Developing an Interpretive Context: Learning Brian Ferneyhough's Bone Alphabet

Author(s): Steven Schick

Source: Perspectives of New Music, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Winter, 1994), pp. 132-153
Published by: Perspectives of New Music
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 DEVELOPING
AN INTIERPRETIVECON'I'EXT:
LEARNING BRIAN FERNEYHOUGH'S
BONE ALPHABET

STEVEN SCHICK

ONE OF THE FIRST casualties of the fast pace of professional performance

in contemporary music is the small but pleasurable distinction between
the act of learning a piece of music and the art of performing it. So often,
out of the pressure to learn music increasingly quickly, these two distinct
states of mind become confused. The learning of a piece becomes the
necessary expedient of performance, but is rarely savored for its own
unique qualities.
Among the many admirable aspects of the music of Brian Ferneyhough
is that extreme complexity and performative difficulty in his scores
enforce a slower pace of learning and allow the natural growth of an
interpretive context. In learning his Bone Alphabet (1991) for percussion
solo, I had the additional advantage-although it was certainly hard to
see it as an advantage at the time-of being almost wholly innocent of

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 Developing an InterpretiveContext 133

the kind of rhythmical difficulty found in this score. My normally slow

pace of learning and memorizing a new work became positively glacial.
The thirty-some performances of Bone Alphabet which I have given in
the year since its premiere (on 19 February 1992) now seem to balance
the eight or nine months it took to learn the piece. At this moment of
reflection, I am reminded of how different my mental conception of the
piece has become in the months since it emerged from the marsupium of
the practice room.
Painted in broad strokes, it seems to me that the act of learning a piece
is primarilyone of simplification, while the art of performance is one of
(re)complexifying. In the learning process, rhythms must be calculated
and reduced to some potable form, the turbulence of the microforces of
form must be generalized, and various kinds of inane mnemonics must
be employed simply to remember what to do next. An artificial skin of
practical considerations must be stretched tightly across the lumps of a
living, breathing piece. Performance reinflates the piece, fine tuning its
formal gyroscope, revivifying polyphonic structures, and packaging the
intellectual energy of the score into meaningful physicality.
Performance, then, is a real-time explosion of the rich complexity of a
work: what took months to learn takes only minutes to play. Kinetic
energy, embedded in a piece during an extended practice phase, burns-
like a kind of musical lignite-as the heat and light of a performance.
This energy poses a danger though, especially in works of substantial
compositional sophistication. If the interpretive skeleton, built up pains-
takingly during the learning process, is not sufficiently strong to support
the weight of the complexities in the score, then the entire piece threat-
ens to collapse into a simple and singularly unappealing mass. How then
to retain and project complexity in performance?
Or, more to the point of this essay, how do decisions made during the
initial phases of learning, although fundamentally different as mental
activities from those of the final product, shape and make inevitable an
interpretive context which steers the piece in performance? The early
problems in Bone Alphabet, which I perceived intuitively at first, had to
be solved in a logical order: first I had to choose instruments and arrange
them in a "multiple percussion" setup, then learn the rhythms projecting
them polyphonically, and finally make sense of the global formal issues.
What is particularlyrevelatory about BoneAlphabetis the interaction of
these issues of sonority, rhythm, and form. Changes in instrumentation,
for example, give the rhythms different sounds, to be sure, but by chang-
ing the metrical weighting of those sounds the rhythms in turn sound
different. Likewise, physical gesture as it varies in response to different
sizes and shapes of instruments changes the choreography of the piece

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134 Perspectivesof New Music

and with it alters the comportment of musical material. Ironically, in a

score which seems so rigorously determined, certain idiosyncratic deci-
sions on my part in the first days of practice reveal a path through the
thicket of Ferneyhough's notation that inevitably gives my interpretation
of BoneAlphabet a wholly personal and rather intuitive aura.

INSTRUMENTATION

When I first asked Brian to write a new work for solo percussion, his ini-
tial reaction was ambivalence.1 His highly evolved rhythmic language
seemed very well suited to the clean attacks of percussion sound. How-
ever, the unpredictability of the sounds themselves was another matter.
Ferneyhough's compositions for other instruments, after all, featured a
highly controlled exploration of sonority.

Thinking about composing means, first of all, thinking about the

specific nature of the instruments to be employed. I'm very con-
cerned that the things I ask an instrumentalist to do be . . .
instrument-specific . . . ensuring that one could not imagine any
other instrument playing the same material in the same way.

Specific percussion sonorities unfortunately are not easily defined by

notation, nor are they easily summoned in performance. Even under the
most controlled circumstances, where a composer knows a particular
arrayof instruments played by a given percussionist with carefully speci-
fied mallets and striking areas, there can be no assurance of being able to
reproduce certain sounds exactly from performance to performance.
Adding to that variations in technique among different performers-not
to mention what any given performer might understand by the word
"gong" or "hard mallet"-one can begin to see the enormity of the task
involved in specifying and notating percussive sonority. For a composer
like John Cage, attracted to exactly this kind of sonic indeterminacy, per-
cussion was a world full of the best kinds of surprises. For Brian Ferney-
hough, with his meticulous timbral sensibilities, percussion was a swamp
of sounds with clearly defined attacks, but poorly defined edges.
Brian's solution was to abandon the terra firma of timbral specificity
and embrace-within some very clearly defined limitations-the uncer-
tainties inherent in the spongier terrain of percussive sound. Bone Alpha-
bet, therefore, is a work written for seven undefined sound sources. The
exact instruments are to be chosen by the performer. In the preface to
the score, Ferneyhough indicates that instruments should consist of

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 Developing an InterpretiveContext 135

sounds organized consecutively from high to low where adjacent instru-

ments may not belong to the same family. In fact, though family relation-
ship among percussion instruments may seem a vague criterion,
Ferneyhough means quite simply that adjacent instruments must be
made of different materials.
My seven instruments from high to low:

1. high wood block

2. high bongo
3. small Chinese opera gong (muffled quite heavily, but with an audible
glissando upwards)
4. medium conga
5. medium-low cowbell
6. low wooden tom-tom (of the sort required for Stockhausen's Kon-
takte)
7. low tom-tom (as low as possible with a faint glissando downwards).

The important considerations behind these choices dealt first of all

with register. Even though pronounced differences in the spectral en-
velope among these instruments tend to overshadow the differences in
pitch, there should be a perceivable change in register from high to low
across the instrumental array in order to project the strongly vectorial
nature of the melodic line.
In addition, there should be quite similar decay characteristicsamong
the instruments. Because of the very rapid rhythmic material, sustaining
instruments were inappropriate. In fact, my instrumentation has a gradu-
ated scale of durations so that the lower instruments have slightly longer
decay times than the higher ones, but in general all are quite dry. Since
there would be no time for mallet changes, all instruments would have to
respond to a single set of four mallets (two hard and two soft) carried
throughout the piece. And, strokes of equal force should produce
roughly equal dynamic response across the range of instruments.
In Bone Alphabet the texture shifts kaleidoscopically between mono-
phonic linearity and polyphony with as many as four lines. The question
became how to choose instruments different enough from one another
to be able to project clearly perceivable polyphony yet compatible
enough to be melded together into a single line.
For polyphonic sections, each instrument needs at the core of its sonic
personality an indelible and identifiable individuality.Instrument number

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136 Perspectivesof New Music

3, the gong, for example, must be identifiable as a gong in any poly-

phonic texture, played at any speed, and in any rhythmic context. It
seems simple enough, but many instruments, even of different materi-
als-say vibraphone and marimba-have similar enough harmonic spec-
tra to be easily confused with one another in rapid alternation. On the
other hand, in order to accommodate monophonic sections of the piece,
instruments needed to knit sufficiently well together to form a single line.
This dual necessity meant that sounds on either extreme of a scale of
individuality were inappropriate. Sounds of maximum identity (an array
consisting of snare drums and crotales to cull an extreme example) could
never be fluid enough to mesh as a single line, and highly blendable
sounds like cymbals and tam-tams could never project multiple poly-
phonic ideas.
Eventually it became clear that freedom of choice in the instrumenta-
tion of Bone Alphabetwas largely illusory. The number of possible instru-
mental configurations which satisfied the rhythmic and textural
conditions of the score and which did not at the same time pose insoluble
performance problems was very limited indeed.
Brian once told me in conversation that an ideal instrumentation for
the work was one that was "maximally Protestant." As the son and
grandson of Iowa farmers a pleasant ripple coursed through my gene
pool at this comment. At the same time, however, I became preoccupied
with finding and exploiting timbral nuance in my rather straight-laced
instrumentation. The resources of color were later used to distinguish
and project different polyphonic strands: highlighting differences
between two lines by assigning different hardnesses of mallets to each, or
by varying striking area, articulation, and ornamental effect. The
approach of delicately coloring a basic instrumental stable was my initial
solution to what I perceived as the looming challenge of the piece: how
to engineer a work of more than ten minutes with only seven sound
sources.
These decisions about instrumentation were made in a flurry in the
first few hours of practice. Literally by the end of the first day, I had a
setup which has not changed since except for minor points of the tuning
of drums. The process of learning rhythms and memorizing the piece, on
the other hand, was excruciatingly slow.

RHYTHM

My method of actually learning the piece involved first cutting out each
bar and gluing it on graph paper so that I could better calculate rhythmi-
cal relationships. Then I made all decisions regarding sticking and mallet

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 Developing an InterpretiveContext 137

choice and memorized them before going on to the next measure. The
advantage to this approach was that, by memorizing as the first and not
the last step in the process, I could more quickly embed the material I
was learning in the realm of physical gesture. As a result, from the first
instant the piece became a theatrical arena where physical gesture was not
the simple by-product of performance, but an integral part of a growing
interpretive point of view. The instrument became a kind of stage for the
enactment of, in Ferneyhough's words, "a theatre of the body."
Gesture became an indispensable mechanism for memory, physical dis-
tance a calibration of rhythm, and "comportment," Brian's term for dis-
tinctions among formal sections, took on its initial meaning as behavior
revealed by posture.
Eventually, several rhythmic strategies emerged: (1) solving poly-
rhythms by means of calculating the least common multiple of their con-
stituent components, (2) translating rhythmic notations into indications
of tempo, and, (3) casting one line of a polyrhythm as strongly fore-
ground in nature against which other rhythmic lines act ornamentally in
varying degrees of rhythmic dissonance to the original. Very often a
given bar of Bone Alphabet would require a mixture of these techniques.
In instances where two or more rhythmic lines share both beginning
and end points, a method of calculating the least common multiple of the
rhythmic components works well. Bar 1 (Example 1) serves as a good
example. The lines start together in clear two-part polyphony and then
meet again on the second half of beat two. The upper line in thirty-
second and sixty-fourth notes is quite straightforward, while the lower
line divides the twelve sixty-fourth notes (one and a half beats) into ten
parts. A second polyrhythmic phrase begins on the "and" of beat two
and continues until beat four, also in thirty-second and sixty-fourth notes
in the upper line and 10:12 in the lower line.

20.f0 tf
.b_-.

" 10:12 ''..

EXAMPLE 1: BAR 1

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138 Perspectivesof New Music

A very simple grid can be constructed for each group of one and a half
beats by multiplying the denominators of the two components together.
The upper voice is expressed in sixty-fourth notes, or twelve units for the
beat and a half, and the lower voice is expressed in ten units. Thus a grid
based on the multiple of the two rhythms contains 120 increments and
will account for each note of the polyrhythm. This grid can be simplified
by taking the least common multiple of two rhythms-in this case 60
(Example 2). Note that by using the least common multiple, the grid still
provides an index for every note of the polyrhythm, but produces more
easily countable subdivisions. To preserve the convenience of having
major subdivisions of the rhythm correspond with multiples of ten one
must start counting with the first note as zero.
This system works very well for instances where polyrhythms begin
and end together, and where the resultant least common multiple is not
so large as to render subdivision by a performer impractical. Simple two-
part polyrhythms were usually solvable this way. With more difficult
rhythms involving three- and four-part counterpoint I produced grids of
very large common multiples. True, I could calculate the location of each
note with respect to the overall polyrhythm, but I wasn't able to subdi-
vide each eighth note into several thousand parts in performance as was
required in some instances.
The very second bar of the piece (Example 3) in fact seems to defy the
least-common-multiple approach. There are just two lines, but the
rhythms do not have common beginning and ending points. The 6:7
rhythm starts its second cycle between the last triplet of the second beat
in the right hand and before the beginning of the third beat. Exactly
where between those two beats is of course the question. This particular
passage is compounded by the difficulty of deciphering the nested poly-
rhythm in the lower line.
The indication of 6:7 means that the first seven sixty-fourth notes of
the bar are to be divided into six parts, the internal 4:3 indication further
means that the last three of the 6:7 notes are to be divided into four
parts. How does one simultaneously think six in the time of seven and
four in the time of three? The answer occurred to me in a flash: one does
not!
Instead, I translated the 6:7 rhythmic indication into a tempo change.
I conceived of a basic tempo which was 67 as fast as the given tempo of
MM i = 54. By removing the rhythmic marking of 6:7 I could replace it
with the "new tempo" of MM 46.3. The "new rhythm" then, a simple
four against three, is much more manageable. In rehearsalFerneyhough
clearly expressed his desire that the performer not translate polyrhythmic
composites into shifting tempi. He felt that polyrhythms seen as shifting
tempi imply a reorientation of the overall metrical point of view. And, of

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 Developing an InterpretiveContext 139

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140 Perspectivesof New Music

course, there is a big difference between changing meters and changing

speeds. Nevertheless, as a stage in the learning process, this technique
can be very valuable. Eventually such passages should be heard by the
performer in the original tempo.

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EXAMPLE 3: BAR 2

In bar 2, the least-common-multiple method used in bar 1 produced a

grid of subdivisions which was far too large to be practical. I was left with
the situation of being sure of one of the two lines and having to approxi-
mate the rhythm of the other. As in every polyrhythm, one of the lines
must act as the primary voice into which secondary and tertiary lines are
incorporated. How does one know which line should act as the primary
voice?
In bar 2, the left hand became the primary line into which the triplets
of the right hand were folded. The left hand, with the greater amount of
rhythmic information in this case, was going to be more obviously right
or wrong to a listener. And, I felt that the simplicity of the upper line-
only sixteenth note triplets-was something I could approximate fairly
accurately.
I learned the left hand precisely at MM 46.3 and then, thinking that
line as the primary rhythmic voice, I guessed where the upper triplets
would fall. I then taped myself playing the lower line on my leg or on
some other surface which made very little sound and played the right
hand on instruments, effectively recording only the secondary line. By
listening to the tape I could easily tell how accurate my triplets were, and
I simply fine-tuned them by playing slightly earlier or later as the situa-
tion required.

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 Developing an InterpretiveContext 141

I suppose the idea of approximation implies "guesswork" and there-

fore the acceptance of rhythmic inaccuracy.I certainly do not mean it in
this way; "guessing" is another way of saying that the ultimate judge of
rhythmic accuracy is the ear. And, by extension, the ear, the traditional
means of learning, hearing, and ascertaining the accuracyof rhythms, was
still of primary importance in learning even very complex rhythms. I
could generate polyrhythmic graphs of least common multiples or use
computer models if I wanted (I didn't), but, in the end, human ears
would judge the performance, so human ears should guide the learning
process.
Form in Bone Alphabet is articulated not only by the juxtaposition of
textures and rhythms, but by the interplay of musical behaviors as well.
Sections of the work-marked off by double bars in the score-are per-
sonalized first by the number of polyrhythmic layers and secondly by the
presence or absence of certain ornamental figurations such as tremoli or
mordants. The various combinations of rhythm and texture script the
"comportment" of a given formal unit and imply a particularmanner of
interaction between performer and instrumentarium. The peculiar
dynamic of a given mode of interaction frequently colored the method
by which the rhythms of a section were learned.
For example, in bars 20-22 (Example 4) Ferneyhough composes a
"practicing"motive. Here very similar rhythmic material, in this case the
triplet material in the upper voice, is repeated at varying speeds in much
the same way someone might practice a passage, first slowly then faster,
slower again to fix some "problems" and, at the end, in its entirety at
tempo. Since different tempi were the sense of this section, the transla-
tion of the various nested polyrhythms into changing tempi seemed a
suitable aesthetic as well as a practicalchoice.
The first triplet is very easy, of course, a simple sixteenth-note triplet at
MM J = 60. At the end of the bar, however, the rhythm becomes more
difficult. The last four sixteenth notes are divided in seven parts and then
a triplet is played over the first four of the seven. The arithmetic for calcu-
lating the speed of the new triplet is not difficult. The notation indicates
that the triplet is to be played over the first 4/7 of the final quarter note
(with the tempo at MM J = 30). The quarter-note tempo of thirty
divided by 4/7 (or multiplied by /4) gives a new basic tempo to the nested
triplet of MM 52.5. It was far simpler for me to simply change tempo
from MM 60 to MM 52.5 than to try to negotiate the nested poly-
rhythm.
Similar calculations for subsequent triplets reveal tempi of MM = 75,
MM = 44, and MM = 79, respectively. This kind of wedge of temporal
proportions, starting from a value serving as a central axis and proceed-
ing to longest and shortest extremes (60, 52.5, 75, 44, and 79) is an

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142 Perspectives of New Music

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 Developing an InterpretiveContext 143

operating principle in macrostructuralproportions also. As in bar 2, one

voice can be carefully controlled (here the triplets in the upper line) and
rhythms of the other line must be folded in and fine-tuned.
In some instances where the number of coexistent polyphonic lines
and the complexity of each line produced an enormous quantity of subdi-
visions in the least-common-multiple approach or a quicksand of tempo
shifts, a third technique was employed. This third method involves "flat-
tening" a polyrhythmic structure into a single line by reading an entire
polyrhythmic passage as a filtered version of a primarysubdivision. This is
essentially an extreme version of the approximation technique used
above.
The primary subdivision usually was simply the most abundant kind of
subdivision in a given bar. Opposing rhythms were then represented as
grace notes of different breadths against a primary pulse. In the poly-
rhythm 7:8, for example, the second eight could be heard as a grace note
to the second seven, appearing at the distance of one-seventh of the ini-
tial subdivision (or one-fifty-sixth of the entire polyrhythm) before the
eight.

Jit 8 LS '19 ( 6)
IF. ? ? Ip II

7:8

EXAMPLE 5: 7:8 POLYRHYTHM

In bar 9 (Example 6), a difficult four-part structure, my solution

involved expressing all rhythms in some relationship to a primary duple
value, in this case 128th notes. In this way the 7:6 figure which starts
exactly on the eighth sixteenth note of the 13 bar must be "flattened"
and heard as some version of the 128th note subdivision of the pulse.
The second note of the 7:6 figure arrives, for example, at 6.88 128th
notes of beat eight, the second 7:6 note comes at 5.714 128th notes of
beat nine, and so on. (Of course, given that my calculations are correct, it
might be reassuring to know where each note falls, but I personally

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144 Perspectivesof New Music

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 Developing an InterpretiveContext 145

cannot hear subdivisions of a thousandth of a 128th note.) This kind of

grid is executed to obtain a maximally accurate graphic representation of
the rhythm, and the 7:6 notes are simply played as grace notes of varying
speeds against the ongoing duple subdivision. (See Example 7.)
The danger in this method is that the result could easily sound like a
flat rhythmic composite-a series of unrelated points-and not a living
polyphonic structure. Indeed, different speeds and subdivisions seem to
have different rhythmic auras. Hearing everything as a version of a six-
teenth note pulse (or any single primarypulse) can dilute a rich rhythmic
structure into a monochromatic blob. To avoid this, separate lines must
be colored quite carefully by the use of different mallets and striking
techniques and projected as clearly as possible from the predominant
subdivision by means of different articulations. What is clear from a cur-
sory look at the score is the strongly deliberate rhythmic structures
within a single bar. Less clear perhaps are rhythmic processes seen in a
broader view. There are many instances where rhythmic continuity or dis-
continuity across bar lines provides for functions of tension and repose
not unlike the functions of tonal harmony in older music.
In bars 5 and 6, the thread of continuity supplied by the 6:7 rhythmic
passage both in thirty-second-note and sixteenth-note values constitutes
a rhythmic plane of activity not unlike that of a tonic chord or perhaps
pedal point in tonal music. It is the static value against which the 11:12
and the 11:8 can sound as rhythmic dissonances and which eventually
becomes answered by a three-part contrapuntal structure of 5:4, 8:4, and
8:5 at the end of the bar. Harmonic rhythm is supplanted by "rhythmic
harmony," to use Ferneyhough's term.4 (See Example 8.)

FORM

It seems clear to me that formal concerns at the microlevel often mirror

those at the macrolevel. This is to say that I have never worried much
about projecting large-scale form. I believe-and this usually works
out-that if I am very careful to render the extreme microlevel of rhythm
and texture with fully fleshed-out structure and personality, the larger
issues take care of themselves. The "kaleidoscopic" qualities of the formal
distribution of comportmental materialswhich Ferneyhough discusses in
the preface to Bone Alphabet are, in my mind, the inevitable result of
careful work in the details of sonority, rhythm, and style, and I do not
conceive of them as constituting a preordained guiding principle.

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146 Perspectivesof New Music

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 Developing an InterpretiveContext 147

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EXAMPLE 8: BARS 5-6

The idea of musical form as it is projected on the template of the form

of the human figure of the performer is, however, for me a matter of
great interest. The "form" of the work, then, means exactly that: the
confluence of bodily movements, extruding limbs, sudden muscularityor
the silent tableaux of a freeze frame, and the way, ultimately, that intelli-
gence is packaged and expressed in the form of the human body. When I
started work on Bone Alphabet, this kind of physicality was the last thing
I expected to find. I had thought of the so-called "complexity compos-
ers" as cerebralin the extreme. However, even the score of BoneAlphabet
itself is possessed of a kind of physicality. Score study prompts in me a
wish to move in concert with the musical ideas.
Of course, the nature of physicality in Bone Alphabet is ultimately
determined by the size and shape of the chosen instruments. With these
movements comes the inevitable quality of ritual and drama in perfor-
mance.

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148 Perspectivesof New Music

I arrange my array of instruments in a quasi-keyboard fashion (Ex-

ample 9a) which compresses the overall distance from high to low. This is
a practice which I use for most works of multiple percussion; the arrange-
ment is designed to minimize the breadth of the setup and thereby to
facilitate rapid horizontal movements. The series of interlocking "soft"
triangularshapes (Example 9b) are more easily negotiated by the rotating
ball and socket joints of the shoulder and hip than those involving more
straight lines.

wood block
woode-n
tltom-tom bell\) < 7

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EXAMPLE 9a

EXAMPLE 9b

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 Developing an InterpretiveContext 149

Aside from the keyboard-style setup, BoneAlphabet is a departure from

conventional percussion arrangements in practically all respects. The
"classic" percussion works from the late 1950s and early 1960s-and
here I'm thinking of the percussion parts in pieces like Stockhausen's
Kontakte or Berio's Circles-feature very large setups which catalog a
maximal diversity of sonorities, attack characteristics,and durations. Bone
Alphabet does not pretend to create a microcosm of the percussive uni-
verse. Instead it takes a distinct sonic (and therefore sculptural) point of
view.
Since the bare-bones setup (hence the "bone" of Bone Alphabet)
includes no sustaining instruments, every sound must be activated by a
discrete physical action. There are no moments of repose while a gong
sounds or a tympano decays. This one-to-one relationship of movement
to sound creates a visual piece which exactly parallels the textures and
formal elements of the acoustical work. A physical language exists which
encodes musical meaning and telegraphs by gesture the fundamental
properties of the piece.5
This linguistic function of physical gesture in BoneAlphabetoperates in
a very different fashion from the role of gesture in earlier percussion
pieces. These larger works are certainly "dramatic" at least from the
standpoint of the number of percussion instruments involved. There is a
kind of grandeur, I suppose, about a stage filled with percussion instru-
ments. The human performer, however, is often dwarfed by the sheer
amount of stuff, and is frequently tempted to exaggerate movement sim-
ply to feel present amongst all of the instruments. The result is frequently
something like enacting King Lear in a stadium: in such a large arena
even epic rage is likely to seem rather puny.
Bone Alphabet establishes parity between the ambit of the performer's
gestural world and the size of the instrumental stage it occupies. In the
context of a work for seven small instruments even the movement of the
mallets may have dramatic significance. Shifting body weight from leg to
leg or the sudden torque of the torso then is positively balletic. So if the
gestural unit of meaning is conceived much more finely in Bone Alphabet
than in most other percussion works, how then is it emblematic of the
acoustical component of the work?
Because of the very rapid rhythmic material, the motions of the per-
former are generally isolated in the mallets, hands and wrists; the rest of
the body serves to position the hands and sticks over the correct instru-
ment, but is not usually involved in generating the striking motions. The
overall visual effect is one of the performer pegged out over the setup by
the need to be in almost constant contact with every instrument in every
bar. There is rapid-fire movement in the hands and arms of the player,
but a strangely static stance in the legs and torso.

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 v

150 Perspectivesof New Music

When, in rare instances, an entire bar features a clear melodic trajec-

tory such as those in Example 10, the trunk of the body is liberated from
the necessity to stand guard over the center of the setup. This engenders
an interesting musical/physical correspondence: the more strongly vec-
torial the melodic line becomes, the more the entire body becomes
involved in its execution. The sudden involvement of the entire body in
these phrases provides a visual signal of their importance.

0P -p : rp r1tp

]l' l*
5_-/,J/1 s r ,^

$p ___ ?
p

, 7.5 ,

~ ~ ~ ~
frg.~~~~~~~~~~~~~pm. ~ t

ppp mn .----------
---m -----n.
5t h _y 8 __ I 17

EXAMPLE 10: BARS 25 AND 55

Two significant points of arrivalin the piece are marked by similar ges-
tural structures. In Example 11 there is a sudden radical filtering of the
musical texture which produces explosive punctuations of silence. Con-
versely,in Example 12 rapid chords, sometimes involving all four mallets,
saturate the acoustical space. In each case the trunk of the body is
released from its central position in the setup and becomes involved in

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 Developing an InterpretiveContext 151

rt
A I

tor l~A 0
1

Ai I

r.
LA

rR ! k

LA
rI V

r'
LA

,4
, A 1

!*?

LA

I A .3Bt I
r

-c <B--
-41 |~~I

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152 Perspectivesof New Music

the genesis of the striking motion. For these brief moments the figure of
the player looms larger in the physical universe of the piece-a point of
choreographic as well as musical arrival.

ff y. db.seuy ------ ,,,.?..,...

"'kwn --............ ^ f-f

r I r>_ 1 r, _. r

lm $-.- -----......- - -
.

EXAMPLE 12: BAR 155

It is important to note that in no case are these movements simple

afterthoughts. An accurate performance of Bone Alphabet leaves no
unused strength or concentration which can be spent for choreographic
affectation. Meaningful gesture is the ultimate measure of a committed
performance, a kind of Richter Scale of the musical tectonic forces under-
lying the composition.
By all accounts I should be finished tinkering with Bone Alphabet. I've
learned it, performed it widely, recorded it, talked and written about it.
The disorderly universe of learning should long ago have settled into the
comfortable steady-state of repertoire. But, often I feel compelled to
think of the piece as I did in the first weeks of practice-to return to the
genuineness of uncertainty and to the cragginess of problems too formi-
dable to be leapt with a single bound. With any luck Bone Alphabet will
settle into a kind of prolonged adolescence where the malleability of
learning coexists with mature manifestations of performance.
Finally, I would like to use this public forum to thank Brian for Bone
Alphabet:for its invitation to reevaluate the basic tenets of the percussive
art, and for providing at least this one performer with a wild ride.

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 Developing an InterpretiveContext 153

NOTES

1. Brian Ferneyhough and James Boros, "Composing a Viable (if Tran-

sitory) Self," in this issue.
2. Brian Ferneyhough and James Boros "Shattering the Vessels of
Received Wisdom," Perspectivesof New Music 28, no. 2 (Summer
1990): 11.
3. From an unpublished interview with Brian Ferneyhough by Arun
Bharali (November 1992).
4. "Shattering the Vessels of Received Wisdom," 15
5. An audio recording of Bone Alphabet is only a partial representation
of the work. A recording on Compact Disc will be released by New-
port Classics in early 1994 and a video documentation of the perfor-
mance is in preparation.

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