Revision Notes

Class-12 Maths
Chapter 3 – Matrices

Matrix:
● It is an ordered rectangular array of collection of numbers or functions
arranged in rows and columns is called matrix
● The numbers or functions are known as the elements or entries of the matrix.
x y
E.g. -  
1 2

Row and Column of a Matrix:

● The horizontal arrangement of elements or entries are said to form the row
of a matrix
● The vertical arrangement of elements or entries are said to form the Column
of a matrix.
x y
E.g. -   , This matrix has two rows and two columns.
1 2

Order of Matrix:
● It tells us about the number of rows and columns of a matrix.
● It is represented by a  b means a matrix has a rows and b columns.
 2 8 3
For example: A  1 9 8  , there are 3 rows and 3 columns therefore the
 
 0 7 0 
order of matrix A is 3  3

Types of Matrices
a. Row Matrix: A matrix containing only one row is known as row matrix.
a 
For E.g. -  b 
 
 c 
● The order of row matrix is 1 b

b. Column Matrix: A matrix containing only one column is known as column

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 matrix.
For E.g. - 1 2 3 2
● The order of column matrix is a  1

c. Square Matrix: The number of rows and numbers of columns are equal in
the matrix.
1 1 2 
For E.g. -  2 3 5 
 
 3 6 8 
● The order of square matrix is always a  a , where a can be any natural
number

d. Diagonal Matrix: If the diagonal elements are non-zero and all the non-
diagonal elements of a matrix are zero, then such type of matrix is known as
Diagonal Matrix.
1 0 0 
For E.g. - 0 2 0 
 
0 0 5 

e. Scalar Matrix: It is a type of diagonal matrix in which all diagonal elements

are equal.
4 0 0
x 0 
For E.g. -   , 0 4 0  etc.
 0 x   0 0 4 
 

f. Identity Matrix: It is a type of diagonal matrix in which all diagonal elements

are equal to 1 .
1 0 0 
For E.g. - 0 1 0 
 
0 0 1 

g. Zero Matrix: In it all the elements are zero and this is also known as null
matrix.
0 0
For E.g. -  ,  0 0 0 etc.
0 0 

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Equality of Matrices:
● Two matrices are equal if and only if the order of both the matrices are equal
and element of one matrix is equal to the corresponding element of another
matrix.
1 8  1 8 
For E.g. - A    and B  8 4 
8 4  22   22
All the elements of matrix A is equal to the corresponding elements of
matrix B and order of both matrix is same. Hence, A  B .

Operations in Matrices:
a. Addition of matrices:
● Addition of two matrices can be done only when they have the same order.
● Addition can be done by adding the corresponding entries of the two
matrices
For e.g. –
1 0   2 1
A  and B   3 5
7 4   
CAB
1 0   2 1
C    3 5
 7 4   
 3 1
C 
10 9 

b. Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar:

● When a matrix is multiplied by scalar, then each element of matrix is
multiplied by the scalar quantity and a new matrix is obtained.
For E.g. –
4 5
2 
6 7 
4  2 5  2 
6  2 7  2
 
 8 10 
12 14 
 

c. Negative of a matrix:
● Multiplying a matrix by 1 gives negative of that matrix

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  1 1
For E.g. - A   
 1 2 
Negative of Matrix A is
A   1 A
 1 1
A   1  
 1 2 
 1 1 
A   
 1 2

d. Difference of Matrices:
● Two matrices can be subtracted only when they have same order
● Subtraction can be done by subtracting the corresponding entries of the
two matrices
For e.g. –
1 6  2 1
A  and B   
7 4  7 9 
CAB
1 6   2 1 
C   
7 4  7 9 
 1 5 
C 
 0 5

Properties of Matrix Addition:

1. Commutative Law: Matrix addition is commutative i.e., A  B  B  A .
2. Associative Law: Matrix addition is associative i.e.,
 A  B  C  A   B  C  .
3. Existence of Additive Identity: Zero matrix O is the additive identity of a
matrix because adding a matrix with zero matrix leaves it unchanged i.e.,
XOOXX .
4. Existence of Additive Inverse: Additive inverse of a matrix is a matrix which
on adding with another matrix yield 0 i.e., X   X    X   X  0

Multiplication of Matrices:
● Multiplication of two matrices A and B is defined when number of columns
of A is equal to the number of rows of B .

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● Entries in rows is multiplied by corresponding entries in columns i.e., entries
in first row are multiplied by entries in first column and similarly for other
entries.
2 1 0 2 1
E.g. - A    and B  1 1 1
1 2   
Product of A and B is
 2  0   11 2  2   11 2 1  11
AB   
1  0   2 1 1 2   2 1 11  2 1 
 1 5 3
AB   
 2 4 3

Properties of Matrix Multiplication:

1. Non-Commutative Law: Matrix multiplication is not commutative i.e.,
AB  BA but not in the case of diagonal matrix.
2. Associative Law: Matrix multiplication follow associative law i.e.,
A  BC    AB C
3. Distributive Law: Matrix multiplication follow distributive law i.e.,
a) A  B  C   AB  AC
b)  A  B C  AC  BC
4. Existence of Multiplicative Identity: Identity matrix I is the multiplicative
identity of a matrix because multiplying a matrix with I leaves it unchanged.

Transpose of a Matrix:
● It is the matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of the
original matrix.
● It is denoted by P' or P T if original matrix is P .
For E.g. –
1 2 
P 
3 4 
1 3 
P T or P '   
2 4

Properties of Transpose of Matrix:

1.  A ' '  A
2.  kA  '  kA' (Where, k is any constant)

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3.  A  B '  A' B'
4.  AB '  B'A'

Special Types of Matrices:

● Symmetric Matrices: It is a square matrix in which original matrix is equal
to its transpose.
For E.g. –
 1 1 3 
P   1 2 7 
 
 3 7 3 
 1 1 3 
Transpose of Matrix P , P T   1 2 7 
 
 3 7 3 
P  PT
Therefore, it is a Symmetric Matrix.

● Skew-Symmetric Matrices: It is a square matrix in which original matrix is

equal to the negative of its transpose.
For E.g. –
9 2 3
P   2 0 7 
 
 3 7 0 
 9 2 3
Transpose of Matrix P , PT   1  2 0 7 
 
 3 7 0 
PT  P
Therefore, it is a Skew-Symmetric Matrix.

Elementary Operation (Transformation) of a Matrix

Elementary operations can be performed by three ways
a. By interchanging any two rows or two columns.
● Interchange of i th and jth rows is denoted as R i  R j
● Interchange of i th and jth columns is denoted by Ci  C j .

b. By multiplying any scalar to each element of any row or column of matrix.

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 ● It is denoted as R i  kR j for rows and Ci  kC j for columns

c. By multiplying any scalar to each element of any row or column and then
adding the result to any other row or column.
● It is denoted as R i  R i  kR j for rows and Ci  Ci  kC j for column.

Invertible Matrix:
● A matrix A is invertible only when there exists another matrix B such that
AB  BA  I , where I is identity matrix.
● It is a property of square matrix.
● Inverse of matrix is always unique.
 3
2 3  1
For E.g. – Let us consider two matrices A    and B  2
2 2  
 1 1
Now,
 3
 2 3  1
AB    2
 2 2  1 1
 
1 0 
 
0 1 
I
And
 3
 1  2 3
BA  2 
   2 2
 1 1
1 0 
 
0 1 
I
Hence, B is inverse of A

Inverse of a matrix by elementary operations

● Inverse of a matrix can be obtained by using elementary operations.
● We know that A  IA on using elementary operation on A only which is on
the left side of equal to keeping right side one as it is and on I then the identity
matrix I will become inverse of A

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 3 2 
For example: Inverse of A    using elementary operation is
1 4 
We know that A  IA
3 2   1 0 
1 4   0 1  A
   
R
R1  1
3
 2  1 
1 3    3 0 A
   
1 4   0 1 
R 2  R 2  R1
 2 1 
 1 0
3 3 
  A
0 10   1 1 
 3   3 
3
R2  R2 
10
1 
 2  0
1 3    3 A
   1 3 
0 1  
 10 10 
2
R1  R1  R 2
3
 2 1 
1 0   5 5
0 1    A
   1 3 
 10 10 
Since, I  A1A
 2 1 
5 5
Therefore, A 1   
 1 3 
 10 10 

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