BIOCHEMISTRY

Protein Metabolism

SN

1. Metabolism of Tyrosine

2. Biogenic Amines

3. Metabolism of Glycine

4. Alkaptonuria

LAQ

1. Inborn Errors of Metabolism of Tyrosine* and Phenylalanine

2. Formation and Fate of Ammonia**

3. Urea Cycle and Abnormalities***

4. Alkaptonuria - Biochemical Basis, Tests for Diagnosis

5. Glycine - synthesis, inhibition, specialised products formed

6. Transamination, Deamination, Ammonia Toxicity

Nucleotide Metabolism

SN

1. Purine Salvage Pathway**

2. Hyperuricemia

3. Gout**

4. Catabolism of Purines

Hemoglobin

SN

1. Hemoglobinopathies and examples

2. Abnormal Hemoglobin** - changes in AA sequence

LAQ

1. Catabolism of Heme*, Hemolytic Jaundice

2. Formation and Fate of Bilirubin; Jaundice

3. Biosynthesis and Degradation of Heme

4. Heme - biosynthesis, regulation*; Intermittent Porphyria

Vitamins

SN

1. Coenzymes of Thiamine of Pyridoxine - two biochemical functions of each

2. Functions of Folic Acid

3. Deficiency Manifestation of Vitamin A

4. Coenzyme Function of Folic Acid and B12

5. Wald's Visual Cycle

6. Activation of Cholecalciferol, Justification as a Hormone

LAQ

1. Vitamin D

2. Vitamin A**

3. Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid

4. Vitamin C

5. Thiamine*

Enzymes

SN

1. Isoenzymes and Clinical Application***

2. Enzymes and Isoenzymes in Myocardial Infarction**

3. Enzymes of Diagnostic, Analytic and Therapeutic Importance*

4. Km Value

5. Activation Energy of Enzyme - E-S Complex

LAQ

1. Enzymes - definition, factors affecting enzyme activity*

2. Enzyme inhibition - Competitive and Non-Competitive

3. Enzymes - classification, examples, Isoenzymes

4. Types of Enzyme Inhibitors

Biological Oxidation

SN

1. Substrate Level Phosphorylation

2. Oxidative Phosphorylation*** and Thermogenin

3. Malate Aspartate Shuttle*

4. Inhibitors of ETC

5. Uncouplers of Oxidative Phosphorylation

6. Difference between Oxidative and Substrate Level Phosphorylation

LAQ

1. Explain ETC, Mention Sites of

1. ATP Synthesis and Inhibitors of ETC**

2. Oxidative Phosphorylation

3. Explain ETC, Inhibitors and Uncouplers of Oxidative Phosphorylation

Molecular Biology

SN

1. Genetic Code***

2. Mutation* - Causes and Types

3. Recombinant DNA Technology Application*

4. Reverse Transcription

5. DNA Replication

6. PCR

7. Lac Operon

LAQ
1. Protein Biosynthesis* and Inhibitors, Regulation

2. DNA Replication, Two Inhibitors of Replication

3. Genetic Code- salient features, Wobble's Hypothesis

4. Transcription, Post-Transcriptional Modification, Two Antibiotics Inhibiting the process

Proteins

SN

1. Biologically Important Peptides*

2. Secondary and Tertiary Structure of Proteins**

3. TRNA And Its Functions***

4. Secondary Structure of Protein

5. Functional Classification of Proteins

6. Conjugated Proteins

Nucleotides

SN

1. Four Biochemical Functions of Nucleotides*

Free Radicals and Antioxidants

SN

1. Antioxidants

2. Antioxidant Enzymes*, Vitamins and Minerals

3. Free Radicals and Antioxidants

Nutrition

SN

1. Explain the Role of Dietary Fibres*

2. BMR - definition, factors

3. Protein Energy Malnutrition***

4. Kwashiorkor* - Biochemical Alterations and Treatment

Carbohydrate Metabolism

SN

1. Significance of HMP Shunt*

2. Rapaport Leubering Cycle, Significance

3. Glycogen Storage Disease* - enzyme defects, clinical manifestation

LAQ

1. Glycolytic Pathway in Erythrocytes, Significance, Difference from Glycolysis

2. Glycogenolysis, Regulation, Glycogen Storage Diseases*

3. TCA Cycle, Amphibolic Nature*

4. HMP Shunt*, Significance

5. Metabolism of Glycogen, Hormonal Regulation*

Lipid Metabolism

SN

1. Cholesterol - biomedical importance

2. Cholesterol - metabolism, function

3. Lipoproteins*

4. Fatty Liver* and Lipotroptic Factors*

5. Ketosis

LAQ

1. Cholesterol Synthesis *** - name regulatory enzyme, normal level, functions, explain

role in Atherosclerosis

2. Ketosis, Synthesis and Fate of Ketone Bodies

3. Beta Oxidation of Palmitic Acid, Regulation, Energetics**

4. Roles of LDL, HDL in Cholesterol Transport, Role in Atherosclerosis

5. Fate of Acetyl CoA, Fatty Acid Synthesis

Mineral Metabolism
SN

1. Regulation of Serum Calcium Level

2. Role of Calcium as Second Messenger

3. Absorption of Iron

LAQ

1. Plasma Calcium Level - hormonal regulation, function, deficiency manifestation

2. Iron*

3. Calcium*

4. Calcium and Phosphorus

5. Copper and Zinc

6. Iron and lodine

7. Factors Influencing Calcium Absorption, Functions

Integration of Metabolism

SN

1. Short Term Starvation - metabolic changes

2. Biochemical Changes in Starvation**

3. Most Severe Phase of Starvation - biochemical changes

LAQ

1. Starvation Metabolism*

Acid-Base Balance

SN

1. Buffers**

2. Role of Kidney in Acid Base Balance

3. Any Two Buffer Systems

4. Metabolic Acidosis*, Its Compensation

LAQ
1. Metabolic Acidosis* - causes, explain compensatory role of blood buffers and kidney

2. Blood PH - maintenance, disorders associated with acid base balance

3. Water and Electrolyte Balance

4. Acid Base Balance, Imbalance, Causes

Plasma Proteins

SN

1. Immunoglobulin - diagram, describe any one Ig in detail*

2. Functions of Albumin

Insulin, Glucose Homeostasis and DM

SN

1. DM - metabolic changes*

LAQ

1. Hormonal Regulation of Blood Glucose Level**, Significance, Note on Glycosuria

Organ Function Tests

SN

1. Creatinine Clearance Test**, Explanation, Significance

2. Urea Clearance

LAQ

1. Liver Function Tests** - enumerate, describe LFT based on excretory function

Carbohydrates

SN

1. Hyaluronic Acid - biomedical importance

2. GAGS, Significance***

LCD

SN

1. Electrophoresis* - application, principle

2. Chromatography* -principle, application, type*

3. Flame Photometer - principle, parts, importance

Overview of Biophysical Chemistry

SN

1. Radioisotopes - diagnostic, therapeutic significance, application**

Lipid

SN

1. Phospholipids - classify, examples, one importance of each

2. Essential Fatty Acids

Digestion and Absorption

SN

1. Digestion and Absorption of Lipids

Hormones

SN

1. Group II Hormones - diagram, mechanism, example

2. Name Different Types of Messenger Hormones, Role of CAMP*

3. Mechanism of Hydrophilic Hormones

4. Mechanism of Steroid Hormones*

Cancer

SN

1. Tumour Markers*** - four examples

2. Oncogenes** and Proto-oncogenes*

3. Chemical Carcinogens*

Detoxification

SN

1. Conjugation** - examples
2. Detoxification by Oxidation and Hydrolysis

3. Metabolism of Xenobiotics - phase 1 reaction*