TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
Foreword iii
Cambodia-Province Map v
Figures at a Glance vi
List of Abbreviation and Acronyms x

Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Survey Objective 1
1.3 Survey Content 2
1.4 Survey Organization 2
1.5 Training of field staff 3
1.6 Data Collection and Supervision 3
1.7 Data Processing 3
1.8 Tabulation and Analysis Plans 4
1.9 Dissemination Plan 4
1.10 Quality Assurance 5
1.11 Limitations of the Survey 5
Chapter 2 Sampling Design, Estimation and Evaluation
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Sampling Frame 7
2.3 Stratification 7
2.4 Sample Size and Sample Allocation 8
2.5 Survey design 8
2.6 Probability Selection 10
2.7 Extrapolation 10
2.8 Standard Errors and Confidence Intervals 12
Chapter 3 Population Size, Growth and Distribution
3.1 Population size 15
3.2 Regional Population 16
3.3 Proportion of Population and Ranking by Province 19
3.4 Population Density 20
3.5 Distribution of population by Urban and Rural 23
3.6 Distribution of Population by Religion 23
3.7 Distribution of population by Mother Tongue 25
Chapter 4 Age Structure, Sex Composition and Marital Status
4.1 Introduction 27
4.2 Evaluation of age data of CIPS 2013 28
4.3 Age structure 29
4.4 Population by Broad Age Group, Age Dependency Ratio and Median Age 32
4.5 Age Dependency Ratio 33
4.6 Sex Composition 34
4.7 Sex Ratio 35
4.8 Marital status 36
4.9 Average age at marriage 39
4.10 Adolescent marriage 41
Chapter 5 Literacy and Education
5.1 General 43
5.2 Literacy Rate 43
5.3 Adult Literacy Rate 45
5.4 School Attendance 47
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 5.5 Educational Attainment 48
5.6 Main Subjects of Study 51
Chapter 6 Labour and Employment
6.1 General 55
6.2 Economically Active population or Labour Force 56
6.3 Employment and Unemployment 59
6.4 Employment Status 61
6.5 Sectors of Employment 62
6.6 Employment by Industrial and Occupational Classifications 63
6.7 Secondary Economic Activity 67
6.8 Educational Levels of Workers 69
6.9 School Attendance by young workers 69
Chapter 7 Fertility and Mortality
7.1 Introduction 73
7.2 Source and quality of data 74
7.3 Estimates of fertility 77
7.4 Estimates of early age mortality-Total, Urban and Rural 82
7.5 Conclusion 87
Chapter 8 Migration
8.1 Definition of Migration 89
8.2 Migrant Population 89
8.3 Internal migration 91
8.4 Reason for Migration 92
8.5 Duration of Residence of Migrants 93
8.6 Migrants by Age Group 93
8.7 Economic Activity and Educational Levels of Migrants 96
Chapter 9 Population with Disability
9.1 Distribution of Persons with Disability 97
9.2 Sex Ratio and Age Distribution of the Disabled Population 99
9.3 Literacy and Educational Levels 102
9.4 Usual Activity Rates 103
9.5 Economic Activity Rates 104
Chapter 10 Housing and Household Characteristics
10.1 Housing Status 105
10.2 Household Characteristics 107
10.3 Household Amenities and Facilities 113
Chapter 11 Summary and Conclusions
11.1 Population Size, Growth and Distribution 121
11.2 Age Structure and Sex Ratio 122
11.3 Marital Status 122
11.4 Literacy and Education 123
11.5 Labour Force 123
11.6 Fertility and Mortality 124
11.7 Migration 125
11.8 Disability 125
11.9 Housing and Household Characteristics 126

Appendix
Appendix 1 Form A, House-listing 130
Appendix 2 Form B, Household Questionnaires 131
Appendix 3 List of Priority Tables 137
Appendix 4 Definition of Disability 141
Appendix 5 Glossary 144

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 FOREWORD

This report presents the results of Cambodia Inter-censal Population Survey, 2013 (CIPS, 2013) that
was carried out in March 2013 by the National Institute of Statistics. It is a nationally representative
sample survey of 955 Primary Sampling Units and 28,650 households. This survey was taken between
two censuses, the 2008 census and the proposed 2018 census, in order to update information on
population size and growth, educational attainment, labour and employment, fertility, mortality,
migration, disabled population, and other population characteristics as well as household facilities and
amenities. The main objective of the CIPS, 2013 was to provide demographic and socio-economic
data, necessary for policy making, planning, monitoring and evaluation at national and sub-national
levels. It was also intended to provide statistical information that would be useful to measure progress
towards achieving the national objectives and targets of the various plans and programmes. This survey
has been designed to estimate most of the indicators disaggregated by sex, for Total, Urban and Rural
areas at the national level and in the case of each province for total areas only. The tables, figures and
text are related to the most important indicators consistent with the objectives of the survey.

More than a thousand staff members of the NIS and Provincial Planning Offices were trained for
conducting the survey. Their services would be utilized to train in turn a large number of enumerators
and supervisors who would be recruited for the next Census. The CIPS 2013 may therefore be called
the harbinger of the next Population Census in Cambodia due in the year 2018. The National Institute
of Statistics emphasizes the importance of close collaboration with international development partners
and national counterparts to ensure transfer of knowledge to improve analytical methodologies, and
plan and organize national reports. This emphasis will facilitate the long term sustainability of
demographic analysis in the country.

On behalf of the Ministry of Planning, I wish to place on record our gratitude to the United Nations
Population Fund (UNFPA) for supporting the whole process of CIPS, 2013 including resources and
technical assistance program with emphasis on capacity development. Thanks are due to Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for providing technical assistance for mapping villages and
Enumeration Areas (EAs), and for participating in analysis and dissemination of the results.

I appreciate the hard work put in by the staff of the NIS under the guidance and supervision of H.E
Mrs. Hang Lina, Director General, NIS and the Provincial Planning Offices in making the survey a
success as well as in the preparation of this report. I wish to take this opportunity to thank all staff in
the National Institute of Statistics as well as all survey field staff who have taken part and contributed
to the success of the Cambodia Inter-censal Population Survey, 2013. We are also thankful to technical
advisers for the survey: Mr. Nott Rama Rao, Dr. Gouranga Das Varma, Mr. Gregory Martin,
Mr. Fumihiko Nishi, Mr. Akihiko Ito, and Mr. Akihito Yamauchi.

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We are pleased to present to line-ministries, international agencies, non-government organization,
policy makers, programme implementers, development planners, and researchers a publication with a
plethora of useful information. We hope to receive feedback and comments to improve our subsequent
publications.

CHHAY THAN
Senior Minister,
Ministry of Planning Minister of Ministry of Planning
Phnom Penh
November 2013

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 Map 1. Cambodia by province

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 Cambodia Inter-censal Population Survey 2013
Final Result
Figures at a Glance

Basic Characteristics of administrative

Number of municipality 1
Number of provinces 23
Number of cities/Krongs 26
Number of khans 9
Number of districts 159
Number of sangkats 204
Number of communes 1,429
Number of villages 14,119
Characteristics Total Males Females
Total population 14,676,591 7,121,508 7,555,083
Urban population 3,146,212 1,527,479 1,618,734
Percentage of urban population 21.4 21.5 21.4
Annual growth Rate 1.46 %
Population density 82/sq.km
Percentage of population under 15 29.4 31.2 27.8
Percentage of population 15-64 65.6 64.7 66.4
Percentage of population 65 + 5.0 4.1 5.8
Age dependency ratio
Total 52.4 54.5 50.5
Urban 41.8 43.0 40.6
Rural 55.6 57.9 53.5
Sex ratio
Total 94.3
Urban 94.4
Rural 94.2
Median age
Total 24.5 23.4 25.6
Urban 26.9 25.8 27.8
Rural 23.9 22.8 25.1
Number of Households 3,163,226
Percent of female headed households 27.1
Average household size
Total 4.6
Urban 4.8
Rural 4.6

Percentage of population aged 15 and over by marital status

Never married 31.1 35.3 27.4
Married 61.9 62.5 61.3
Widowed 5.0 1.3 8.4
Divorced 1.8 0.8 2.7
Separated 0.2 0.1 0.3
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Singulate Mean age at Marriage
Total 25.0 26.2 23.7
Urban 27.5 29.1 25.8
Rural 24.2 25.4 23.0

Adult literacy rate (population aged 15 and more)

Total 79.7 86.4 73.6
Urban 90.3 94.2 86.8
Rural 76.5 84.1 69.7

Educational attainment of Literate population aged 7+

No educational level 3.1 2.8 3.4
Primary not completed 40.8 37.5 44.3
Primary completed 29.4 29.4 29.3
Lower secondary 21 23.4 18.5
Secondary/diploma 3.9 4.5 3.2
Beyond Secondary 1.8 2.4 1.3

Proportion currently attending school/educational institution

Aged 5-11 74.2 73.2 75.2
Aged 12-14 88.2 88.2 88.2
Aged 15-17 61.4 64.1 58.7
Aged 18-24 21.5 25.4 17.6
Aged 25 + 0.7 1.0 0.4
Percentage of disabled population 2.1 2.2 1.9
Percentage of disabled population by type of disability
Difficulty in seeing 34.8 31.4 38.6
Difficulty in speech 5.4 4.4 6.5
Difficulty in hearing 9.0 7.4 10.8
Difficulty in movement 33.4 41.4 24.7
Mental 12.2 9.8 14.7
Mental retardation 5.2 3.6 6.8
Mental illness 7.0 6.2 7.9
Any other 3.5 3.9 3.1
Multiple disabilities 1.6 1.7 1.6

Employment and Unemployment

Labour force participation rate 62.3 63.8 60.9
Employment rate 60.8 62.4 59.3
Unemployment rate 1.5 1.4 1.7
Economically inactive rate 37.7 36.2 39.1

Labour force participation rate aged 15-64

Total 82.2 84.5 80.0
Urban 73.2 79.5 67.4
Rural 84.8 86.0 83.7

Unemployment rate aged 15-64

Total 2.3 2.1 2.5
Urban 4.4 3.5 5.4
Rural 1.8 1.7 1.9

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Employment rate by industrial sector
Primary 64.3 62.3 66.3
Secondary 11.5 11.6 11.5
Tertiary 23.8 25.6 21.9
Employed population aged 5 + with secondary activity 42.3 44.3 40.4

Percentage of migrant by place of last residence

Total 28.9 30.0 27.9
Urban 49.4 48.6 50.1
Rural 23.3 24.9 21.8

Percentage of internal migrants by migration stream

Rural to Rural 58.4 60.3 56.5
Rural to Urban 24.5 23.5 25.5
Urban to Rural 5.1 5.1 5.1
Urban to Urban 12.0 11.1 12.9

Semi- Tem-
Percentage of buildings by nature of construction Permanent Permane porary
Total 73.6 nt
19.7 6.7
Urban 93.0 5.3 1.7
Rural 68.9 23.2 7.9

Percentages of households by source of drinking water

Piped water 19.8
Tube/wipe well 29.5
Protected dug well 6.2
Unprotected dug well 14.3
Rain 1.4
Spring, river, etc 18.7
Bought 8.6
Other 1.4

Percentage of households using electricity as main source of light

Total 48.0
Urban 94.0
Rural 36.0

Percentage of households by main type of fuel used for cooking

Firewood 77.9
Charcoal 8.4
Kerosene 0.1
Liquefied Petroleum gas (LPG) 12.1
Others 1.4

Percentage of households having toilet facility within premises

Total 48.7
Urban 87.5
Rural 38.5
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Percentage accessibility to internet facility
No Access 94.5
Accessed at home 2.6
Accessed outside home 1.3
Accessed at home and outside home 1.6

Total fertility rate per 1,000 live birth

Total 2.8
Urban 2.1
Rural 3.1

Infant mortality rate per 1,000 live birth

Total 33
Urban 9
Rural 38

Under five mortality rate per 1,000 live birth

Total 53
Urban 15
Rural 60

Life expectancy at birth

Total 68.9
Urban 76.8
Rural 67.6

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 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
ASFR Age-Specific Fertility Rates
CDHS Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey
CD-ROM Compact Disc Read-only Memory
CEB Children Ever Born
CIPS Cambodia Inter-censal Population Survey
CMDGs Cambodia Millennium Development Goals
CS Children Surviving
CWR Child Woman Ratio
CSPro Census and Survey Processing System
DDG Deputy Director General
DG Director General
DUSC Data Users Service Center
EA Enumeration Area
GIS Geographic Information System
GRR Gross Reproduction Rate
IMR Infant Mortality Rate
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
MOP Ministry of Planning
NGO Non-governmental organization
NIS National Institute of Statistics
NSDP National Strategic Development Plan
PES Post Enumeration Survey
POPMAP Population Map
PSU Primary Sample Units
QA Quality Assurance
REDATAM Retrieval of Data for Small Areas by Microcomputer
RGC Royal Government of Cambodia
RS Rectangular Strategy
SSU Secondary Sampling Units
TFR Total Fertility Rate
TV Television
U5MR Under-Five Mortality Rate
UN United Nations
UN CensusInfo United Nation Census Information
UNFPA United Nations Population Fund
WHO World Health Organization
WB World Bank
WinR+ Redatam Plus for Windows

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 Chapter 1
Introduction

1.1 Background

The Cambodia Inter-censal Population Survey 2013 (CIPS) was conducted in March 2013. The
reference time for the survey was the midnight of March 3 (00 hours). This is the second Inter-censal
Population Survey to be conducted in Cambodia (CIPS 2013). The first one (CIPS 2004) was
conducted in March 2004. The Inter-censal Population Survey in March 2013 was planned to take
place exactly in the middle of the two censuses held in 2008 and 2018. For the first time, the 2013
Inter-censal Population Survey provides estimates up to the provincial level. The target population set
for CIPS, 2013 was the normal household population (regular households) of Cambodia. People living
in institutions, such as hospitals, hostels, police quarters and prisons as well as homeless populations
were not covered in the survey. However, normal households residing within institutional settings were
covered.

It is a nationally representative sample survey conducted for updating information on population size
and growth, fertility, mortality, migration and other population characteristics as well as household
facilities and amenities.

The process of formulating a National Population Policy has been greatly advanced through the
availability of population and demographic data. At the same time data from specialized surveys such
as the socio-economic survey and Demographic and Health Survey, labour force surveys and migration
studies have complemented the census data and helped build a body of essential statistics to guide the
development process. The conduct of the Cambodia Inter-censal Population Survey 2013 is an
important step in the creation of a continuous flow of population data that will enable Cambodia
prepare plans and programmes of development supported by a strong database.

1.2 Survey Objective

The Cambodia Inter-censal Population Survey 2013 was conducted with the objective of providing
information on the following characteristics of the population: Population size and distribution; sex,
age and marital status; fertility and mortality; migration status; disabled population; literacy and
educational level; employment and unemployment; housing and household amenities; and other
population and household information. These fresh data will enable calculation of reliable estimates
and projections of: Population size and growth, fertility and mortality levels, volume of migration,
housing and household amenities and related details.The survey was also intended to train the national
staff in sampling, data collection, data processing, analysis and dissemination.

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1.3 Survey Content

The draft questionnaires for the CIPS 2013 were more or less on the 2008 General Census pattern.
Some modifications, however, were made by adding new questions and amending some of the old
questions. Two types of questionnaires were used in the CIPS 2013: Form A House-list and Form B
Household Questionnaire (see Appendix I and II).

The Form A was used to collect information on buildings containing one or more households during the
preliminary round preceding the survey night (March 3, 2013). Form B which has five parts, was used
for the survey enumeration in the period closely following the reference time.

1.4 Survey Organization

The sampling design and estimation procedure adopted in the survey are described in Chapter 2.The
first preliminary field work for the survey was mapping that was carried out with technical assistance
from Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Trained NIS staffs were deputed to draw the
sketch map of the villages and detailed EA maps.

The Director General of NIS served as the Director of CIPS 2013. The provincial planning directors of
each of the 23 provinces and Phnom Penh Municipality served as coordinators in their respective areas.
About a hundred NIS survey coordinators were drawn from different divisions of NIS and allotted to
provinces at the rate of about eight to nine villages per person. They then acted as technical advisors to
all survey staff and were responsible for technical aspects of the survey in the allotted province. Their
foremost tasks were to train the supervisors and the enumerators, supervise the fieldwork and ensure
proper distribution of CIPS materials and collection of completed records.

For every selected enumeration area, there was one enumerator and normally the work of three
enumerators was monitored and supervised by one supervisor. Enumerators and supervisors were
drawn from the cadre of teachers and other civil servants. Preferably those residing within or near the
selected villages were appointed by the provincial directors. In all there were 955 enumerators and 318
supervisors busy in the field during early March 2013. The Senior Minister, Minister of planning,
Secretaries and Under-Secretaries of State, and other Directors of Departments also assisted in
supervising the field activities.

A technical consultant appointed by UNFPA undertook a few short-term missions at appropriate stages
to provide training and overall guidance to the NIS and to ensure proper organization and
implementation of the CIPS field undertaking as well as to assist in the preparation of the tabulation
plan and reports. A sampling consultant provided guidance on sampling particularly on estimation
procedure and computation of sampling errors. Data Processing consultant (DPC) in his short-term
missions gave training to the staff in data processing and guided and supervised the processing of CIPS
results.

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1.5 Training for Field Staff

The 100 NIS Survey Coordinators (NIS SC) were first intensively trained at the NIS (November-
December 2012) by senior officers on updating village/EA maps, sampling, house-listing, interviewing
households and filling-in household questionnaires, concepts and definition. The Province Directors
(with their Deputy Directors) were trained on CIPS at NIS for one week in January 2013, since they
were expected to be deeply involved in organizing the survey and making field visits to ensure that the
survey was proceeding smoothly. The training of appointed enumerators and supervisors on all aspects
of the survey, especially questionnaires and concepts (including practice), was conducted at the
Provincial Headquarters by NIS survey coordinators assisted by the Provincial Director/Deputy
Director for six days (19 to 23 February, 2013).

1.6 Data Collection and Supervision

For every selected EA, a field listing was organized in order to make a current and complete listing of
households located within it. At the first step the enumerator would have to update sketch maps of
villages and EA maps. Residential and partly residential buildings were numbered using sticker and
marked on map by covering a prescribed path of travel in order to make sure that all buildings in which
households resided were accounted for.

During the primary operation of the survey (lasting five days from 26 February to 2 March, 2013)
building/structures wholly or partly used for residential purpose in selected EAs (955 in all) were listed
in the House List called Form A (Appendix 1). After the listing operation was completed in an EA, a
fixed sample size of 30 households was selected from the house list by the respective supervisor. This
selection was carried out systematically by computing interval in each EA and choosing the random
start, by using linear sampling. It was closely supervised by NIS survey coordinators to ensure
correctness in the selection process.

During the main phase of the survey, the Household Questionnaire called Form B (Appendix II) was
completed by the enumerator in each of the 30 sample households selected in his/her EA. Overall, the
supervisory teams found that respondents were willingly answering the survey questions.

1.7 Data Processing

The completed records ( Form A , Form B, Form I, Form II, Map, and other prescribed Forms) were
systematically collected from the provinces by NIS Survey Coordinators on the due dates and
submitted to the team receptionist at NIS. Training on editing and coding of filled-in schedules was
conducted for senior staff, who in turn trained other editors and coders. The purpose of the editing
process was to remove matters of obvious inconsistency, incorrectness and incompleteness, and to
improve the quality of data collected. In order to capture the data recorded on Form A (House List),
Form B (Household Questionnaire) and Form 2 (Enumerator’s Summary), three separate data entry
applications using CSPro software package were made. CSPro package was used for tabulation as well.
The data entry section consisted of 14 keyboard operators working under two supervisors. They were

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thoroughly trained on data entry procedures and the CSPro data entry software in the third week of
March 2013.

1.8 Tabulation and Analysis Plans

In consultation with data users, NIS decided to produce about 78 basic priority tables (see Appendix
III) most of which are for both National and provincial levels. The Provincial level Tables are only for
Total and not separately for rural and urban areas due to smallness of the sample size. These tables
cover most of the topics included in the CIPS 2013 questionnaires and their cross classification should
satisfy most of the requirements of all sections of data users. The production of priority tables may be
followed by the preparation of additional tables called supplementary tables if proposed by the data
users, and other tables produced in the course of in-depth analysis.

Analysis of the survey data will include preliminary analysis of provisional population totals, general
analysis at the National and Provincial levels of the final survey data as well as in-depth analysis in
respect of the following topics by the NIS analysis team with technical assistance by UNFPA and
JICA: (i) Fertility and mortality (ii) Population growth and change in spatial distribution (iii) Nuptiality
(iv) Gender and age composition (v) Disability (vi) Migration (vii) Literacy and educational attainment
(viii) Economic activity and employment (ix) Housing and household amenities (x) Family and
Household (xi) Population Projections (xii) Women in Cambodia and (xiii) Urbanization and
development in Cambodia. Some more topics may also be taken up for study if needed. A separate
report on each topic is expected to be prepared. For this purpose a workshop may be held for each
subject involving the national staff not only within the NIS but also from other line Ministries
concerned. This will afford an opportunity to the staff concerned to interact with each other and study
deeply the survey results and draw conclusions which could be incorporated in the analytical report.
Such a system worked very well in the past census analysis programmes.

1.9 Dissemination Plan

The reports mentioned under the analysis plan will be printed and published. The preliminary report
based on provisional population totals was released in August 2013. The present report contains
general analysis mostly at the national level, of the data contained in the priority tables. This will be
followed by the publication of analytical reports mentioned above in stages.

Off-line electronic dissemination products will be mainly in the form of CD-ROM. The project plans to
produce a variety of electronic dissemination products based on CD ROMs. These include: a Table
Retrieval System, a Community Profile System and a thematic mapping application. Census Info will
also be used as dissemination tool. The NIS maintains a web site (www.nis.gov.kh) for providing
information from population censuses, the results of various types of surveys, periodical publication,
etc. The salient results of CIPS 2013 will be put on the web site. Seminars for the presentation of the
survey results and workshops to train planners in the line Ministries and other data users may be
conducted in the course of 2013-14 in Phnom Penh and every province/district so as to benefit
participants down to the district level.
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1.10 Quality Assurance

Adequate steps were taken to ensure quality of data at every stage of the Survey. For quality assurance
in field work, the importance of collecting quality information was stressed in the training classes for
enumerators and supervisors. The need to collect accurate data by gender was also emphasized. For
every four enumerators, there was a field supervisor who closely checked the work of every
enumerator under him/her. The data processing division initially carried out manual coding and editing
of filled-in schedules. Computer editing was also carried out to produce clean data sets freed of errors
and ready for tabulation. QA was maintained in production of tables also so as to maintain timeliness
and security of the tables. In the dissemination of census results accessibility, relevance and user
satisfaction is proposed to be ensured.

1.11 Limitations of the Survey

The various estimates presented in this report are derived from a sample of the surveyed population. As
in any such survey, these estimates are subject to both sampling and non-sampling errors. Although the
CIPS 2013 sample was chosen at random, the people who took part in the survey might not necessarily
be a representative cross-section of the total population. Like all sample surveys the results of the
present survey are estimates of the corresponding figures for the whole population and these results
might vary from the true value in the population. Nevertheless the demographic, social and economic
indicators produced are broadly comparable with earlier census and survey results so as to serve as a
measure of change over time, useful for planning and monitoring.

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 Chapter 2
Sampling Design, Estimation and Evaluation

2.1 Introduction

This is the second Inter-censal Population Survey to be conducted in Cambodia (CIPS 2013). The total
sample size determined in order to make reliable estimates at provincial level was 955 out of 28,000
Enumeration Areas (EAs) of the 2008 Census as Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) and 28,650
households as the Secondary Sampling Units (SSUs).

The survey was designed to provide reliable estimates for urban and rural areas at the national level but
at provincial level, it was expected to provide reliable estimates only for total population disaggregated
by sex. Sample fraction varied by stratum and data were weighted to correctly represent the population.
Usually data would be weighted if the sample design gave each individual an equal chance of being
selected. This can be achieved by using survey weights. Weights can also serve other purposes, such as
helping to correct for non-response.

2.2 Sampling Frame

The sampling frame used for the 2013 CIPS was the complete list of all EAs of the 2008 General
Population Census of Cambodia. The list was updated to reflect administrative changes since the last
census up to September 2011. The main administrative change was the relocation of the boundary
between Kandal and Phnom Penh provinces with the result that 20 communes were shifted from
Kandal province to Phnom Penh. Twelve new communes were established, six of them in Battambang
province. In addition there were less significant changes like shifting of communes from one district to
another within a province, splitting and merging of villages etc. and creation of another Khan in Phnom
Penh (called Khan Pur Senchey) by annexing some part of Khan Dangkor and Kandal province.
Taking into account all aspects, some geographic areas have been re-coded for construction of a
revised and updated sampling frame for utilization in the multistage sample design.

2.3 Stratification

The main domains of study for the survey are the provinces. Reliable estimates were required for each
province. Consequently, the sampling frame was stratified by province. Within province a further
stratification by urban and rural was done. There was no explicit stratification of province as urban and
rural in the Demographic Survey of 1996 and CIPS 2004. The list of EAs was geographically ordered
in a serpentine fashion within each stratum. This ordering provided a further implicit stratification on
geographical location within the explicit strata as systematic sampling was employed.

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2.4 Sample Size and Sample Allocation

An approximately almost equal allocation number of households over the provinces were employed,
giving a sample of approximately 1,200 households in each province. The size of the provinces
(population-wise) varies substantially; the largest province represents 13.1 percent of the total
households in the country; the smallest one represents just 0.3 percent of the total households in the
country. Within each province the sample was allocated approximately proportionally between urban
and rural areas.

Table 2.1 Distribution of Sample Enumeration Areas (EA)

and Households by provinces
Sample Size
Province Enumeration Areas Households
(EAs)
(1) (2) (3)
Cambodia 955 28,650
BanteayMeanchey 41 1,230
Battambang 41 1,230
Kampong Cham 41 1,230
Kampong Chhnang 40 1,200
Kampong Speu 41 1,230
Kampong Thom 40 1,200
Kampot 40 1,200
Kandal 41 1,230
Koh Kong 39 1,170
Kratie 40 1,200
MondulKiri 37 1,110
Phnom Penh 41 1,230
PreahVihear 39 1,170
Prey Veng 41 1,230
Pursat 40 1,200
Ratanak Kiri 39 1,170
Siem Reap 41 1,230
Preah Sihanouk 40 1,200
Stung Treng 39 1,170
Svay Rieng 40 1,200
Takeo 41 1,230
OtdarMeanchey 40 1,200
Kep 35 1,050
Pailin 38 1,140

2.5 Survey design

The sample design for the survey was a stratified two-stage sampling design, where the Enumeration
Areas (EAs) were considered as the Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) and the households as Secondary
Sampling Units (SSUs).

2.5.1 Primary Sampling Units (PSUs)

The EAs or the primary sampling units (PSUs) were well-defined geographic units for which reliable
population data are available. The EAs were arranged by geographical codes like province code,
district code, commune code, and village code village code and enumeration area code. The sample
EAs were then selected using the Linear Systematic Sampling without Replacement (LSSWR).
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Selected EAs with less than 40 regular households were discarded and replaced by a neighboring EA of
sufficient size. Altogether 12 EAs were replaced in this manner. This procedure was not strictly
correct. It meant that the households in the small EAs had no chance of being included in the sample-a
violation of the basic principle in sampling. The proper procedure would be to combine the selected
EA with a neighboring EA in a random way. However, the number of replacements being so small, it
does not significantly affect the quality of the estimates.

Large EAs-the number of households exceeding 150-were divided into roughly equal sized segments
containing approximately 60-80 households and one segment was selected randomly. In the case of
segmenting, the field team recorded the number of segments that were created and the segment that
was selected out of them. The EA map prepared clearly indicated the EA and the segments created
within the EA.

An important principle followed was that as far as possible the selected sample of EAs should not be
tampered with. If a selected EA turned out to have very few households, still this EA was kept in the
sample. Still, in a few cases practical considerations might have overruled this principle. There were
two cases where whole villages were relocated from one place to another because the old place had to
be cleared for development projects (villages 09020103 and 09020302). In these cases it was decided
to keep the villages in the sample.

2.5.2 Secondary Sampling Units (SSUs)

For the purpose of selection of the secondary sampling unit, a household was defined as follows to
guide the field staff:” It is a group of people who presently live together and take food from a common
kitchen. By this definition, a household does not include persons who are currently living elsewhere for
purposes of study or work. The household includes domestic workers or temporary visitors. And, in
practice, we want to select our respondent from among persons in the household who will be available
for interview on that same day”.

In multi-household dwelling structures (like blocks of flats, compounds with multiple houses, or
backyard dwellings for rent, relatives, or household workers), each household was treated as a separate
sampling unit.

At this stage, sample households in the sample EA were selected, by Linear Systematic Sampling
(LSS) with Random start method as described below:
R1 = 1 to I: Random start in range between 01 to Interval (R = 1 to I)
I = Interval between household to another households in the listing sheet
Where:
I = Mhi / mhi
Mhi : Actual number households in the list in EA at the time of survey
mhi : ( 30hhs ) the sample of households selected from the selected EA
Assume R =R1 Random start or the 1 sample household (R = 01 to I)
The 30 sample households are calculated as below
R =R1, R2 =R1+ I, R3 = R1 + 2I, ----------------, R30 = R1 +29I
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2.6 Probability Selection

There was no proportional allocation of the sample at the national level. The spreadsheet containing all
sampling parameters and selection probabilities were prepared to facilitate the calculation. Sampling
was carried out based on separate sampling probabilities for each sampling stage.

2.6.1 Probability 1

The first-stage sampling probability involved in selection of each ith EA in hth Stratum is:

nhi
P1hi =
Nhi

Where:
nhi is the number of EAs selected in hth stratum. Nhi is the total number of EAs in
the hth stratum

2.6.2 Probability 2

The second-stage sampling probability involved in selection of certain households within the selected
EA in stratum h is:

mhi
P2hi =
Mhi ∙ Shi
Where:
mhi is the number of households selected in EA i in stratum h (mhi is usually =30; will
be less than 30 if the EA is very small, having less than 30 households in total).
Mhi is the number households listed in EA (or segment) i in stratum h.
Shi is the number of segments created in the EA (in most cases=1, i.e. when no
segmentation has been done. If 3 segments have been created then Shi is equal to 3).
2.7 Extrapolation

A spreadsheet containing all sampling parameters and selection probabilities were prepared to facilitate
the calculation of sampling weights. Sampling weights were adjusted for household and individual
records. The overall selection probability of each household in cluster i of stratum h is the product of
the two stages of selection probabilities.

𝑷𝑷𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 = 𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 ∙ 𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉

2.7.1 Basic weight

The sampling weight (design weight) for each household in cluster i of stratum h is the inverse of its
overall selection probability:

10
 1 1 1 𝑁𝑁ℎ 𝑀𝑀ℎ𝑖𝑖 ∙ 𝑆𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑖
𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑖 = = ∙ = 𝑤𝑤1ℎ𝑖𝑖 ∙ 𝑤𝑤2ℎ𝑖𝑖 = ∙
𝑃𝑃ℎ𝑖𝑖 𝑃𝑃1ℎ𝑖𝑖 𝑃𝑃2ℎ𝑖𝑖 𝑛𝑛ℎ 𝑚𝑚ℎ𝑖𝑖

2.7.2 Adjustment weight

A study of the sizes of the sampled EAs in terms of number of households showed that the EA sizes
(Mhi ) were on the low side. There was probably some confusion in some areas regarding the exact
location of the EA boundaries resulting in under listing of households. Furthermore, there could be
cases where the EA was segmented but the segmentation was not properly recorded in the sampling
sheets. It was therefore decided to introduce an adjustment to the design weights with the effect that the
sample households in the EA would not be raised to the EA-total (Mhi ) but rather to the number of
households per EA in the village where the EA is located. The weights became:

̅ℎ𝑖𝑖
𝑁𝑁ℎ 𝑀𝑀
𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑖 = ∙
𝑛𝑛ℎ 𝑚𝑚ℎ𝑖𝑖
̅ hi is the number of households per EA in the village where the EA is located.
where M

These weights were used for estimates of household characteristics based on Form B data. The weights
can be expressed in terms of first and second stage weights as:

̅ 𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 𝑴𝑴𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉
𝑵𝑵𝒉𝒉 ∙ 𝑴𝑴
𝒘𝒘𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 = 𝒘𝒘𝟏𝟏𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 ∙ 𝒘𝒘𝟐𝟐𝒋𝒋𝒋𝒋 = ∙
𝒏𝒏𝒉𝒉 ∙ 𝑴𝑴𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 𝒎𝒎𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉

The first stage weight (w1hi ) was used for estimates of household characteristics
based on the Form A questionnaire. (Form A covered all households in the
selected EA so there was no need for the second stage weight).

The sum of the first stage weights over the sample constituted an estimate of the total number of
regular households in the country. The estimate of total number of households was short of the number
of households reported in the Commune Data Base (CDB). It was therefore decided to adjust the first
stage household weights slightly upwards so that the estimates would agree with CDB totals. This
“calibration” of the weights was done at the province level by urban/rural. A further adjustment was
done in Phnom Penh and Kandal provinces due to the changes in boundaries between the two
provinces (20 Kandal communes were transferred to Phnom Penh province in 2011).

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2.8 Standard Errors and Confidence Intervals

The sample survey is always affected by two types of errors: non-sampling errors and sampling errors.
Non-sampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data
processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the
questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. To minimize this
type of error, non-sampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.
Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. It is usually measured in terms of the
standard error for a particular statistic (mean, proportion), which is the square root of the variance. The
standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the
population can reasonably be assumed to fall. The standard errors are calculated in the SPSS Complex
Samples module. The variance of an estimate of a total is:
2
 n 
Yˆ h 
L nh

V(Yˆ) =   h   Y hi n 
 ˆ - ,
h=1  n h - 1 i=1  h  


mh

where: Yˆ hi =  W 'hi y hij

j=1

nh

Yˆ h =  Yˆ hi
i=1

Some of the estimates from the CIPS will be in the form of proportions or percentages. The variance
estimator of a ratio can be expressed as follows:

V(Rˆ ) =
1
ˆ 2
V( 
Yˆ) + ˆ 2 V(Xˆ ) - 2 Rˆ COV( Xˆ ,Yˆ) ,
R 
X
where:

L 
nh
nh
 ˆ  ˆ 
ˆ ˆ
COV( X,Y) =     Xˆ hi - X h   Yˆ hi - Y h  
h=1  n h - 1 i=1  nh   nh 

V( Yˆ) and V(Xˆ ) are calculated according to the formula for the variance of a total.

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2.8.1 Confidence Intervals

Table 1 provides standard errors, confidence intervals and coefficients of variation for estimated
number of people by province. The overall reliable estimate at 95 percent of confidence interval of
population figures at national level of the CIPS, 2013 falls between 14,356,392 and 14,996,882.These
confidence intervals vary from province to province of Cambodia as may be seen in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2 Standard Errors, Confidence Intervals and Coefficient of Variation for
estimated number of people by Province

Standard 95% Confidence Interval Coefficient of

Province Estimate
Error Lower Upper Variation
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Country 14,676,607 163,166 14,356,392 14,996,822 .011
Banteay Meanchey 729,624 38,444 654,177 805,071 .053
Battambang 1,121,001 42,729 1,037,145 1,204,857 .038
Kampong Cham 1,757,190 66,630 1,626,427 1,887,953 .038
Kampong Chhnang 523,202 28,006 468,240 578,164 .054
Kampong Speu 755,465 35,831 685,145 825,785 .047
Kampong Thom 690,386 39,344 613,172 767,599 .057
Kampot 611,583 30,548 551,632 671,534 .050
Kandal 1,115,959 37,863 1,041,652 1,190,267 .034
Koh Kong 122,258 6,417 109,664 134,853 .052
Kratie 344,195 14,053 316,615 371,775 .041
Mondul Kiri 72,680 4,338 64,166 81,194 .060
Phnom Penh 1,688,040 66,892 1,556,763 1,819,318 .040
Preah Vihear 235,355 10,925 213,914 256,796 .046
Prey Veng 1,156,821 34,578 1,088,962 1,224,680 .030
Pursat 435,562 18,288 399,672 471,453 .042
Ratanak Kiri 183,699 15,812 152,667 214,730 .086
Siem Reap 922,975 65,890 793,665 1,052,285 .071
Preah Sihanouk 250,180 19,315 212,274 288,086 .077
Stung Treng 122,791 7,168 108,724 136,857 .058
Svay Rieng 578,461 21,575 536,121 620,802 .037
Takeo 923,297 29,982 864,457 982,137 .032
Otdar Meanchey 231,387 11,328 209,156 253,618 .049
Kep 38,700 842 37,047 40,353 .022
Pailin 65,795 2,407 61,071 70,520 .037

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 Chapter 3
Population Size, Growth and Distribution

3.1 Population size

According to Cambodia Inter-censal Population Survey 2013 (CIPS 2013), the total population of
Cambodia at 00 hour of March 2013 was 14.68 million as against the census count of 13.40 million in
2008. In absolute terms, Cambodia’s population has increased by 1.28 million during the half-decade
2008-2013. Population of Cambodia was 5.7 million according to the 1962 Census which was the first
official census conducted after the country attained independence from the French rule. Cambodia’s
demographic scenario had changed completely after that census due to war and unrest.

No census could be organized until 1998, and there were no systematic national surveys until 1993-94.
However, the population changes during the 1970s were examined in detail by several demographers
and scholars who made different population estimates, and the Government of the People’s Republic of
Kampuchea carried out population counts in 1979 and 1980.

There was no further confirmed information about Cambodia’s population until 1992. The United
Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) registered 4.28 million voters aged 20 and over.
The Socio-Economic Survey of Cambodia conducted by the NIS in April 1994 estimated the country’s
population as 9.87 million. The NIS carried out the Demographic Survey in March 1996 covering
20,000 households and estimated the population as 10.7 million. This remained as the only source of
population until the 1998 Census conducted in March 1998. Cambodia’s population according to the
census was 11.4 million in 1998. This had increased by about 1.96 million during the decade 1998-
2008 reaching the figure of 13.40 million. During 2008-2013 the country’s population had further
increased to 14.68 million (Figure 3.1).

Figure 3.1 Population Trends in Cambodia

Source: See text (Paragraph 3.1)

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3.2 Regional Population

Table 3.1 shows the population size and population growth by Residence (i.e. urban-rural) and Natural
Region of Cambodia during 1998-2013. Table 3.1 indicates that there are large regional variations in
population distribution. The Plains region has always accounted for the largest population
concentration (48.9 percent of the country’s total population in 2008 and correspondingly 49.19 per
cent in 2013) (Table 3.5). Tonle Sap region has the second largest population (32.52 percent and 32.16
percent in 2008 and 2013 respectively). The coastal region which comes third in terms of population
concentration accounts for 6.97 per cent of the country’s population in 2013 as against 11.43 percent
in 2008. The Plateau and Mountain region with difficult transportation conditions and large
concentration of ethnic minority people accounts only for 11.68 percent of total population in 2013 as
against to 11.43 percent in 2008. It may also be noted that during the last five years there was no major
change in the share of the population of each region in the country’s population.

According to CIPS 2013, the estimated population of Cambodia is 14.68 million. The official
population projections for Cambodia as of 1 July 2013, is 14.96 million. By interpolation, as of 3
March 2013, the projected population would be in the order of 14.89 million. Hence in terms of
absolute figures the CIPS 2013 estimated population (14.68 million) is less than the projected
population (14.89 million) by about 0.21 million or about 1.4 per cent.

The population of Cambodia as on 3 March 2008 was 13.40 million as per the 2008 General Population
Census of Cambodia .Comparing the CIPS 2013 estimate of population of 14.68 million with this, the
annual growth rate of population during 2008-2013 works out to 1.83 per cent. However, as was done
during the projection exercise, this has to be viewed in the light of under enumeration in the 2008
Census which is officially estimated as 2.77 per cent from the Post Enumeration Survey (PES).
Adjusting for this under enumeration in the 2008 Census, the base population in 2008 is given by 13.77
million. Based on this population the growth rate of population as per CIPS 2013 during 2008-2013 is
calculated as 1.28 per cent.

Another way of looking at the population growth rate is by comparing with the estimated population
from CIPS 2004 (13.09 million). If this is done the annual growth rate during the nine years 2004-2013
works out to 1.27 percent. Considering all the aspects, the growth rate of population in Cambodia
during 2008-2013 may be the average of the three estimates (1.83 per cent, 1.28 percent and 1.27
percent), namely 1.46 per cent.

The population growth rate at national level was projected as 1.54 per cent in 2013 which is slightly
higher than 1.46 per cent arrived at as population growth rate during 2008-2013 by the CIPS 2013
estimate. The relatively small difference between the projections and CIPS 2013 estimate may be
accounted for by the fact that two different methodologies were adopted in projections and sample
survey estimations. Projections are based on several assumptions pertaining to fertility, mortality and
migration. Any sample survey is subject to sampling and non-sampling errors. The marginal difference
may not, therefore, be considered significant.

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16
The annual exponential growth rate of the population of Cambodia is higher than that of Southeast Asia
as a whole (1.1 per cent) as per ESCAP Population Data Sheet of 2012. Cambodia’s population has
increased at a rate very much higher than that of Thailand (0.5 per cent) and marginally higher than the
growth rate of Viet Nam (1.0 per cent) and marginally lower than the growth rate of Lao PDR (1.7 per
cent).

Table 3.1 Population size and growth by Residence and Natural Region,
Cambodia 1998-2013 and 2008-2013
Residence/ Growth Rate
Population Annual growth rate
Natural Region CIPS 2013 (Per cent)
1998 2008 1998-2008 2008-2013 1998-2008 2008-2013
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
Total 11,437,656 13,395,682 14,676,591 16.66 9.56 1.54 1.83*
Urban 2,095,074 2,614,027 3,146,213 24.77 20.36 2.21 3.71
Rural 9,342,582 10,781,655 11,530,378 14.85 6.94 1.38 1.34
Plains Region 5,878,305 6,547,953 7,219,724 10.55 10.26 1.00 1.95
Tonle Sap region 3,505,448 4,356,705 4,719,967 22.71 8.34 2.05 1.60
Coastal Region 844,861 960,480 1,022,701 7.94 6.48 0.76 1.26
Plateau &
1,189,042 1,530,544 1,714,200 24.03 12.00 2.15 2.27
Mountain Region
Note: * Please see explanation in Paragraph 3.2 on population growth rate.

Having explained the intrinsic annual growth rate of population at the national level as 1.46 per cent
the discussion below will confine itself to annual growth rate based on actual count in the 1998 and
2008 Censuses and estimated CIPS 2013 populations. In CIPS 2013 no adjustment of population for
under count is possible at Regional and Provincial levels as Post enumeration Survey estimates of
under count is not available at Province and regional levels. Moreover for comparison purposes the
actual count of population could be used assuming that coverage error could be present in any such
large scale count.

Among the Natural regions, the Plateau and Mountain had registered the highest average annual
population growth rate mainly due to in-migration of people from other provinces. It is followed by the
Plains region which has registered the second highest growth rate, the Tonle Sap region which comes
third in respect of growth rate and the coastal region which has the least growth rate during the half
decade 2008-2013. Compared to the decade 1998-2008, the average annual population growth rate has
increased in all regions except in Tonle Sap region.

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 Figure 3.2 Population growth rate by Natural Region, Cambodia, 1998-2013 and 2008-2013

It is observed from Table 3.2 that over the years, the comparatively less developed provinces of Preah
Vihear, Otdar Meanchey, Ratanak Kiri and Mondul Kiri, have been registering high annual population
growth rates. This may be due to absorption of migrant population from other provinces as a result of
availability of land for cultivation, better economic opportunities and fresh developments in these
areas. The annual population growth rate during 2008-2013 among provinces ranges from negative
growth rate of -1.38 percent (Pailin) to as high a growth rate as 6.37 per cent (Preah Vihear). In 2013,
the following 11 provinces have recorded an annual population growth rate higher than the national
growth rate: Preah Vihear, Otdar Meanchey, Ratanak Kiri, Mondul Kiri, Prey Veng, Svay Rieng, Preah
Sihanouk, Phnom Penh, Kampong Chhnang, Stung Treng and Pursat. The remaining 13 provinces have
registered each an annual population growth rate lower than that of Cambodia as a whole. However, in
respect of the following three provinces, the growth rate differs only slightly from the national average
growth rate: Battambang, Kampong Thom, and Pursat. At the extremes, the growth rate of Preah
Vihear is 4.5 percentage points higher and that of Pailin 3.2 percentage points lower than the overall
growth rate.

When compared to 1998-2008, the annual population growth rate in respect of each of the following
fifteen provinces has declined in the half decade 2008-2013: Banteay Meanchey, Battambang,
Kampong Speu, Kampot, Kandal, Kratie, Mondul Kiri, Phnom Penh, Ratanak Kiri, Siem Reap, Preah
Sihanouk, Stung Treng, Otdar Meanchey, Kep and Pailin. In the remaining nine provinces, the annual
population growth rate has increased during the same period, though in varying degrees.

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 Table 3.2 Population Growth (Percent) in Cambodia and Provinces,
1998-2008 and 2008-2013
Population Annual Growth Rate
Cambodia/Province
1998 2008 2013 1998-2008 2008-2013
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Cambodia 11,437,656 13,395,682 14,676,591 1.54 1.83*
Banteay Meanchey 577,772 677,872 729,569 1.56 1.47
Battambang 793,129 1,025,174 1,121,019 2.28 1.79
Kampong Cham 1,608,914 1,679,992 1,757,223 0.43 0.90
Kampong Chhnang 417,693 472,341 523,202 1.22 2.05
Kampong Speu 598,882 716,944 755,465 1.79 1.05
Kampong Thom 569,060 631,409 690,414 1.03 1.79
Kampot 528,405 585,850 611,557 1.03 0.86
Kandal 1,075,125 1,091,170 1,115,965 1.62 0.45
Koh Kong 116,061 117,481 122,263 0.12 0.80
Kratie 263,175 319,217 344,195 1.93 1.51
Mondul Kiri 32,407 61,107 72,680 6.34 3.47
Phnom Penh 999,804 1,501,725 1,688,044 2.83 2.34
Preah Vihear 119,261 171,139 235,370 3.61 6.37
Prey Veng 926,042 947,372 1,156,739 0.01 3.99
Pursat 360,445 397,161 435,596 0.69 1.85
Ratanak Kiri 94,243 150,466 183,699 4.67 3.99
Siem Reap 696,164 896,443 922,982 2.52 0.58
Preah Sihanouk 171,735 221,396 250,180 2.54 2.44
Stung Treng 81,074 111,671 122,791 3.20 1.90
Svay Rieng 478,252 482,788 578,380 0.09 3.61
Takeo 790,168 844,906 923,373 0.66 1.78
Otdar Meanchey 68,279 185,819 231,390 8.64 4.39
Kep 28,660 35,753 38,701 2.21 1.58
Pailin 22,906 70,486 65,795 11.24 -1.38
(1)* Please see explanation in Paragraph 3.2 on population growth rate.
(2) The annual exponential growth rate for 1998-2008 is worked out after adding to 1998 rural population,
the estimated population in areas (wholly rural) where the 1998 Census could not be conducted due to conflict
(3) Figures in Columns 2,3 and 5 in respect of Koh Kong and Preah Sihanouk provinces are based on the New
Frame that emerged after the 2008 Sub-Decree changes of administrative areas.
(4) After the 2008 Census, 20 communes with a population of 410,555 were transferred from Kandal Province to
Phnom Municipality. The growth rates in column 6 above for these two areas have been worked out taking this
fact into account.

3.3 Proportion of Population and Ranking by Province

Table 3.3 provides the population proportion and ranking of the provinces of Cambodia according to
CIPS 2013. Kampong Cham and Phnom Penh have maintained the first and second rank respectively
in 2008 and 2013. Kep continues to be the last province in terms of population size. Prey Veng has
shifted from rank number 5 in 2008 to rank number 3, Preah Vihear from rank number 18 to 17, Stung
Treng from 21 to 20 and Mondul Kiri from 23 to 22, while Kandal and Battambang have fallen from
ranks 3 and 4 to ranks 4 and 5 respectively.

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 Table 3.3 Provinces Ranked by Percentage of Population in 1998, 2008 and 2013
Percentage of Population Rank in
Province
1998 2008 2013 1998 2008 2013
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Kampong Cham 14.07 12.54 11.90 1 1 1
Phnom Penh 8.74 11.21 11.82 3 2 2
Prey Veng 8.10 7.07 7.81 4 5 3
Kandal 9.40 8.15 7.67 2 3 4
Battambang 6.93 7.65 7.62 5 4 5
Siem Reap 6.09 6.69 6.28 7 6 6
Takeo 6.91 6.31 6.24 6 7 7
Kampong Speu 5.24 5.35 5.12 8 8 8
Banteay Meanchey 5.05 5.06 4.97 9 9 9
Kampong Thom 4.98 4.71 4.68 10 10 10
Kampot 4.62 4.37 4.13 11 11 11
Svay Rieng 4.18 3.60 3.91 12 12 12
Kampong Chhnang 3.65 3.53 3.55 13 13 13
Pursat 3.15 2.96 2.95 14 14 14
Kratie 2.30 2.38 2.34 15 15 15
Preah Sihanouk 1.50 1.65 1.72 16 16 16
Preah Vihear 1.04 1.28 1.59 17 18 17
Otdar Meanchey 0.60 1.39 1.58 21 17 18
Ratanak Kiri 0.82 1.12 1.24 19 19 19
Stung Treng 0.71 0.83 0.84 20 21 20
Koh Kong 1.01 0.88 0.83 18 20 21
Mondul Kiri 0.28 0.46 0.50 22 23 22
Pailin 0.20 0.53 0.46 24 22 23
Kep 0.25 0.27 0.26 23 24 24

3.4 Population Density

Population density, defined as the number of persons per square kilometer, is one of the important
indices of population. It is a measure of the concentration of population. According to CIPS 2013,
Cambodia’s population density is 82, having increased by 7 points from the level of 75 as per the 2008
Census. However it is much less than 132 for South East Asia, 268 for Viet Nam and 136 for Thailand.
It is higher than 27 of Lao PDR. As is to be expected, population density in urban areas is very much
higher than that in rural areas. Table 3.4 presents population density by province in 2008 and 2013.

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 Table 3.4 Population density by Province 2008 and 2013
Population Density in
Code Cambodia/Province
2008 2013
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Cambodia 75 82
01 Banteay Meanchey 101 109
02 Battambang 88 96
03 Kampong Cham 171 179
04 Kampong Chhnang 86 95
05 Kampong Speu 102 108
06 Kampong Thom 46 50
07 Kampot 120 125
08 Kandal 335 343
09 Koh Kong 12 12
10 Kratie 29 31
11 Mondul Kiri 4 5
12 Phnom Penh 2,196 2,468
13 Preah Vihear 12 17
14 Prey Veng 194 237
15 Pursat 31 34
16 Ratanak Kiri 14 17
17 Siem Reap 87 90
18 Preah Sihanouk 114 129
19 Stung Treng 10 11
20 Svay Rieng 163 195
21 Takeo 237 259
22 Otdar Meanchey 30 38
23 Kep 106 115
24 Pailin 88 82
Note 1: Includes area of Tonle Sap (3,000Km2)

Map 3.1 depicts the variations in population density by province as in 2013. Across the natural regions,
population density varies substantially (Table 3.5).The population density in the Plains has been the
highest followed by Tonle Sap, Coastal, and Plateau and Mountain regions in that order.

Table 3.5 Distribution of land area, population and population density

by region, 2008-2013
Population density
Population (%)
Natural Regions Area (%) (Persons/Sq. Km.)
2008 2013 2008 2013
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Cambodia 181,035* 100.00 100.00 75 82
Plain 25,069 48.9 49.2 261 288
Tonle Sap 67,668 32.5 32.2 64 70
Coastal 17,237 7.2 7.0 56 59
Plateau and Mountain 68,061 11.4 11.7 22 25
Note: *Including the Tonle Sap lake (3,000 Km2)

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Figure 3.3 Distribution of Population (Percent) by Natural Region, Cambodia, 2008 and 2013

Map 3.1 Density of Population by Province, Cambodia 2013

Laos

Thailand Vietnam
Person per sq Km

Low er than 20
20 - 49
50 - 99
100 - 199
200 - 499
500 or higher

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3.5 Distribution of population by Urban and Rural

Table 3.6 Population by Urban-Rural Residence and Sex, Cambodia 2008 and 2013
Total/ Population in
Urban/ 2008 2013
Rural Both Sexes Males Females Both Sexes Males Females
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Total 13,395,682 6,516,054 6,879,628 14,676,591 7,121,508 7,555,083
Urban 2,614,027 1,255,570 1,358,457 3,146,213 1,527,479 1,618,734
Rural 10,781,655 5,260,484 5,521,171 11,530,378 5,594,029 5,936,349

Between 2008 and 2013, the national population increased by 1.3 million persons, of which urban areas
witnessed an increase of 0.5 million persons (accounting for 41.4 percent) while rural areas saw an
increase of 0.8 million persons (accounting for 58.6 percent) (Table 3.6). The percentages of urban
population to total population of Cambodia in 2008 and 2013 are 19.5 and 21.4 respectively (Table
3.7). As per the 1998 Census the urban proportion was 18.3 percent. There is, therefore, an increasing
trend in urbanization in Cambodia over the years.

During the period 2008-2013, the average annual population growth in urban areas was 3.7 percent,
while in rural areas it was only 1.3 percent (Table 3.1). Migration plays an important role in the
relatively higher rate of growth of population in urban areas.

The Plains region has a relatively high share of its population in urban areas (26.3 percent), compared
to 2008 when the figure was less by about 1.5 percentage points (24.8 percent) (Table 3.7).This high
proportion of urbanites in this region can be explained by the fact that it contains large urban centres
like Kampong Cham, Kandal, Takeo, Prey Veng, Svay Rieng and the capital city of Phnom Penh. The
coastal region comes second in respect of share of urban population as it contains the port town of
Preah Sihanouk. Tonle Sap and Plateau and Mountain regions come third and fourth in this regard.
Table 3.7 Percentage of Urban Population by Sex, Cambodia,
and Natural Regions 2008 and 2013
Population 2008 Population 2013
Natural Regions
Total Male Female Total Male Female
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Cambodia 19.5 19.3 19.7 21.4 21.5 21.4
Plain 24.8 24.3 25.2 26.3 26.3 26.3
Tonle Sap 15.4 15.4 15.4 17.5 17.7 17.4
Coastal 18.6 18.7 18.5 24.0 23.4 24.5
Plateau and Mountain 9.3 9.4 9.2 10.3 10.4 10.1

3.6 Distribution of Population by Religion

In Cambodia, about 97.9 per cent or 14.4 million people are affiliated to Buddhism (Table 3.8). The
next largest group is Muslims with 1.1 per cent. Highland tribal groups and a few minority religious
groups account for 0.6 per cent. Christians form only 0.5 percent of the population. The pattern of
distribution of population by religion is more or less the same in 2008 and 2013.

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 Table 3.8 Per Cent Distribution of Population by Religion, Residence,
Natural Region and Sex, Cambodia 2008 and 2013
Sex/ Residence Population 2008 (Per cent) Population 2013(Per cent)
Natural Regions Buddhist Muslim Christian Others Buddhist Muslim Christian Others
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
Cambodia 96.9 1.9 0.4 0.8 97.9 1.1 0.5 0.6
Male 96.9 1.9 0.4 0.8 97.9 1.1 0.5 0.6
Female 97.0 1.9 0.4 0.8 97.9 1.1 0.5 0.6
Urban 97.4 1.6 0.8 0.2 98.0 0.8 1.1 0.0
Rural 96.8 2.0 0.3 0.9 97.9 1.2 0.3 0.7
Plains Region 97.3 2.3 0.4 0.1 98.6 0.8 0.5 0.0
Tonle Sap Region 98.4 1.2 0.3 0.1 98.7 1.0 0.3 0.0
Coastal Region 96.3 3.3 0.3 0.0 96.0 3.1 0.8 0.1
Plateau& Mountain Region 91.4 1.7 0.6 6.2 93.7 1.1 0.6 4.7

Table 3.9 Sex Ratio and Percentage of Population by Broad Age Group
for each Religion, Cambodia 2013

Percent Distribution by Age Group

Religious Group Sex Ratio
0 - 14 15 - 59 60+
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Total 94.3 29.4 62.9 7.6
Buddhists 94.3 29.4 63.0 7.6
Muslims 91.7 29.9 62.1 8.0
Christians 100.4 26.3 67.9 5.8
Others 96.7 43.1 52.2 4.8

In 2013 the highest sex ratio is observed among Christians and the lowest among Muslims. The sex
ratio of Christians is higher than the national average. The age distributions of Buddhists and Muslims
are not very different (Table 3.9).

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 Table 3.10 Distribution of Population by Place of Birth and Sex, Cambodia 2008-2013
2008 2013
Place of Birth
Both Sexes Males Females Both Sexes Males Females
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Number 13,395,682 6,516,054 6,879,628 14,676,591 7,121,508 7,555,083
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100
A. Born in Cambodia 99.4 99.4 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.6
I. Within the province of
85.8 85.4 86.1 88.3 87.7 88.8
Enumeration
(a) born in a place of
75.2 74.0 76.4 74.3 72.6 75.9
Enumeration
(b) born Elsewhere in the
4.7 5.2 4.2 7.6 8.2 7.0
District of Enumeration
(c) born in other District of
5.9 6.2 5.6 6.4 6.9 6.0
the Province of enumeration
2. Provinces in Cambodia
beyond the Province of 13.7 14.0 13.3 11.3 11.8 10.8
Enumeration
B. Born Abroad 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4
1.In Countries of Asia 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4
2.Other Countries 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

A common trend noticed both in 2008 and 2013 is that a large majority (about 75 per cent) of those
enumerated at the Census are born at the place of enumeration (Table3.10). Life time migrants
therefore constitute only 25 percent of the population at the national level.

Table 3.11 Distribution of Enumerated Population (other than those born

in place of enumeration and abroad) by Place of Birth and Residence, 2013
Percent born in
Enumerated in Number
Urban Rural
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Total 3,705,253 13.9 86.1
Urban 1,456,435 15.3 84.7
Rural 2,248,818 44.3 55.7

Out of about 25 per cent of the population enumerated in places other than their places of birth whose
absolute number is about 3.7 million a majority were born in rural areas (Table 3.11). Among those
enumerated in urban areas about 85 per cent are rural-born.

3.7 Distribution of population by Mother Tongue

In the survey all persons in the selected households were asked to state their mother tongue. This
information presented in Table 3.12 shows that Khmer is the predominant mother tongue in the
country. Speakers of ethnic minority languages constitute 2.26 percent. Persons with a foreign
language as mother tongue (mainly predominant languages of the neighbouring countries) form less
than one per cent.
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 Table 3.12 Percent Distribution of Population by Mother Tongue and Sex, Cambodia 2013
Mother Tongue
Sex Population Viet- Minority
Total Khmer Chinese Lao Thai Other
names Languages
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
Both Sexes 14,676,591 100 97.05 0.42 0.05 0.17 0.01 2.26 0.05
Males 7,121,508 100 97.08 0.41 0.05 0.17 0.01 2.21 0.06
Females 7,555,083 100 97.03 0.42 0.05 0.16 0.00 2.30 0.04

The speakers of minority languages, with the exception of Chaams are mostly concentrated in forest
and hill areas. The development of these minority ethnic groups forms an important component of
National Strategic Development plan of Cambodia.

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 Chapter 4
Age Structure, Sex Composition and Marital Status

4.1 Introduction

On-going changes in the size and age structure of populations, at various levels of geographic
aggregation, are occurring across most countries of the world. These changes are mostly a function of
decline in mortality, in the first instance, and, later, of decline in fertility. The age and sex structure of a
population which is determined by the past and current trends in fertility, mortality and migration affect
the level of social, economic and political structure of any population. The shifts in the population age
structure have had far reaching consequences on a country’s work force, economic prospects, public
and personal budgets, security risks, cultural organizations and family structures.

Age is such an important characteristic of population that almost all planning for development must
take into account this variable. The linkages between sex-age structure and Government policies may
be illustrated by an example. In modern times many countries in the developing world like Cambodia
have policies to develop human resources and economy by promoting school enrolment and improving
the educational attainment of those who enrol.

In order to successfully implement these policies, projections of school-age population at all

administrative levels are made from the information on sex-age distribution of the population obtained
from the census. On that basis the required numbers of educational institutions in the various parts of
the country, buildings, teachers and other infrastructure facilities are planned.

According to the definition laid down by the United Nations, age of a person recorded in a census is
“the interval of time between the date of birth and date of the census, expressed in completed solar
years”. It is also recommended that age information may be obtained by obtaining the date (year,
month and day) of birth or by asking directly for age at the respondent’s last birth day.

These recommendations were followed in respect of collection of age data in the past censuses and the
present survey in Cambodia. Information on age in completed years as on last birthday was obtained
from the respondents. Though it is easy enough to ask questions on age, it is somewhat difficult to
obtain correct information about age when people are not literate or when they are very old. Suitable
steps were taken to collect information on age as accurately as possible from every respondent. Khmer
calendar was used by the enumerators in a number of cases to elicit completed age from the
respondents who were not able to tell their age. The enumerators were also given a list of events of
national and local importance to be used in assisting the respondents to recall their age.

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4.2 Evaluation of age data of CIPS 2013

As the age data collected may not be hundred per cent correct due to several reasons in spite of all care
taken in the field, it is necessary to evaluate them before use. The following standard demographic
indices were calculated for this purpose in respect of age data of CIPS 2013.
Table 4.1 Age and Sex data evaluation by residence and sex Cambodia, CIPS 2013

Whipple’s Index
Sex Myer's Index
0 5
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Both Sexes 10.9 105 109
Male 9.6 102 107
Female 12.1 108 112
United Nations Age-Sex Accuracy Index 31.6

Myer’s index

It is a measure of heaping on individual ages or terminal digits. The tendency to record or report certain
ages in lieu of others is referred to as age heaping, age preference or digit preference. The theoretical
range of Myer’s index (on a 0 to 180 scale) extends from the minimum of “0” when there is neither
preference nor avoidance of any particular digit at all to a maximum of 180 when all ages are reported
in a single terminal digit. Myer’s index of Cambodia is calculated as 10.9 for CIPS 2013. Hence
incidence of age heaping is well within the limit.

Whipple’s index

The age returns were also tested for digit preference and age heaping in terminal digits. The Whipple’s
indices were calculated for this purpose. Whipple’s index is a measure of preference for ages ending in
0 and 5. Its range is from 100, indicating no preference for 0 and 5 up to 500 indicating that only 0 and
5 were reported. Whipple’s index for Cambodia worked out to 105 for preference for the digit zero,
indicating that there was almost no preference for “0”. The index is 109 for preference for the digit
five, indicating almost no preference for the digit “5” in the survey. It is therefore clear that the
collected information on age is free from digit preference.

United Nations Age-Sex Accuracy Index

The United Nations has proposed an age-sex accuracy index in which the mean of the differences from
age to age in reported sex ratios, without regard to sign, is taken as a measure of the accuracy of the
observed sex ratios, on the assumption that these age to age changes should approximate to zero. The
UN age-sex accuracy index combines the sum of (i) the mean deviation of the age ratio for males from
100 (ii) the mean deviation of the age ratios for females from 100 and (iii) three times the mean of the
age to age differences in reported sex ratios. For this purpose age ratio is defined as the ratio of the
population in a given age group to one half of the sum of the populations in the preceding and the
following age groups.
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Adopting this procedure the UN age-sex accuracy index for Cambodia was arrived at as 31.6. An index
of 20 or less is considered as indicative of accurate age-sex data. It is to be pointed out that this method
does not take into account decline in the sex ratio with increasing age and real irregularities in age
distribution due to migration, war etc as well as normal fluctuations in births. Since all these factors
affect the age-sex data of Cambodia the index seems to exceed 20.On the basis of the above tests it
may be concluded that on the whole the age returns of the CIPS 2013 may be considered fairly reliable
despite some irregularities.

4.3 Age structure

The age structure of a population is determined by the same three factors which affect the growth rate
of any population, namely fertility, mortality and migration. To study the age structure of the
population we make use of the percent distribution of the population in different age groups and the
graphical presentation called age pyramid which roughly summarizes the demographic history of
population.

Figures 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 depict the population pyramids (for Total, Urban and Rural, Cambodia 2008
and 2013) with the percentage of males and females in five-year age groups, starting with the youngest
age group at the bottom, and increasing with age towards the top of the pyramid. The percentage of
males is depicted on the left and that of females on the right side of the center of the pyramid. The
shaded area shows the population count of the 2008 Census, while the thickly outlined area shows the
population count of the CIPS 2013.

A comparison of the age pyramids for 2008 and 2013 shows a fairly consistent pattern in the age
distribution. A lower proportion of children in the age group 0-4 than that in the age group 5-9 is a
characteristic feature of the age distribution as a result of improving health status of the country with
declining fertility and mortality during the period. The proportion of children (less than 15 years of
age) has also declined from 33.7 in 2008 to 29.4 in 2013 indicating fertility decline as the main cause.
It is interesting to note that the proportion of children in Cambodia which stood at 42.8 in 1998
declined to 33.7 during the decade 1998-2008 at an average annual rate of 0.91 points and almost
continued to do so during the half decade 2008 -2013 reaching the proportion of 29.4 in 2013. The age
group 10-14 in 2008 and the age group 20-24 in 2013 are the largest cohorts.

Above the age of 10, the 2008 pyramid shows the usual pattern of gradually decreasing numbers with
increasing age with the exception of age group 30-34. In 2013 this pattern is revealed above the age of
20 with the exception of the age group 35-39. The conspicuous decline in the proportion of population
in the age group 30-34 in 2008 and five years later in the age group 35-39 may be attributed to the
combined effect of low fertility, and high mortality of those born during the Khmer Rouge period
(1976-79). The early 1970s saw escalating civil war and in the late 70s during the Khmer Rouge period
a large number of killings took place. The sex and age structure beyond age 40 in 2013 as revealed by
the age pyramid reflects the high levels of mortality especially among men during the years of turmoil
and internal strife in the country.

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In general, the pyramids show increase in the working age and aged populations barring age groups 30-
34 in 2008 and 35-39 in 2013. In developed countries the phenomenal rise in the working age
population due to demographic transition had proved to be a “demographic dividend” for some time.
But in the case of Cambodia, it poses a great challenge to absorb the growing labour force in
productive work.

Figure 4.1 Population pyramid, Cambodia-Total: 2008 and 2013

Significant differences in the age structure between urban and rural areas are observed in the pyramids
of Figures 4.2 and 4.3 respectively. The rural areas have relatively more young people as well as senior
citizens. On the other hand, the urban areas have relatively more people in the economically active
working age groups 15-59 years. This is an indication that young population leaves rural areas in
search of economic opportunities in urban areas. The pyramid for the urban areas is rather bulky in the
middle and has a relatively narrow apex, implying a large proportion of the working population and a
small proportion of the senior citizens. On the contrary, the pyramid for the rural areas has a relatively
broader base and an apex which is not as narrow as that of the urban pyramid. This is a demonstration
of the relatively higher proportions of both the young and the old populations in the rural areas. These
patterns are noted in both the years.

In 2013, both in urban and rural areas, there is narrowing of the population bar of the 0-4 year olds
compared to the 5-9 year olds showing a smaller number of people aged 0-4 relative to the 5-9 year
olds. This phenomenon is more pronounced in rural areas compared to urban areas which may be due
to more rapid decline in fertility in urban areas. The urban age pyramid of 2013 shows a rapid decline
of youth population, particularly women of age 15-29. One of the main reasons for this phenomenon
could be the return to their permanent homes in rural areas of thousands of garment factory workers,
mostly young girls, due to closure of these factories during the period following the last census. This
may perhaps could be got confirmed from the authorities concerned.

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Figure 4.2 Population pyramid, Cambodia-Urban: 2008 and 2013

Figure 4.3 Population pyramid, Cambodia-Rural: 2008 and 2013

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The obvious difference in shape between the urban and rural population pyramids, is the distinctly
smaller proportion of people in the age group 30-34 years in the rural areas in 2013 and in the age
groups 20- 24 and 25- 29 in 2008. It may be noted that these people were born following the end of
Khmer Rouge regime when probably their parents returned to towns which they had previously
abandoned.

4.4 Population by Broad Age Group, Age Dependency Ratio and Median Age

Cambodia’s population has an old age structure with 29.4 per cent of Cambodia’s population under 15
years of age and about 8.0 per cent aged 60 years and more. This is also illustrated by the median age,
which is 24.5 years in 2013 (Table 4.2). As the median age was only 22.1 years as per the 2008
Census, the population has aged in the five-year period. This was the result of a decreasing proportion
of people aged 0-14 years between 2008 and 2013 (due to a reduction in the average number of births
per woman), and at the same time an increase of the proportion of people 15-64 years of age.

The proportions of population in the three broad age groups shown in Table 4.2 indicate the general
declining trend of percentage of children (0-14) in the population with the rising trend of the working
age population (15-64) and marginal increase in the proportion of the elderly population (65+) during
the half decade 2008-2013. This is true of both males and females.

Breaking down by residence, urban and rural, the working age group is more concentrated in urban
areas whereas children and older people predominate in rural areas. This pattern may be due to
movement of persons from rural to urban areas for job purposes.

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 Table 4.2 Distribution of the population by Broad Age Group, Age Dependency Ratio and
Median Age by Sex and Residence, 2008-2013
2008 2013
Age Group
Both Sexes Males Females Both Sexes Males Females
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Cambodia 13,395,682 6,516,054 6,879,628 14,676,591 7,121,508 7,555,083
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100
0-14 33.7 35.5 32.0 29.4 31.2 27.8
15-59 55.7 55.6 55.8 58.0 58.4 57.5
15-64 62.0 60.9 63.1 65.6 64.7 66.4
60 + 6.3 5.3 7.3 7.6 6.3 8.9
65 + 4.3 3.5 5.0 5.0 4.1 5.8
Overall Age dependency ratio 61.2 64.1 58.5 52.4 54.5 50.5
Young age dependency ratio 54.3 58.3 50.7 44.9 48.2 41.9
Old age dependency ratio 6.9 5.8 7.9 7.5 6.3 8.7
Median age (years) 22.1 20.8 23.3 24.5 23.4 25.6
Urban 2,614,027 1,255,570 1,358,457 3,146,213 1,527,479 1,618,734
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100
0-14 25.4 27.1 23.9 25.0 26.4 23.6
15-59 65.5 65.5 65.5 63.2 63.8 62.7
15-64 71.0 70.1 71.9 70.5 69.9 71.1
60 + 5.5 4.6 6.4 7.3 6.1 8.4
65 + 3.6 2.8 4.2 4.5 3.7 5.2
Overall Age dependency ratio 40.8 42.6 39.1 41.8 43.0 40.6
Young age dependency ratio 35.8 38.6 33.2 35.4 37.8 33.2
Old age dependency ratio 5.0 4.0 5.9 6.3 5.2 7.4
Median age (years) 24.1 23.7 24.4 26.9 25.8 27.8
Rural 10,781,655 5,260,484 5,521,171 11,530,378 5,594,029 5,936,349
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100
0-14 35.7 37.5 33.9 30.7 32.5 29.0
15-59 53.4 53.3 53.4 56.6 57.0 56.1
15-64 59.9 58.8 60.9 64.3 63.3 65.1
60 + 6.5 5.5 7.5 7.7 6.3 9.0
65 + 4.4 3.7 5.1 5.1 4.2 5.9
Overall Age dependency ratio 67.1 70.2 64.2 55.6 57.9 53.5
Young age dependency ratio 59.6 63.9 55.7 47.7 51.3 44.4
Old age dependency ratio 7.4 6.3 8.4 7.9 6.6 9.1
Median age (years) 21.3 19.8 22.8 23.9 22.8 25.1

4.5 Age Dependency Ratio

A common way to describe a population’s age structure is by the index called age dependency ratio,
which describes the proportion of the economically dependent component of a country’s population to
its productive component. This is conventionally expressed as the ratio of the young (0–14) plus the
old (65+), to the population in the working ages (15–64).

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In general, the age-dependency ratio for Cambodia (Table 4.2) has shown a declining trend during
2008-2013 indicating a reduction in the dependency burden. Cambodia’s dependency ratio in 2013 was
52: this means that for every 100 persons in the working ages, there were 52 persons in the dependent
ages (Table 4.2). The dependency ratio has decreased since the 2008 census when it was 61. In 1998 it
was 86. The most favourable dependency ratio can be found in urban areas with only 42 dependent
persons per 100 persons in their working ages. The dependency ratios are generally higher in the rural
areas.

4.6 Sex Composition

Sex composition of the human population is one of the basic demographic characteristics, which is
extremely vital for any meaningful demographic analysis. Changes in sex composition largely reflect
the underlying socio-economic and cultural patterns of a society in different ways. Sex ratio is defined
as the number of males per 100 females in a given population. A sex ratio above 100 denotes an excess
of males, a sex ratio below 100 denotes an excess females. It is an important social indicator to
measure the extent of prevailing equity between males and females in a society. It influences directly
the incidence of marriage, birth, migration, economic activities, etc.

Figure 4.4 Age Dependency Ratio by Residence, Cambodia 2008-2013

The basic information made available by the survey is the number of males and females in the
population. In both the Census 2008 and CIPS 2013, disaggregated information by males and females
has been produced for almost all topics. This is a basic requirement in development planning. It also
enables determination of gender impacts of development activities and helps respond effectively to
gender issues. Cambodia’s population as estimated in the CIPS 2013 is 14.68 million, with 7.12 million
or 48.5 percent males and 7.56 million or 51.5 percent females.

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4.7 Sex Ratio

The number of male births always has an edge over the number of female births. Studies of births have
revealed that the natural sex ratio of births varies within a range of 102 to 110 in most of the countries.
The estimated Cambodian sex ratio at birth (105) falls within this range.

As may be seen in Figure 4.5, at the time of the first census 1962, the sex ratio of Cambodia was 99.9.
It dipped to 86 in the early 1980s owing to heavy male mortality during the Khmer Rouge period.
Since then it has been improving gradually reaching 93.0 at the 1998 Census and 94.7 at the 2008
Census.

The estimated sex ratio of 94.3 according to CIPS 2013 is only marginally less than what it was in
2008. In most of the countries of the world sex ratio ranges from 95 to 105. The low sex ratio of
Cambodia may be mainly attributed to its history of war and political instability in the past (second half
of the 1970s).
Figure 4.5 Sex Ratio of Cambodia according to different sources

Sources: First Census, 1962, General Demographic Survey 1980, Socio-Economic Survey of Cambodia, 1993-94,
Demographic Survey of Cambodia, 1996, Second Census, 1998, Cambodia Inter-censal Population
Survey, 2004, Third Census, 2008 and CIPS 2013

Figure 4.6 shows the sex ratio by five year age groups according to the Census 2008 and CIPS 2013.
The higher number of males at birth decreases with age mainly due to higher number of male deaths. It
may be noted that sex ratios among children in the age groups 0-4, 5-9 and 10-14 slightly fluctuates
during 2008-2013. In the age group 15-19 the sex ratio is almost the same both in 2008 and 2013 at a
high level of around 106. In the age group 25-29 the sex ratio is close to 100 both in 2008 and 2013. In
the middle and the older ages the number of females very much exceeds the number of males due to
higher male mortality. Lower sex ratios from the age group 40-44 onwards in 2008 and from 50-54
onwards in 2013 are the results of higher mortality among males and large scale exodus of adult males
from Cambodia during the Khmer Rouge years.
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 Figure 4.6 Sex Ratios by Five –Year Age Group, Cambodia 2008 -2013

4.8 Marital status

Marital status is a very important factor in population dynamics as it affects fertility and mortality as
well as migration to a lesser extent. Table 4.3below presents the distribution of persons, males and
females aged 15 years and above by category of marital status. Responses to question on marital status
in CIPS 2013 were grouped into these categories: never married, currently married, widowed, divorced
and separated. A person is considered currently married if by law or local custom and tradition, he or
she is acknowledged to be married, or living with someone of the opposite sex as husband and wife. It
is observed that, the highest proportion, which is about 62 percent of the population aged 15 years and
above, are currently married. Never married population accounts for 31.14 percent of population. The
proportion of the widowed and divorced/separated population is close to 7 percent. However, there are
relatively more widowed and divorced/separated females than males. This is the result of engagement
of men in high risky working conditions. Furthermore, it is evident that men tend to remarry more than
women in most cases due to many factors, for example men depend on women when it comes to
household responsibilities and this is almost a world-wide phenomenon.

The proportions of never married and married males are higher than those for females whereas the
opposite trend is noticed in respect of each of the categories widowed, divorced and separated
(Table 4.3).

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 Table 4.3 Percent distribution of Population Aged 15 and over by Marital Status,
Sex and Residence, Cambodia, 2008 and 2013

Percentage by Marital status of population

Residence Sex Number Never
Total Married Widowed Divorced Separated
Married
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
2008
Total Both Sexes 8,881,890 100 32.71 60.16 4.99 2.02 0.12
Males 4201,248 100 37.00 60.80 1.29 0.84 0.07
Females 4,680,642 100 28.86 59.59 8.32 3.07 0.16
Urban Both Sexes 1,949,676 100 41.54 52.38 4.06 1.89 0.13
Males 915,814 100 44.79 53.38 0.95 0.80 0.08
Females 1,033,862 100 38.67 51.50 6.81 2.85 0.17
Rural Both Sexes 6,932,214 100 30.23 62.35 5.26 2.05 0.11
Males 3,285,434 100 34.83 62.88 1.38 0.85 0.06
Females 3,646,780 100 26.08 61.87 8.75 3.14 0.16
2013
Total Both Sexes 10,355,191 100 31.14 61.88 5.03 1.76 0.19
Males 4,901,333 100 35.31 62.53 1.30 0.75 0.11
Females 5,453,862 100 27.40 61.29 8.38 2.67 0.27
Urban Both Sexes 2,360,244 100 36.22 56.63 4.95 1.99 0.21
Males 1,123,942 100 40.70 57.16 1.35 0.68 0.11
Females 1,236,302 100 32.14 56.16 8.22 3.18 0.30
Rural Both Sexes 7,994,947 100 29.64 63.42 5.05 1.70 0.19
Males 3,777,391 100 33.70 64.13 1.29 0.77 0.11
Females 4,217,560 100 26.01 62.79 8.42 2.52 0.26

Figure 4.7 shows that 98.0 percent of males and 91.4 percent of females are single in the age group 15-
19. By the age of 30-34 the proportion of those never married is reduced to about 12.2 percent in the
case of men and almost one percent more than that among women. Beyond the age of 50 the never
married population mostly remained single throughout their life time. The extent of non-marriage in
population (celibacy level) is higher for females than males in higher ages. However, the proportion of
single females falls more steeply around the age of 20. The proportion of single males is very much
higher than the corresponding proportion of single females in every age group below 30. From the age
group 30-34 onwards the already low proportion of single males in each age group is much lower than
the corresponding proportion among females.

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 Figure 4.7 Percentage Never Married, 15 years and older, by Sex and Residence, 2008 and 2013

In general, on a lifetime basis, marriage is more universal among men. Almost all men marry at least
once in their life. In the age group 55–59, less than one percent of males remain never married whereas
among women in the same age group about 4 percent are never married. Women tend to marry earlier
than men. Overall, the proportion of men aged 15 and over who are never married is almost 7.91
percentage points higher than the proportion among single women (35.31 percent compared to 27.40
percent). The divorce rates in Cambodia remain low, but there are important differentials by sex and
residence. The proportion divorced among women is higher than among men. For both men and
women, divorced rates in urban areas are triple those in rural areas. This may be because economic
conditions of people in urban areas, especially of urban women allow greater independence than in
rural areas and so divorce is more easily accepted. The separation rate is negligible, and there are
almost no differentials by sex, or by urban/rural residence.

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 Figure 4.8 Percentage Ever Married 15 years and older by Sex 2008 and 2013

The widowhood rate is positively related to age, with the rate slightly increasing as age increases. The
widowhood rate among women increases by age more rapidly than for men. Ranging from 8.03
percentto 18.37 percent, men aged 65 and older are widowers, while among women in the same age
group, the percentage of widow’s ranges from 39.35 to 56.95 percent (Figure 4.9). Data indicate the
proportion widowed among women is five times higher than among men. The reason for this
differential includes higher male mortality in general and in particular during the Khmer Rouge era
combined with the fact that widowers are more likely to remarry than widows.

4.9 Average age at marriage

Table 4.4 shows the proportion ever married in the age groups 15-19, 20-24 and 45-49, and the
Singulate Mean Age at (first) marriage (SMAM) which indicates the average number of years that a
hypothetical cohort has lived unmarried before they marry for the first time. This indicator is usually
calculated separately by sex. The proportion ever married for each young age group 15-19 and 20-24
has not showed significant changes for both men and women between 2008 and 2013.The proportion
ever married in the age group 45-49 shows the prevalence of marriage in relation to population
reproduction. This proportion among men in 2008 was 88.3 percent and in 2013 it is 86.4 percent. The
proportion ever married among women in the age group 45-49 in 2008 was 74.5 percent and in 2013 it
has increased to 75.0 percent.

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 Figure 4.9 Percentage Widowed, Divorced and Separated 15 years and older
by Sex 2008 and2013

However, women marry at younger ages than men. The average age at marriage was 26.2 and 23.7
years for males and females respectively, calculated based on the proportion never married/single by
age (SMAM). The higher proportion of young married women compared to men of the same age is a
further indication that women generally marry at younger ages than men (Figure 7). As compared to
2008 the average age at marriage has increased by 0.6 years and 0.4 years for males and females
respectively.

Urban-rural differential is observed in respect of SMAM. For both men and women, SMAM in urban
areas is higher than in rural areas. In 2013, SMAM among urban men was higher than among rural men
by 1.1 years. This differential among women was 0.3 years. Urban men seem to have a tendency to
marry later than rural men.

A direct question on age at first marriage was also included in the CIPS 2013 (Col.9 of Form B
Household questionnaire Part 2). Based on the answers to this question, the age at first marriage at the
national level was derived as follows: Males: 24.05 and Females: 21.15. These figures are less than the
corresponding figures derived from the indirect method of SMAM (see Table 4.4). However the
SMAM estimate may be adopted as the results of direct question have to be evaluated for assessing
content errors. This could be done during further analysis of marital status data.

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4.10 Adolescent marriage

The proportions of teen age marriage among men and women are nearly the same both 2008 and 2013
at the national level. However, in the urban areas there is a marginal decrease that is matched by a
marginal increase in the rural areas. For both men and women, the proportion married among
adolescents aged 15-19 in rural areas was higher than that in urban areas (Table 4.4). The proportion
ever married among women aged 20-24 in rural areas was more than double that in urban areas.

Table 4.4 Singulate Mean Age at Marriage, Proportion Ever Married by Sex,
Age Group and Residence, Cambodia, 2008 and 2013
Male Female Difference
Percent Ever Married Percent Ever Married SMAM
Residence SMAM SMAM
between male
(Years) 15-19 20-24 45-49 (Years) 15-19 20-24 45-49 and female
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
2008
Total 25.6 1.7 28.5 88.3 23.3 8.4 48.9 74.5 2.3
Urban 28.0 1.1 15.5 79.2 25.5 5.0 30.8 70.5 2.5
Rural 24.8 1.8 33.1 89.3 22.5 9.4 55.9 75.6 2.3
2013
Total 26.2 2.0 24.2 86.4 23.7 8.1 46.1 75.0 2.5
Urban 29.1 0.4 11.0 78.9 25.8 4.3 28.8 70.3 3.3
Rural 25.4 2.4 28.0 88.8 23.0 9.1 51.0 76.4 2.4

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 Chapter 5
Literacy and Education

5.1 General

Education is important for personal and national development. It is the birth right of every individual. It
is required for the flourishing of many of the human capacities, to eliminate inequality in economic,
socio-cultural, familial/interpersonal, legal, political and psychological fields. It is also the exit gate to
access jobs and right in decision making. Education affects demographic behavior relating to marriage,
fertility, mortality, migration as well as participation in the labour force. Many research studies have
established a negative relationship between the educational level of women and their fertility. The age
of females at marriage is influenced by the level of educational attainment. Infant mortality is yet
another variable affected by the mother’s educational status. In general educational attainment is
indicative of the quality of the literate population and is very important in the implementation of the
development programmes and population policies.

Educated population is a central priority in achieving the CMDGs. They are in a better position to
create work for themselves and for others and also to obtain formal employment. Education is stated as
crucial to development in Vision of National Strategy Development Plans, updated 2009-2013. To
determine the level of education, CIPS 2013 asked questions about school attendance and highest level
of education attained. This question was addressed to all persons six years and above. Questions on
literacy and educational attainment form an important part of the questionnaire both in the 2008 Census
and CIPS 2013.

In order to obtain more complete data on full time education of the population six questions were asked
in the survey to collect information on literacy and full time education. The questions related to literacy
in Khmer language, literacy in other languages, school attendance, currently attending grade, highest
grade completed and main subject of study. All the questions except currently attending grade and
major subject of study were asked in the 2008 Census also. The two new questions included in CIPS
2013 were intended to satisfy the requirements of the national educational system.

5.2 Literacy Rate

The definition of literacy is the ability to read and write with understanding in any language. A person
is a literate when he/she can both read and write a simple message in any language or dialect. A person
who cannot both read and write a simple message is considered illiterate. Also to be considered as
illiterate is that person who is capable of reading only his/her own name or numbers, as well as persons
who can read but not write, or vice versa. The literacy rate is one of the most general measures of
educational output and is defined as the percentage of literate people in a given age out of the total
population in that age group. In both the censuses of 2008 and CIPS 2013 all children of the age 6
years or less were treated as illiterate by definition even if any such child was going to a school or

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might have picked up reading and writing a few odd words in a language. Results of CIPS 2013
presented in Table 5.1 show that the proportion of persons literate in any language among the
population aged 7 and older is nearly eighty percent. In the past five years, percentage of females aged
7 years and over who are literate in any language has increased almost by two percentage points while
the corresponding proportion among men has increased by little more than one percentage point.
However, there is a big male-female gap in literacy rates (currently 85.1 percent for males and 74.8
percent for females). This gap is relatively higher in rural areas. In general, gender inequality in basic
education is a major issue in Cambodia requiring immediate attention.

Literacy rates in urban areas are higher than in rural areas due to disparities in level of development
between the two areas. Nevertheless, in recent years, because of policies for universal primary
education and elimination of illiteracy, the gap in literacy rates between urban and rural areas is
narrowing down. It was 13.2 percentage points (90.1 percent in urban areas and 76.9 percent in rural
areas in 2013) as against the corresponding gap of 14.9 percentage points in 2008 (Table 5.1).

Table 5.1 Literate Persons and Literacy Rates in any Language and in
Khmer Language only by Sex and Residence 2008-2013

Percentage Percentage
Literate Population
Population Literate 2013 Literate in
Sex Residence
age 7+ Any Khmer Any Khmer any language
Language only Language only in 2008
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
Both Sexes Total 12,753,622 10,173,741 8,985,346 79.8 70.5 78.4
Urban 2,792,319 2,517,009 1,794,078 90.1 64.3 90.2
Rural 9,961,303 7,656,732 7,191,268 76.9 72.2 75.3
Males Total 6,125,512 5,214,216 4,533,730 85.1 74.0 84.0
Urban 1,348,602 1,260,678 846,967 93.5 62.8 93.5
Rural 4,776,910 3,953,538 3,686,764 82.8 77.2 81.6
Females Total 6,628,109 4,959,525 4,451,616 74.8 67.2 73.1
Urban 1,443,717 1,256,331 947,111 87.0 65.6 87.2
Rural 5,184,392 3,703,194 3,504,504 71.4 67.6 69.5

Table 5.2 gives the percent distributions of literate persons by language of literacy, sex and residence
for Cambodia 2008-2013. Among the literate persons, however, barring almost one percent literate in a
language other than Khmer, the persons who are literate in Khmer language only accounted about 88.3
percent, 8.0 percent in Khmer and English and almost 3 percent in Khmer and other languages except
English (Table 5.2). In 2008 only 5 per cent were literate in Khmer and English and about 2 per cent in
Khmer and other languages except English. A slight increase is thus noticed during the five years,
2008-2013 in a small section of Cambodians getting conversant with foreign languages, especially
English. However, those who are literate in Khmer combined with other languages are predominant
only in urban areas and among them males constitute about 58.1 percent.

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 Table 5.2 Distributions of Literate Persons by Language, Sex and Residence 2008-2013

Per cent Literate

Total Literate
Any
Population in Khmer Khmer and
Sex Residence Khmer and Language
any Language Other Languages
English Other than
Language Only except English
Khmer
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
2008
Total 8,959,383 92.0 4.9 2.2 1.0
Both Sexes
Urban 2,096,641 78.5 14.8 5.0 1.7
Rural 6,862,742 96.1 1.8 1.3 0.7
Total 4,629,702 91.0 5.7 2.4 0.9
Males
Urban 1,035,208 75.0 17.8 5.5 1.7
Rural 3,594,494 95.6 2.2 1.5 0.6
Total 4,329,681 93.1 4.0 1.9 1.1
Females Urban 1,061,433 81.8 11.9 4.6 1.7
Rural 3,268,248 96.7 1.4 1.0 0.9
2013
Both Sexes Total 10,173,741 88.3 8.0 2.9 0.8
Urban 2,517,009 71.3 21.7 5.7 1.3
Rural 7,656,732 93.9 3.5 2.0 0.6
Males Total 5,214,216 86.9 9.3 3.1 0.7
Urban 1,260,678 67.2 25.9 5.6 1.3
Rural 3,953,538 93.3 3.9 2.3 0.5
Females Total 4,959,525 89.8 6.7 2.7 0.9
Urban 1,256,331 75.4 17.5 5.9 1.3
Rural 3,703,194 94.6 3.0 1.6 0.7

According to CIPS 2013, 7.7 million persons (79.8 percent) of age 7 years and more are literate in any
language. Figure 5.1 shows the literacy rates of the population 7 years and older by age group. These
data indicate that literacy rates in Cambodia have improved substantially in the past few decades. The
younger the age group, the higher the literacy rate, and the narrower the male-female gap. The two
curves in the figure, referring to male and female literacy rates by age group in younger ages, are very
close to each other initially, but become further apart in the age groups starting around 25 years and
older, indicating that in the past women were more disadvantaged than men in schooling, but that this
inequality has been reduced considerably in recent years.

5.3 Adult Literacy Rate

The adult literacy rate or the literacy rate of population aged 15 and more has shown an increasing
trend at the national level during 2008-2013 (Figure 5.2). It has increased in the rural areas with
females registering a higher percentage of increase than males (Table 5.3). There is no significant
change in this regard in urban areas where the adult literacy rate is already more than 90 per cent.

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Figure 5.1 Literacy Rates (any language) in Percent by Five year Age Group and Sex,
Cambodia 2008 and 2013

Figure 5.2 Adult Literate Population Aged 15 and over by Sex Cambodia 2008 and 2013

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Table 5.3 Adult Literate Population Aged 15 and over by Sex Cambodia 2008 and 2013

2008 2013 Change between 2008-2013

Residence Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes Male Female
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
Total 77.6 85.1 70.9 79.7 86.4 73.6 2.1 1.3 2.7
Urban 90.4 94.5 86.8 90.3 94.2 86.8 -0.1 -0.3 0.0
Rural 74.0 82.5 66.3 76.5 84.1 69.7 2.5 1.6 3.4

5.4 School Attendance

The question on school attendance was addressed to both literate and illiterate persons. This included
children aged 6 and below. The answer to this question was categorized as:
(i) “Never attended”: for those who had never at any time received full-time education,
(ii) “Now”: for those who were still receiving full-time education at the time of the survey and
(iii) “Past”: for those who received full-time education in the past.

Based on the survey question of whether a person was currently attending school, 74.2 percent and
88.2 per cent of the 05-11 and 12-14 age groups responded positively. The corresponding proportions
were less than this in each case in 2008 (Table 5.4). However, enrolment rates started to decline
drastically from the age 15 when more and more students dropped out of school. Almost a quarter of
the 25- year olds never attended a school or any educational institution. Enrolment rate in school of
girls starts at a higher level than boys at ages 5-11, tends to be almost equal to that of boys at ages 12-
14 and begins to be lower than that of boys with the progress of age. This may be due to the traditional
attitude of encouraging boys rather than girls to study after a certain age. It is also observed from Table
5.5 that more children in urban areas than those in rural areas are currently attending school at all ages.

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 Table 5.4 Distribution of population 5 years and older
by school attendance, sex and residence 2008-2013

Region/Sex and Age Attended School Status in 2008 Attended School Status in 2013
Group Never Current Past Never Current Past
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Cambodia 23.1 28.5 48.4 20.1 25.9 54.0
05 - 11 32.3 67.2 0.5 25.2 74.2 0.7
12 - 14 7.3 86.7 6.0 5.0 88.2 6.8
15 - 17 9.1 62.3 28.6 6.9 61.4 31.7
18 - 24 14.5 21.3 64.2 10.0 21.5 68.5
25+ 27.9 1.2 70.9 25.5 0.7 73.8
Male 17.9 31.4 50.8 15.3 28.3 56.4
05 - 11 32.6 66.8 0.5 26.2 73.2 0.7
12 - 14 7.5 87.0 5.5 5.1 88.2 6.7
15 - 17 8.8 65.6 25.6 7.2 64.1 28.7
18 - 24 11.9 26.2 61.9 9.4 25.4 65.2
25+ 18.0 1.6 80.5 16.5 1.0 82.5
Female 28.0 25.8 46.2 24.6 23.7 51.7
05 - 11 32.0 67.5 0.5 24.1 75.2 0.7
12 - 14 7.1 86.3 6.6 4.9 88.2 6.9
15 - 17 9.4 58.8 31.8 6.6 58.7 34.7
18 - 24 17.1 16.5 66.4 10.5 17.6 71.9
25+ 36.3 0.9 62.8 33.2 0.4 66.4
Urban 12.1 29.3 58.6 12.1 27.8 60.1
05 - 11 24.7 74.6 0.6 19.9 79.4 0.7
12 - 14 3.8 91.1 5.1 1.7 92.8 5.5
15 - 17 4.6 70.8 24.6 2.6 78.0 19.4
18 - 24 6.1 32.5 61.4 5.5 36.9 57.6
25+ 13.9 2.8 83.3 14.4 2.0 83.6
Rural 25.8 28.3 45.9 22.3 25.4 52.3
05 - 11 33.6 65.9 0.5 26.3 73.0 0.7
12 - 14 7.9 85.9 6.2 5.8 87.1 7.1
15 - 17 10.2 60.3 29.5 7.9 57.6 34.5
18 - 24 17.5 17.3 65.2 11.2 17.2 71.6
25+ 31.7 0.8 67.6 29.0 0.3 70.7

5.5 Educational Attainment

Educational attainment is an important indicator of population quality. In CIPS2013, the highest grade
completed of those who ever attended a school or an educational institution, and currently attending
grades of those currently attending school or educational institution were collected. The present
analysis relates to those who have reported completed level of education. Apart from the category “not
completed primary”, the completed grades are categorized as follows: (1) Primary, (2) Lower
secondary, (3) Secondary/diploma and (6) Beyond Secondary.

At the national level, CIPS 2013 results show ( Table 5.5) that more than 29 percent of those who ever
attended school or educational institution had completed primary education, 21 percent of them had
lower secondary education, almost4 percent received the secondary/diploma and close to 2 percent
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completed tertiary education (beyond secondary). About 41 percent did not complete primary school.
Compared to 2008 Census, there is an improvement in educational attainment of the population. Those
who did not complete primary education had decreased from about 48.9 to about 40.8 percent and the
proportion of those who had completed primary has almost remained stable. Lower secondary
education shows an increase from 17.0 to 21.0 percent while secondary/ diploma increased from 1.6 to
3.9 percent and completed tertiary education (beyond secondary) from 1.5 to 1.8 percent.

Table 5.5 Educational Attainment of Literate Persons (in any language) Aged 7 years
and older by Age Group and Sex, Cambodia 2008-2013
Percentage Distribution by Educational Level
Sex and Age Number Primary
Lower Secondary Beyond
Group Total None Not Primary
Secondary / Diploma Secondary
Completed
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
2008
Both Sexes 8,952,720 100 2.4 48.9 28.6 17.0 1.6 1.5
7 - 14 2,067,906 100 1.7 76.5 21.0 0.9 - -
15 - 19 1,459,331 100 1.3 27.0 42.8 27.8 0.6 0.5
20 - 24 1,153,671 100 1.9 33.5 31.1 25.9 3.6 4.0
25+ 4,271,812 100 3.2 47.2 26.8 18.8 2.2 1.8
Males 4,625,303 100 2.0 45.1 29.4 19.6 2.0 1.9
7 - 14 1,054,993 100 1.8 77.6 19.8 0.8 - -
15 - 19 757,981 100 1.4 26.7 42.3 28.6 0.5 0.5
20 - 24 585,445 100 1.7 29.5 29.9 30.3 4.0 4.6
25+ 2,226,884 100 2.4 40.0 29.4 22.7 2.9 2.6
Females 4,327,417 100 2.7 53.0 27.8 14.3 1.2 1.0
7 - 14 1,012,913 100 1.5 75.3 22.2 1.0 - -
15 - 19 701,350 100 1.3 27.3 43.4 27.0 0.6 0.5
20 - 24 568,226 100 2.1 37.6 32.4 21.4 3.3 3.4
25+ 2,044,928 100 4.1 55.1 23.9 14.5 1.4 1.0
2013
Both Sexes 10,168,127 100 3.1 40.8 29.4 21.0 3.9 1.8
7 - 14 1,925,492 100 4.9 76.7 18.3 - - -
15 - 19 1,437,393 100 1.0 22.3 41.4 32.6 2.5 0.2
20 - 24 1,440,671 100 1.7 22.3 32.5 30.7 9.7 3.1
25+ 5,364,571 100 3.4 37.9 29.3 22.8 3.2 3.5
Males 5,209,668 100 2.8 37.5 29.4 23.4 4.5 2.4
7 - 14 977,677 100 4.9 77.5 17.6 - - -
15 - 19 729,206 100 1.1 23.6 40.9 31.8 2.4 0.2
20 - 24 730,071 100 1.5 20.7 30.2 33.1 10.9 3.7
25+ 2,772,713 100 2.9 31.5 30.4 26.8 3.9 4.5
Females 4,958,460 100 3.4 44.3 29.3 18.5 3.2 1.3
7 - 14 947,812 100 4.9 76.0 19.1 0.1 0.0 0.0
15 - 19 708,186 100 0.9 20.9 41.8 33.4 2.7 0.3
20 - 24 710,597 100 1.9 24.0 34.8 28.3 8.5 2.6
25+ 2,591,867 100 4.0 44.7 28.1 18.4 2.4 2.4
Note: Excluding educational levels "other" and "Not reported"

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Breaking down by age group, this table shows that almost 77 percent of population in age 7-14 has not
completed primary school and more than 18 percent had completed primary level and above. It is
observed that 22.3 percent of those in the age group age 15-19 has still not completed primary level,
may be due to late admission, repeating or dropping out. In the same age group 15-19, there are 41.4
per cent and 32.6 percent persons who had completed primary level and lower secondary respectively.
It is also noted that about 2.5 and 0.2 percent of population in this age group had level of education of
secondary/diploma and tertiary education (beyond secondary).

Among population in the age group 20-24 the category not completed primary level forms 32.5
percent, had completed primary level 32.5 percent, lower secondary 30.7 percent and secondary/
diploma and tertiary education (beyond secondary) 9.7 and 3.1 percent respectively. Considering the
levels education of literate population aged 25 and more, it is observed that the proportion of primary
not completed predominates. Compared to 2008, the education level of population shows much
improvement with significant decrease in the levels of not completed primary school and completed
primary school and increase beyond lower secondary level. Proportions of educational attainment were
slightly higher for males than for females at the secondary and higher levels.

Figure 5.3 Educational Attainment of Literate Population (in any language)

Aged 7 years and older and Aged 25 years and older, Cambodia 2008-2013

Though the proportions among literate population who are qualified with Secondary School/Diploma
and Beyond Secondary, have shown improvements during the five years 2008-2013 (Figure 5.3), there
is a long way to go as only a very small proportion of those aged 25 years and more have qualified
beyond secondary level in 2013.

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5.6 Main Subjects of Study

As already mentioned in Paragraph 5.1, a question on main subject of study was included in the section
on full time education in the Household questionnaire of CIPS 2013 (Form B Part 2, Column17d). The
information was collected both from those who are currently studying and those who had completed
levels of education above Technical/vocational/pre-secondary diploma/certificate course. The details of
the courses may be seen in the foot note to the question 17d in Form B questionnaire at Appendix 2.
The main subject was recorded by the enumerator as returned. It was later coded at NIS according to a
code structure developed in consultation with the Statistics and Information Office of the Ministry of
Education. About 160 subjects were given codes. However, only 132 subjects were returned in the
survey.

For the present report the main subjects returned by those who had completed the educational levels are
analyzed. The subjects returned were further grouped into 24 broad groups and classified according to
educational level. It is observed that the estimated number of persons (about 0.44 million) who had
returned their main subjects of study exceeds the number of persons who had completed the following
courses: Technical diploma (both pre and post-secondary)/certificate, Graduate degree, Master’s
Degree, Ph.D. degree and other. It is possible that those who had completed Upper Secondary
Diploma/Certificate/Baccalaureate level would have also returned their subjects of study which the
enumerators had recorded. The level of completed education has therefore been broadly classified as
Below Bachelor’s degree, Bachelor’s degree, Master’s degree/Ph.D. and Other for the purpose of
studying the distribution of persons who had completed these levels, by their main subjects of study.
Tables 5.6, 5.7 and 5.8 present this distribution in percentage. It is observed from Table 5.6 that there
are eight subjects each of which has qualified persons numbering 20,000 or more. They are: 1.
Banking, Finance and Accounting, 2.Engineering and Technology, 3.Education, 4.Language Studies,
5.Development studies, 6.Computer Science/Information Technology, 7.Medical related subjects, and
8.Law. Persons who had studied these subjects account for about 72 per cent. In respect of subjects at
1, 2, 4,5,6,7 and 8 mentioned above, more than thirty per cent each are degree holders. It has to be
mentioned here that the subject grouping includes both junior and senior professionals and hence there
can be persons who have completed below degree level even in engineering and medical related
subjects. The number of women is less that of men in all subjects except Banking, Finance and
accounting (Tables 5.7 and 5.8) where the percentage of women is about 62 per cent. There are a few
interesting results like the percentage of graduates being cent per cent in food and nutrition for males
and social science for females. Further in-depth study may be necessary on main subjects of study
which could be made in the analytical report on Education or as a special follow-up study.

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 Table 5.6 Per Cent Distribution of Persons under each Main Subject of Study
by completed Level of Education, Cambodia 2013

Below
Bachelor’s Master’s
Number of Bachelor’s
No. Main Subject Total Degree Degree/ Other
Persons Degree
Course PhD
Course
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
Both Sexes
Total 444,576 100 56.67 35.66 6.49 1.18
1 Banking, Finance and accounting 106,326 100 57.44 39.08 3.45 0.04
2 Communication 5,204 100 48.75 29.52 21.73 -
3 Agriculture and related subjects 18,655 100 60.42 35.43 4.15 -
4 Engineering and Technology 24,303 100 56.58 35.49 4.83 3.10
5 Archaeology 1,663 100 45.70 31.69 22.61 -
6 Architecture 2,023 100 55.96 44.04 - -
7 Education 20,215 100 74.09 23.69 2.22 -
8 Science subjects 10,890 100 52.15 3.76 -
9 Religious studies 1,497 100 20.91 72.68 - 6.41
10 Business administration 10,963 100 50.12 31.65 18.22 -
11 Language studies 29,562 100 51.05 42.71 6.24 -
12 Health related subjects 6,923 100 67.30 28.92 0.22 3.57
13 Development studies 52,143 100 53.14 39.18 6.92 0.76
14 Computer science and IT 27,689 100 63.44 31.37 5.19 -
15 Medical related subjects 34,495 100 51.33 32.28 9.54 6.86
16 Management studies 18,686 100 52.11 31.29 14.37 2.23
17 Food and nutrition 239 100 50.21 49.79 - -
18 Art subject 12,557 100 50.26 34.90 13.29 1.54
19 Hotel and tourism 6,919 100 63.51 19.51 10.19 6.79
20 Law 25,792 100 57.80 30.80 11.15 0.24
21 Marketing 19,014 100 58.85 40.57 0.58 -
22 Social science 1,813 100 12.74 73.75 13.51 -
23 Veterinary 1,025 100 46.15 53.85 0.00 0.00
24 Any other 5,980 100 81.17 8.98 6.20 3.65
Males
Total 273,404 100 53.70 36.80 8.10 1.40
1 Banking, Finance and accounting 40,005 100 49.85 44.20 5.94 -
2 Communication 2,963 100 53.43 31.29 15.29 -
3 Agriculture and related subjects 13,535 100 59.80 34.63 5.57 -
4 Engineering and Technology 19,781 100 53.15 38.60 5.94 2.31
5 Archaeology 978 100 51.12 12.68 36.20 -
6 Architecture 2,023 100 55.96 44.04 - -
7 Education 13,907 100 74.06 22.83 3.11 -
8 Science subjects 7,315 100 52.54 41.86 5.60 -
9 Religious studies 1,112 100 16.91 74.46 - 8.63
10 Business administration 7,615 100 49.59 28.54 21.88 -
11 Language studies 18,219 100 46.18 46.53 7.29 -
12 Health related subjects 5,213 100 68.89 26.09 0.29 4.74
13 Development studies 37,714 100 52.80 40.31 5.84 1.05
14 Computer science and IT 22,847 100 61.84 31.98 6.18 -
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 Below
Bachelor’s Master’s
Number of Bachelor’s
No. Main Subject Total Degree Degree/ Other
Persons Degree
Course PhD
Course
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
15 Medical related subjects 17,786 100 44.95 36.76 9.86 8.43
16 Management studies 12,827 100 45.01 30.93 20.82 3.25
17 Food and nutrition 119 100 - 100.00 - -
18 Art subject 8,765 100 42.65 40.73 14.41 2.21
19 Hotel and tourism 4,100 100 80.05 7.59 6.61 5.76
20 Law 19,493 100 53.16 31.75 14.76 0.32
21 Marketing 12,178 100 55.48 43.62 0.90 -
22 Social science 1,112 100 20.77 57.19 22.03 -
23 Veterinary 174 100 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
24 Any other 3,623 100 71.32 12.42 10.24 6.02
Females
Total 171,181 100 61.41 33.84 3.91 0.84
1 Banking, Finance and accounting 66,326 100 62.02 35.98 1.94 0.06
2 Communication 2,241 100 42.57 27.18 30.25 -
3 Agriculture and related subjects 5,118 100 62.04 37.55 0.41 -
4 Engineering and Technology 4,523 100 71.55 21.87 - 6.59
5 Archaeology 684 100 38.01 58.77 3.22 -
6 Architecture - 100 - - - -
7 Education 6,311 100 74.17 25.59 0.24 -
8 Science subjects 3,575 100 51.38 48.62 - -
9 Religious studies 384 100 32.55 67.45 - -
10 Business administration 3,346 100 51.37 38.73 9.89 -
11 Language studies 11,344 100 58.87 36.59 4.54 -
12 Health related subjects 1,711 100 62.48 37.52 - -
13 Development studies 14,428 100 54.02 36.26 9.72 -
14 Computer science and IT 4,844 100 71.00 28.49 0.52 -
15 Medical related subjects 16,709 100 58.11 27.51 9.20 5.18
16 Management studies 5,861 100 67.67 32.08 0.26 -
17 Food and nutrition 120 100 100.00 - - -
18 Art subject 3,791 100 67.84 21.45 10.71 -
19 Hotel and tourism 2,821 100 39.49 36.83 15.38 8.29
20 Law 6,298 100 72.17 27.83 - -
21 Marketing 6,837 100 64.85 35.15 - -
22 Social science 701 100 - 100.00 - -
23 Veterinary 851 100 35.14 64.86 0.00 0.00
24 Any other 2,357 100 96.31 3.69 - -

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 Chapter 6
Labour and Employment

6.1 General

Analysis of economic activities of population from censuses and surveys enables formation of the basis
for economic policy and development plans. This is mainly due to the fact that such programmes relate
to issues like the improvement of qualities of manpower, increasing productivity and minimizing
unemployment and under employment.

The CIPS 2013 has collected information on activity status in respect of each inmate of a household
through the following columns in Form B Household Questionnaire Part 2: Col.19 Main Activity,
Col.20 Employment Period, Col.21 Occupation, Col.22 Employment Status, Col.23 Industry, Trade or
Service, Col.24 Sector of Employment and Col.25 Secondary economic activity (for all persons
employed, unemployed and economically inactive).

The main objective of the survey questions was to classify the population into two categories, namely:
economically active (those that belong to the labour force) and economically inactive (those who are
outside the labour force). Further questions were asked to allow the breakdown of the employed
population by major groups of occupation, industry, sector and status in employment.

The reference period for the survey was the one year preceding the survey date of March 3, 2013. In
the survey, a person was regarded as having worked, if he/she had worked at least 6 months (183 days)
or more during reference period. Economically active or labour force refers to the persons who are
either employed or unemployed.

Employed persons included: (1) persons who were in paid employment in public or private
organization (2) persons who did some work for wages, salary, profit or family gains in cash or kind
during the difference period (3) persons who did not do any work for pay or profit during the reference
period although they had a job to which they could return e.g. off season workers like farmers or
fishermen, those on sick leave or leave without pay, those who could not work due to strike or lockout
in the organization they were working and (4) persons who were self-employed e.g. running a shop by
himself or herself, selling eatables, practicing as doctors, lawyers. Unemployed persons were classified
into: those who were employed any time before and those who were never employed any time before.

Persons who were economically inactive were grouped into five categories: (1) home maker referring
to person who was mostly engaged during the reference period in household duties in his or her home
(2) student who is a person mostly attending school/ educational institution (3) dependent, referring to
infants and children not attending school, persons permanently disabled and hence cannot do any work
and persons who cannot work because of illness or old age. Also included is a person who cannot be
categorized in any of the inactive category and is dependent on others. However if such a person was
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seeking or available for work he or she is categorized as unemployed and not as dependent (4) rent-
receiver, retired or other income recipients is a person who had retired from service and for most of the
time was doing no other work [i.e. mostly not employed again in some work or not engaged in some
other work such as cultivation, business, trade etc. or a person who was for most of the time a rent-
receiver or a person living on agricultural or non-agricultural royalty, rent or dividend who was neither
employed nor unemployed, or any other person of independent means for securing which he/she did
not have to work would come under this category] and (5) Other (specify) category includes all persons
not economically active for most of the time and who may not come under any of the above four
categories. This chapter focuses mainly on the persons aged 15 years and above in order to conform
with the international standards set by the International Labour Organization (ILO).

6.2 Economically Active population or Labour Force

The labour force participation rate is the number of persons in the labour force (Employed and
Unemployed) at a given age and sex and/or place of residence, divided by the corresponding total
population with the same characteristics, multiplied by 100.

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 Figure 6.1 Population Aged 5 Years and Older by Usual Activity Status, Cambodia 2013

Population Age 5 Years and Older

(13,373,003)

Economically Active or Labour Economically Inactive or

Force Out of Labour Force
(8,332,855) (5,040,148)

57
Employed Unemployed
Population Population
(8,125,981) (206,874)
(15,414)
reported

Students
(946,445)

(540,157)
(101,323)

Dependent

(3,436,809)

Home Maker
Other and Not

Income Recipient

Did Some Works Did Not Do Any

(84,761) Work
(122,113)

53
As may be seen from Table 6.1 the overall economic activity rate at the national level has increased by
about four percentage points during 2008-2013. In the case of males the percentage of increase (4.5) is
higher than that for females (2.8).
Table 6.1 Labour Force Participation Rates (Percent) by Sex and Residence
for the Population aged 5 and Older, Cambodia 2008 and 2013
2008 2013
Activity Status
Both Sexes Males Females Both Sexes Males Females
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Total
Labour Force Participation Rates 58.7 59.3 58.1 62.3 63.8 60.9
Employed 57.7 58.4 57.0 60.8 62.4 59.3
Unemployed 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.5 1.4 1.7
Not Economically Active 41.3 40.7 41.9 37.7 36.2 39.1
Urban
Labour Force Participation Rates 68.3 87.4 53.6 57.8 62.3 53.6
Employed 66.7 86.1 51.8 55.2 60.0 50.6
Unemployed 1.6 1.3 1.8 2.6 2.3 3.0
Not Economically Active 31.7 12.6 46.4 42.2 37.7 46.4
Rural
Labour Force Participation Rates 59.9 59.4 60.4 63.5 64.2 62.9
Employed 59.3 58.8 59.8 62.3 63.0 61.6
Unemployed 0.6 0.6 0.6 1.2 1.2 1.3
Not Economically Active 40.1 40.6 39.6 36.5 35.8 37.1

Table 6.2 Age-Specific Labour Force Participation Rates (Percent)

by Sex and Broad Age Group, 2008 and 2013

Economic Activity Rates

Age group Total Urban Rural
Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes Male Female
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
2008
Age 5 + 58.7 59.3 58.1 53.6 58.8 49.0 59.9 59.4 60.4
Above 15 78.3 80.8 76.0 65.8 73.4 59.1 81.8 82.9 80.8
Under 15 3.1 3.0 3.2 1.8 1.5 2.1 3.3 3.3 3.4
15 - 24 60.1 57.1 63.2 50.3 46.4 53.8 63.2 60.1 66.4
25 - 64 91.1 96.5 86.4 78.4 91.8 66.2 94.5 97.8 91.8
15 - 64 79.9 81.6 78.5 67.6 74.6 61.4 83.5 83.6 83.4
65 + 54.5 68.4 45.2 29.4 44.4 20.1 59.4 72.8 50.2
2013
Age 5 + 62.3 63.8 60.9 57.8 62.3 53.6 63.5 64.2 62.9
Above 15 79.8 83.1 76.7 70.9 77.9 64.5 82.4 84.7 80.3
Under 15 2.4 2.4 2.4 1.6 1.1 2.1 2.6 2.7 2.4
15 - 24 62.4 60.7 64.1 47.7 46.6 48.8 66.3 64.5 68.2
25 - 64 91.9 97.1 87.2 84.1 94.5 74.9 94.3 98.0 91.1
15 - 64 82.2 84.5 80.0 73.2 79.5 67.4 84.8 86.0 83.7
65 + 48.1 61.3 39.3 34.9 48.6 25.8 51.3 64.3 42.6

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Table 6.2 shows that women continue to enter and exit the labour force at an earlier age than men. The
male economic activity rate remains higher than that for females in all ages from age 25. The economic
activity rates have always been higher in the rural areas than in the urban areas both in respect of males
and females presumably due to higher participation of persons in agriculture in rural areas and higher
school enrolment of both boys and girls in urban areas. Both in the urban and rural areas of the country,
the economic activity rates for males are higher than that for females though the gap between the male-
female participation rates is much less in rural areas than in the urban areas.

The economic activity rate or the labour force participation rate (LPR) among children under 15 has
decreased from 3.1 in 2008 to 2.4 in 2013 which may be regarded as a development. The working ages
15-64 have shown an all-round improvement in 2013 compared to 2008. The participation rates of 82.2
for sexes, 84.5 for males and 80.0 for females in Cambodia are much higher compared to the
neighbouring countries. For example the LPR of males and females are 79.5 and 71.3 respectively in
Viet Nam and 78.1 and 75.6 respectively in Lao PDR.
Figure 6.2 Age-Specific Labour Force Participation Rates
by Sex Cambodia 2008-2013

6.3 Employment and Unemployment

Employment is an important indicator for assessing socio-economic development. Analysis of the
changing dynamics of employment allows us to assess the impact of socio-economic transition and
propose employment policies appropriate with socio-economic conditions of the nation. Cambodia’s
economy has undergone important changes in the past few decades. These important changes
combined with improvements in education of the labour force in recent years have changed the
structure and distribution of employed labour.

A majority of the labour force has employment; the number unemployed accounts for only a small
share. Therefore, analysis of the basic characteristics of the employed labour force such as age, sex,

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59
marital status, sector of employment, status in employment and the like may throw light on the general
status of the labour force in the country.

The employment rate which is defined as the percentage of employed to the total number of persons in
the labour force works out as 98.3 per cent and 97.6 per cent for Cambodia in 2008 and 2013
respectively. Correspondingly the unemployment rates are 1.7 per cent and 2, 4 per cent respectively.
There is therefore an increase the unemployment rate in the country during the half decade. In 2013 the
unemployment rates among men and women are 2.2 per cent and 2.8 per cent respectively.

Figure 6.3 Age-Specific Employment Rates by Sex, Cambodia 2008-2013

Figure 6.4 Age-Specific Unemployment Rates by Sex Cambodia 2008-2013

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6.4 Employment Status

An analysis of the status in employment reveals that unpaid family workers and own account workers
together constitute about 78 percent of the employed population in Cambodia in 2013 (Table 6.3). The
corresponding proportion in 2008 was about 83 per cent. The fall in the proportion during the five
years is more due to fall in the proportion of unpaid family workers especially among rural women.
With paid employment constituting only about 22 per cent, most of the workers in Cambodia are in the
informal sector. The proportion of women in the informal sector is higher than that of males. Half the
number of male employed persons are own account workers. In the case of females the highest
proportion is that of unpaid family workers (53.3 per cent). The proportion of own account workers has
also declined and the proportion of paid employees has increased considerably. In 2013 as well as in
2008 the proportion of paid employees among males is higher than that of females.

In 2013, in the urban areas, paid employees among the total employed population constitute the highest
proportion (47 percent) followed by own account workers (37.8 percent). In the case of urban
employed males proportion of paid employees is much higher than that of own account workers in
2013. In the case of their female counterparts, however, the two proportions are almost the same. In the
rural areas proportion of own account workers among males is more than the proportion of unpaid
family workers whereas the opposite trend is noticed in respect of females.

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 Table 6.3 Distribution of Employed Persons*by Status in Employment,
Sex and Residence, Cambodia 2008 and 2013

Status in Employment
Year Number Total Own Unpaid
Paid
Employed Employer Account family Other
Employee
Persons Worker Worker
(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
Cambodia-Total
Bother Sexes
2008 6,934,759 100 0.2 17.2 39.1 43.5 0.1
2013 8,124,243 100 0.3 22.0 39.5 38.2 0.1
Males
2008 3,392,344 100 0.2 20.6 53.9 25.3 0.1
2013 4,020,697 100 0.4 26.1 50.6 22.8 0.1
Females
2008 3,542,415 100 0.1 14.0 25.0 60.9 0.0
2013 4,103,546 100 0.3 17.9 28.5 53.3 0.1
Cambodia-Urban
Bother Sexes
2008 1,232,963 100 0.3 51.8 33.3 14.5 0.1
2013 1,605,238 100 0.5 47.0 37.8 14.5 0.1
Males
2008 651,190 100 0.37 55.8 35.5 8.3 0.1
2013 847,159 100 0.66 55.0 36.8 7.3 0.2
Females
2008 5,701,796 100 0.1 9.7 40.4 49.7 0.0
2013 6,519,006 100 0.3 15.8 39.9 44.0 0.1
Cambodia-Rural
Bother Sexes
2008 2,741,154 100 0.1 12.2 58.3 29.3 0.1
2013 3,173,538 100 0.3 18.4 54.4 26.9 0.1
Males
2008 2,741,154 100 0.1 12.2 58.3 29.3 0.1
2013 3,173,538 100 0.3 18.4 54.4 26.9 0.1
Females
2008 2,960,642 100 0.1 7.4 23.8 68.6 0.0
2013 3,345,468 100 0.2 13.3 26.2 60.2 0.1
*Excluding Not Reported Status

6.5 Sectors of Employment

The employed population is distributed in percentage terms into eight sectors of employment in Table
6.4. Sector of employment refers to sectors like Government, private, foreign-owned etc. to which the
institution or establishment of the employed person belongs. In 2013 most of the population at the
national level is employed in local private enterprises (87.2 per cent).Government jobs and jobs in
foreign enterprises like foreign banks etc. account for 11.8 per cent percent of the employed. This
leaves hardly one percent for all the other five sectors. The urban scenario is somewhat different with
higher proportions in government and foreign enterprise sectors than in the rural parts.
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 Table 6.4 Distribution of Employed Persons* by,
Sex and Sector of Employment, Cambodia 2008 and 2013

Number Sector of Employment

of State Cambodia Non- Embassy
Year Total Govern Foreign Household
Employed -ment
Owned Private
Enterprise
Profit
Sector
International Other
Persons Enterprise Enterprise Institution Institution
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
Cambodia- Total
Both Sexes
2008 6,935,017 100 4.4 0.3 90.3 4.4 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.0
2013 8,125,238 100 5.2 0.3 87.2 6.6 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.0
Males
2008 3,392,545 100 6.9 0.4 89.5 2.6 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.0
2013 4,021,539 100 7.7 0.5 86.3 4.9 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.0
Females
2008 3,542,472 100 2.0 0.1 91.1 6.1 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.0
2013 4,103,698 100 2.7 0.2 88.1 8.3 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.0
Cambodia- Urban
Both Sexes
2008 1,233,080 100 12.1 0.7 70.3 14.6 0.2 1.0 1.0 0.0
2013 1,605,271 100 13.8 0.7 73.6 10.7 0.3 0.8 0.2 0.0
Males
2008 651,268 100 17.0 1.1 71.7 8.2 0.2 0.6 1.2 0.1
2013 847,192 100 18.7 1.0 70.5 8.7 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.0
Females
2008 81,812 100 6.6 0.4 68.7 21.9 0.2 1.5 0.8 0.0
2013 758,079 100 8.3 0.2 77.0 12.9 0.2 1.2 0.2 0.1
Cambodia- Rural
Both Sexes
2008 5,701,937 100 2.7 0.2 94.7 2.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0
2013 6,519,968 100 3.0 0.2 90.6 5.6 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.0
Males
2008 2,741,277 100 4.5 0.2 93.7 1.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0
2013 3,174,347 100 4.8 0.3 90.5 3.9 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.1
Females
2008 2,960,660 100 1.1 0.1 95.5 3.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0
2013 3,345,620 100 1.4 0.1 90.6 7.3 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0
*Excluding Not Reported Sector

6.6 Employment by Industrial and Occupational Classifications

The nature of industry and service as well as the occupation returned in the CIPS 2013 by employed
persons and unemployed persons (employed before) were coded in the office adopting the latest
International Standard Industrial Classification and the International Standard Classification of
Occupations. Tables 6.5 and 6.6 present the distribution of employed persons by Occupational and
Industrial classifications and by sex. It is observed that agriculture is predominant in terms of
occupation and industry.

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Based on Table 6.6, the proportions of the employed population in the three industrial sectors of
employment, namely Primary (or Agriculture), Secondary (or Industry) and Tertiary (Services) are
shown in Table 6.7.
Table 6.5 Distribution of Employed Population by
Occupational Composition and Sex Cambodia 2008-2013
Major Percentage of Employed Persons
Group of Occupation
2008 2013
Major
Description Both Sexes Males Females Both Sexes Males Females
Group
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100
1 Managers 0.6 0.9 0.2 0.6 1.0 0.2
2 Professionals 1.7 2.2 1.3 3.0 3.5 2.5
3 Technicians and associate
2.3 3.4 1.2 1.3 1.7 1.0
Professionals
4 Clerical Support Workers 1.5 2.0 1.0 2.3 3.1 1.6
5 Services and Sales Workers 9.0 7.0 10.8 11.9 8.7 15.0
6 Skilled Agricultural, Forestry and
71.3 68.7 73.8 62.9 61.2 64.5
Fishing
7 Craft and Related Workers 7.2 6.2 8.2 10.1 9.2 11.0
8 Plant and Machine Operators and
1.8 3.4 0.2 1.9 3.7 0.2
Assemblers
9 Elementary Occupations 4.7 6.2 3.3 6.0 7.9 4.1
Note: Excluding not reported.

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 Table 6.6 Distribution of Employed Population by Industrial Composition
and Sex Cambodia 2008-2013

Percentage of Employed Persons

Industrial Section
2008 2013
Both
Section Description Both Sexes Males Females
Sexes
Males Females
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100
A Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 72.3 69.4 75.1 64.3 62.3 66.3
B Mining and Quarrying 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0
C Manufacturing 6.2 4.1 8.2 8.1 5.8 10.3
Electricity, Gas, Stream and Air-
D 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0
Con Supply
Water Supply, Sewerage, Waste
E Management and Remediation 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Activities
F Construction 2.0 3.5 0.6 3.2 5.4 1.0
Wholesale and Retail Trade, Repair
G 7.8 5.8 9.6 10.1 7.4 12.7
of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles
H Transportation and Storage 2.2 4.2 0.4 2.4 4.5 0.3
Accommodation and Food Services
I 0.9 0.7 1.1 2.0 1.6 2.5
Activities
J Information and Communication 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1
K Finance and Insurance Activities 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
L Real Estate 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Professional, Scientific and
M 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.4
Technical Activities
Administrative and Support Service
N 0.8 1.0 0.6 1.1 1.5 0.8
Activities
Public Administration and Defense,
O 2.7 4.8 0.7 3.3 5.6 1.0
Social Security
P Education 1.6 2.1 1.2 1.7 2.1 1.4
Human Health and Social Work
Q 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6
Activities
R Art, Entertainment and Recreation 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.2
S Other Service Activities 1.6 2.1 1.1 1.5 1.2 1.7
Use Activities of Household as
T 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Employers
Activities of Extraterritorial
U 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.3
Organization and Bodies
Note: Excluding not reported.

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 Table 6.7 Distribution of Employed Population by Industrial Sectors,
Sex and Residence 2008-2013
Industry Total Urban Rural
Sectors Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes Male Female
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
2008
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Primary 72.3 69.4 75.1 14.0 13.6 14.6 84.9 82.6 87.0
Secondary 8.5 8.1 9.0 25.3 22.1 28.9 4.9 4.7 5.1
Tertiary 19.2 22.6 15.9 60.7 64.3 56.6 10.2 12.7 7.9
2013
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Primary 64.3 62.3 66.3 13.5 12.7 14.3 76.8 75.5 78.1
Secondary 11.5 11.6 11.5 18.1 18.8 17.3 9.9 9.7 10.1
Tertiary 23.8 25.6 21.9 67.0 66.8 67.1 13.1 14.7 11.7
Note: Excluding not reported. The Primary Sector relates to Industrial Section A (see Table 6.6). The Secondary sector
includes B to F Industrial Sections and the Tertiary Sector covers the Industrial Sectors G to U.

The proportion of population in the primary sector has continued to decline during the five years 2008-
2013. The decline is sharper in the case of women than men. The proportions in the Secondary and
Tertiary sectors have increased. This confirms that concentration of workers in the agricultural sector is
gradually declining and the employment is becoming diversified. However as of 2013, it is the tertiary
sector which absorbs more than two-thirds of the work force in the urban areas whereas in rural areas
more than three-fourths of the population is in the primary sector.

Figure 6.5 Distribution of Employed Population by

Industrial Sectors and Residence 2008-2013

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6.7 Secondary Economic Activity

The objective of the question on secondary economic activity in CIPS 2013 is, as in the case of 2008
census, to ascertain whether each person had a second job or a secondary economic activity during the
one year preceding the survey which gave him/her additional income or some income in cash or kind.
The secondary economic activity referred to secondary or additional job in the case of those who were
mainly employed in the reference period of one year. In respect of those who were mainly
economically inactive (e.g. homemaker, student etc.) or unemployed in the reference period, it referred
to their marginal economic activity in the one year period.

The pattern of employed persons participating in secondary economic activity is more or less the same
both in 2008 and 2013 though there are differences in numbers. According to Table 6.8, in 2013, about
42 percent of the total employed population in Cambodia is having a secondary activity besides their
main activity. The most favored secondary occupation is unpaid livestock farming (16.7 percent)
followed by unpaid crop farming (7.6 percent). In other words about 57 percent of the employed
population who have a secondary economic activity is engaged only in unpaid family enterprises. The
distribution by secondary activity is more or less similar in respect of both males and females for
Cambodia as a whole with the following notable exceptions: In fishing and construction, males have a
higher proportion than females. In unpaid live-stock farming and trade, females have a higher
proportion.

In the rural areas the percentage of employed persons with secondary economic activity is higher (49.7
percent) and in urban areas it is lower (12.2 percent) than the country average (Tables 6.8). Both in the
urban and rural parts, unpaid live-stock farming and unpaid crop farming account for most of the
employed persons albeit at different proportions. As derived from the CIPS 2013 priority Table C6
(not given here), only about 14 per cent of the not economically active population in Cambodia has a
secondary activity in 2013. Mostly the secondary economic activity of students and home makers is
unpaid family enterprise.

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 Table 6.8 Percent Distribution of Employed Persons* with Secondary Economic Activity by Categories,
Sex and Residence, Cambodia 2008 and 2013
Persons Persons with Secondary Activity
with No Unpaid Paid Unpaid Paid Household
Year Total Con- Other Paid
Secondary Total Crop Crop Live-stock Live-stock Fishing Production/ Trade Transport
struction Employment
Activity Farming Farming Farming Farming Service
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14)
Cambodia-Total
Both Sexes
2008 100 47.7 52.3 15.7 3.2 26.4 0.3 1.6 1.7 0.9 1.8 0.3 0.6
2013 100 57.7 42.3 7.6 4.9 16.7 1.2 2.4 2.4 2.8 2.3 0.7 1.3
Males
2008 100 48.5 51.5 15.7 3.4 24.0 0.3 2.3 1.8 1.6 1.2 0.6 0.7
2013 100 55.7 44.3 8.1 5.0 14.3 1.2 3.8 2.6 4.9 1.7 1.3 1.5
Females
2008 100 46.9 53.1 15.6 3.0 28.7 0.2 0.8 1.7 0.2 2.3 0.1 0.5
2013 100 59.6 40.4 7.1 4.8 19.1 1.2 1.1 2.3 0.7 2.9 0.1 1.1
Cambodia-Urban
Both Sexes

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2008 100 86.9 13.1 3.7 1.0 4.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.5 1.4 0.3 0.8
2013 100 87.8 12.2 4.2 0.7 1.9 0.2 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.5 0.7 1.0
Males
2008 100 86.7 13.3 3.7 1.0 3.9 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.1 0.5 0.9
2013 100 86.7 13.3 4.4 0.7 1.5 0.1 0.8 0.9 1.7 0.9 1.2 1.2
Females
2008 100 87.1 12.9 3.8 0.9 4.5 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.2 1.8 0.1 0.7
2013 100 89.0 11.0 3.9 0.6 2.3 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.2 2.2 0.1 0.7
Cambodia-Rural
Both Sexes
2008 100 39.2 60.8 18.3 3.6 31.2 0.3 1.8 2.0 1.0 1.8 0.3 0.5
2013 100 50.3 49.7 8.4 5.9 20.4 1.5 2.9 2.9 3.3 2.5 0.7 1.4
Males
2008 100 39.4 60.6 18.6 3.9 28.8 0.3 2.7 2.0 1.8 1.3 0.6 0.6
2013 100 47.5 52.6 9.1 6.1 17.8 1.5 4.6 3.0 5.8 1.9 1.3 1.6
Females
2008 100 39.0 61.0 18.0 3.4 33.5 0.3 0.9 1.9 0.3 2.3 0.1 0.5
2013 100 52.9 47.1 7.8 5.8 22.9 1.5 1.3 2.7 0.9 3.1 0.1 1.1
*Excludes Not Stated Secondary work
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6.8 Educational Levels of Workers

Table 6.9 shows that in 2013, little over two-thirds of the employed literate persons in Cambodia
have the educational level of either primary not completed or primary. Those who have
qualifications of Lower Secondary and more, account for more than 29 per cent in 2013 as against
about 21 percent in 2008. This shows that there is a general improvement in the educational level of
the labour force during the five –year period. About 3 percent of the employed persons have no
educational qualification at all both in 2008 and 2013. They may be labourers mostly found in
elementary occupations. The level of education of employed males is higher than that of females in
general.

6.9 School Attendance by young workers

It may be of interest to know whether the employed population in the age group 5 to 24 are
attending school now (i.e. at the time of the survey), attended in the past or never attended at all.
Table 6.10 provides the information. The proportion of employed children and youth in the ages 5
to 24 who have never attended any educational institution has declined during 2008-2013 showing
improvement in schooling of the workers in this age group. If employed children in the ages up to
14 are considered, most of them have either never attended school or attended in the past. This
shows that most of them had either never enrolled or had dropped out before they completed even
the primary level. In the ages 15 to 24 most of the employed persons have attended school in the
past. The pattern of school attendance among the employed population in the age group 5 to 24 is
more or less the same for both males and females. Both in 2008 and 2013 the proportion never
attended school is much higher in rural areas compared to urban areas in the ages 5 to 24.

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 Table 6.9 Distribution of Employed Literate Population (any language) by Level
of Education, Sex and Residence, Cambodia 2008-2013

Percentage Distribution by Educational Level

Sex and Residence Primary Not Lower Secondary Beyond
Total None Primary
Completed Secondary / Diploma Secondary
2008
Total 100 2.7 45.9 30.2 17.9 1.9 1.4
Both Sexes 100 2.7 45.9 30.2 17.9 1.9 1.4
Males 100 2.3 40.2 31.7 21.5 2.4 1.9
Females 100 3.1 52.4 28.5 13.7 1.3 0.8
Urban 100 2.9 27.1 29.4 30.1 4.9 5.7
Both Sexes 100 2.9 27.1 29.4 30.1 4.9 5.7
Males 100 2.7 21.9 27.6 34.6 5.9 7.5
Females 100 3.2 33.3 31.5 24.8 3.7 3.6
Rural 100 2.6 51.0 30.5 14.5 1.1 0.2
Both Sexes 100 2.6 51.0 30.5 14.5 1.1 0.2
Males 100 2.2 45.3 32.9 17.8 1.4 0.4
Females 100 3.1 57.5 27.8 10.8 0.7 0.1
2013
Total 100 2.7 35.7 32.5 23.3 3.2 2.7
Both Sexes 100 2.7 35.7 32.5 23.3 3.2 2.7
Males 100 2.5 31.2 32.5 26.6 3.8 3.3
Females 100 2.9 40.7 32.4 19.6 2.5 1.9
Urban 100 2.7 19.4 26.0 34.2 8.6 9.1
Both Sexes 100 2.7 19.4 26.0 34.2 8.6 9.1
Males 100 2.5 15.4 24.3 36.8 9.8 11.1
Females 100 3.0 24.1 28.0 31.1 7.2 6.7
Rural 100 2.7 40.5 34.4 20.1 1.6 0.8
Both Sexes 100 2.7 40.5 34.4 20.1 1.6 0.8
Males 100 2.5 36.0 35.0 23.5 2.0 1.0
Females 100 2.9 45.5 33.7 16.2 1.2 0.5
Note: Excluding other and not reported.

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Table 6.10 Distribution of Employed Population by Broad Age Group, School Attendance,
Sex and Residence Cambodia 2008- 2013
2008 2013
Age Group and
Never Current Past Never Current Past
Residence
Attended Attending Attended Attended Attending Attended
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Cambodia 19.0 2.6 78.4 13.3 1.6 85.1
05 - 11 57.8 13.2 29.0 68.1 10.7 21.2
12 - 14 33.9 7.2 58.9 25.1 6.1 68.8
15 - 17 19.9 3.9 76.2 16.1 1.6 82.3
18 - 24 17.6 1.9 80.5 12.0 1.4 86.5
Male 17.4 3.0 79.6 13.7 1.7 84.7
05 - 11 57.3 13.2 29.5 73.5 6.9 19.7
12 - 14 34.8 8.0 57.1 25.2 5.8 69.0
15 - 17 20.5 4.5 75.0 18.0 1.2 80.8
18 - 24 15.2 2.3 82.5 12.1 1.6 86.3
Female 20.6 2.2 77.3 12.9 1.6 85.5
05 - 11 58.3 13.3 28.5 59.8 16.6 23.6
12 - 14 33.0 6.3 60.7 24.9 6.4 68.7
15 - 17 19.3 3.3 77.4 14.4 2.1 83.5
18 - 24 19.8 1.6 78.6 12.0 1.3 86.7
Urban 8.1 2.6 89.2 8.0 3.5 88.5
05 - 11 30.0 11.9 58.1 27.9 0.0 72.1
12 - 14 19.8 6.6 73.6 0.9 4.3 94.8
15 - 17 11.2 2.8 86.0 8.4 2.7 88.9
18 - 24 7.4 2.5 90.1 8.1 3.6 88.4
Male 8.0 3.4 88.6 9.8 3.9 86.3
05 - 11 31.2 12.5 56.4 45.8 0.0 54.2
12 - 14 21.4 8.2 70.4 1.8 11.5 86.7
15 - 17 12.4 3.7 84.0 10.3 4.2 85.5
18 - 24 7.2 3.2 89.6 9.8 3.7 86.5
Female 8.2 2.1 89.7 6.3 3.1 90.5
05 - 11 28.7 11.4 59.9 20.1 0.0 79.9
12 - 14 18.7 5.6 75.8 0.5 1.0 98.5
15 - 17 10.5 2.3 87.3 7.0 1.7 91.3
18 - 24 7.6 1.9 90.5 6.3 3.4 90.2
Rural 21.5 2.6 75.9 14.2 1.3 84.5
05 - 11 59.7 13.3 27.0 73.5 12.1 14.4
12 - 14 35.1 7.2 57.7 28.0 6.3 65.7
15 - 17 21.1 4.0 74.8 16.9 1.5 81.5
18 - 24 20.2 1.8 78.0 12.8 1.0 86.2
Male 19.2 3.0 77.8 14.3 1.3 84.4
05 - 11 59.1 13.2 27.7 75.2 7.3 17.5
12 - 14 35.8 8.0 56.2 27.0 5.4 67.6
15 - 17 21.5 4.6 74.0 18.8 0.9 80.3
18 - 24 17.0 2.1 80.9 12.5 1.2 86.3
Female 23.7 2.2 74.1 14.1 1.3 84.6
05 - 11 60.5 13.4 26.1 70.2 21.0 8.8
12 - 14 34.4 6.4 59.1 29.0 7.3 63.7
15 - 17 20.8 3.5 75.7 15.3 2.1 82.6
18 - 24 23.2 1.5 75.3 13.1 0.8 86.0

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 Chapter 7
Fertility and Mortality

7.1 Introduction

Demographic and health surveys are being conducted with regular frequency in Cambodia ever
since the first modern population census of the country was completed in 1998. The various
demographic enquiries consist of the Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS) 2000,
Cambodia Inter-censal Population Survey (CIPS) 2004, CDHS 2005, Population Census 2008,
CDHS 2010 and CIPS 2013.

Although the basic aim of these enquiries is to collect demographic and related data and produce
estimates based on them, they differ in terms of coverage, length of data collection and the amount
of training given to enumerators depending on the focus of the survey. For example, while the
censuses and Inter-censal surveys are designed to capture a snap-shot of the population and related
characteristics and do not produce much in-depth information, the demographic and health surveys
collect more detailed information on the fertility, health and mortality conditions focusing on
women of reproductive ages. As such, estimates of even the basic measures of fertility and
mortality derived from these various enquiries should be taken with the above-mentioned facts in
view, particularly when comparing the estimates based on them.

Registration of births and deaths in Cambodia is generally considered to be incomplete. Therefore,

censuses and surveys have become the main sources of demographic estimates in Cambodia as in
other countries with deficient vital registration systems. Because the questions about fertility and
mortality, especially infant and child mortality are very sensitive questions to be asked of the
respondents in any survey, it requires tact and a great deal of experience to obtain correct answers
from the respondents. A census or an Inter-censal survey is a large operation conducted to collect
information on a wide variety of topics. Therefore, in a census or a survey it is not possible to give
the enumerators much detailed training, nor is it possible to devote a long period of time to data
collection activities. Therefore, information related to fertility and child mortality collected in a
census or a survey is liable to be incomplete.

This is true also of the 2013 Cambodia Inter-censal Population Survey (CIPS 2013). Therefore,
different demographic techniques have to be applied for estimating fertility and early age mortality
from data collected at CIPS 2013. Some of the data collected require the application of the so called
indirect techniques to estimate measures of fertility and early age mortality while some other data
collected at CIPS 2013 can, in theory at least provide directly calculated measures of fertility and
early age mortality. However, the data for direct measurements are generally regarded as
incomplete. The indirect techniques of estimating fertility and early age mortality were first
developed by the late William Brass during the 1970s while studying the demography of sub-
Saharan Africa (United Nations 1983). The method of estimating fertility basically utilises
information collected at a census or survey on the number of children ever born to women classified
by age of women and reported number of child births during a fixed period prior to the census or
survey, also classified by age of women. The method originally developed by Brass relied on the
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assumption that fertility had remained constant in the period leading up to the census or the survey.
This assumption does not hold true, because most developing countries of the world have been
experiencing fertility decline. Therefore, Brass’s original method has been modified by several
demographers to take declining fertility into account. These modified methods include the Arriaga
one-census method, Arriaga two-census method and the Relational-Geompertz model.

The information on children ever born, together with information on children surviving (or children
dead) classified by age of women is used for estimating early age mortality (under the age of five
years) by the Child-Survivorship method developed by Brass, which like the method on fertility
estimation has also undergone some modification, notably by Trusell and by Polloni.

There are a few other indirect methods of estimating fertility. One such method, developed by Rele
(1967) converts information on child-woman ratio obtained from tabulations of population age-
distribution, to total fertility rates.

7.2 Source and quality of data

The main source of data for this analytical report is the 2013 Cambodia Inter-censal Population
Survey (CIPS 2013). Where appropriate other sources such as the 2008 Population census, the
Cambodian Demographic and Health Surveys of 2000, 2005 and 2010 and the 2004 Inter-censal
Population Survey have also been used.

No post enumeration survey (PES) was conducted after the CIPS 2013. Therefore, there is no way
of knowing the extent of enumeration in the survey. The quality of overall age-sex reporting has
been found to be good as indicated by the calculated values of Whipple’s index (107 for males and
112 for females on a scale of 100 to 500), indicating almost no preference or digits 0 and 5), Myer’s
index (9.6 for males and 12.1 for females on a scale of 0 to 180, indicating almost no digit
preference) and the UN-age-sex accuracy index (31.6, indicating reasonable accuracy). Thus it can
be assumed that the quality of data on age and sex collected at CIPS 2013 is good in general.
However, large scale under-reporting of births and deaths when direct questions were asked about
the occurrence of these events in the households in the past 12 months, cannot be ruled out.

7.2.1. Age-patterns of the average number of children ever born and surviving.

The average number of children ever born (CEB) by age-group of women shows the expected
increasing pattern with women’s age. The sex-ratios of CEB by age-group of women in the
reproductive ages 15-49 (Table 7.1) reveal that, except for the youngest age-groups 15-19 and 20-
24, the sex-ratios are in the acceptable range of 105 to 107 male children for every 100 female
children. The sex-ratio of CEB for the age-group 15-19 is unusually low at 83 male for 100 female
children, while the sex-ratio for the age-group 20-24 is also low at 99 male children for 100 female
children. Sex-ratios at birth in the age-group 15-49 should be well over 100 (Mathews and Brady
2005). If the sex-ratios of CEB in the age-groups15-19 and 20-24 are assumed to be equal to 105,
then the male children ever born may be considered to have been under-reported by mothers of
these two age-groups by 26% and 6.4% respectively1. Taken together, the adjustments in these two

1
The male CEB for the age-group would be equal to 1.05 times 18,326 (equal to 18,747) and the male CEB in the age-
group 20-24 would be equal to 1.05 times 198,121 (i.e., 204,328).
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age-groups would amount to an overall under-reporting of children ever born (and children
surviving) by about 9 percent2.

Table 7.1 Number of children ever born by age-group of women,

Cambodia-Total 2013

Number of children ever born (CEB) Sex ratio of CEB Average

Number number of
Age-group (Males per 100
of women Both sexes Males Females CEB per
Females) woman
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
15-19 769,818 33,567 15,242 18,326 83.2 0.044
20-24 802,710 393,656 195,535 198,121 98.7 0.490
25-29 676,517 870,424 450,244 420,180 107.2 1.287
30-34 629,941 1,283,541 662,869 620,672 106.8 2.038
35-39 373,794 1,030,264 529,753 500,511 105.8 2.756
40-44 455,941 1,527,464 788,347 739,116 106.7 3.350
45-49 406,380 1,527,195 790,079 737,116 107.2 3.758
Total 4,115,101 12,888,096 6,607,124 6,280,972 105.2 3.132
Source: Population Census of Cambodia, 2013. Priority Table F3. Females aged 15 and over by
Parity, Total Children Ever Born, 5-year Age Group and Educational level.

The average number of children ever born (CEB) by age-group of women shows the expected
increasing pattern with age of women at both the 2008 Census and 2013 CIPS. A comparison of the
CEB between 2008 and 2013 confirms a general decline in fertility in the last five years since the
2008 Census (Figure 1).

Figure 7.1 Average number of children ever born (CEB) by age-group

of women, Cambodia-Total 2008 and 2013.

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0
Average CEB

2.5

2.0

1.5
Av CEB 2008
1.0

0.5 Av CEB 2013

0.0

Source: Drawn from and Priority Table F5, 2008 Census, and Priority Table F, 2013 CIPS

2
This can be worked out by taking the difference between the “adjusted” CEB in the age-groups 15-19 and 20-24 (i.e.,
18,747+204,328) and the enumerated CEB in these two age-groups (15,242+195,535).
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Similarly, the pattern of the average number of children surviving by age-group of women show the
expected increasing pattern with women’s age (Figure 7.2). However, in both the graphs, the rising
shape of the curves of children ever born and children surviving indicates the continuation of
fertility till very late in the reproductive span.

Figure 7.2 Average number of children surviving (CS) by age-group

of women, Cambodia-Total 2008 and 2013.

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5
Average CS

2.0

1.5

1.0 Av CS 2008
Av CS 2013
0.5

0.0

Source: Drawn from and Priority Table F5, 2008 Census, and Priority Table F, 2013 CIPS

7.2.2 Childlessness

Childlessness or, the proportions of women having had no live birth decreases with age from age
15-19. Almost all of the women still childless at age 45-49 are childless due to their incapability to
produce a live birth. In other words, the proportion of women childless at age 45-49 indicates
primary sterility.

Table 7.2 Percent of all women with zero children ever born (“childless women”)
by age-group. Cambodia Total 1998-2013

1998 CDHS 2008 CDHS 2013

Age-group 2004 CIPS CDHS 2005
Census 2000 Census 2010 CIPS
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (1)
15-19 93.9 94.4 94.6 94.8 95.3 94.7 96.1
20-24 51.4 56.2 55.3 51.5 61.4 53.8 63.8
25-29 23.0 20.4 25.3 23.3 30.9 22.2 32.1
30-34 13.3 12.1 13.1 11.0 16.4 11.6 17.2
35-39 9.1 8.1 10.2 9.3 10.9 8.5 10.6
40-44 7.6 7.6 8.0 8.7 8.9 7.7 8.3
45-49 6.6 8.2 7.5 7.2 8.0 8.3 7.3
Total 37.6 36.9 39.6 36.9 42.2 35.9 42.9
Sources: Drawn from priority Table D3 1998 census, CDHS 2000, 2004 CIPS,
CDHS 2005, Priority Table F3 2008 Census, CDHS 2010 and Priority Table F, 2013 CIPS

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The proportions childless have remained fairly stable between the 1998 Census and the 2005 CDHS
in most of the age-groups, but show considerable increases in 2008 and 2013, particularly in the
age-groups 20-24 and above (Table 7.2). This could reflect a genuine tendency for a larger
percentage of women to not have children, but this could also indicate under-reporting of children
ever born, especially if those children are not living. Such under-reporting would have an impact on
both the fertility and mortality estimates. It may be noted that the CDHS 2010 data present a picture
more in line with the previous CDHS figures; in fact all the CDHS figures show on average lower
levels of childlessness compared to either the Census or the inter-censal surveys. Without much
more information at hand, these differences could be attributed to differences in sampling methods
for the CDHS on the one hand and the census or inter-censal surveys on the other.

Figure 7.3 Percent childless women by age. Cambodia, Total, 1998 – 2013

100.0

80.0
Percent childless women

1998 Census
60.0 2004 CIPS
2008 Census
2013 CIPS
40.0

20.0

0.0

Sources: Drawn from Priority Table D3 1998 census, 2004 CIPS, Priority Table F3 2008 Census and Priority
Table F CIPS 2013.

Childlessness percentages at the census and inter-censal surveys from 1998 to 2013, which follow
similar sampling and data collection methods in terms of the duration of fieldwork, are show in
Figure 7.3. An interesting pattern to be noted is that the percentage of childlessness by age is very
close between the 1998 Census and the 2004 CIPS, and between the 2008 Census and the 2013
CIPS. The comparison of childlessness percentages in the period 1998-2013 indicates that the major
divergence in the percentage of childlessness appears between the prime reproductive ages of 20
and 35 years, which is another indication of fertility decline in Cambodia.

7.3 Estimates of fertility

At the 2013 Cambodia Inter-censal Population Survey (CIPS 2013), as in previous censuses and
CIPS, two types of data were collected that were specifically related to fertility, namely:

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  Number of children ever born to women. When tabulated by five year age-group of
women this information can provide indirect estimates of fertility, and
 Births occurring to women in during the 12 months immediately preceding the census.
When tabulated by five year age-group of women, this information can provide direct
measures of fertility.

As mentioned earlier, there are several indirect techniques which can be applied to data on children
ever born for estimating age specific and total fertility rates. Again, as already mentioned, some of
the indirect techniques require certain assumptions regarding the past course of fertility. For
example, the Brass P/F Ratio method requires fertility to have remained unchanged. If this method
is applied to data when fertility has been declining, as is currently the case in Cambodia, it
overestimates current fertility. This was also the case with the estimate of total fertility rate based
on the 1998 Population census data. Data on the number of births during the last 12 months
provide direct measures of age-specific and total fertility rates but, as commonly observed in most
developing country, these data tend to under-report the number of children born in the past 12
months and therefore, underestimate fertility.

In addition, the following fertility related information can be derived from data collected at CIPS
2013:

Child-woman ratio (CWR): Rele (1967) found a linear relationship between CWR and gross
reproduction rate (GRR) for given levels of life expectancy at birth between 20 and 70 years. The
GRR, which is the total fertility rate for female birth only, can be converted to total fertility rate
(TFR) for both sexes combined by assuming a suitable sex ratio at birth. Two types of CWR can be
used for estimating TFR: (i) CWR as a ratio of the number of children (both sexes) aged 0-4 years
to the number of women aged 15 to 49 years, and (ii) the ratio of children (both sexes) aged 5-9
years to the number of women aged 20 to 54 years. In the present analysis, the CWR used is the
ratio of the number of children aged 0-4 to the number of women aged 15-49. The reference period
of fertility estimates based on the CWR is five years preceding the census or survey. However, the
TFR based on the Rele method is liable to be underestimated because the population aged 0-4 is
generally under-enumerated (NIS, 2005).

7.3.1 Estimates of fertility at the national level-Overall fertility

Table 7.3 gives the estimates of Cambodian fertility based on the 2013 for Cambodia Total. The
tables also provide estimates of Cambodian fertility for other periods from other sources for
comparative purposes. Table 7.3 shows that the estimates of TFR for Cambodia Total, based on
Arriaga Brass P/F Ratio, Arriaga-Arretx (Children Ever Born), the Rele and the Relational-
Geompertz methods are 2.17, 2.34, 2.25 and 2.71 respectively. The average of these is 2.37. Based
on reported births in the last 12 months the TFR works out to be 2.05, which is an underestimate.
The other indirect estimates are also considered somewhat underestimates because of the reasons
mentioned above.

One of the impacts of fertility decline in a population is the shrinking of the base of the age pyramid
(the 0-4 age-group). The age pyramids of the population of Cambodia in 1998 and 2008 show that
the proportion of the population aged 0-4 has declined from 12.8 percent in 1998 to 10.3 percent in
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2008 and to 8.9 percent in 2013, indicating a continuation of fertility decline which has started
before 1998. This is true notwithstanding possible under enumerations of the population aged 0-4
years. An approximate idea of the extent of decline in fertility during 2008-2013 may be obtained
from the quinquennial percentage decline in the proportion of the population age 0-4 years between
2008 and 2013, which works out to be about 13.3 percent. The 2010 CDHS gave a TFR of 3.0 for
Cambodia Total, which is centered on mid-2008. A 13.3 percent decline over five years would
imply a TFR of 2.6 centered on mid – 2013.

Therefore, taking into account the above arguments and the declining trend in fertility in Cambodia
since 2000, it may be concluded that the total fertility rate in Cambodia during 2008-2013 falls
within the range 2.6 to 3.0, or an average of the two, namely 2.8. The directly calculated total
fertility rate based on births in the household in the last 12 months is 2.05. This means that the
estimated total fertility rate is 1.37 times higher than the directly calculated total fertility rate (2.8
divided by 2.05 or 1.37).

Assuming that the pattern of fertility by age of women is correctly reflected in the reported number
of births in the last 12 months (this assumption is the basis of the indirect techniques of fertility
estimation based on Brass type methods or their modifications), the directly calculated age-specific
fertility rates (ASFRs) are inflated by the factor of 1.37 and shown below in Table 7.3a.

Table 7.3 Estimates of fertility based on the Cambodia Intercensal Population Survey 2013 (CIPS
2013): Cambodia Total

Estimated Estimated crude

Total Fertility birth rate per Reference
Method Reference Period
Rate (TFR) 1,000 Point
per woman population
Based on 2013 CIPS
Arriaga Brass P/F Ratio 2.17 N.A. March 2012-March 2013 Sept 2012
Arriaga-Arretx (Children
2.34 N.A. March 2012-March 2013 Sept 2012
Ever Born)
Rele (CWR 0-4,15-49);
2.25 N.A March 2008-March 2013 Sept 2010
(e0=66.4)
Relational Geompertz
Model (3+3 point, average 2.71 N.A. March 2012-March 2013 Sept 2012
of age 20 to 35)
Direct estimate
(based on reported births in 2.05 18.45 March 2007-March 2008 Sept 2007
the past 12 months)

Other estimates
2010 CDHS 3.0 24.2 2007-2010 June 2008
2005 CDHS 3.4 N.A 2002-2005 June 2004
Source: Based on computations of direct and indirect estimates of fertility from data obtained from Priority Tables
(Total)

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 Table 7.3a Directly calculated and adjusted age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs),
Cambodia 2013. Total, Urban and Rural
Age-specific fertility rate
Age-group of
Before adjustment After adjustment
women
Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
15-19 0.022 0.01 0.03 0.030 0.01 0.03
20-24 0.115 0.07 0.14 0.157 0.10 0.17
25-29 0.117 0.07 0.15 0.160 0.11 0.18
30-34 0.088 0.09 0.11 0.120 0.13 0.13
35-39 0.043 0.04 0.05 0.059 0.06 0.06
40-44 0.020 0.01 0.03 0.027 0.01 0.03
45-49 0.005 0.01 0.01 0.006 0.01 0.01
Total fertility rate 2.05 1.45 2.52 2.80 2.15 3.05
Source: Calculated from priority Table F1, 2013 CIPS.

Figure 7.4 shows a comparison of the age-specific fertility rates for Cambodia (Total) based on data
from the Cambodia Demographic and Health Surveys of 2005 and 2010, the Cambodian Population
Census of 2008 and the Cambodia Inter-censal Population Survey 2013 (CIPS 2013). While the
levels of the curves indicate a decline in fertility in Cambodia over time, it may also be noted that
the CDHS 2010 and CIPS 2013 data suggest a peaking of women’s childbearing at ages 25-29
years, indicating a tendency among Cambodian women to start to postpone their child birth,
particularly in the recent past.

Figure 7.4 Age specific fertility rates (ASFR) Cambodia-Total

0.20
0.18
0.16 CDHS 2005
0.14 Census 2008
ASFR per woman

0.12 CDHS 2010

0.10 CIPS 2013
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
15 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49
Age-group of women

Tables 7.3 and 7.4 present the estimates of fertility for Cambodia Urban and Cambodia Rural
respectively according to the same indirect techniques that have been used for Cambodia Total.
Following similar arguments as those for Cambodia Total, the directly calculated TFRs for
Cambodia Urban and Cambodia Rural (Tables 7.4 and 7.5) are adjusted upwards by multiplying
them with the factor 1.37. These estimates are shown in Table 7.3a above.

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 Table 7.4 Estimates of fertility based on the Cambodia Inter-censal Population Survey 2013
(CIPS 2013) Cambodia-Urban

Estimated
Estimated Total
crude birth
Fertility Rate Reference
Method rate per Reference Period
(TFR) per Point
1,000
woman
population
Based on 2008 census
Arriaga Brass P/F Ratio 2.06 N.A. March 2012-March 2013 Sept 2012
Arriaga-Arretx (Children Ever
Born) 2.53 N.A March 2012-March 2013 Sept 2012

Rele (CWR 0-4,15-49);

(e0=66.4) 1.77 N.A March 2008-March 20138 Sept 2010

Relational Geompertz Model

(3+3 point, average of age 20 2.71 N.A. March 2012-March 2013 Sept 2012
to 35)
Direct estimate
(based on reported births in 1.45 14.3 March 2012-March 2013 Sept 2012
the past 12 months)

Other estimates
2010 CDHS 2.2 N.A 2007-2010 June 2008
2005 CDHS 2.8 N.A 2002-2005 June 2004
Source: Based on computations of direct and indirect estimates of fertility from data obtained from Priority Tables F
(Urban)

Table 7.5 Estimates of fertility based on the Cambodia Inter-censal Population Survey 2013
(CIPS 2013) Cambodia-Rural

Method Estimated Total Estimated Reference Period Reference

Fertility Rate crude birth Point
(TFR) per rate per 1,000
woman population

Based on 2008 census

Arriaga Brass P/F Ratio 2.28 N.A. March 2012-March 2013 Sept 2012
Arriaga-Arretx (Children
2.34 N.A March 2007-March 2008 Sept 2007
Ever Born)
Rele (CWR 0-4,15-49);
2.39 N.A March 2008-March 2013 Sept 2010
(e0=63.94)
Relational Geompertz
Model (3+3 point, average 2.99 N.A. March 2012-March 2013 Sept 2012
of age 20 to 35)
Direct estimate
(based on reported births in 2.52 19.6 March 2012-March 2013 Sept 2012
the past 12 months)
Other estimates
2010 CDHS 3.3 N.A 2007-2010 June 2008
2005 CDHS 3.5 N.A 2002-2005 Sep 2007
Source: Based on computations of direct and indirect estimates of fertility from data obtained from Priority
Tables F1 to F4. (Rural)

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7.4 Estimates of early age mortality-Total, Urban and Rural

The following mortality related data are available from the 2013 Inter-censal Population Survey
(CIPS 2013):
 Number of children ever born and surviving to women of reproductive ages 15 and above,
classified by 5 year age-group of women. This can provide indirect estimates of early age
mortality.
 Deaths occurring in the household during the 12 months immediately preceding the
survey, classified by age of the deceased. This type of data can provide direct estimates of
early age and adult mortality. These data also included information on deaths of women of
reproductive ages due to maternal causes, i.e., deaths related to pregnancy and child birth,
and their sequelae for up to 42 days after delivery. This type of data can provide direct
estimate of maternal mortality.

In the present analysis, estimates of early age mortality, comprising infant and child mortality (for
both sexes combined and by sex), and maternal mortality will be presented.

The method of indirectly estimating infant and child mortality from information on children ever
born and children surviving, classified by age-group of women consists of calculating the
proportions of children dead (as a complement of the proportions of children surviving) and
converting them to measures of probability of dying under various ages under 5 with use of
multipliers developed by Brass (see United Nations, 1983: for a description of the method). The
software QFIVE of MORTPAK 4.3, developed by the United Nations has been used for estimating
early age mortality in Cambodia.

The estimates of infant mortality for both sexes combined, derived by the Trussell (Model West)
variant and the Polloni-Heligman (UN General Model) variant of the Brass method from
information on children ever born and children surviving for Cambodia Total, Urban and Rural are
of the order of 22-23, 7-8 and 25-26 per 1,000 live births respectively (Tables 7.6, 7.7 and 7.8). The
approximate measure of infant mortality obtained by taking the ratio of the deaths under the age of
one year to the number of live births in past 12 months shows a figure of 25,7 and 29 infant deaths
per 1,000 live births for Cambodia Total, urban and rural respectively (Table 7.6). These estimates
are rather low, as are the estimates of child and under-five mortality, particularly in the context of
the immediately past declines in early age mortality indicated by the 2000, 2005 and 2010
Cambodian Demographic and Health Survey, and the estimates of early age mortality derived from
the 2008 Population Census.

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 Table 7.6 Estimates of early age mortality and crude death rate based
on the Cambodia Inter-censal Population Survey 2013 (CIPS 2013) Cambodia-Total

Infant Child Under five Crude death rate

Method mortality mortality rate mortality per 1,000 Reference Period Reference Point
rate (1q0) (4q1) (5q0) population
Based on CIPS 2013: Children Ever Born and Children Surviving (Brass type methods)
(i) Palloni-Heligman: UN General Model 0.022 0.005 0.027 N.A N.A Feb 2011
(ii) Trussell: Coale-Demeny West Model 0.023 0.007 0.027 N.A N.A March 2011
Direct estimate (based on reported births in the past 12 months)
Direct estimate 0.025 N.A 0.040 3.95 March 2012-March 2013 Sept 2012
Other estimates
2010 CDHS 0.045 0.009 0.054 Mar 2006-Mar 2010 March 2008
Based on 2008 Census:
First estimates based on Children Ever Born and Children Surviving (Brass type methods)
(i) Palloni-Heligman: UN General Model 0.026 0.006 0.027 N.A N.A Jan 2006
(ii) Trussell: Coale-Demeny West Model 0.026 0.007 0.044 N.A N.A Feb 2006
Final estimates based on 2008 Census

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Final estimate 60 NA NA NA Mar 2007-Sep 2008 Sep 2007
2005 CDHS 0.066 0.019 0.083 1995-2005 June 2000
Source: Based on computations of direct and indirect estimates of infant mortality from data obtained from Priority Mortality Table F1, 2013 CIPS (Total)
and other relevant publications.

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 Table 7.7 Estimates of early age mortality, and crude death rate based
on the Cambodia Inter-censal Population Survey 2013 Cambodia Urban

Child mortality Under five Crude death

Infant mortality Reference
Method rate mortality rate per 1,000 Reference Period
rate (1q0) Point
(4q1) (5q0) population
Based on CIPS 2013: Children Ever Born and Children Surviving (Brass type methods)
(i) Palloni-Heligman: UN General Model 0.007 0.002 0.009 N.A N.A Feb 2011
(ii) Trussell: Coale-Demeny West Model 0.008 0.001 0.009 N.A N.A March 2011
Direct estimate (based on reported births in the past 12 months)
Direct estimate 0.007 N.A 0.011549.A 2.48 March 2012-March 2013 Sep 2012
Other estimates
2010 CDHS 0.022 0.007 0.029 N.A 2000-2010 March 2005
Based on 2008 Census:
First estimates based on Children Ever Born and Children Surviving (Brass type methods)
(i) Palloni-Heligman: UN General Model Less than 0.024 0.005 0.021 N.A N.A Jan 2006
(ii) Trussell: Coale-Demeny West Model 0.017 0.002 0.022 N.A N.A Feb 2006
Final estimates based on 2008 Census
Final estimates 35 NA NA NA Mar 2007-Mar 2008 Sep 2007

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2005 CDHS 0.065 0.012 0.076 N.A 1995-2005 June 2000
Source: Based on computations of direct and indirect estimates of infant mortality from data obtained from Priority Mortality Table F1, 2013 CIPS (Urban) and other relevant publications

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 Table 7.8 Estimates of early age mortality, and crude death rate based
on the Cambodia Inter-censal Population Survey 2013: Cambodia Rural

Infant Child Under five Crude death rate

Method mortality rate mortality rate mortality per 1,000 Reference Period Reference Point
(1q0) (4q1) (5q0) population

Based on CIPS 2013: Children Ever Born and Children Surviving (Brass type methods)
(i) Palloni-Heligman: UN General Model 0.025 0.006 0.031 N.A. N.A Feb 2011
(ii) Trussell: Coale-Demeny West Model 0.026 0.004 0.030 N.A N.A March 2011
Direct estimate (based on reported births in the past 12 months)
Direct estimate 0.029 N.A N.A 3.64 N.A N.A
Other estimates
2010 CDHS 0.064 0.012 0.075 N.A 2000-2010 March 2005
Based on 2008 Census:
First estimates based on Children Ever Born and Children Surviving (Brass type methods)
(i) Palloni-Heligman: UN General Model 0.027 0.006 0.031 N.A N.A Feb 2006

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(ii) Trussell: Coale-Demeny West Model 0.026 0.004 0.030 N.A N.A March 2006
Final estimates based on 2008 Census
Final estimates 62 NA NA NA Mar 2007-Mar 2008 Sep 2007
2005 CDHS 0.092 0.021 0.111 N.A 1995-2005 June 2000
Source: Based on computations of direct and indirect estimates of infant mortality from data obtained from Priority Mortality Table F1, 2013 CIPS (Rural) and other relevant publications

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The trends in infant mortality according to the CDHS 2000, 2005 and 2010 are shown in Figure 7.5.
This figure also shows the fitted trend line and the forecast for the period corresponding to CIPS 2013.
The trend line is third degree polynomial, which provides a perfect fit as indicated by the R2 value of 1.
The forecast based on this trend line gives an expected IMR of about 34 per 1,000 live births for the
period corresponding to CIPS 2013.
Figure 7.5 Line graph and trend line infant mortality rate (IMR) CDHS 2000, 2005, 2010

100
95 95
90
85
IMR per 1,000 live births

80 Series1
75 Trend line (3rd degre polynomial)
70
65 66
60
55
50
45 45
40
35
30
25
20

Source: Drawn from data obtained from the various surveys mentioned above.

Figure 7.6 shows the trends in infant mortality in Cambodia according to the CDHS 2000, CDHS 2005,
Census 2008 and CDHS 2010, and a fitted Power trend line. The forecast based on this power trend
line gives an expected IMR of about 32 per 1,000 live births for the period corresponding to CIPS
2013.
Figure 7.6 Line graph and trend line IMR CDHS 2000-2005, Census 2008, CDHS 2010

100
95
90
IMR per 1,000 live births

80 Series1

70 Trend line (Power)

66
60 60
50
45
40
30
20
10

Source: Drawn from data obtained from the various surveys mentioned above.
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The average of these two expected values of IMR (i.e., 34 and 32) is 33.0, which may be taken as the
infant mortality rate for Cambodia Total as of CIPS 2013. The reference period for this rate is March
2012-March 2013 and the reference point is September 2012. The ratio of this value (33) to the directly
estimated IMR of 25 is 1.32, which may be used as the correction factor for the directly calculated IMR
for urban and rural areas and the directly calculated under five mortality rates (U5MR) for total, urban
and rural areas (see Table 7.6).

Thus the plausible estimates of infant mortality for both sexes combined for Cambodia 2013, Total,
Urban and Rural areas can be stated as follows:

Table 7.9 Adjusted infant mortality rates and under five mortality rates per 1,000 live birth,
Cambodia 2013 (Both sexes combined) (Reference period: March 2012-March 2013)

(Adjustment factor = 1.32)

Infant Mortality Rate
Before adjustment After adjustment
Total 25 33
Urban 7 9
Rural 29 38
Under Five Mortality Rate
Before adjustment After adjustment
Total 40 53
Urban 12 15
Rural 46 60
Source: Calculated from Tables 10, 11 and 12 based on adjustment factor discussed above

The estimate of under-five mortality (U5MR) from CDHS 2010 for Cambodia (Total, both sexes
combined) is 54 per 1,000 live births for the period 2005-2010. The estimates of U5MR for Urban and
Rural areas from CDHD 2010 are 29 and 75 per 1,000 live births for the period 2000-2010. Therefore,
the adjusted estimated of U5MR from CIPS 2013 appear to be consistent with the trend implied by the
CDHS 2010 estimates. However, even though the urban and rural U5MR appear to have recorded
declines from 29 and 75 to 15 and 60 respectively, the Total U5MR seems to have declined from 54 to
only 53. This is being further investigated.

7.5 Conclusion

The best source of information on fertility and mortality is a complete and accurate vital registration
system. Until such time as a vital registration system is fully operational in Cambodia, data collected at
censuses and surveys have to be depended upon for estimating fertility and mortality. In surveys such
as the Demographic and Health Survey, sufficient resources and time can be devoted to training the
enumerators and to data collection which helps in the collection of good quality data. However, this
simply cannot be done in a census, or an inter-censal survey. As such, estimates of fertility and
mortality based on the CIPS 2013 data should be interpreted as providing indications of trends in these
demographic parameters and of the range in which the values of parameters could lie.

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87
Considering all the factors mentioned above and taking into account the trends in demographic
parameters from other sources and various estimates derived in this chapter, it may be concluded that
the total fertility rate in Cambodia derived from the CIPS 2013 data is around 2.80, 2.15 and 3.05 for
Total, Urban and Rural areas respectively (with a reference period of March 2012-March 2013), the
infant mortality rate is around 33, 9 and 38 per 1,000 live births for the Total, Urban and Rural areas
respectively (reference period March 2012-March 2013), the under-five mortality rate (U5MR) is
around 53, 15 and 60 per 1,000 live births for Total, Urban and Rural areas respectively
Figure 7.7 Trend in total fertility rate, Cambodia-Total. CDHS 2000 - CIPS 2013
4.5

4 4

3.5
3.4
Total feetility rate

3 3
2.8

2.5

2
CDHS 2000 CDHS 2005 CDHS 2010 CIPS 2013

Figure 7.8 Trend in infant mortality rate, Cambodia-Total. CDHS 2000 - CIPS 2013
120
Infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births

100
96

80

66
60

45
40
33

20

0
CDHS 2000 CDHS 2005 CDHS 2010 CIPS 2013

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 Chapter 8
Migration

8.1 Definition of Migration

Migration is defined as the process of changing residence from one geographical location to another. In
combination with fertility and mortality, migration determines the size and the rate of population
growth as well as its structure and characteristics. This topic is of great importance and interest not
only to demographers but also to economists, sociologists, human geographers, political scientists, law
and policy makers, planners and public administrators.

The place of birth data enables classification of enumerated persons as (i) life-time migrants defined as
persons who were enumerated in a place which is different from the place where they were born and
(ii) life-time non-migrants defined as persons who were enumerated in their places of birth. While
estimating migration on the basis of information on place of birth only a single movement directly from
the place of birth to the place of enumeration is assumed. Actually some persons might have moved
into the place of enumeration from some place other than the birth place. Further, it also assumed that
all persons enumerated at their places of birth are non-migrants. This may not be necessarily true as
some of these persons might have moved out of their places of birth for some time and moved back to
their places of birth. It is necessary to include such return-migrants in the category of migrants. In order
to obtain information on the last move, it is essential to ask in the census about place of previous
residence.

In accordance with UN recommendations, the 2008 census questionnaire of Cambodia had included
questions on place of birth as well as place of previous residence for studying the migration
characteristics of the population. The same approach was made in CIPS 2013 also with the collection
of information on the movement of population through the following questions: (Part B Household
Questionnaire Part 2: Individual Particulars): Col. 12 Birth Place, Col. 13 Previous Residence, Col. 14
Duration of Stay (How long has the person lived in this village) and Col. 15 Reason for Migration.

The data on place of birth has already been analyzed in Chapter 3 as part of the classification of
population according to place of birth. In this chapter information collected on previous residence will
be analyzed. For the purpose of this analysis a migrant refers to a person who has moved to the place of
enumeration from another village (or another country) which was the person’s last previous residence.

8.2 Migrant Population

Table 8.1 provides a comparative picture of the absolute numbers of migrants and non-migrants in
Cambodia in 2008 and 2013. The number of migrants has increased by about 19 percent during the five
years. The rate of increase of male migrants (19.2 percent) is only marginally less than that of female
migrants (19.6 percent).

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 Table 8.1 Population by Sex Classified as Non-Migrants and Migrants, Cambodia 2008 and 2013
Year Both Sexes Males Females
Total Non Migrants Migrants Total Non Migrants Migrants Total Non Migrants Migrants
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
Cambodia-Both Sexes
2013 14,676,591 10,434,898 4,241,693 7,121,508 4,984,314 2,137,194 7,555,083 5,450,584 2,104,499
2008 13,395,682 9,843,337 3,552,345 6,516054 4,723,429 1,792,625 6,879,628 5,119,908 1,759,720
Cambodia-Urban
2013 3,146,212 1,591,972 1,554,240 1,527,479 784,380 743,099 1,618,734 807,593 811,141
2008 2,614,027 1,099,780 1,514,247 1,255,570 537,790 717,780 1,358,457 561,990 796,467
Cambodia-Rural
2013 11,530,378 8,842,925 2,687,453 5,594,029 4,199,934 1,394,095 5,936,349 4,642,991 1,293,358
2008 10,781,655 8,743,557 2038098 5,260,484 4,185,639 1,074,845 5,521,171 4,557,918 963,253

The proportions of migrant and non-migrant population to total population are shown in Table 8.2.The percentage of migrants at national level (28.9
per cent) is slightly higher than the corresponding proportion in 2008 (26.5 per cent). As is to be expected, the proportion of migrants in urban areas
is much higher than that in rural areas. About 71 percent of the population of Cambodia, with females forming a slightly higher proportion, is non-

90
migrants. They never had residence other than their respective places of enumeration in 2013(Table 8.1).

Table 8.2 Proportions of Non-Migrant and Migrant Populations by Sex and Residence, Cambodia 2008 and 2013
2008 2013
Residence Non Migrants Migrants Non Migrants Migrants
Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes Male Female
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13)
Total-Percent 73.5 72.5 74.4 26.5 27.5 25.6 71.1 70.0 72.1 28.9 30.0 27.9
Urban-Percent 42.1 42.8 41.4 57.9 57.2 58.6 50.6 51.4 49.9 49.4 48.6 50.1
Rural-Percent 81.1 79.6 82.6 18.9 20.4 17.5 76.7 75.1 78.2 23.3 24.9 21.8

Table 8.3 shows the distribution of migrants according to the location of previous residence, namely within the province of enumeration, in another
province or outside Cambodia. There is no spectacular change in the pattern of distribution during 2008-2013. However, the proportion of migrants
within the province of enumeration has increased by four percentage points and the proportion of migrants from another province has declined by
the same percentage in 2013 when compared to 2008. The proportion of international migrants continues to remain low at about 2.5 per cent.

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 Table 8.3 Distribution of Migrants by Place of Previous Residence, Cambodia 2008-2013
2008 2013
Previous Residence
Both Sexes Males Females Both Sexes Males Females
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100
Within the province of enumeration 51.3 52.3 50.4 55.4 55.9 54.8
In another Province 46.0 45.0 47.0 42.1 41.7 42.5
Outside Cambodia 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.6

8.3 Internal migration

Table 8.4 Internal Migrant Population by Place of last Residence,
Sex and Residence, Cambodia 2008-2013
Place of Enumeration
Previous
Total Urban Rural
Residence
Both Sexes Males Females Both Sexes Males Females Both Sexes Males Females
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
2008
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Urban 21.6 21.2 22.0 35.4 36.0 34.9 11.3 11.3 11.3
Rural 78.4 78.8 78.0 64.6 64.0 65.1 88.7 88.7 88.7
2013
Total 100 82.83 100 100 75.67 100 100 86.61 100
Urban 17.1 16.2 18.0 32.9 32.1 33.6 8.1 7.9 8.3
Rural 82.9 66.6 82.0 67.1 43.5 66.4 91.9 78.8 91.7

As may be seen from Table 8.3 internal migrants constitute 97.4 per cent of all migrants in Cambodia
in 2013, showing a marginal increase from the corresponding proportion of 97.2 per cent five years
earlier. In the urban areas, most of the persons enumerated had migrated from the rural areas. On the
other hand a large majority of migrants in the rural areas are from other rural areas (Table 8.4). Nearly
two-thirds of migrants in the urban areas have been from rural areas both in 2008 and 2013.

Table 8.5 Distribution of Internal Migrants by Migration Stream and Sex, Cambodia 2008-2013
2008 2013
Stream of Migration
Both Sexes Males Females Both Sexes Males Females
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100
Rural to Rural 50.9 53.3 48.5 58.4 60.3 56.5
Rural to Urban 27.5 25.6 29.5 24.5 23.5 25.5
Urban to Rural 6.5 6.8 6.2 5.1 5.1 5.1
Urban to Urban 15.1 14.4 15.9 12.0 11.1 12.9

Among the internal migrants, rural to rural migrants predominate both in 2008 and 2013 with an
increased proportion in 2013 (Table 8.5). The proportions of rural to urban migrants as well as that of
urban to urban migrants have each declined by three percentage points during the five years with the
former constituting nearly one quarter of all internal migrants and the latter accounting for almost half
of that in 2013.

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8.4 Reason for Migration

Table 8.6 Distribution of Migrants by Reason for Migration and Sex Cambodia 2008-2013
2008 2013
Reason for Migration
Both Sexes Males Females Both Sexes Males Females
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100
Transfer of work place 9.2 13.8 4.5 5.2 6.8 3.5
In search of employment 21.5 24.2 18.8 13.2 15.4 10.9
Education 2.7 3.5 1.9 1.4 1.6 1.2
Marriage 14.6 18.6 10.6 21.8 28.7 14.8
Family Moved 37.9 27.3 48.7 42.2 33.2 51.3
Repatriation/Return after displacement 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.1
Natural calamities 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2
Insecurity 1.9 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.2 2.7
Orphaned 5.6 5.2 6.4 10.2 8.5 11.9
Lost land/lost home 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2
Visiting only 3.7 2.7 4.7 1.2 1.2 1.2
Other 1.0 1.2 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0
Note: Excluding not reported

The percentage distribution of migrants by reason for migration and sex is presented in Table 8.6.
Migrants who have changed their residence for the reason “family moved” continue to be the highest
during the decade. This reason for migration applies to a member of a family who had to move to the
place of enumeration from a previous residence because the entire family had moved. For instance if
one of the members migrated to another place because his/her place of work is shifted the reason for
his migration is “Transfer of work place”. For the other members of this family who had to also move
with him the reason for migration is “Family Moved”. As for other reasons, marriage, in search of
employment and orphaned have each proportions more than 10. Females who had migrated as they
were orphaned form a higher proportion than that of males who had migrated for the same reason.

Figure 8.1 Reasons for Migration, Cambodia 2008 and 2013

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8.5 Duration of Residence of Migrants

Table 8.7 Distribution of Internal Migrants by Duration of Residence in Place of

Enumeration and Residence, Cambodia 2008-2013

Duration of Residence
Residence
Total <1 year 1– 4 years 5-9years 10-19 years 20+ years
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
2008
Total 100 8.9 26.8 18.3 21.5 24.5
Urban 100 10.6 31.8 17.0 21.6 19.0
Rural 100 7.6 23.1 19.3 21.4 28.6
2013
Total 100 3.8 16.1 16.1 24.7 39.3
Urban 100 3.9 17.4 18.3 25.3 35.1
Rural 100 3.7 15.3 14.9 24.4 41.7

As per CIPS 2013, about 36 percent of the internal migrants to the place of enumeration have stayed
there for less than ten years. The remaining 64 percent are long term residents for 10 years and more
(Table 8.7). The proportion of migrants who have stayed in the place of enumeration for less than five
years in 2013, is higher in urban areas (21.3 per cent) than in rural areas (19.0 percent).A similar
situation existed in 2008 also though the proportions were higher with 42.4 per cent in urban areas and
30.7 in rural areas.

8.6 Migrants by Age Group

Table 8.8 Percent Distribution of Migrants by Five-Year Age Group and Sex,
Cambodia 2008-2013
2008 2013
Age Group
Both Sexes Males Females Both Sexes Males Females
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Total Number of
100 100 100 100 100 100
Migrants Aged 10 +
10 – 14 5.8 5.9 5.7 3.2 3.4 2.9
15 – 19 9.8 9.4 10.2 5.1 4.9 5.4
20 – 24 13.1 12.8 13.4 9.3 9.3 9.2
25 – 29 13.5 14.3 12.7 10.4 11.4 9.5
30 – 34 8.4 9.1 7.8 11.3 12.0 10.5
35 – 39 10.8 11.6 10.0 8.5 9.4 7.6
40 – 44 9.5 10.0 9.0 10.8 11.0 10.6
45 – 49 8.5 8.6 8.5 10.1 10.7 9.5
50 – 54 6.5 5.8 7.2 9.2 8.9 9.5
55 – 59 4.9 4.5 5.3 7.1 6.2 8.1
60 – 64 3.2 3.0 3.5 5.4 4.8 6.0
65 – 69 2.4 2.2 2.6 3.7 3.1 4.3
70 – 74 1.6 1.4 1.9 2.7 2.2 3.1
75+ 1.9 1.5 2.3 3.2 2.6 3.7

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In 2008 the age group 25-29 had the highest proportion of migrants closely followed by the age group
20-24. These two age groups together accounted for little more than a quarter of the total migrants in
2008. Five years later, in 2013, as is to be expected, the age group 30-34 has the highest proportion of
migrants (Table8.8). The age groups 40-44, 25-29, 45-49 and 50-54 come next in that order. These five
age groups together account for nearly 52 percent of total internal migrants in Cambodia. The age-wise
migration trends are depicted in Figure 8.2. The proportion of migrants steeply falls in the age group
30-34 in 2008 and the age group 35-39 in 2013. This is due to the disturbed conditions in the country in
1976-1979 when movement of people was restricted. Another notable feature is that the proportion of
female migrants is more than that of males in every age group beyond 50 both in 2008 and 2013.

Figure 8.2 Distribution of Migrants by Five Year Age Group and Sex, Cambodia 2008-2013

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 Table 8.9 Distribution of Migrants 10 years of Age and older by Sex, Usual Activity Status and Educational Level,
Cambodia 2008 and 2013
Literate by Educational Level
Usual Activity Status Total Illiterate Literate Primary
Lower Secondary Beyond
None Not Primary
Secondary / Diploma Secondary
Completed
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
2008
Both Sexes 100 19.0 81.0 2.9 38.7 28.5 23.2 3.3 3.5
Employed 100 19.5 80.5 2.9 39.2 29.2 22.7 3.1 3.0
Employed any time before 100 19.7 80.3 6.8 38.2 29.6 21.1 1.9 2.4
Never employed any time before 100 17.2 82.8 3.8 32.7 29.9 28.9 3.7 1.0
Not Economically Active 100 17.5 82.5 2.9 37.6 26.2 24.4 3.6 5.4
Males 100 12.5 87.5 2.3 33.8 29.1 26.3 4.0 4.5
Employed 100 13.1 86.9 2.4 33.9 30.0 26.2 3.8 3.7
Employed any time before 100 13.5 86.5 5.7 33.1 30.8 24.9 2.5 3.0
Never employed any time before 100 4.4 85.6 3.3 26.6 28.9 32.3 4.3 4.5
Not Economically Active 100 9.3 90.7 1.6 33.9 24.9 26.6 4.8 8.2
Females 100 25.6 74.4 3.6 44.5 27.7 19.4 2.4 2.4
Employed 100 27.2 72.8 3.5 46.9 28.0 17.6 2.2 1.8

95
Employed any time before 100 26.2 73.8 8.1 44.2 28.2 16.6 1.2 1.7
Never employed any time before 100 18.4 81.6 4.1 35.4 29.4 25.7 3.1 2.3
Not Economically Active 100 22.4 77.6 3.7 40.2 27.0 22.8 2.8 3.4
2013
Both Sexes 100 20.2 79.8 3.3 33.7 28.3 25.3 5.6 3.7
Employed 100 19.2 80.8 3.0 33.2 29.2 25.6 4.6 4.4
Employed any time before 100 24.6 75.4 3.4 44.6 26.4 20.6 2.7 2.3
Never employed any time before 100 30.3 69.7 4.6 23.6 29.0 31.7 9.7 1.5
Not Economically Active 100 23.5 76.5 4.3 36.1 24.8 23.9 9.7 1.1
Males 100 12.5 87.5 2.8 29.3 28.8 27.9 6.4 4.6
Employed 100 12.8 87.2 2.8 28.6 29.7 28.4 5.2 5.2
Employed any time before 100 16.5 83.5 5.3 33.7 29.6 25.0 2.3 4.2
Never employed any time before 100 24.4 75.6 4.6 16.7 32.2 33.4 10.6 2.5
Not Economically Active 100 9.0 90.9 2.7 34.1 22.8 24.8 14.2 1.3
Females 100 28.1 71.9 3.9 39.2 27.7 22.1 4.6 2.5
Employed 100 26.9 73.1 3.3 39.9 28.4 21.5 3.7 3.2
Employed any time before 100 32.2 67.7 1.2 57.3 22.7 15.5 3.2 0.1
Never employed any time before 100 33.4 66.6 4.5 27.8 27.0 30.7 9.1 0.8
Not Economically Active 100 30.7 69.3 5.4 37.4 26.1 23.3 6.8 0.9
Note: Excluding educational levels Other and Not reported

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8.7 Economic Activity and Educational Levels of Migrants

According to CIPS 2013, out of 4,175,550 migrants in Cambodia, the numbers of persons
employed, unemployed any time before and unemployed never employed any time before, were
3,214,655; 33,365; and 54,854 respectively. This gives the percentage of economically active
persons among migrants as 79 and that of economically inactive persons as 21 (Table 8.9). In 2008
the percentage of economically inactive persons among these migrants was little higher (24 per
cent). The economically inactive persons among migrants may be mostly family members
accompanying the economically active members of the family. From CIPS 2013 data it is observed
that women form two-thirds of the economically inactive persons among migrants. The
corresponding proportion in 2008 was slightly less with 63 per cent.

Table 8.10 Distribution of Economically Active Migrants aged 5 Year and Older by Major
Group of Occupation and Sex 2008-2013

Major group of Occupation 2008 2013

Major
Description Both Sexes Males Females Both Sexes Males Females
group
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100
0 Armed Forces 1.8 3.0 0.2 1.4 2.4 0.3
1 Managers 1.0 1.4 0.5 1.0 1.5 0.4
2 Professionals 2.6 3.1 2.0 4.5 4.9 3.9
Technicians and Associate
3 4.1 5.3 2.5 2.2 2.4 1.9
Professionals
4 Clerical Support Workers 3.1 3.8 2.3 3.8 4.8 2.6
5 Service and Sales Workers 15.8 11.8 20.8 17.7 12.4 24.2
Skilled Agricultural, Forestry and
6 49.1 47.1 51.4 50.4 49.3 51.7
Fishery Workers
7 Craft and Related Workers 11.5 9.7 13.7 9.3 9.1 9.6
Plant and Machine Operators and
8 3.4 5.8 0.4 3.0 5.3 0.2
Assemblers
9 Elementary Occupations 7.8 9.2 6.2 6.7 8.0 5.2

Table 8.10 presents the percent distribution of economically active migrants by major group of
occupation from 2008 Census and CIPS 2013. In 2008, skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery
workers formed 49 percent of such migrants. In 2013 it has slightly increased to 50.4 per cent. In
both the years the occupational categories which have the second and third highest proportions of
migrant economically active workers are Service and Sales workers, and Craft and related workers.
These three categories together form about 76 percent and 77 per cent of the economically active
migrants in 2008 and 2013 respectively. The combined proportions of these categories were 70.1
for males and 85.5 for females in 2013.There is a slight decline in the proportions of elementary
operations during the five years.
The educational levels of the migrants are fairly higher than the educational levels of the total
population. For example the percentages 25.3, 5.6, and 3.7 of migrants qualified with Lower
Secondary, Secondary and beyond secondary levels are higher than the corresponding proportions
among the total population, namely, 21.0, 3.9 and 1.8 respectively ( See Chapter 5).

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 Chapter 9
Population with Disability

9.1 Distribution of Persons with Disability

In Part 2 of the Household Questionnaire of CIPS 2013 (Appendix 2), question 18 related to
“Physical / Mental disability, if any”. This question was addressed to every individual interviewed.
The definition of disabled population adopted for CIPS 2013 was an improved version of the
definition used for the topic at the 2008 Census. While the definitions for the disabled in seeing, in
speech, in hearing and in movement was the same in both the exercises, the question on mental
disability was asked separately in CIPS 2013 for mental retardation and mental illness. Two new
questions on multiple- disability and any other disability were added in this questionnaire of CIPS
2013 for the first time. In 2013 information was not collected separately for disability “since birth”
or “after birth”. The instructions to enumerators including the definition adopted for collecting the
information in the survey are given in Appendix IV.

In accordance with the definition adopted the percentage of the disabled population in 2013 at the
national level was 2.1.The proportion is slightly higher in the case of males. The percentage of
disabled females has increased from 44 to 48 per cent during 2008-13. The incidence of disability
continues to be higher in the rural areas than in the urban areas. The gap between the proportions of
disabled males and females is less in the urban areas than in the rural areas (Table 9.1).

Table 9.1 Distribution of Disabled Population by Sex and Residence, Cambodia 2008-2013

Residence/ Total Population Disabled Population Percent Disabled

Both Both
Regions Sexes
Males Females Both Sexes Males Females
Sexes
Males Females
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
2008
Cambodia 13,395,682 6,516,054 6,879,628 192,538 108,468 84,070 1.4 1.7 1.2
Urban 2,614,027 1,255,570 1,358,457 28,434 15,838 12,596 1.1 1.3 0.9
Rural 10,781,655 5,260,484 5,521,171 164,104 92,630 71,474 1.5 1.8 1.3
2013
Cambodia 14,676,591 7,121,508 7,555,083 301,629 157,007 144,622 2.1 2.2 1.9
Urban 3,146,212 1,527,479 1,618,734 41,649 21,886 19,763 1.3 1.4 1.2
Rural 11,530,378 5,594,029 5,936,349 259,980 135,122 124,859 2.3 2.4 2.1

Table 9.2 gives the overall distribution of the disabled persons in Cambodia by type of disability
both at the time of the 2008 Census and CIPS 2013. The disabled population has increased by about
57 per cent at the national level during the five years 2008-2013. The increase in urban areas is by
about 46 per cent and in the rural areas by about 58 per cent. It is observed both in 2008 and 2013
that among the disabled population those who have difficulty in seeing predominate followed by
those having movement difficulty.

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Figure 9.1 Distribution of Disabled Population by Type of Disability, Cambodia 2013

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 Table 9.2 Percentage Distribution of Disabled Persons in Total, Urban and Rural Areas by
Type of Disability and Sex, Cambodia 2008 and 2013

Percentage Distribution
Type of Disability 2008 2013
Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Both Sexes
Total number of Disabled persons 192,538 28.434 164,104 301,629 41,649 259,981
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100
Type of Disabled
In seeing 29.97 34.05 29.27 34.83 41.69 33.73
In speech 8.68 9.85 8.47 5.38 4.70 5.49
In hearing 7.93 6.57 8.16 9.04 10.19 8.85
In Movement 40.83 36.97 41.51 33.42 26.06 34.60
Mental 12.59 12.56 12.59 12.18 15.31 15.76
Mental Retardation - - - 5.18 6.89 4.90
Mental illness - - - 7.00 5.28 7.28
Any Other - - - 3.52 3.14 3.58
Multiple Disabilities - - - 1.62 2.05 1.56
Males
Total number of Disabled persons 108,468 15,838 92,630 157,008 21,886 135,123
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100
Type of Disabled
In seeing 26.48 30.89 25.73 31.35 38.20 30.24
In speech 8.07 9.14 7.88 4.39 2.31 4.73
In hearing 6.79 5.62 7.00 7.40 12.86 6.52
In Movement 46.95 41.99 47.79 41.44 28.80 43.48
Mental 11.71 12.36 11.60 9.82 15.35 13.46
Mental Retardation - - - 3.64 6.67 3.15
Mental illness - - - 6.18 6.30 6.17
Any Other - - - 3.90 2.38 4.15
Multiple Disabilities - - - 1.70 2.48 1.57
Females
Total number of Disabled persons 84,070 12,596 71,474 144,622 19,765 124,858
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100
Type of Disabled
In seeing 34.48 38.02 33.86 38.61 45.56 37.51
In speech 9.46 10.75 9.23 6.46 7.35 6.32
In hearing 9.39 7.76 9.67 10.81 7.23 11.38
In Movement 32.96 30.66 33.37 24.73 23.03 25.00
Mental 13.71 12.81 13.87 14.73 15.26 18.25
Mental Retardation - - - 6.84 7.13 6.80
Mental illness - - - 7.89 4.14 8.48
Any Other - - - 3.11 3.99 2.97
Multiple Disabilities - - - 1.55 1.57 1.54

9.2 Sex Ratio and Age Distribution of the Disabled Population

The sex ratio of the disabled population as derived from Table 9.3 is 109 in 2013. It is higher than
the sex ratio of the general population (94.3). The sex ratio is relatively low among disabled
children (age less than 15) at 96.It rises to as high as 143 in the age group 45-49 and then declines
reaching a low figure of 64 among the very old persons (age 75+).

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The age distribution of the disabled population (Table 9.3) is like the general population,
characterized by lesser proportion of population in the age group 0-4 compared to the age group 5-
9. It is also noted that there is a sharp decline in the number of disabled population in the age group
30-34 in 2008 and in the age group 35-39 in 2013 due to fertility decline and high mortality during
the years of their birth as a result of the political situation then. The median age of the disabled
population works out to 45.8years (44.9 for males and 47.0 for females). This is much higher than
that of the general population (24.5 for both sexes, 23.4 for males, and females 25.8). The disabled
population in Cambodia may, therefore, be described as an “older population” compared to the
general population.

It is observed that in 2013 the percentage of the disabled among children to total disabled
population is somewhat modest around 5 or less than 5 per cent and then it rises reaching a high
level in the age group 20-24. In the middle and higher ages it stays high with the exception of age
35-39. The proportion of disabled among the oldest persons (age 75+), especially among women, is
as is to be expected, very high.

As may be seen from Table 9.4, nearly one third each in the categories of difficulty in seeing are
concentrated in the age groups 60+. Majority of those having movement difficulty are aged 45 and
more. The proportion is the highest with about 48 percent in the age group 15-29 in respect of those
having difficulty in speech. Nearly 50 per cent of those having hearing problem are aged 60 and
more. One third of mentally ill and mentally retarded are in the age group 15 to 29. Those aged 45
and more account for most of those having multiple disabilities.

Table 9.3 Percent Distribution of Disabled by Five year Age Group, Cambodia 2008 and 2013

Age Percentage of disabled population

Group Both Sexes Males Females
2008 2013 2008 2013 2008 2013
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
(1) (2) (3) (4 (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13)
Total 192,538 100 301,629 100 108,468 100 157,008 100 84,070 100 144,622 100
0–4 7,952 4.13 7,018 2.33 4,281 3.95 2,898 1.85 3,671 4.37 4,121 2.85
5–9 11,201 5.82 10,712 3.55 6,233 5.75 4,685 2.98 4,968 5.91 6,026 4.17
10 - 14 14,775 7.68 14,326 4.75 8,609 7.94 8,122 5.17 6,166 7.33 6,208 4.29
15 - 19 17,865 9.27 20,184 6.69 10,163 9.37 11,719 7.46 7,702 9.17 8,465 5.85
20 - 24 16,270 8.45 27,794 9.21 9,128 8.42 13,110 8.35 7,142 8.50 14,685 10.15
25 - 29 14,596 7.58 18,101 6.00 8,075 7.44 9,995 6.37 6,521 7.76 8,105 5.60
30 - 34 9,526 4.95 17,164 5.69 5,394 4.97 8,567 5.46 4,132 4.91 8,597 5.94
35– 39 14,350 7.45 14,063 4.66 8,936 8.24 8,518 5.43 5,414 6.44 5,544 3.83
40– 44 15,493 8.05 17,891 5.93 9,800 9.03 11,051 7.04 5,693 6.77 6,837 4.73
45– 49 15,888 8.25 23,553 7.81 10,345 9,53 14,271 9.09 5,543 6.59 9,281 6.42
50– 54 13,013 6.76 22,731 7.54 7,811 7.20 12,957 8.25 5,202 6.19 9,777 6.76
55– 59 10,581 5.50 23,805 7.89 5,790 5.34 14,835 9.45 4,791 5.70 8,970 6.20
60– 64 7,911 4.11 19,828 6.57 3,999 3.69 9,438 6.01 3,912 4.65 10,392 7.19
65 - 69 7,173 3.73 19,311 6.40 3,405 3.14 8,494 5.41 3,768 4.48 10,817 7.48
70 - 74 6,284 3.26 17,425 5.78 2,742 2.53 7,555 4.81 3,542 4.21 9,871 6.83
75+ 9,669 5.02 27,718 9.19 3,757 3.46 10,794 6.87 5,903 7.02 16,926 11.70

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 Table 9.4 Percent Distribution of Disabled Persons in each Category of Disability
by sex and Five years Age Group, Cambodia 200 and 2013
Percentage of each Category of Disability in
2008 2013
Age
Group

In
In

Total
Total
other

Illness

Mental
Mental
Mental
Multiple

In Seeing
In Seeing

In Speech
In Speech

Movement
Movement
Retardatio

In Hearing
Disabilities

In Hearing
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16)
Both Sexes
No.of
Disabled 192,538 57,709 16,703 15,261 78,633 24,232 301,629 105,059 16,237 27,260 100,819 15,613 21,122 10,620 4,899
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
0 - 14 17.62 21.90 29.15 13.03 12.13 20.20 10.63 11.33 23.78 5.86 6.99 17.82 12.32 13.77 10.53
15 - 29 25.31 24.12 40.12 24.46 20.64 33.62 21.91 17.72 47.49 17.22 18.52 34.23 37.47 25.67 22.14
30 - 44 20.45 18.51 15.97 18.58 23.05 20.90 16.28 16.81 6.94 11.17 17.76 25.28 16.29 10.18 16.25
45 - 59 20.51 17.74 9.23 18.42 26.92 15.38 23.24 22.08 14.26 15.94 31.13 14.31 17.73 22.15 23.44
60+ 16.12 17.73 5.53 25.51 17.27 9.90 27.94 32.07 7.53 49.81 25.59 8.35 16.19 28.23 27.64
Males

101
No.of
108,468 28,727 8,749 7,370 50,920 12,702 157,008 49,216 6,898 11,621 65,059 5,717 9,710 6,124 2,663
Disabled
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
0 - 14 17.63 23.60 31.16 15.90 11.24 21.45 5.21 6.20 11.58 2.28 2.74 8.19 6.49 7.09 5.11
15 - 29 25.23 25.40 40.63 26.66 19.62 35.89 11.55 7.92 18.53 5.71 12.53 15.67 22.17 17.40 11.63
30 - 44 22.25 19.69 15.11 18.39 25.73 21.21 9.33 8.97 4.53 5.24 13.00 8.17 3.78 7.38 9.28
45 - 59 22.08 17.59 8.30 16.01 29.88 13.96 13.95 11.15 3.52 9.12 23.27 3.20 6.86 15.22 14.09
60+ 12.82 13.72 4.80 23.04 13.54 7.49 12.03 12.62 4.31 20.28 12.99 1.38 6.69 10.58 11.91
Females
No.of
84,070 28,982 7,954 7,891 27,713 11,530 144,622 55,843 9,339 15,639 35,760 9,896 11,412 4,497 2,236
Disabled
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
0 - 14 17.61 20.22 26.94 10.35 13.77 18.81 5.42 5.13 12.20 3.58 4.26 9.64 5.83 6.68 5.42
15 - 29 25.41 22.86 39.56 22.41 22.51 31.11 10.36 9.80 28.96 11.52 5.99 18.56 15.30 8.26 10.51
30 - 44 18.13 17.33 16.91 18.76 18.11 20.56 6.96 7.84 2.40 5.93 4.76 17.10 12.51 2.81 6.96
45 - 59 18.48 17.89 10.25 20.67 21.47 16.95 9.29 10.93 10.73 6.82 7.85 11.11 10.88 6.94 9.36
60+ 20.37 21.70 6.34 27.82 24.13 12.57 15.92 19.45 3.23 29.53 12.61 6.98 9.51 17.67 15.74

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9.3 Literacy and Educational Levels

As may be seen from Table 9.5, the general literacy rate among the disabled population was 58 per cent
in 2013 as against 62 percent in 2008. The literacy level of the disabled population in 2013 (57.9) is
much lower than that of the general population (79.8). The literacy rate among the disabled males
(69.1) is very much less than the male literacy rate among the general population (85.1). In the case of
females the literacy rate of the disabled (45.5) is far below that among the females in the general
population (74.8). Moreover in 2013, as it was in 2008, the gap between the male and female literacy
rates was much higher in the case of the disabled population. In 2013 this difference was about 10
percentage points among the general population as against about 24 percentage points in the case of the
disabled population.

Table 9.5 Distribution of Disabled Population by General and Adult Literacy Rates
and Sex, Cambodia 2008-2013

Literate Rate Aged 7 + Literate Rate Aged 15+

Residence
Both Sexes Male Female Both Sexes Male Female
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
2008
Cambodia 62.2 70.5 51.5 62.4 71.7 50.4
Urban 75.1 81.4 67.2 75.9 82.6 67.4
Rural 60.0 68.7 48.7 60.0 69.8 47.3
2013
Cambodia 58.0 68.6 46.2 57.9 69.1 45.5
Urban 72.1 73.4 70.5 72.7 73.5 71.8
Rural 55.8 67.9 42.4 55.5 68.4 41.2
Note: Excluding not reported

Table 9.6 Distribution Disabled Population by Literacy in any language,

Level of Education, and Sex 2008-2013

Percentage Distribution by Educational Level

Sex
Type of Disables Primary Not Lower Secondary Beyond
Total None Primary Others
Completed Secondary / Diploma Secondary
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (1) (2)
2008
Both Sexes 100.0 14.0 46.5 21.8 15.5 1.2 0.6 0.4
Males 100.0 10.2 45.9 24.0 17.5 1.3 0.7 0.4
Females 100.0 20.8 47.6 17.8 11.9 1.0 0.4 0.4
2013
Both Sexes 100 6.3 49.2 25.0 17.0 1.6 0.9 0.0
Males 100 8.1 39.6 19.2 33.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Females 100 2.2 52.9 24.1 19.8 1.0 0.0 0.0
Note: Excluding not reported educational level

The adult literacy rates among the general population at the national level are: 79.7 for both sexes, 86.4
for males and 73.6 for females (see Chapter 5). These rates are also much higher than the
corresponding rates for the disabled population (see Table 9.6). In summary the level of literacy among

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the disabled population, in particular among women, is very much lower than the level among the
general population.
Among the literate disabled population nearly half the number has not completed even the primary
level. The proportion of those who have completed Primary level of education and Lower secondary
level among the disabled (see Table 9.6) are lower than the corresponding levels of education of the
general population (29.4 percent and 21.0 percent respectively). Those who have the educational
qualification of beyond secondary level among the disabled population constitute hardly one percent
whereas it is nearly 2 per cent among the general population. The literacy and educational levels of
female disabled persons are generally lower than those of male disabled population.

9.4 Usual Activity Rates

Table 9.7 Percent distribution of Disabled Population by Sex and Broad Age group
and Main Activity, Cambodia 2008-2013

Broad Age Economically

Number Total Employed Unemployed
Group Inactive
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
2008
Both Sexes 192,538 100 52.4 4.0 44.7
0 -14 33,928 100 3.9 0.6 95.5
15 -59 127,582 100 68.1 5.4 26.5
60+ 31,028 100 40.7 1.9 57.5
Males 108,468 100 57.8 4.4 39.4
0 - 14 19,123 100 3.9 0.6 95.5
15 - 59 75,442 100 72.5 5.9 21.6
60+ 13,903 100 51.9 2.1 46.0
Females 84,070 100 45.4 3.4 51.6
0 - 14 14,805 100 3.9 0.6 95.5
15 - 59 52,140 100 61.7 4.8 33.6
60+ 17,125 100 31.5 1.7 66.8
2013
Both Sexes 301,629 100 48.0 5.7 46.3
0 -14 32,057 100 3.0 0.3 96.6
15 -59 185,288 100 64.3 6.7 29.0
60+ 84,284 100 29.3 5.4 65.3
Males 157,007 100 56.6 5.8 37.6
0 - 14 15,703 100 4.9 0.5 94.5
15 - 59 105,026 100 70.3 6.6 23.0
60+ 36,279 100 39.2 5.8 55.0
Females 144,622 100 38.7 5.5 55.9
0 - 14 16,354 100 1.2 0.1 98.6
15 - 59 80,262 100 56.4 6.8 36.8
60+ 48,005 100 21.7 5.1 73.1

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 Table 9.8 Economic Activity Rates of Disabled Population of Age 15-64 by Sex
and Residence Cambodia, 2008-2013

Number of economically Economic

Residence and Sex Number of Disabled Active Population Activity Rates
(1) (2) (3) (4)
2008
Cambodia 135,493 96,573 71.28
Males 79,441 60,181 75.76
Females 56,052 36,392 64.93
Urban 21,452 12,764 59.50
Males 12,383 8,149 65.81
Females 9,069 4,615 50.89
Rural 114,041 83,809 73.49
Males 67,058 52,032 77.59
Females 46,983 31,777 67.64
2013
Cambodia 205,116 142,131 69.3
Males 114,462 87,181 76.2
Females 90,655 54,950 60.6
Urban 28,441 16,785 59.0
Males 14,695 9,293 63.2
Females 13,747 7,493 54.5
Rural 176,675 125,346 70.9
Males 99,767 77,888 78.1
Females 76,908 47,457 61.7

9.5 Economic Activity Rates

As may be seen from Table 9.7, in 2013 the economic activity rate (employed plus unemployed rates)
of the disabled persons is 53.7. It is lower than the economic activity rate of 62.3 of the general
population (See Chapter 6). In the case of disabled population, the male economic active rates are
generally higher than those of females in all the broad age groups. The economic activity rate of 69.3
of the disabled population in the working age group 15-64 in 2013 (Table 9.8) is also less than the
national average of 82.2. These rates for males and females in the general population are 84.5 and 80.0
respectively.

The above analysis reveals that the disabled population deserves special attention in education,
employment and health care. The results of the survey when analyzed further will go a long way in
providing useful data for the successful implementation of the schemes for the welfare of the
physically challenged population.

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 Chapter 10
Housing and Household Characteristics

10.1 Housing Status

Information on building and housing characteristics was collected in the house listing operation that
was undertaken three days prior to the main survey of CIPS 2013. During house listing all the
buildings/structures in the sample EA which were used for residential purposes, partly or wholly, were
listed along with the households found in them by the enumerator concerned, in Form A (specimen
given at Appendix 2). In addition to this listing the following information was collected and recorded
by the enumerator in respect of housing characteristics: (i) whether the building was wholly or partly
residential and if the latter, the other use to which the building was put and (ii) the material used for
wall, roof and floor of the building.

The analysis in this section on housing status is based on information contained in the Priority Tables
H1 and H2. It has to be noted that the 2008 data include institutional buildings whereas the 2013
survey excludes them. The number of residential buildings in Cambodia has increased from about 2.6
million in 2008 to about 2.8 million in 2013, registering an increase by about 5 per cent (Table 10.1)
during the five years. The increase in number of residential buildings in the urban areas is more
spectacular (19.4 per cent) than that in the rural areas (1.5 per cent). This is borne out largely by rising
number of multi-story buildings in and around Phnom Penh in the recent past.

In Cambodia as a whole, more than 90 per cent of the residential buildings are wholly residential
(Table 10.1). The proportion of wholly residential buildings in the rural areas is more than in urban
areas as in the latter the practice of utilizing residential buildings partly for shops and workshops is
becoming more common. Table 10.2 presents information on the quality of the residential and partly
residential buildings.

Table 10.1 Percentage Distribution of Residential Buildings as Wholly Residential,

Partly Residential and Category of Partly Residential, Cambodia 2008 and 2013

Percentage Distribution
Category of Partly Residential
Total No. of Wholly Residence
Residence Total Residence Residence and
Buildings Residential and
and Shop Other Use
Workshop
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
2008
Total 2,637,654 100 95.7 3.1 0.7 0.4
Urban 450,345 100 90.1 7.4 1.3 1.2
Rural 2,187,309 100 96.9 2.3 0.6 0.3
2013
Total 2,758,261 100 91.5 7.2 1.1 0.2
Urban 537,745 100 81.9 16.1 1.5 0.5
Rural 2,220,516 100 93.9 5.1 1.0 0.1
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 Figure 10.1 Percentages of Permanent, Semi-Permanent
and Temporary Buildings by Residence, Cambodia 2008 and 2013

Table 10.2 Percentage Distribution of Residential and Partly Residential Buildings

by Nature of Construction and by Residence, Cambodia 2008 and 2013
Total Percentage of Buildings by Nature of Construction
Total/Urban
Number of Semi-
/Rural Total Permanent Temporary
Buildings Permanent
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
2008
Total 2,637,654 100 57.0 24.6 18.5
Urban 450,345 100 86.5 9.3 4.2
Rural 2,187,309 100 50.9 27.7 21.4
2013
Total 2,758,261 100 73.6 19.7 6.7
Urban 537,745 100 93.0 5.3 1.7
Rural 2,220,516 100 68.9 23.2 7.9

Information on the quality of the residential and partly residential buildings is presented in Table 10.2.
The following combination of housing materials is used to determine the quality of a building. Based
on the wall and roof material, buildings used for residential purposes (wholly and partly) could be
classified as permanent, semi-permanent, or temporary. Roof made of bamboo/ thatch/ grass or plastic/
synthetic sheet is considered as temporary. Roof made of any of the following materials is considered
as permanent: wood/ plywood, concrete/ brick/ stone, galvanized iron/ aluminum/ other metal sheets
and asbestos cement sheets and tiles. Wall made of bamboo/ thatch/ grass/ reeds or earth or salvaged/
improvised materials is considered as temporary. Wall made of any of the following materials is
considered as permanent: wood/ plywood/ concrete/ brick/ stone, galvanized iron/ aluminum/ other
metal sheets and asbestos cement sheets.

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A building or structure with a combination of permanent wall and permanent roof materials is
considered as permanent. A building with combination of permanent wall and temporary roof materials
or temporary wall and permanent roof materials is considered as semi-permanent. A building with a
combination of temporary wall and temporary roof material is considered as a temporary building.

It is observed that there is a steep increase in the proportions of permanent residential buildings and
partly residential buildings in Cambodia during the last five years. In particular there has been a rapid
conversion of temporary structures into permanent buildings during this period. This trend is more
pronounced in the rural areas.

10.2 Household Characteristics

Analysis of household characteristics and household amenities that follow are based on the remaining
H Series priority tables generated in respect of questions concerned in Part 5 of the Form B- Household
Questionnaire canvassed in CIPS 2013.

Table 10.3 Distribution of Population in Normal Households

and Average Household Size by Residence 2008-2013

No. of Normal
Total Population Average Household
Households
Residence (in Thousands) Size
(in Thousands)
2008 2013 2008 2013 2008 2013
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Cambodia 13,396 14,677 2,818 3,163 4.7 4.6
Urban 2,614 3,146 507 658 4.9 4.8
Rural 10,782 11,530 2,311 2,505 4.6 4.6

The number of normal households has increased by about 345 thousands or 12.3 per cent at the
national level during 2008-2013 (Table 10.3).This is higher than the population growth rate of 9.6 per
cent during the same period. The average size of household has decreased marginally.

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 Table 10.4 Percent Distribution of Households by Sex of Head of Household
and by Size of Household, Cambodia 2008 and 2013

Percent Distribution in the year

Characteristic
2008 2013
(1) (2) (3)
Household Headship
Male 74.4 72.9
Female 25.6 27.1
Total 100 100
No. of Usual Members
1 3.5 3.6
2 9.8 10.8
3 17.0 17.9
4 20.7 23.2
5 18.2 19.2
6 13.3 12.3
7 8.3 6.6
8 4.6 3.2
9 2.5 1.7
10+ 2.2 1.4
Total 100 100
Number of Households* 2,817,637 3,163,226
Note: *Excludes Institutional, Homeless, Boat and Transient Households

As may be seen from Table 10.4, four-member households form the highest proportion both in 2008
and 2013, with the proportion increasing by 2.5 percentage points during the five years. Smaller-sized
households (less than four members) have each shown an increase in proportion. The bigger-sized
households (six members and above) have each shown a decrease. The five-member households have
however shown a one percentage point increase. All these indicate a shift towards a smaller family
size.

Female and Male Headed Households

The percentage of female-headed households in Cambodia has increased by one percentage point from
26 to 27 per cent during 2008-2013 (Table 10.4). A majority of them are of age ranging from 35 to 59
in 2008 and 40 to 64 in 2013 (Table 10.5). Female heads of households in this age range from about 57
and 58 percent in 2008 and 2013 respectively. Majority of male heads of households are of age ranging
from 25 to 49 (66.1 per cent) in 2008 and in the corresponding ages 30 to 54 in 2013 (63.7 per cent).

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 Table 10.5 Percent Distribution of Heads of Households (Aged 10 and over)
by Sex and Five-year Age Group, Cambodia 2008 and 2013
2008 2013
Age Group
Both Sexes Males Females Both Sexes Males Females
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100
10 -14 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.1
15 -19 0.8 0.6 1.5 0.5 0.3 1.0
20 -24 4.9 5.0 4.6 3.2 3.3 2.8
25 -29 11.9 13.3 7.8 8.6 9.6 5.8
30 -34 9.9 11.0 6.7 12.8 14.3 8.7
35 -39 14.1 15.5 10.2 10.0 11.3 6.6
40 -44 13.2 13.8 11.3 12.8 13.7 10.6
45 -49 12.5 12.5 12.3 12.9 13.2 12.1
50 -54 9.3 8.3 12.2 11.6 11.2 12.6
55 -59 7.9 6.9 10.8 8.8 7.7 11.9
60 -64 5.7 4.9 8.1 7.3 6.1 10.5
65 -69 4.3 3.6 6.2 5.1 4.1 7.6
70 -74 2.8 2.3 4.2 3.4 2.7 5.2
75+ 2.5 2.1 3.8 3.1 2.5 4.4

Figure 10.2 Female Heads of Households by Age, Cambodia 2008 and 2013

Table 10.6 presents the distribution of 1,000 households each in respect of all households, households
headed by males and households headed by females by size of household and number of economically
active members. In 2013, about 2.3 percent of all households, 1.3 percent of male headed households
and about 5 percent of female headed households have no earning members. This situation is nearly the
same as it was in 2008.In the case of female-headed households in 2013 three-person households
predominate and among them those with one economically active member form the highest proportion
followed by two economically active member households.. In the case of male headed households four-
person households form the highest proportion and among them those with two economically active
members predominate.
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 Table 10.6 Distribution of 1,000 Households by Sex of Head of household and number of
Economically-active members in the households, Cambodia 2008 and 2013

Household Households with number of Economically Active Members

head/Size Total 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7+
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
2008
Total 1000.0 21.6 165.5 470.9 164.4 100.0 45.6 19.5 12.6
1 Person 35.4 7.6 27.8 - - - - - -
2 Persons 98.4 7.0 32.6 58.9 - - - - -
3 Persons 169.8 3.5 36.5 101.8 28.0 - - - -
4 Persons 206.6 1.8 31.0 123.5 32.8 17.4 - - -
5 Persons 182.4 0.9 19.9 93.4 37.8 22.0 8.4 - -
6 Persons 132.9 0.4 10.4 53.7 30.9 23.5 10.3 3.7 -
7 Persons 82.6 0.2 4.5 24.7 19.1 17.7 10.5 4.3 1.5
8 Persons 46.0 0.1 1.8 9.8 9.4 10.5 7.8 4.4 2.2
9 Persons 24.0 0.1 0.7 3.4 4.0 5.3 4.7 3.3 2.6
10 Persons + 22.0 0.1 0.4 1.7 2.3 3.6 4.0 3.7 6.3
Male Head 1000.0 12.0 108.3 523.6 163.7 107.0 49.8 21.6 14.1
1 Person 14.7 3.1 11.6 - - - - - -
2 Persons 70.1 4.7 12.3 53.1 - - - - -
3 Persons 158.9 2.0 22.4 111.0 23.6 - - - -
4 Persons 214.2 1.0 25.1 141.1 30.2 16.7 - - -
5 Persons 196.8 0.6 18.4 108.4 38.0 22.9 8.6 - -
6 Persons 147.5 0.3 10.5 63.1 33.0 25.4 11.2 4.0 -
7 Persons 93.4 0.1 4.9 29.3 21.2 19.8 11.6 4.8 1.7
8 Persons 52.4 0.1 2.0 11.7 10.6 12.0 8.7 4.9 2.5
9 Persons 27.4 0.0 0.8 4.1 4.5 6.1 5.3 3.8 2.9
10 Persons + 24.8 0.1 0.5 2.0 2.6 4.1 4.5 4.1 7.1
Female Head 1000.0 49.6 331.9 317.5 166.4 79.7 33.4 13.2 8.3
1 Person 95.8 20.9 74.9 - - - - - -
2 Persons 180.7 13.6 91.4 75.7 - - - - -
3 Persons 201.6 7.9 77.7 75.0 41.0 - - - -
4 Persons 184.5 4.1 48.4 72.2 40.5 19.3 - - -
5 Persons 140.4 2.0 24.1 49.8 37.1 19.5 8.0 - -
6 Persons 90.3 0.7 9.9 26.5 24.7 17.8 7.7 3.0 -
7 Persons 51.2 0.3 3.6 11.4 13.2 11.6 7.2 2.9 1.1
8 Persons 27.6 0.1 1.3 4.5 6.0 6.3 5.1 2.8 1.5
9 Persons 14.1 0.1 0.4 1.6 2.4 3.0 2.9 2.1 1.6
10 Persons + 13.9 0.1 0.3 0.9 1.5 2.2 2.6 2.4 4.1
2013
Total 1000 22.7 165.9 451.4 169.0 105.8 52.1 20.7 12.4
1 Person 36.4 8.8 27.6 - - - - - -
2 Persons 108.4 7.3 38.5 62.6 - - - - -
3 Persons 179.3 3.4 38.4 105.6 31.9 - - - -
4 Persons 232.4 1.9 32.3 136.8 39.6 21.8 - - -
5 Persons 192.3 0.6 17.9 87.7 45.2 28.3 12.5 - -
6 Persons 122.9 0.5 8.0 39.1 30.3 25.6 14.3 5.1 - -
7 Persons 66.2 0.1 2.1 13.9 13.2 17.4 11.8 6.0 1.8
8 Persons 31.5 - 0.7 4.1 5.7 7.2 6.0 4.4 3.3
9 Persons 16.9 - 0.3 1.3 1.8 3.0 5.0 2.8 2.8

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 Household Households with number of Economically Active Members
head/Size Total 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7+
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
10 Persons + 13.6 - 0.1 0.3 1.2 2.6 2.5 2.4 4.5
Male Head 1000.0 12.5 101.5 510.8 167.5 114.3 56.2 23.2 13.8
1 Person 12.3 2.3 10.1 - - - - - -
2 Persons 79.3 5.8 14.5 59.0 - - - - -
3 Persons 165.5 2.2 20.5 114.8 28.1 - - - -
4 Persons 249.8 1.1 26.2 163.1 36.9 22.4 - - -
5 Persons 213.0 0.6 17.8 104.9 46.5 29.9 13.3 - -
6 Persons 136.6 0.5 8.8 46.3 31.8 27.9 15.8 5.6 -
7 Persons 73.9 0.1 2.3 16.0 14.3 19.9 12.3 7.0 2.1
8 Persons 35.8 - 1.0 4.7 6.7 8.2 6.7 4.7 3.7
9 Persons 18.7 - 0.3 1.7 2.1 3.0 5.6 3.1 3.0
10 Persons + 15.0 - 0.1 0.4 1.1 2.9 2.6 2.8 5.0
Female Head 1000.0 49.9 339.3 291.4 173.1 82.8 41.1 13.7 8.6
1 Person 101.2 26.4 74.8 - - - - - -
2 Persons 186.8 11.3 103.2 72.3 - - - - -
3 Persons 216.7 6.8 86.7 81.0 42.3 - - - -
4 Persons 185.4 3.9 48.8 66.0 46.7 20.0 - - -
5 Persons 136.6 0.7 18.3 41.4 41.7 23.9 10.4 - -
6 Persons 86.1 0.8 5.8 19.7 26.3 19.3 10.4 3.8 -
7 Persons 45.4 - 1.5 8.2 10.4 10.7 10.2 3.2 1.0
8 Persons 19.9 - 0.0 2.5 3.1 4.3 4.3 3.5 2.3
9 Persons 12.0 - 0.2 0.2 0.9 3.0 3.3 2.1 2.3
10 Persons + 9.9 - 0.0 0.0 1.6 1.6 2.4 1.2 3.1

About 65 percent of the economically active heads are in the ages ranging from 25 to 49 in 2008 and
five years later in 2013, ages 30 to 54 account for about 64 per cent of economically active heads of
households (Table10.7). Most of the economically active heads are concentrated in the middle age and
the economically inactive persons belong mostly to the older age groups.

- - - - -

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 Table 10.7 Percent Distribution of Head of Households Aged 10 and over of each Sex who are
Economically Active/ Inactive by Age Group, Cambodia 2008 and 2013

Age of Head of Economically Active Heads Economically Inactive Heads

Households Persons Males Females Persons Males Females
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
2008
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100
10 -14 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.8 3.1 2.5
15 – 19 0.5 0.3 1.0 5.6 7.1 4.5
20 – 24 5.0 5.1 4.8 3.5 3.9 3.2
25 – 29 12.5 13.7 8.4 3.8 3.0 4.3
30 – 34 10.4 11.4 7.3 2.3 1.6 2.9
35 – 39 14.9 16.0 11.2 3.3 2.3 4.0
40 – 44 13.8 14.2 12.4 4.0 3.0 4.7
45 – 49 12.9 12.8 13.4 5.3 4.1 6.1
50 – 54 9.4 8.4 12.8 7.1 5.3 8.4
55 – 59 7.9 6.9 10.9 9.0 7.4 10.1
60 – 64 5.3 4.7 7.5 11.7 11.5 11.8
65 – 69 3.8 3.3 5.3 12.1 12.6 11.8
70 – 74 2.1 1.9 2.9 12.8 14.5 11.7
75 + 1.6 1.4 2.1 16.9 20.8 14.0
2013
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100
10 -14 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.8 0.8
15 – 19 0.2 0.1 0.5 4.3 4.9 3.8
20 – 24 3.3 3.4 3.0 1.5 0.9 1.9
25 – 29 9.1 10.0 6.4 2.6 2.0 3.1
30 – 34 13.6 14.9 9.6 2.6 0.6 3.9
35 – 39 10.8 11.8 7.6 1.0 0.2 1.7
40 – 44 13.7 14.2 12.1 2.0 1.3 2.6
45 – 49 13.7 13.7 13.7 3.0 2.4 3.4
50 – 54 12.1 11.6 13.5 5.9 3.6 7.6
55 – 59 8.8 7.7 12.2 9.5 8.4 10.4
60 – 64 6.8 5.8 9.9 13.0 12.3 13.5
65 – 69 4.3 3.7 6.3 14.0 13.5 14.4
70 – 74 2.2 1.9 3.1 18.1 21.0 16.0
75 + 1.5 1.4 2.0 21.7 28.2 17.0
Note* Excludes Institutional, Homeless, Boat and Transient Households

Number of Rooms Occupied

More than 90 per cent of normal households live in their own dwellings (Table 10.8). This proportion
is higher in the rural areas than in the urban areas. A majority of households occupy one room only.
One-roomed and two roomed households constitute more than 90 per cent both in 2008 and 2013. In
2013, the proportion of four roomed households is hardly two per cent and the combined proportion of
households with higher number of rooms is about one per cent. Almost the same situation existed in
2008.

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 Table 10.8 Percent Distribution of Households by Tenure Status, Number of Rooms Occupied
and, Residence, Cambodia 2008 and 2013

Tenure Status Number of Rooms Occupied

Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7+
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
2008
Total 1,000 726 209 44 12 5 2 2
Owner Occupied 922 664 198 41 11 4 2 2
Rented 40 32 6 2 1 0 0 0
Rent Free 34 27 5 1 0 0 0 0
Other 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
Urban 1,000 579 238 102 41 21 10 8
Owner Occupied 770 399 208 91 38 19 9 7
Rented 186 147 25 8 3 2 1 1
Rent Free 39 29 6 3 1 0 0 0
Other 5 4 1 0 0 0 0 0
Rural 1,000 757 203 6 1 1 1 0
Owner Occupied 955 722 196 30 6 1 1 0
Rented 9 7 2 0 0 0 0 0
Rent Free 33 26 5 1 0 0 0 0
Other 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
2013
Total 1,000 668 240 63 18 5 3 3
Owner Occupied 929 618 225 59 17 5 3 2
Rented 32 21 7 2 1 0 0 0
Rent Free 32 23 6 2 0 0 0 0
Other 6 5 1 0 0 0 0 0
Urban 1,000 453 301 146 56 21 11 12
Owner Occupied 838 350 265 135 51 19 9 10
Rented 126 79 30 9 4 2 1 1
Rent Free 29 19 5 2 1 1 1 0
Other 6 6 1 0 0 0 0 0
Rural 1,000 725 224 41 8 1 1 0
Owner Occupied 953 689 215 39 8 1 1 0
Rented 8 6 1 0 0 0 0 0
Rent Free 33 24 7 1 0 0 0 0
Other 6 5 1 0 0 0 0 0

10.3 Household Amenities and Facilities

Drinking Water

As in the previous censuses information on amenities and facilities available to households was
collected in the CIPS 2013. Improved water sources include pipes, tube- pipe well, protected dug well
and rain water. Nearly 57 percent of households in Cambodia have access to improved water sources in
2013 as against 47 per cent in 2008(Table 10.9). This is due to a significant increase in the availability
of water from pipes and tube wells. In the urban areas a higher percentage of households (81.8 per cent
in 2013 and 75.8 per cent in 2008) have access to improved water sources, especially water supplied
through pipes. Only fifty per cent of the rural households have water supplied through improved
sources. About one third of them get it from tube or pipe wells.
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 Table 10.9 Percent Distribution of Households by Main Source of
Drinking Water by Residence, Cambodia 2008 and 2013

2008 2013
Source
Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100
Piped Water 13.8 56.8 4.4 19.8 63.7 8.3
Tube / Pipe Well 26.8 14.7 29.5 29.5 14.7 33.4
Protected Dug Well 5.2 3.8 5.5 6.2 1.8 7.3
Unprotected Dug Well 20.7 4.5 24.2 14.3 2.8 17.3
Rain 1.0 0.5 1.1 1.4 1.6 1.4
Spring, River, etc 23.1 6.2 26.8 18.7 6.1 22.0
Bought 8.2 13.0 7.1 8.6 9.2 8.4
Other 1.3 0.5 1.4 1.4 0.1 1.8

During the five-year period, a considerable proportion of urbanites seem to have shifted the source of
drinking water from near their premises to within their premises since there is a decline in the
proportion of households having near- premises- water sources with a matching increase in the
proportion of households having water sources within their premises (Table 10.10). In the rural areas
only a little over one third of the households have the source of drinking water within their premises in
2013 as against about 29 per cent in 2008. Providing safe drinking water to the entire population within
or very close to their premises appears to be a priority issue.
Figure 10.3 Percent Distribution of Households by Main Source
of Drinking Water, Cambodia 2013

TOTAL URBAN RURAL

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 Table 10.10 Percent Distribution of Households by Location
of Source of Drinking Water by Residence Cambodia 2008-2013

Location of Source of Drinking 2008 2013

Water Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100
Within the Premises 36.2 67.4 29.4 43.3 72.0 35.8
Near the Premises 31.5 18.2 34.4 29.8 13.7 34.0
Away from the Premises 32,3 14.4 36.2 26.9 14.2 30.2

Source of Light

The use of electricity (including city power, generator and both) as a source of light has
increased at the national level with 48 percent of the households having this amenity in 2013 as
against 28.4 percent in 2008 (Table 10.11). In the year 2013, while 94 percent of the
households in the urban areas are served by electricity (87 per cent in 2008), only 36 percent
(13.1 per cent in 2008) have this amenity in the rural areas. Nevertheless it is evident that there
have been efforts towards rapid electrification of rural areas.

Table 10.11 Percent Distribution of Households by Main of Source of

Light and Residence, Cambodia 2008 and 2013

2008 2013
Source of Light
Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100
City Power 22.5 82.5 9.3 44.3 90.5 32.2
Generator 1.7 1.9 1.7 2.2 1.2 2.5
City Power + Generator 2.2 2.7 2.1 1.5 2.3 1.3
Kerosene 38.6 7.4 45.5 14.6 2.1 17.8
Candle 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.2 0.8
Battery 34.1 5.0 40.4 36.4 3.7 45.0
Other 0.5 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.4

Figure 10.4 Percent Distribution of Households by Main Source of Light

and by Residence, Cambodia 2008 and 2013

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Toilet Facility

Table 10.12 Percent Distribution of Households by Toilet Facility and Category

of Toilet Facility by Residence, Cambodia 2008 and2013

2008 2013
Toilet Facility
Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100
Without Toilet 66.3 18.5 76.8 51.3 12.5 61.5
With Toilet 33.7 81.5 23.2 48.7 87.5 38.5
Connected To Sewerage 13.5 45.7 6.4 21.5 53.4 13.2
Septic Tank 14.4 32.6 10.5 23.8 32.2 21.6
Pit Latrine 4.9 2.5 5.4 2.6 1.2 3.0
Other 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.8

The proportion of households having toilet facility within premises has increased by 15 percentage
points at the national level during 2008-2013(Table 10.12). The increase is relatively higher in rural
areas (15.3 percentage points) than in the urban areas (6 percentage points). A majority of households
with toilet facility in the urban areas have sewerage connection. In the rural areas most of the
households with toilet facility have their toilet connected to septic tank. Only about 13 percent of rural
households have sewerage connection. The percentage of households having all the three amenities of
access to improved water sources, electric power and toilet facility within the premises constitutes 29.5
percent in 2013 as against 17.4 percent in 2008. About 80 percent of urban households have these three
amenities as against about 16 percent rural households with these amenities (Table 10.13). There is an
overall improvement in this regard during the last five years.

Table 10.13 Percent Distribution of households having Access to Improved Water Source,
Electric Power, and Toilet Facility within Premises by Residence, Cambodia 2008 and 2013

2008 2013
Particulars
Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Percentage of Households with Combined
17.4 72.5 5.3 29.5 79.8 16.3
Amenities

Cooking Fuel

The use of firewood as the main cooking fuel in rural areas has declined during 2008-2013 and the
households seem to switch over to better type of fuel like charcoal and LPG (Table 10.14). In the urban
areas there is a conspicuous increase in the use of LPG.

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 Table 10.14 Percent Distribution of Households by Type of Fuel Used for Cooking
by Residence, Cambodia 2008 and 2013

2008 2013
Cooking Fuel
Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100
Firewood 83.6 34.7 94.3 77.9 33.3 89.7
Charcoal 7.5 25.6 3.5 8.4 19.0 5.6
Kerosene 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1
LPG 7.9 37.3 1.5 12.1 44.4 3.7
Electricity 0.4 1.5 0.1 1.2 3.1 0.7
None 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
Other 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

Table 10.15 Percent Distribution of Households by Location of Kitchen within Premises

and by Residence, Cambodia 2013

Location of Kitchen 2013

within premises Total Urban Rural
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Total 100 100 100
Separate 41.2 51.1 38.7
Not Separate 58.8 48.9 61.4

Location of Kitchen within Premises

Majority of households at the national level do not have a separate kitchen within their premises (Table
10.15). In the urban areas a little more than half the number of households have separate kitchen
facility. In rural areas, however, more than 60 per cent of households have no separate kitchen. It is
pointed out in this connection that majority of rural households live in single room dwellings (Table
10.8) and use firewood as cooking fuel (Table 10.14).

Access to Internet

It is seen from Table 10.16 that there is an improvement in internet accessibility in the country as a
whole during the last five years. However the improvement is perceptible more in the urban areas with
about 22 percent of households accessing this facility in 2013 as against 4 percent in 2008. Nearly half
the number of those having access to internet facility in urban areas does so only at home. The use of
internet in rural areas continues to be not significant.

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 Table 10.16 Percent Distribution of Households by Accessibility to Internet facility
and Residence, Cambodia 2008 and 2013

2008 2013
Accessibility to Internet
Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100
No Access 98.9 96.0 99.7 94.5 78.3 98.7
Accessed at home 0.1 0.4 0.0 2.6 10.9 0.5
Accessed outside home 0.9 3.6 0.2 1.3 4.5 0.5
Accessed at home and outside home 0.1 0..5 0.0 1.6 6.4 0.3

Assets Owned

Information on type and number of assets owned by households provides approximate indicators of the
economic condition of the people. There is an increase in the proportion of households owning
television by about 7 percentage points during the five years. Most of these households have only one
TV each. On the other hand there is a decline in the ownership of radio receivers (Table 10.17). Cell
phones have become more popular in 2013 with 81 percent owning it (95 percent in urban areas and 78
percent in rural areas). The improvement in this regard is remarkable in rural areas The proportion of
motor cycle owning households has also increased considerably from about 44 percent to about 61
percent at national level (from about 62 to 80 percent in urban areas and from 39 to 56 percent in
rural areas). Among these households 10 percent have two motorcycles each households owning
cars/vans has increased only by 2 percentage points from 5 to 7 percent. Bicycle is more popular
among rural households while motorcycle is the favorite mode of transport for urban households.
Nearly one-third of the urban households have refrigerators while it is hardly 2 percent of the
households in the rural areas who have this home appliance. Washing machine and air-conditioner are
owned each by about 18 percent and 17 percent households respectively in urban areas and their
ownership in rural areas is very minimal. Fans are also more popular in urban areas with about 83 per
cent households owning this gadget as against about 21 percent in rural areas. Koyoan, mostly utilized
in agriculture, is owned by about 10 percent rural households

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 Table 10.17 Distributions of Households by Assets Owned and Residence, Cambodia 2008-2013

Households having number of asset as mentioned below

Type of Asset Having Having
Total No Assets 1 2 3 4 5+ Total No Assets 1 2 3 4 5+
Assets Assets
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17)
2008 2013
Cambodia
Radio 100 59.2 40.8 39.3 1.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 100 67.2 32.8 31.8 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.0
TV 100 41.6 58.4 55.2 2.4 0.5 0.1 0.1 100 34.4 65.6 60.1 4.1 0.9 0.3 0.2
Phone 100 98.9 1.1 1.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 100 87.4 12.6 12.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Cellphone 100 62.7 37.4 26.1 6.6 2.5 1.2 1.1 100 18.6 81.4 44.8 19.4 8.4 4.4 4.3
Computer 100 96.4 3.7 3.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 100 90.7 9.3 7.1 1.5 0.5 0.1 0.1
Bicycle 100 36.2 64.8 46.5 12.8 3.5 0.7 0.2 100 40.3 59.7 45.2 11.1 2.7 0.5 0.2
Motorcycle 100 55.9 44.2 37.1 5.4 1.2 0.3 0.2 100 39.4 60.6 47.2 10.0 2.5 0.5 0.3
Refrigerator 0.0 100 91.9 8.1 7.5 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0
Washing Machine 0.0 100 95.9 4.1 4.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Air Conditioner 0.0 100 96.0 4.0 2.3 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.2

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Fan 0.0 100 65.9 34.1 18.0 8.4 4.5 1.9 1.3
Car 100 95.2 4.8 4.1 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.1 100 92.9 7.1 6.0 0.8 0.2 0.0 0.1
Boat 100 94.7 5.3 4.5 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.0 100 95.1 4.9 4.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1
Tractor 100 99.6 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 100 99.4 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Koyoan 100 96.8 3.2 3.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 100 91.7 8.3 8.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Urban
Radio 100 49.7 50.4 46.6 2.9 0.5 0.1 0.3 100 61.5 38.5 35.7 2.4 0.3 0.1 0.0
TV 100 19.2 80.8 68.9 8.7 2.2 0.6 0.5 100 9.8 90.2 69.5 14.7 4.0 1.2 0.8
Phone 100 96.6 3.4 2.9 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 100 81.8 18.2 17.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.0
Cellphone 100 23.8 76.2 35.3 20.6 9.8 5.2 5.3 100 5.5 94.5 23.0 27.6 17.9 11.8 14.3
Computer 100 84.2 15.8 13.2 1.8 0.5 0.2 0.2 100 69.8 30.2 21.6 5.9 1.9 0.2 0.6
Bicycle 100 49.5 50.5 34.4 11.5 3.5 0.8 0.3 100 47.8 52.2 36.7 11.2 3.3 0.7 0.3
Motorcycle 100 32.8 62.2 46.0 14.7 4.7 1.3 0.5 100 20.0 80.0 48.0 21.4 7.7 1.8 1.0
Refrigerator 0.0 100 67.5 32.5 30.1 1.8 0.3 0.2 0.0
Washing Machine 0.0 100 82.4 17.6 17.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
Air Conditioner 0.0 100 82.8 17.2 9.8 4.6 1.2 0.7 0.8
Fan 0.0 100 17.1 82.9 27.7 25.6 16.8 7.7 5.2

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 Households having number of asset as mentioned below
Type of Asset Having Having
Total No Assets 1 2 3 4 5+ Total No Assets 1 2 3 4 5+
Assets Assets
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17)
2008 2013
Car 100 83.8 16.2 13.3 2.1 0.5 0.2 0.2 100 77.9 22.1 18.1 2.9 0.9 0.1 0.1
Boat 100 98.2 1.8 1.4 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 100 98.4 1.6 1.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0
Tractor 100 99.8 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100 99.7 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Koyoan 100 99.1 0.9 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 100 98.8 1.2 1.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Rural
Radio 100 61.3 38.7 37.8 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.1 100 68.7 31.3 30.8 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0
TV 100 46.5 53.3 52.2 1.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 100 40.9 59.1 57.6 1.3 0.1 0.0 0.0
Phone 100 99.4 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 100 88.9 11.1 10.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
Cellphone 100 71.2 28.4 24.0 3.5 0.9 0.3 0.2 100 22.1 77.9 50.6 17.3 5.9 2.5 1.7
Computer 100 99.0 1.0 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 100 96.2 3.8 3.2 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0
Bicycle 100 33.3 66.7 49.2 13.1 3.5 0.7 0.2 100 38.3 61.7 47.4 11.1 2.5 0.5 0.1
Motorcycle 100 60.9 39.1 35.2 3.3 0.5 0.1 0.1 100 44.5 55.5 47.0 7.0 1.2 0.2 0.1
Refrigerator 0.0 100 98.3 1.7 1.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

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Washing Machine 0.0 100 99.4 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Air Conditioner 0.0 100 99.5 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Fan 0.0 100 78.7 21.3 15.5 3.9 1.2 0.4 0.3
Car 100 97.7 2.3 2.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 100 96.8 3.2 2.8 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0
Boat 100 93.9 6.1 5.2 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.0 100 94.3 5.7 5.0 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1
Tractor 100 99.6 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 100 99.3 0.7 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
Koyoan 100 96.3 3.8 3.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 100 89.9 10.1 9.8 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

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 Chapter 11
Summary and Conclusions

11.1 Population Size, Growth and Distribution

The Cambodia Inter-censal Population Survey 2013 (CIPS) conducted in March 2013 is the second
survey of its kind, the first having been conducted in March 2004. It is a nationally representative
sample survey conducted in between two population censuses for updating information on population
size and growth, fertility, mortality, migration and other population characteristics as well as housing
and household facilities and amenities. For the first time, the 2013 Inter-censal Population Survey
provides estimates up to the provincial level. The target population set for CIPS, 2013 was the normal
household population (regular households) of Cambodia. The various estimates presented in this report
are derived from a sample of the surveyed population. As in any such survey, these estimates are
subject to both sampling and non-sampling errors. The details of the sampling procedure and
estimation are given in Chapter 2 of this report.

In absolute terms, Cambodia’s population has increased by 1.28 million during the half-decade 2008-
2013. The population growth rate at national level was projected as 1.54 per cent in 2013 which is
slightly higher than 1.46 per cent arrived at as population growth rate during 2008-2013 by the CIPS
2013 estimate. The relatively small difference between the projections and CIPS 2013 estimate may be
accounted for by the fact that two different methodologies were adopted in projections and sample
survey estimations. The annual exponential growth rate of the population of Cambodia is higher than
that of Southeast Asia as a whole (1.1 per cent) as per ESCAP Population Data Sheet of 2012.

There are large regional variations in population distribution. The Plains region has always accounted
for the largest population concentration (49.19 per cent). During the last five years there was no major
change in the share of the population of each region in the country’s population. It is observed from
Table 3.2 that over the years, the comparatively less developed provinces of Preah Vihear, Otdar
Meancheay, Ratanak Kiri and Mondul Kiri, have been registering high annual population growth rates.
This may be due to absorption of migrant population from other provinces as a result of availability of
land for cultivation, better economic opportunities and fresh developments in these areas. Eleven
provinces have recorded an annual population growth rate higher than the national growth rate. At the
extremes, the growth rate of Preah Vihear is 4.5 percentage points higher and that of Pailin 3.2
percentage points lower than the overall growth rate.

Among the provinces, Kampong Cham and Phnom Penh provinces have maintained the first and
second ranks in terms of population in 2008 and 2013 respectively. Kep continues to be the last
province in terms of population size. Cambodia’s population density is 82, having increased by 7
points from the level of 75 as per the 2008 Census. As is to be expected that population density in
urban areas is very much higher than that in rural areas.

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The percentages of urban population to total population of Cambodia in 2008 and 2013 are 19.5 and
21.4 respectively. As per the 1998 Census the urban proportion was 18.3 percent. There is, therefore,
an increasing trend in urbanization in Cambodia over the years. During the period 2008-2013, the
average annual population growth in urban areas was 3.7 percent, while in rural areas it was only 1.3
percent. Migration plays an important role in the relatively higher rate of growth of population in urban
areas. Life-time migrants therefore constitute only 25 per cent of the population at the national level.

11.2 Age Structure and Sex Ratio

There is a fairly consistent pattern in age distribution in 2008 and 2013.The proportion of children (less
than 15 years of age) has also decreased from 33.7 in 2008 to 29.4 in 2013 indicating fertility decline
as the main cause for this decrease. There is an increase in the working age and aged populations. In
developed countries the phenomenal rise in the working age population due to demographic transition
had proved to be a “demographic dividend” for some time. But in the case of Cambodia, it poses a
great challenge to absorb the growing labour force in productive work.

At the national level, dependency ratio has declined from 61 in 2008 to 52 in 2013. It is higher in rural
areas (56). Cambodia’s population has an old age structure with 29.4 per cent of Cambodia’s
population under 15 years of age and about 8.0 per cent aged 60 years and more. This is also illustrated
by the median age, which is 24.5 years in 2013 as against 22.1 years as per the 2008 Census.

The estimated sex ratio of 94.3 according to CIPS 2013 is only marginally less than what it was in
2008. In most of the countries of the world sex ratio ranges from 95 to 105. The low sex ratio of
Cambodia may be mainly attributed to its history of war and political instability in the past.

11.3 Marital Status

The proportion of currently married persons among those aged 15 years and more is about 62 percent.
Never married population accounts for 31.14 percent of population. The proportion of the widowed and
divorced/separated population is close to 7 percent. However, there are relatively more widowed and
divorced/separated females than males.

The average age at marriage in 2013 is 26.2 and 23.7 years for males and females respectively,
calculated based on the proportion never married/single by age (SMAM). The higher proportion of
young married women compared to men of the same age is a further indication that women generally
marry at younger ages than men. As compared to 2008 the average age at marriage has increased by
0.6 years and 0.4 years for males and females respectively. The proportions of teen age marriage
among men and women are nearly the same at around 8 percent in 2008 and 2013 at the national level.

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11.4 Literacy and Education

In the past five years, percentage of females who are literate in any language has increased almost by
two percentage points while the corresponding proportion among men has increased by little more than
one percentage point. However, there is a big male-female gap in literacy rates (currently 85.1 percent
for males and 74.8 percent for females). This gap is relatively higher in rural areas. In general, gender
inequality in basic education is a major issue in Cambodia requiring immediate attention. Literacy rates
in urban areas are higher than in rural areas due to disparities in level of development between the two
areas. Nevertheless, in recent years, because of policies for universal primary education and
elimination of illiteracy, the gap in literacy rates between urban and rural areas is narrowing down.

Enrolment rate in schools of girls starts at a higher level than boys at ages 5-11, tends to be almost
equal to that of boys at ages 12-14 and begins to be lower than that of boys with the progress of age.
This may be due to the traditional attitude of encouraging boys rather than girls to study after a certain
age. It is also observed that more children in urban areas than those in rural areas are currently
attending school. Compared to 2008 Census, there is an improvement in respect of educational
attainment. Proportions of educational attainment are higher for males than for females. There is a long
way to go in improving the general educational levels of the people of Cambodia as only as low as 1.8
per cent of those aged 25 years and more have qualified beyond secondary level in 2013.

It has been estimated from the survey results that the main subjects grouped below together accounted
for 72 per cent of 0.44 million persons with completed higher level of education: 1. Banking, Finance
and Accounting 2.Engineering and Technology3.Education4.Language Studies5.Development studies
6.Computer Science/Information Technology7.Medical related subjects, and 8.Law. The number of
women is less that of men in all subjects except Banking, Finance and Accounting where the
percentage of women is about 62 per cent.

11.5 Labour Force

The overall labour force participation rate (62.7 percent) in Cambodia has increased by about four
percentage points during 2008-2013. Women continue to enter and exit the labour force at an earlier
age than men. The male economic activity rate remains higher than that of females in all ages from age
25. The economic activity rates have always been higher in the rural areas than in the urban areas both
in respect of males and females presumably due to higher participation of persons in agriculture in rural
areas and higher school enrolment of boys and girls in urban areas. Both in the urban and rural areas of
the country, the economic activity rates for males are higher than that for females though the gap
between the male-female participation rates is much less in rural areas than in the urban areas.

The employment rate which is defined as the percentage of employed to the total number of persons in
the labour force works out as 98.3 per cent and 97.6 per cent for Cambodia in 2008 and 2013
respectively. Correspondingly the unemployment rates are 1.7 per cent and 2, 4 per cent respectively.
There is therefore an increase the unemployment rate in the country during the half decade. In 2013 the
unemployment rates among men and women are 2.2 per cent and 2.8 per cent respectively.
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An analysis of the status in employment reveals that unpaid family workers and own account workers
together constitute about 78 percent of the employed population in Cambodia in 2013. The
corresponding proportion in 2008 was about 83 per cent. The fall in the proportion during the five
years is more due to fall in the proportion of unpaid family workers especially among rural women.
With paid employment constituting only about 22 per cent, most of the workers in Cambodia are in the
informal sector. The proportion of women in the informal sector is higher than that of males. In 2013
most of the population at the national level is employed in local private enterprises (87.2 percent).

The proportion of population in the primary sector has continued to decline during the five years 2008-
2013. The decline is sharper in the case of women than men. The proportions in the Secondary and
Tertiary sectors have increased. This confirms that concentration of workers in the agricultural sector is
gradually declining and the employment is becoming diversified. However as of 2013, it is the tertiary
sector which absorbs more than two-thirds of the work force in the urban areas whereas in rural areas
more than three-fourths of the population is in the primary sector.

About 42 percent of the total employed population in Cambodia is having a secondary activity besides
main activity. The most favored secondary occupation is unpaid livestock farming (16.7 percent)
followed by unpaid crop farming (7.6 percent).

11.6 Fertility and Mortality

There is as yet no satisfactory civil registration system in Cambodia. Therefore, censuses and surveys
have become the main sources of demographic estimates in Cambodia as in other countries with
deficient vital registration systems. Because the questions about fertility and mortality, especially infant
and child mortality are very sensitive questions information related to fertility and child mortality
collected in a census or a survey is liable to be incomplete. This is true also of the CIPS 2013.
Therefore, different demographic techniques have to be applied for estimating fertility and early age
mortality from data collected at CIPS 2013. As such, estimates of fertility and mortality based on the
CIPS 2013 data should be interpreted as providing indications of trends in these demographic
parameters and of the range in which the values of parameters could lie.

Considering all the factors mentioned above and taking into account the trends in demographic
parameters from other sources and various estimates derived, it may be concluded that the total fertility
rate in Cambodia derived from the CIPS 2013 data is around 2.80, 2.15 and 3.05 for Total, Urban and
Rural areas respectively (with a reference period of March 2012-March 2013), the infant mortality rate
is around 33. 9 and 38 per 1,000 live births for the Total, Urban and Rural areas respectively (reference
period March 2012-March 2013), the under-five mortality rate (U5MR) is around 53, 15 and 60 per
1,000 live births for Total, Urban and Rural areas respectively. The declining trend in fertility and
infant mortality is continuing, although the speed of decline appears to have slowed down a little,
which is to be expected at comparatively moderate levels of these parameters.

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11.7 Migration

Life-time migrants constitute only about 25 per cent of the population at the national level. The number
of migrants based on place of last residence (referred to as migrants), has increased by about 19 percent
during the five years. The rate of increase of male migrants (19.2 percent) is only marginally less than
that of female migrants (19.6 percent). The percentage of migrants at national level (28.9 per cent) is
slightly higher than the corresponding proportion in 2008 (26.5 per cent). As is to be expected, the
proportion of migrants in urban areas is much higher than that in rural areas.

The proportion of migrants within the province of enumeration has increased by four percentage points
and the proportion of migrants from another province has declined by the same percentage in 2013
when compared to 2008. The proportion of international migrants continues to remain low at about 2.5
per cent.

In the urban areas, most of the persons enumerated had migrated from the rural areas. On the other
hand a large majority of migrants in the rural areas are from other rural areas. Nearly two-thirds of
migrants in the urban areas have been from rural areas both in 2008 and 2013.Migrants who have
changed their residence for the reason “family moved” continue to be the highest during the decade. In
2013 the age group 30-34 accounts for the highest proportion of migrants. The percentage of
economically active persons among migrants is 79.In 2008, skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery
workers formed 49 percent of such migrants. In 2013 it has slightly increased to 50.4 per cent. The
educational level of the migrants is fairly higher than that of the total population. In 2013 about 36
percent of the internal migrants to the place of enumeration have stayed there for less than ten years.
The remaining 64 percent are long term residents for 10 years and more.

11.8 Disability

In accordance with the slightly revised definition adopted in 2013, the percentage of the disabled
population in 2013 at the national level was 2.1.The proportion is slightly higher in the case of males.
The percentage of disabled females has increased from 44 to 48 per cent during 2008-13. The
incidence of disability continues to be higher in the rural areas than in the urban areas. The gap
between the proportions of disabled males and females is less in the urban areas than in the rural areas.
The literacy level of the disabled population in 2013 (57.9) is much lower than that of the general
population (79.8). The literacy rate among the disabled males (69.1) is very much less than the male
literacy rate among the general population (85.1). In the case of females the literacy rate of the disabled
(45.5) is far below that among the females in the general population (74.8).

Among the literate disabled population 49 per cent have not completed even the primary level. The
proportion of those who have completed Primary level of education and Lower secondary level among
the disabled are lower than the corresponding levels of education of the general population. Those
who have the educational qualification of beyond Secondary level among the disabled constitute hardly
one percent as against nearly 2 per cent among the general population. The literacy and educational
levels of female disabled persons are generally lower than those of male disabled population. In 2013
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the economic activity rate of the disabled persons (53.7) is lower than that of the general population
(62.3). The disabled population deserves special attention in education, employment and health care.
The survey results when analyzed further will go a long way in providing useful data for the successful
implementation of the schemes for the welfare of the physically challenged population.

11.9 Housing and Household Characteristics

There is a steep increase in the proportions of permanent residential buildings (from 57.0 to 73.6
percent) and partly residential buildings (from 19.7 to 24.6 percent) in Cambodia during the last five
years. The increase in the number of residential buildings in the urban areas is more spectacular (19.4
per cent than in rural areas (1.5 per cent). This may be partly due to rising number of multi-story
buildings in and around Phnom Penh in the recent past. There has been a rapid conversion of temporary
structures into permanent buildings during this period. This trend is more pronounced in the rural areas.
The number of normal households has increased by about 345 thousands or 12.3 per cent at the
national level during 2008-2013 .This is higher than the population growth rate of 9.6 per cent during
the same period. The average size of household has decreased marginally. Four-member households
form the highest proportion both in 2008 and 2013, with the proportion increasing by 2.5 percentage
points during the five years. Smaller-sized households (less than four members) have each shown an
increase in proportion. All these indicate a shift towards a smaller family size.

The percentage of female-headed households in Cambodia has increased by one percentage point from
26 to 27 per cent during 2008-2013. A majority of them are of age ranging from 40 to 64 in 2013.In the
case of female-headed households in 2013, three-person households predominate and among them
those with one economically active member form the highest proportion. More than 90 per cent of
normal households live in their own dwellings. This proportion is higher in the rural areas than in the
urban areas. A majority of households occupy one room only.

Nearly 57 percent of households in Cambodia have access to improved water sources in 2013 as
against 47 per cent in 2008. This is due to a significant increase in the availability of water from pipes
and tube wells. In the urban areas a higher percentage of households (81.8 per cent in 2013 and 75.8
per cent in 2008) have access to improved water sources, especially water supplied through pipes. Only
about 50 per cent of the rural population has water supplied through improved sources. About one-third
of them get it from tube and pipe wells. During the five-year period, a considerable proportion of
urbanites seem to have shifted the source of drinking water from near their premises to within their
premises since there is a decline in the proportion of households having near-premises-water sources
with a matching increase in the proportion of households having water sources within their premises In
the rural areas only a little over one third of the households have the source of drinking water within
their premises in 2013 as against about 29 per cent in 2008. Providing safe drinking water to the entire
population within or very close to their promises appears to be a priority issue.

The use of electricity (including city power, generator and both) as a source of light has increased at
the national level with 48 percent of the households having this amenity in 2013 as against 28.4 percent
in 2008. In 2013, while 94 percent of the households in the urban areas are served by electricity (87
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per cent in 2008) only 36 percent (13.1 per cent in 2008) have this amenity in the rural areas.
Nevertheless it is evident that there have been efforts towards rapid electrification of rural areas.

The percentages of households having toilet facility within premises are 48.7 in total areas, 87.5 in
urban areas and 38.5 in rural areas in 2013. The proportion has increased by 15 percentage points at
the national level during 2008-2013 The increase is relatively higher in rural areas (15.3 percentage
points) than in the urban areas (6 percentage points). A majority of households with toilet facility in the
urban areas have sewerage connection. In the rural areas most of the households with toilet facility
have their toilet connected to septic tank. Only about 13 percent of rural households have sewerage
connection.

The use of firewood as the main cooking fuel in rural areas has declined during 2008-2013 and the
households seem to switch over to better type of fuel like charcoal and LPG. In the urban areas there is
a conspicuous increase in the use of LPG. Only 41 percent of households in Cambodia have a separate
kitchen in their residence, with little more than half the number of urban households having a separate
kitchen in their dwelling. There is an improvement in internet accessibility in the country as a whole
during the last five years. However the improvement is perceptible more in the urban areas with about
22 percent of households accessing this facility in 2013 as against 4 percent in 2008. Nearly half the
number of those having access to internet facility in urban areas do so only at home. The use of internet
in rural areas continues to be not significant.

Information on type and number of assets owned by households provides approximate indicators of the
economic condition of the people. There is an increase in the proportion of households owning
television by about 7 percentage points during the five years. Most of these households have only one
TV each. Cell phones have become more popular in 2013 with 81 percent owning it (95 percent in
urban areas and 78 percent in rural areas). The improvement in this regard is remarkable in rural areas
The proportion of motor cycle owning households has also increased considerably from about 44
percent to about 61 percent at national level (from about 62 to 80 percent in urban areas and from 39
to 56 percent in rural areas). Among these households 10 percent have two motorcycles each.
Households owning cars/vans has increased only by 2 percentage points from 5 to 7 percent. Bicycle is
more popular among rural households while motorcycle is the favorite mode of transport for urban
households.

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APPENDIX

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 APPENDIX I

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 APPENDIX II

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 APPENDIX III

Cambodia Inter-censal Population Survey 2013 (CIPS 2013)

List of Priority Tables
The List of Priority Tables for CIPS is drawn from the corresponding List of 2008 Census with some revisions, additions and deletions in view of
the various changes in the questionnaire. The following List contains the old Tables, the new Tables and the revised Tables as indicated.

Table No. Title

(i) A Series. General Population Tables

1. A1 Population by Single Years of Age and Sex.

2. A2 Population by Marital Status, 5-year Age Group and Sex.
3. A3 Population by Mother Tongue, 5-year Age Group and Sex.
4. A3A Population by Mother Tongue (Minority Languages), 5-year Age Group and Sex.
5. A4 Population by Religion, 5-year Age Group and Sex.

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6. A5 Population by Relationship to Head of Household, 5-year Age Group and Sex.
7. A6 Population by Place of Enumeration (classified by Total, Urban and Rural), Place of Birth and Sex.

(ii) B Series. Literacy and Education Tables

8. B1 (Revised) Population aged 7 and over by Literacy in any language, Level of Education, Usual Activity Status, Age Group and Sex.
9. B1A Population aged 7 and over by Language Literacy, Age Group and Sex.
10. B2 (Revised) Population aged 5 and over Attending School/Educational Institution by Literacy, Level of Education, Age Group and Sex.
11. B3 (New). Population aged 7 and Over by Completed Level of Education, Main Subject of Study and Sex

(iii) C Series. Economic Tables

12. C1 Population by Usual Activity Status, 5-year Age Group and Sex.
13. C2 Employed Persons aged 5 and over by Status in Employment, 5-year Age Group and Sex.
14. C3 Employed Persons aged 5 and over by Sector of Employment, 5-year Age Group and Sex.

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 15. C4 Unemployed Persons aged 5 and over by Status in last Employment, 5-year Age Group and Sex.
16. C5 Economically Active Population aged 5 and over by Secondary Economic Activity, 5-year Age Group and Sex.
17. C6 Economically Inactive Population aged 5 and over by Secondary Economic Activity, 5-year Age Group and Sex.
18. C7 Employed Persons aged 5 and over by Employment Status, 5-year Age Group and Sex.
19. C8 Economically Active Population aged 5 and over by Industrial Section, Major Group of Occupation and Sex.
20. C9 Economically Inactive Population aged 5 and over by Functional Categories, 5-year Age Group and Sex.
21. C10 Employed Population aged 5 and over by Industrial Section, 5-year Age Group and Sex.
22. C11 Employed Population aged 5 and over by Major Group of Occupation, Age Groups and Sex.
23. C12 Employed Population aged 5 and over by Main Status in Employment, Industry and Sex.
24. C13 Employed Population aged 5 and over by Main Status in Employment, Occupation and Sex.
25. C14 Employed Population aged 5 and over by Literacy in any language, Level of Education, Occupation and Sex.
26. C15 Employed Females aged 5 and over by Industrial Sections and Marital Status.
27. C16 Employed Females aged 5 and over by Occupational Group and Marital Status.
28. C17 Employed Population aged 5 to 20 by School Attendance, Single Year of Age and Sex.

(iv) D Series. Migration Tables

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29. D1 Migrants classified by Place of Last Residence, Duration of Residence in Place of Enumeration and Sex.
30. D2 Migrants from other Provinces classified by Province of Enumeration, Province of Previous Residence, Duration of Stay and Sex.
31. D3 Migrants by Place of Last Residence, Reason for Migration, Duration of Residence and Sex.
32. D4 Migrants Economically Active Population aged 5 and over by Place of Last Residence, Industrial Section and Sex.
33. D5 Migrants Economically Active Population aged 5 and over by Place of Last Residence, Major Group of Occupation and Sex.
34. D6 Migrants from Place of Last Residence aged 7 and over by Educational Level, Usual Activity Status, 5-year Age Group and Sex.
35. D7 Migrants in the previous five years by 5-year Age Group and Sex.

(v) E Series. Disability Tables

36. E1 (Revised) Physically/Mentally Disabled Persons by 5-year Age Group and Sex.
37. E2 (Revised) Physically/Mentally Disabled Persons by Category of Disability, Marital Status and Sex.
38. E3 (Revised) Physically/Mentally Disabled Persons by Literacy in any language, Level of Education, 5-year Age Group and Sex.
39. E3A (Revised) Physically/Mentally Disabled Persons by Category of Disability, Literacy in any Language, Level of Education and Sex.

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 40. E4 (Revised) Physically/Mentally Disabled Persons by Main Activity, 5-year Age Group and Sex.
41. E4A (Revised) Physically/Mentally Disabled Persons by Category of Disability, Main Activity and Sex.

(vi) F Series. Fertility Tables

42. F1 Females aged 15 to 49 bearing children during last year by 5-year Age Group, Educational level and Births during last year by Birth order.
43. F2 Females aged 15 to 49 bearing children during last year by 5-year Age Group, Usual Activity Status and Births during last year by Birth order.
44. F3 Females aged 15 and over by Parity, Total Children Ever Born, 5-year Age Group and Educational Level.
45. F4 Females aged 15 and over by Parity, Total Children Ever Born, 5-year Age Group and Usual Activity Status.
46. F5 Females aged 15 and over by Number of Surviving Children, 5-year Age Group and Educational level.
47. F6 Females aged 15 and over by Number of Surviving Children, 5-year Age Group and Usual Activity Status.
48. F7 Females aged 15 to 49 bearing children during last year by 5-year Age Group and Type of Assistance during Delivery.
49. F8 (New) Registration of Birth in the last year by Educational Level of Mother
50. F9. (New) Ever Married Females Aged 15 and above by Age at First Marriage and Current Age
51. F10. (New) Ever Married Females Aged 15 and above by Age at First Marriage and by Number of Children Ever Born
52. F11. (New) Ever Married Females Aged 15 and above by Age at First Marriage and Number of Children Ever Born

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53. F12. (New) Ever Married Females Aged 15 and above by Parity, Total Children Ever Born, Age at First Marriage
54. F13. (New) Children Living with Own Mother by Age and Age of Mother
55. F14. (New) Females Aged 15 and above Living with Own Children by Parity, Total children Ever Born and Age
56. F15. (New) Ever Married Females Aged 15 and above by Age at First Child Birth and Current Age
57. F16. (New) Ever Married Females Aged 15 and above by Age at First Child Birth and Number of Children Ever Born
58. F17. (New) Ever Married Females Aged 15 and above by Age at First Child Birth and Number of Children
59. F18. (New) Ever Married Females Aged 15 and above by Parity, Total Children Ever Born, Age at First Child
60. F19. (New) Ever Married Population by Age at First Married and Sex of Respondent

(vii) G Series. Mortality Tables

61. G1 Population, Number of Deaths in Households in the last year by broad Age Group and Sex.
62. G2 Deaths in Households in the last year by Cause of Death, broad Age Group and Sex.
63. G3 Maternal Deaths by Type of Assistance, Place of Death and 5-year Age Group.
64. G4. (New) Number of Deaths in Households in the Year by Death Registration, Broad Age Groups and Sex

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 (viii) H Series. Household and Housing Amenity Tables
65. H1 Buildings/Structures with Households by Type of Use.
66. H2 Buildings/Structures (Residential + Partly Residential) by Predominant material of Roof, Wall and Floor.
67. H3 Households by Tenure Status of Dwelling, Household Size and Number of Rooms Occupied.
68. H4 Households by Size of Households, Number of Economically Active Members and Sex of Head of Household
69. H5 Head of Households (aged 10 and over) by Usual Activity Status, 5-year Age Group and Sex.
70. H6 Households by Main source of Light used and Household Size.
71. H7 Households by Type of Fuel used for Cooking and Household Size.
72. H8 Households classified by Main source of Drinking Water, Location of Source and Household Size.
73. H9 Households by Tenure Status of Dwelling and Toilet Facility Category.
74. H10 Households and Population (in 10,000's) by Tenure Status of Dwelling, Availability of Electric Power and Toilet Facility.
75. H11 Households classified by source of Drinking Water, Availability of Electric Power and Toilet Facility.
76. H12 (Revised) Households by Type and Number of Assets owned.
77. H13 (Revised) Households by Household Size and Access to Internet.
78. H14 (New) Households with Separate Kitchen by Household Size and Number of Rooms Occupied

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Note: The lowest level of presentation of all tables is Province except Tables D2 and D3 which are presented at National Level

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 APPENDIX IV

Definition of Disability

The following instructions were given to the Enumerator:

I. The types of disabilities identified for survey purpose are given below:
1. In Seeing:
(i) A person who cannot see at all (has no perception of light) or has blurred vision even with the help
of glasses or contact lens will be considered as having disability in “Seeing” or visually disabled.
(ii) A person with proper vision only in one eye will also be treated as visually disabled.
(iii) A person may have blurred vision and difficulty in seeing, but would not have tested whether
her/his eye-sight would improve by using spectacles. Such persons also would be treated as
visually disabled.

2. In Speech:
(i) A person would be recorded as having speech disability, if she/he is dumb or he cannot speak at
all.
(ii) A person whose speech is not understood by a listener of normal comprehension and hearing
would be treated as having speech disability.
(iii) A person who speaks single words only and is not able to speak in sentences has speech
disability
(iv) A person who stammers to that extent that the speech cannot be understood is having speech
disability.

3. In Hearing:
(i) A person who cannot hear at all (deaf) or can hear only loud sounds will be considered as having
hearing disability
(ii) A person who is able to hear, only by using hearing-aid will be treated as disabled under this
category.
(iii) If a person cannot hear through one ear though her/ his other ear is functioning normally, should
also be considered as having hearing disability.

4. In Movement:
(i) If a person does not have leg/s or arm/s or hand/s or there is absence of all the fingers or toes or a
thumb she/he is disabled in movement
(ii) If any part of the body is deformed (Example: hunch back), the person will be treated as disabled
under this category
(iii) A person who cannot move herself/himself or without the aid of another person or without the
aid of stick, wheel chair etc., will be treated as disabled under this category.

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 (iv) A person will be treated as disabled in movement if she / he are unable to move or lift or pick up
any small article placed near her/ him.
(v) A person who may not be able to move normally because of problems of joints like arthritis and
has to invariably limp while moving will also be considered to have movement disability.
(vi) Very short statured persons (dwarfs) are considered as having movement difficulty.

5. Mental Retardation: This refers to

(i) A person with lower intelligence or has delayed development (walking, talking, learning
etc).
(ii) One who lacks comprehension appropriate to her/ his age
(iii) A person who has difficulty in communicating her/his needs and generally depends on her/his
family members for performing daily routine.

Note: Mental Retardation is generally from birth. If the person has got mental impairment at a later
age, it may be mental illness

6. Mental Illness: This refers to

(i) A person who exhibits unusual behaviour like talking /laughing to self, staring in space, excessive
fear and suspicion without reason.
(ii) A person who has problems like loss of memory, depression etc which are usually related to old
age
(iii) Exhibits other symptoms indicative of mental disturbance
Note: A mentally ill person may or may not take medicines for her/his illness. It should be left to the
respondent to report whether a member of the household is mentally disabled and no argument may be
made on this issue.

7. Any other (specify): Examples are specific learning difficulties, Epilepsy which is not controlled
and which limits daily function etc. Even if you find it difficult to categories based on the explanation
given by the person, then also write Code 7.
Multiple Disabilities: This refers to a person having more than one disability described above

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II. If a person is disabled as mentioned above enter code according to the following list:

Disability Code
In Seeing 1
In Speech 2
In Hearing 3
In Movement 4
Mental Retardation 5
Mental Illness 6
Any Other (Specify) 7
Multiple Disabilities 8 8 (In this case write 8 and specify the disabilities within brackets
Example: 8 (1,4) or 8 (2,3,4), 8 (2,7-Epileptic fit), 8(4,5)

III. The disability of a person will be decided with reference to the date of enumeration. Persons with
temporary disability on the date of enumeration will not be considered as disabled. For example, a
person's movement may have been restricted because of some temporary injury and she/he is likely to
return to his normal state after sometime, such a person will NOT be treated as disabled.

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 APPENDIX V

Glossary
Adult Literacy Rate
Percentage of literate population aged 15 and more to total population aged 15 and more in a given area.

Age
Total years completed by a person on his/her last birthday.

Age Dependency Ratio

The percentage of population in the younger (0-14) and older (65 +) age groups to population in the age group
15-64.

Age-Specific Economic Activity Rate

Percentage of economically active population in an age group to total population in that age group

Age-Specific Fertility Rate

The number of births to women of a given age group per 1,000 women in that age group

Annual Exponential Growth Rate

log e Pt − log e Po
r=
t

Pt = Po ert

Where, Po is the population at the base year, Pt is the population at year 't' and 't' is the number of years between
Po and Pt. Here the compounding with the rate of growth 'r' is done on a continuous basis.

Average Household Size

This is the average number of persons in normal or regular households (i.e. excluding institutional and homeless
households and households of boat and transient population).

Building
Building refers generally to a single structure on the ground. Sometimes it is made up of more than one
component unit which are used or likely to be used as dwelling (residence) or establishments such as shops,
business houses, offices, factories, workshops, work sheds, schools, place of entertainments, place of worship,
stores, etc. It is also possible that buildings, which have components units, may be used for a combination of
purpose such as shop-cum-residence, workshop-cum-residence, office-cum-residence, etc.

Child-Woman Ratio
This is the ratio of children under 5 years old in a population to women in the age group 15-49. It is computed by
dividing the number of children aged 0-4 in the population by the number of women aged 15-49.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of live births in a year per 1,000 population.
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Crude Death Rate
The number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year

Economic Activity Rate

The percentage of economic active population to total population

Dwelling
The room or the set of rooms in a building in which household resides

Educational Level
Educational level refers to completed level in this report

Economically Active Population (or labour force)

Persons with main activity as employed or unemployed during the reference period of one year preceding the
census date.

Economic Activity Rate of the working age group

Percentage of economically active population to total population within the age group 15-64

Economically Inactive (or not active) Population

Persons other than the economically active during the reference period of one year preceding the census date.

Employed
Comprises persons who were in the following categories for 6 months (183 days) or more during the one year
preceding the census date:
(i) Persons who were in paid employment (e.g. working in public or private organization etc). (ii) Persons who,
during the reference period, performed some work for wage, salary, profit or family gain in cash or kind. (iii)
Persons who did not do any work for pay or profit during the reference period although they had a job to which
they could return. (e.g. off season workers like farmers or fishermen), those on sick leave or leave without pay,
those who could not work due to strike or lockout in the organization they were working. (iv) Persons who were
self-employed (e.g. Running a shop by himself or herself, selling eatables, practicing as doctors, lawyer etc)

Fertility
Fertility is defined as the childbearing performance of a woman or group of women measured in terms of the
actual number of children born.

Gender
Refers to roles, attitudes and values assigned by culture and society to women and men

Gender Equity
Means fair treatment of women and men

Literacy Rate
This is calculated as percentage of literate persons to total population excluding children aged 0 to 6.

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Head of Household
For survey purposes he or she is a person who is recognized as such in household. He or she is generally the
person who bears the chief responsibility for management of the household and takes decisions on behalf of the
household. The head of household need not necessarily be the oldest member, but may be a female member or a
younger member of either sex. The name of the person who is recognized by the household as its head was
recorded in the census. In the case of an absentee de jure “Head”, the person who was responsible for managing
the affairs of the household was regarded as the Head for the census purpose.

Household
A group of persons who commonly live together and would take meals from a common kitchen unless the
exigencies of work prevented any of them from doing so.

Infant Mortality Rate

Infant Mortality Rate is the number of deaths of infants under age one year per 1,000 live births in a given year.

Industrial Sector
Industry (or branch of economic activity) refers to the activity of the establishment or enterprise in which the
individual works. Industries are grouped according to following sectors:

Primary Sector: Section A (Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing) of the International Standard Industrial
Classification (ISIC)
Secondary Sector: Section B (Mining and Quarrying), C (Manufacturing), D (Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air-
Con Supply), E (Water supply, Sewerage, Waste Management and Remediation Activities), F (Construction) of
the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC)
Tertiary Sector: Sector G (Wholesale and Retail Trade, Repair of Motor Vehicles and Motorcycles), H
(Transportation and Storage), I (Accommodation and Food Service Activities), J (Information and
Communication), K (Financial and Insurance Activities), L (Real Estate), M (Professional, Scientific and
Technical Activities), N (Administrative and Support Service Activities), O (Public Administration and Defense,
Social Security), P (Education), Q (Human Health and Social Work Activities), R (Art, Entertainment and
Recreation), S (Other Service Activities), T (Use Activities of Household as Employers), U (Activities of
Extraterritorial Organizations and Bodies) of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC)

Lifetime Migration
Migration status of persons as determined by comparing the place of birth with place of residence

Literacy
Refers to the ability to read and write with understanding in any language. In CIPS 2013, information on
literacy in Khmer language and literacy in any other language was ascertained from respondent. By definition all
children of the age of 6 years or less are treated as illiterate.

Live Birth
This refers to the complete expulsion (delivery) or extraction from its mother of a product of conception (baby),
irrespective of the duration of pregnancy. The baby after such separation breathes or shows other evidence of
life, such as beating of the heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary muscles,
whether or not the umbilical cord has been cut or the placenta is attached. Each product of such birth is
considered as live birth.

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Main Activity during Last Year
The activity of a person during 6 months (183 days) or more in the one year preceding the reference date of the
census.

Maternal Mortality
This refers to the number of women who die while pregnant, during delivery or within 42 days after delivery.

Median Age
It is defined as the age, which divides the population into two equal size groups, one of which is younger and the
other of which older than the median.

Migration
This is the process of changing residence from one geographical location to another. In the 2008 Census it meant
shifting residence by the person enumerated from another village or country (which was his/her previous
residence) to the village in which he/she was enumerated.

Myer’s Index
This is a measure of heaping on individual ages or terminal digits. The tendency of enumerators or respondents
to report certain ages at the expense of others is called age heaping, age preference or digit preference (e.g. ages
ending in 0 or 5). The theoretical range of Myer’s index extends from the minimum of 0, when there is neither
preference nor avoidance of any particular digit at all, to the maximum of 90 when all ages are reported in a
single terminal digit.

Nature of Industry, Trade or Service

Refers to the sector of economy in which a person worked. Examples are: Cultivation, fishing, livestock rearing,
selling of vegetables, automobile repairs, manufacture of toys, transport service, school or educational service,
sale of clothes (retail), manufacture of eatables etc. If a person works as sales assistant in a Gas Station his
occupation is sales person and the nature of his trade is retail sale of petrol.

Occupation
The name of the job a person does (e.g. cashier, primary school teacher, nurse, blacksmith, watchman, manager
etc.)

Physical/Mental Disability
See Appendix IV for definition adopted in CIPS 2013

Population Density
Number of persons per sq.km

Primary Sampling Units (PSUs)

The Enumeration Areas (EAs) of 2008 General Population census of Cambodia which were updated for use in
CIPS 2013

Rural
Areas other than urban are treated as Rural.

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Secondary Economic Activity
(i) For persons employed for the major part of the year preceding the survey (i.e. main activity employed)
this refers to a second job or activity which gave him/her additional income in cash or kind.
(ii) In respect of others (i.e. unemployed or economically inactive for the major part of the year preceding
the census date) it refers to some job or activity undertaken to earn income in cash or kind. In other
words it is their marginal work.

Secondary Sampling Units (SSUs)

The households in the EAs
Sex Ratio
The number of males per 100 females in a population

Singulate Mean Age at Marriage (SMAM)

It compares the age-specific proportions of those who are never married with those who are ever-married
calculating the mean age at which the transition between the two states was made. For details of the
methodology developed by John Hajnal, please see "The Methods and Materials of Demography" by Shryock
and Siegel.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The total fertility rate is the number of children which a woman of hypothetical cohort would bear during her life
time if she were to bear children throughout her life at the rates specified by the schedule of age specific fertility
rates for the particular year and if none of them dies before crossing the age of reproduction. Therefore Total
fertility rate is the number of births a woman would have if she experienced a given set of age specific birth rates
throughout her reproductive span. It is the sum of age-specific fertility rates.

UN Age accuracy Index

It is the sum of (i) the mean deviation of the age ratio for males from 100 (ii) the mean deviation of the age
ratios for females from 100 and (iii) three times the mean of the age-to-age differences in reported sex ratios. In
this procedure the age ratio is defined as the ratio of the population in a given age group to one-half the sum of
population in the preceding and following groups.

Unemployed
Persons who were without employment, but were seeking employment or available for employment, for 6
months (183 days) or more during the one year preceding the census date.

Urban
Urban areas are based on the criteria adopted in the “Reclassification of Urban Areas in Cambodia, 2011”
(February 2012) published by the National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Phnom Penh

Usual Activity Status of population

This refers to the main activity status of a person during the one year preceding the census date as employed,
unemployed or economically not active.

Whipple’s Index
Whipple’s Index is a measure of preference for ages ending in 0 and 5. Its range is from 100, indicating no
preference for 0 and 5, up to 500 indicating that only 0 and 5 were reported.

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