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Instrumentation & Polymers

Chemistry

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30 views

Instrumentation & Polymers

Chemistry

Uploaded by

bobbiliharini2005
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INSTRUMENTAL METHODS AND WATER ANALYSIS

(2MARKS QUESTIONS)
1. Compare the wavelength ranges of UV-Visible and IR spectrum, write their
significance?
A. The wave length range of UV-Visible spectrum is 400nm-700nm, and the wavelength
range of IR spectrum is 700nm-1000nm.
Significance:
UV-Visible-It is used to monitor structural changes in DNA. Frequently used in
analytical chemistry for quantitative determination.
IR-Determination of molecular structure, identification of chemical species and for
qualitative and quantitative determination of species.

2. Sketch the diagram of instrumentation for UV-spectroscopy

3. Compare the principle of Lambert’s law with Beer’s Lamberts law


A. Lambert’s Law: When a beam of monochromatic light is passed through a pure
homogeneous absorbing medium, the rate of decrease in intensity of a radiation with
the thickness of absorbing medium is proportional to the intensity of incident light.
A=EL
Beer- Lambert’s Law: When a beam of monochromatic light is passed through a pure
homogeneous absorbing medium, the rate of decrease in intensity of a radiation with
the thickness of absorbing medium is proportional to the intensity of incident light as
well as concentration of the solution.
A=ECL
4. How Beer-Lambert’s law used in the field of chemistry and write the limitations
of Beer-Lambert’s law?
A. Applications:
Applied in the field of medicine, textile, printing, food processing, agriculture etc.
To measure the concentration of chemical solutions, analyze oxidation and to measure
polymer degradation
Limitations:
1. This law obeyed for only monochromatic light.
2. Applicable to only dilute solutions.
3. The temperature of the system should remain constant ( Because raise in temperature
shifts the absorption bands towards lower wavelength)

5. Illustrate the types of bendings occurred in IR spectroscopy.


6. Explain the selection rules related to IR Spectroscopy with examples?

a. The dipole moment of molecule should change during the course of vibration.
b. Homo atomic molecules like H2, O2, N2 are IR Inactive
c. Hetero diatomic molecules like HBr, HCl are IR Active.
d. Tri atomic molecules or other molecules having centre of symmetry are IR
Inactive
e. Angular atomic molecules like H2O, SO2, H2S etc are IR Active
7. Mention the types of transitions involved when UV light passed through
matter. Justify the energy order with transition diagram?

1. σ−σ∗-transition:
In this transition electron excited from 𝜎 ''bonding molecular orbital to
𝜎∗antibonding molecular orbital.

2.π−π∗transition:
In this transition electron excited from πbonding molecules Orbital to anti bonding
molecular orbital.
It takes place inmoleculescontainingπbonds.Suchasunsaturatedhydrocarbons.
3.n-σ∗ transition:
In this transition electron excited from ‘n’ non- bonding molecules orbital to σ∗
anti bonding molecular orbital.
4.n- π∗ transition:
In this transition electron exited From ‘η’ non-bonding molecular orbital to π∗
antibonding molecular orbital At takes place in molecules Containing multiple
bond and tone pair of electrons.
8.Explain the principle involved in EDTA method?
The hardness of water can be determined by using EDTA method. EDTA is Ethylene
diamine tetra acetic acid. It dissolves in water with great difficulty, but its disodium
salt dissolve in water quickly & completely It is hexa dentate ligend. It binds the
metal ions in water to give stable chelate complex. Hence it is called as
complexometric titration method. This method is definitely preferable to the other
method because of the greater accuracy, convenience & more rapid.

9.Compare Hard water and Soft Water

HARD WATER SOFT WATER


1.Hardwater contains appreciable 1.Softwater contains no or very small
concentrations of ca2+and mg2+ concentrations of dissolved ca2+ and
ions mg2+ ions
2. They don’t form lather with soap 2.They form lather with soap
3. Large quantity of soap is required 3.soap is not wasted at all
during washing
10.Explain how water attains hardness
Hardness in water is caused by dissolved Ca2+ & Mg2+ ions.These ions come
from soil and rocks when water sources passed through them .(Deposits of
limestone,gypsum)i.e. hardness caused by the preence of high concentrations of
alkaline earth ions in water

11.Write the chemistry or principle involved in wrinkler’s process


The amount of iodine formed is proportional to the amount of dissolved oxygen
originally present in the solution

MnSO4 + 2KOH Mn(OH) 2 + K2 SO4


2Mn (OH)2 + O2 2MnO (OH)2
MnO(OH)2 + 2KI + 2H2SO4 MnSO4 + K2SO4 + I2 + 3H2O
I2 + 2Na2S2O3 2NaI + Na S4O6
POLYMER CHEMISTRY

1.Explain the terms:


Monomer: Monomers are reactive molecules from which polymers are derived
Ex; Ethylene,Styrene
Polymer: Polymers are large or macro molecules, which are formed by combining of a many
small repeating units
EX:Bakelite,pvc,nylon-6,6
Polymerisation: The process of formation of polymers form respective monomers
is termed as polymerization

2.Differentiate addition and condensation polymerization with example


3.Draw the structure of Bakelite and write its applications

Applications:

• It is used for making electrical insulator parts like switch boards, heater handles etc.

• For making moulded articles like telephone parts, cabinets for radio &television.

• It can be used as an adhesive (binder) for grinding wheels etc.

• It is used in paints &varnishes.

• It is used as an anion exchanger in water purification


4.Differentiate Thermoplastic and Thermosetting plastics

Thermoplastic Thermosetting plastics

1.They are formed by either addition or They are formed by condensation


condensation polymerisation polymerisation

2.They become soft on heating &hard on They donot soft on heating


cooling

3.They have straight chain structure They have 3-D crosslinked structure

4.They can be recycled They can’t be recycled

5.Low melting point High melting point

Ex:PE,PVC EX:Bakelite

5.Classify conducting polymers


6.Describe the chemical synthesis of Kevlar
Kevlar is synthesized in solution from the monomers 1,4-phenylene-diamine (para-phenylenediamine)
and Terephthaloyl chloride

7.Compare the preparation of Buna-s &Buna-n elastomers with equations


Buna - N Buna - S
1. Buna - N is a copolymer of 1, 3−butadiene 1.Buna - S is a copolymer of 1, 3−butadiene and
and acrylonitrile. styrene.

2. It is also called Nitrile rubber(NBR). 2.It is also called SBR(Styrene Butadiene


Rubber).

3. It is obtained by polymerization of 1,3- 3. It is obtained by polymerization of 1,3-


butadiene & acrylonitrile in the presence of Butadiene & styrene in the ratio 3:1 in the
sodium presence of sodium.

4.It is used for making oil seels,manufacturing 4.It is used for making automobile tyres,rubber
of tank linings,protective gloves etc. soles,belts,hoses etc.
8.Illustrate the conduction mechanism of polyacetylene

9.Describe the chemical synthesis of TEFLON


Teflon, also known as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), is a synthetic fluoropolymer of
tetrafluoroethylene. Its preparation involves the polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene gas
(CF2=CF2) under specific conditions, usually in the presence of a free-radical initiator. The
process is carried out at high temperatures and pressures, and it results in the formation of a
highly stable and inert polymer chain.

10.Describe the chemical synthesis of NYLON-6,6


Nylon 66 is synthesized by polycondensation of hexamethylene diamine
and adipic acid.
Equivalent amounts of hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid are
combined.
n HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH + n H2N-(CH2)6-NH2
Adipic acid Hexamethylene diamine

[-OC-( CH2)4-CO-NH-(CH2)6-NH-]n + (2n-1) H2O

11.Describe the chemical synthesis of PVC


It is prepared by the polymerization of vinyl chloride. vinyl chloride is prepared
by treating acetylene with HCL at 60-800 c & in presence of metaloxide catalyst

Polyvinyl chloride is prepared by heating vinylchloride in presence of benzyl


peroxide or H2O2

12.How do biodegradable polymers contribute to sustainable practices?

Biodegradable polymers contribute to sustainable practices by breaking


down into natural components,reducing long term environmental impact.
Ex: polylactic acid (PLA) derived from corn starch, contribute to
sustainability by offering a renewable alternative to traditional plastics.
It replace conventional plastics in packaging materials

STRUCTURE AND BONDING MODELS


1)

A)

𝚿 =wave function of electrons wave


E= Total energy of electron
V= potential energy of electron
h= plank’s constant
M= mass of electron
x= Cartesian coordinate

2)

a)

𝚿 =wave function of electrons wave⬚⬚


E= Total energy of electron
V= potential energy of electron
h= plank’s constant
M= mass of electron
x,y,z = Cartesian coordinates
3)
a)
4)
a)

5)

The atomic number of nitrogen is 7


The electronic configuration of N is 1s22s22p3
6)

2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
Wave function 𝜑(𝑥)=√ sin( )
𝑎 𝑎

𝑛2ℎ2
Total energy E=
8𝑚𝑎2

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