

a 37° b 107° c 252° d 195° e 79° f 180°
g 163° h 179° i 360° j 5° k 345° l 91°

6 Write down each type of angle that can be seen in this photo of the Royal Palace in
Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
Getty Image/Marc Dozier/hemis.fr

ISBN 9780170350969 Chapter 2 angles

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 2–03 Measuring and drawing angles
Angles are measured in degrees (°) using a protractor.
Each unit on a protractor has size one degree.

90 100 1
A
80 10 90 100 1
70 12 80 10
60 0 70 12
100 90 80 70 13 60 0
50 0 110 60 0
50 110
100 90 80 70 13
0
12 50 12
0 60
0

14
13 50
40

30

14
40
0
1

0
P
0

15
40
14
30

40

15
40
30
0 1

0 1

0 1
0

30
15

30
15
0

60 1

60 1
10 2

60

10 2
20

60

20
180 170 1

180 170 1
70 180

70 180
10

10
B Q
0

0
O M
  
∠AOB is measured to be 54°. ∠PMQ is measured to be 155°.

To measure an angle with a protractor:

line up the base line of the protractor with one arm of the angle
position the centre of the protractor on the vertex of the angle
use the scale that begins with 0° to read off the angle size from the other arm.

EXAMPLE 2
Construct an angle ∠KPM of size 76°.
SOLUTION
Draw a base line PM. Position the centre of your protractor at P, use the scale that begins with 0°
and make a mark at 76°. Join this mark to point P and label it K.
mark 76° K

80 90 100 1
70 10
12
60 0
13
100 90 80 70
50 20
110 60 0
1 50 line ruled
30
14
40

1 from P through
0
0

15
40
14

mark at 76°
30

0 1
0

30
15
0

60 1
10 2

60

20
180 170 1

70 180
10

M
0

P 76°
choose scale with 0° near M P M
   

24 Developmental Mathematics Book 1 ISBN 9780170350969

 exercise 2–03
1 What instrument is used to measure angles? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A compasses B protractor C ruler D set square

2 Estimate the size of this angle. Select A, B, C or D.

A 20° B 40° C 35° D 45°

3 Use a protractor to measure each angle.

a b

c d

e f

4 Construct an angle for each angle size.

a 50° b 75° c 110° d 160°
e 92° f 155° h 18° i 127°

5 To construct angles greater than 180°, it is easier to subtract the number of degrees from 360°
(a revolution). For example, to construct an angle of 200°, construct 360° – 200° = 160°
and mark the other side of the angle as 200°.

160°

200°

Use this method to construct an angle of size:

a 220° b 295° c 320°

ISBN 9780170350969 Chapter 2 angles

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 2–04 Complementary and supplementary angles
WORDBANK
complementary angles Two angles that add to 90°, for example, 35° and 55°.
supplementary angles Two angles that add to 180°, for example, 40° and 140°.
adjacent angles Two angles that are joined together, sharing the same arm and vertex.
pronumeral A letter of the alphabet that stands for a number.

EXAMPLE 3
Find:
a the complement of 38° b the supplement of 38°
SOLUTION
a 90° – 38° = 52° b 180° – 38° = 142°

Angles in a right angle are complementary (add up to 90°).

Angles on a straight line are supplementary (add up to 180°).

Two angles joined together are called adjacent angles.

Adjacent means ‘next to’.

S
A

D
50°
100° 80°
40° P R
B C Q
             
These two adjacent angles are These two adjacent angles are
complementary. supplementary

EXAMPLE 4
Each diagram has an angle size labelled by a letter called a pronumeral, which stands for a
number. Find the size of each pronumeral in the diagrams below, giving reasons.
a b

130° x°
47°
n°

SOLUTION
a n = 90 – 47 (angles in a right angle) b x = 180 – 130 (angles on a straight line)
= 43 = 50

26 Developmental Mathematics Book 1 ISBN 9780170350969

 exercise 2–04
1 What is the supplement of 27°? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 63° B 153° C 73° D 163°

2 What do adjacent angles share? Select A, B, C or D.

A two same arms B the same vertex
C the same letters D one same arm and the same vertex

3 Is each statement true or false?

a 50° and 130° are complementary angles.
b 25° and 155° are supplementary angles.
c 49° is the complement of 41°.
d 37° is the supplement of 143°.
e Two complementary angles must both be acute.
f Adjacent supplementary angles make up a straight angle.

4 Find the complement of each angle.

a 80° b 75° c 12° d 47°

5 Find the supplement of each angle.

a 50° b 125° c 78° d 163°

6 Draw a pair of:

a adjacent complementary angles b adjacent supplementary angles

7 Find the value of each pronumeral, giving reasons.

a b

a°
106° b°
28°

c d

c° 136° d°
66°

8 a Name a pair of adjacent complementary angles in this diagram. C

O Q

b Name a pair of adjacent supplementary angles in this diagram. D

A C
B

ISBN 9780170350969 Chapter 2 angles

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 2–05 Angles at a point and vertically opposite angles
WORDBANK
angles at a point Angles formed around a point to make a revolution (360°).
vertically opposite angles Pairs of equal opposite angles formed when two straight lines
intersect.

Angles at a point form a revolution, so they will add to 360°. For example, in the diagram below,
a + b + c + d = 360.

d° a°
c° b°

Vertically opposite angles are a pair of equal angles opposite each other when two straight lines
cross. For example, in the diagram below, the angles marked * are vertically opposite and equal.

There are two pairs of vertically opposite angles.

The other pair is marked with arcs.

* *

EXAMPLE 5
Find the value of each pronumeral, giving reasons.
a b
92°

x° y°
165° 106°

SOLUTION
a x = 360 – 92 – 165 (angles at a point)  
b y = 106 (vertically opposite angles)
= 103

28 Developmental Mathematics Book 1 ISBN 9780170350969

 exercise 2–05
1 What do angles at a point add to? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 360° B 90° C 180° D 270°

2 Which of the following is a true statement about vertically opposite angles?

Select A, B, C or D.
A They are complementary. B They are equal.
C They are supplementary. D They are adjacent.

3 a Describe the rule about angles at a point and draw an example.

b Describe the rule about vertically opposite angles and draw an example.

4 Is each statement true or false?

a Vertically opposite angles are supplementary.
b Angles at a point add up to 180°.
c One example of angles at a point is 4 adjacent right angles.
d For vertically opposite angles to be formed, the lines must be straight.

5 Find the value of each pronumeral.

a b c
178°
97°
n°
x° y°
158° 112°

d e f
96°
89° d°
z° y° 118°
76° 124°
210°

4 In this diagram name the angle that is W X

vertically opposite:
a ∠WKZ b ∠ZKY
K

Z Y

ISBN 9780170350969 Chapter 2 angles

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 2–06 Corresponding angles on parallel lines
WORDBANK
parallel lines Lines that point in the same direction and which transversal
never meet (the blue lines in this diagram).
transversal A line that cuts across two or more lines.
corresponding angles Pairs of ‘matching’ angles formed when a transversal crosses two or
more other lines.

If a transversal crosses two parallel lines, the corresponding angles are equal.

Corresponding angles on parallel lines

×
× × ×
×
× ×
×

In the first diagram, the corresponding angles are both above the parallel lines and right of the
transversal.
In the second diagram, they are both below the parallel lines and left of the transversal.

Corresponding angles on parallel lines are equal.

EXAMPLE 6
Find the value of z, giving a reason. 67°

z°

SOLUTION
z = 67 (corresponding angles on parallel lines)

30 Developmental Mathematics Book 1 ISBN 9780170350969

 exercise 2–06
1 Complete: Corresponding angles on parallel lines are ___________. Select the correct
answer A, B, C or D.
A adjacent B complementary C supplementary D equal

2 For each diagram, name the angle that is corresponding to the angle marked.
a b c
a a
b b
c f e d
b g c
g a e
d c f
f d
e g

3 Is each statement true or false?

a A transversal is any line that crosses another line.
b Parallel lines point in the same direction.
c Corresponding angles are opposite each other.
d Corresponding angles are equal if the lines are parallel.

4 Copy each diagram and mark a pair of corresponding angles on each one.
a b c

5 Find the value of each pronumeral, giving reasons.

a b
98°

72°
y°

x°

c d
114°
b°

a°

82°

6 Find the value of m.

138°

m°

ISBN 9780170350969 Chapter 2 angles

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 2–07 Alternate angles on parallel lines
WORDBANK
alternate angles Pairs of angles formed when a transversal crosses two or more other lines;
they are between the lines on opposite sides of the transversal.

Alternate means ‘changing direction’.

If a transversal crosses two parallel lines, the alternate angles are equal.

×
×

       
If you turn each diagram of alternate angles upside-down, you will see that the alternate angles
fit on each other, so they are equal in size.

Alternate angles on parallel lines are equal.

EXAMPLE 7
Find the value of a, giving a reason.
SOLUTION
a°
a = 84 (alternate angles on parallel lines)
84°

exercise 2–07
1 Complete: Alternate angles on parallel lines are __________. Select the correct answer
A, B, C or D.
A adjacent B complementary
C equal D supplementary

32 Developmental Mathematics Book 1 ISBN 9780170350969

 exercise 2–07
2 For each diagram, name the angle that is alternate to the angle marked.
a b c
b
a b a
c
d c d
a
d e
b c
g e
f e
f g g
f

3 Is each statement true or false?

a A transversal is a line that crosses two or more other lines.
b Parallel lines never meet.
c Alternate angles are on the same side of the transversal.
d Alternate angles are equal if the lines are parallel.

4 Copy each diagram and mark a pair of alternate angles on each one.
a b c

5 Find the value of each pronumeral, giving reasons.

a b

69° 105°
x° y°

c d
b°
83°
a° 99°

6 Find the value of n.

98°

n°

ISBN 9780170350969 Chapter 2 angles

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 2–08 Co-interior angles on parallel lines
WORDBANK
co-interior angles Pairs of angles formed when a transversal crosses two or more other lines,
they are between the lines and on the same side of the transversal.

Co-interior means ‘together inside’.

If a transversal crosses two parallel lines, the co-inteior angles are supplementary (add to 180°).
×

  
If you move one of the co-interior angles to its ‘corresponding angle’ position, you will have two
angles on a straight line, so they are supplementary.

Co-interior angles on parallel lines are supplementary (add up to 180°).

EXAMPLE 8
Find the value of m, giving a reason.
SOLUTION 55°
m = 180 – 55 (co-interior angles on parallel lines)
= 125 m°

exercise 2–08
1 Complete: Co-interior angles on parallel lines are ______________. Select the correct
answer A, B, C or D.
A complementary B supplementary C equal D vertically opposite

2 For each diagram, name the angle that is co-interior to the angle marked.
a b c
a b
d a c f
b e
c g g
d a b
g f
e e d c
f

34 Developmental Mathematics Book 1 ISBN 9780170350969

 exercise 2–08
3 Is each statement true or false?
a A transversal is perpendicular (at 90°) to the other lines.
b Parallel lines cross eventually.
c Co-interior angles are on the same side of the transversal.
d Co-interior angles are equal if the lines are parallel.

4 Copy each diagram and mark a pair of co-interior angles on each one.
a b c

5 Find the value of each pronumeral, giving reasons.

a b
128°
72°
y°
x°

c d
b°
97°
a° 111°

6 Find the value of each pronumeral, giving reasons.

126°
a°
d°
b°
c°

ISBN 9780170350969 Chapter 2 angles

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 Language activity
Find-a-word puzzle
Make a copy of this page, then find the words below in this grid of letters.

P A R A L L E L A B G
E X E L A I V I C D N
R O L T S N C C O V I
P R U E R E O N M I D
E S R R E S I E P I N
N O E N V I N P L D O
D I S A S E T O E R P
I T S T N O E A M I S
C Q E E A P R E E V E
U V E X R Y I V N O R
L A R O T S O I T A R
A N G P E V R O A P O
R U E I R E T N R I C
Y E D A N G L E Y O T

ALTERNATE ANGLE COINTERIOR COMPLEMENTARY

CORRESPONDING DEGREES LINES PARALLEL
PENCIL PERPENDICULAR RULER TRANSVERSAL

36 Developmental Mathematics Book 1 ISBN 9780170350969

Practice Test 2
Part A General topics
Calculators are not allowed.
1 Find the perimeter of this rectangle. 5 Write the decimal halfway between
0.6 and 0.7.

6 The area of a square is 25 m2. What is the

7m length of one side?

7 Evaluate $4.60 ÷ 4.
12 m
8 The time in Sydney is 10 hours ahead of
16
2 Simplify . London. If it is 8.30 a.m. in London, what
24 time is it in Sydney?
3 Find 70% of $2000.
9 Arrange these decimals in ascending
4 Name this solid shape. order: 0.4, 0.25, 0.92, 0.46, 0.2.

10 Draw a trapezium.

Part B Angles
Calculators are allowed.
2–01 Naming angles
11 Name the marked angle. Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
D A ∠MDN B ∠NDM
C ∠MND D ∠DMN
M

2–02 Types of angles

12 What type of angle is marked? Select A, B, C or D.
A right B acute
C reflex D obtuse

13 What type of angle is formed by the hands of a clock at 3 o’clock? Select A, B, C or D.

A acute B obtuse C right D straight

2–03 Measuring and drawing angles

14 Draw an angle measuring:
a 72° b 151° c 282°

ISBN 9780170350969 Chapter 2 angles

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 Practice Test 2
2–04 Complementary and supplementary angles
15 What is the complement of: 16 What is the supplement of:
a 28°? b 54°? a 32°? b 126°?

17 Find the value of n.

146° n°

2–05 Angles at a point and vertically opposite angles

18 Find the value of c. 19 Find the value of m.

128° 162°
c° m°
155°

2–06 Corresponding angles on parallel lines

20 Find the value of a.

106°

a°

2–07 Alternate angles on parallel lines

21 Find the value of x.

75°

x°

2–08 Co-interior angles on parallel lines

22 Find the values of a, b and c.

136°
a°
c° b°

38 Developmental Mathematics Book 1 ISBN 9780170350969