PROJECT REPORT ON: Comparison of PV fed Brushed DC

and BLDC motors through MATLAB/SIMULINK

Final Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Instrumentation

Engineering

By

Soumik Samanta(13003420038)
Sayak Dey(13005320011)
Ranojit Lahiri(13005320012)
Promit Chatterjee(13005320014)
Preetam Kuchlan(13005320016)

Under the guidance of

Prof. Santanu Mondal

Techno Main Salt Lake

EM 4/1, Salt Lake City, Sector
V, Kolkata – 700091
2024
MAULANA ABUL KALAM AZAD UNIVERSITY OF
TECHNOLOGY, WEST BENGAL
 TECHNO MAIN SALT LAKE

(MAULANA ABUL KALAM AZAD UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, WEST

BENGAL)

Faculty of EIE Department

Certificate of

Recommendation

This is to certify that Group 1 has been involved in his project work titled
“Comparison of PV fed Brushed DC and BLDC motors through
MATLAB/SIMULINK”, under the direct supervision and guidance of Prof.
Santanu Mondal. I am satisfied with his work, which is being presented for the
partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and
Instrumentation Engineering, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of
Technology, West Bengal.

Prof.
(Teacher in charge of

Project)

Date:

Dr. Saikat Majumder

Head, EIE Department
Date:
 MAULANA ABUL KALAM AZAD UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, WEST
BENGAL

Faculty of EIE Department

Provisional Certificate of Approval *

The foregoing project synopsis is hereby approved as a creditable study of

Bachelor of Technology and presented in a manner satisfactory to warrant its
acceptance as a pre-requisite to the final semester examination for which it has
been submitted. It is understood that by this approval the undersigned do not
necessarily endorse or any statement made, opinion expressed or conclusion
therein but approve this project only for the purpose for which it is submitted.

Signature of the examiners

 ABSTRACT:
This project conducts a comprehensive comparative study between brushed DC and brushless DC
(BLDC) motors, leveraging MATLAB/SIMULINK and PV module integration to evaluate their
respective performances. The primary objective is to assess the control effectiveness of BLDC
motors across diverse control schemes. The model encompasses essential components such as a PV
module block, boost converter block, PMSM block, hall sensor block, and gate-control block.
Furthermore, it emphasizes the mathematical modeling and performance analysis of a Photovoltaic
(PV) module, highlighting key current components to accurately represent its behavior. This
includes saturation current block, reverse saturation current shunt current, photo current, and PV
current blocks. By formulating mathematical expressions for each current block, the study delves
into the intrinsic behavior of both motor types.

BLDC motors, powered by DC current, exhibit commendable efficiency, controllability, and starting
torque, albeit at higher costs compared to brushed DC motors. Conversely, brushed DC motors are
lauded for their simplicity and cost-effectiveness but may compromise on efficiency and control
precision. Experimental measurements conducted under varying conditions aim to plot current-
voltage (IV) curves for both motor types, providing insights into their comparative performances.
Additionally, the project delves into a comprehensive model elucidating the impact of irradiance and
temperature on the electrical torque and speed of a BLDC motor. This mathematical construct
integrates solar power, converting it into current to energize the BLDC, offering valuable insights
into the interplay between irradiance, temperature, and motor performance for both motor types.

Keywords: PV array, Boost Converter, BLDC,Brushed, Hall Sensor, Logic gates, PMSM motor
INDEX

Sl.No Chapters Page No.

1. Introduction 6

2. Modeling and simulation of PV 8

array

3. Boost Converter 14

4. MPPT controller 15

5. Modeling of Brushed DC motor 17

6. Modeling of BLDC motor 22

7. Observations and Discussion 29

8. Conclusion 33

9. References 34

I. Appendix 35
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

The increasing need for sustainable energy solutions has driven the development of
innovative technologies to harness renewable energy sources. Among these, photovoltaic (PV)
systems combined with Brushless DC (BLDC) motors offer a promising approach to efficient energy
conversion and utilization. However, the complexity of accurately modeling and controlling these
systems presents significant challenges. Unknown parameters in the equivalent circuit of the chosen
model make it difficult to achieve ideal performance. Furthermore, assumptions regarding the
physical behavior of cells and the desired line current are necessary to establish a reliable
mathematical model. This paper aims to address these challenges by providing valuable insights and
practical solutions for integrating PV modules and BLDC motors into a cohesive "electromagnetic
system."

Technically, this project involves several sophisticated components and methodologies to optimize
the performance of the integrated system. The core objective is to ensure maximum power and
torque at all times, which requires precise modeling and control mechanisms. By leveraging
manufacturer data and making necessary assumptions about cell behavior, we can create a
mathematical model that closely approximates real-world performance. This involves calculating the
PV plot, determining the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) value, and analyzing the torque
and speed plots of the BLDC motor. These calculations are crucial for optimizing the efficiency and
reliability of the system.

The working principle of the project revolves around boosting the voltage of the PV array using a
boost converter, which is critical for enhancing the system's efficiency. The boost converter steps up
the voltage to a level suitable for the BLDC motor's operation. This increased voltage is then used to
calculate the MPPT value, ensuring that the PV array operates at its maximum power point. The
torque and speed plots of the BLDC motor are derived using the Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Motor (PMSM) block in a trapezoidal form. This approach is particularly effective for modeling the
dynamic performance of the BLDC motor, providing detailed insights into its operational
characteristics.

The project comprises several key components, each playing a vital role in the overall system. The
PV array serves as the primary energy source, converting sunlight into electrical power. The boost
converter is essential for stepping up the voltage from the PV array to a level that is suitable for
driving the BLDC motor. This component is critical for maximizing the efficiency of the power
conversion process. The BLDC motor, driven by the boosted voltage, is analyzed using the PMSM
block, which helps in generating accurate torque and speed plots. These plots are essential for
understanding the motor's performance under various operating conditions. By integrating these
components, the project aims to create a seamless and efficient energy conversion system.

In conclusion, this project represents a significant advancement in the field of renewable energy and
motor control systems. By integrating PV modules and BLDC motors into a cohesive system, it
offers a reliable, efficient, and cost-effective solution for harnessing and utilizing solar energy. The
use of a boost converter, precise mathematical modeling, and advanced control techniques ensures
that the system operates at its maximum efficiency. This not only enhances the performance of the
PV array and BLDC motor but also contributes to the broader goal of sustainable energy
development. Moreover, the project's emphasis on accurate simulation and real-time data acquisition
highlights its potential for practical applications in both residential and industrial settings.

Ultimately, this project provides a valuable framework for future research and development in the
field of renewable energy systems, paving the way for innovations that can significantly reduce our
dependence on non-renewable energy sources and mitigate the impacts of climate change.
Chapter 2: Modeling and simulation of PV array

2.1 Flow Diagram

Saturation Current Reverse Saturation

INPUTS:
Current

Temperature
&
Irradiance
Photocurrent

Shunt Current

OUTPUTS:

Current Photovoltaic current

&
Voltage

Fig 1. Flow diagram of the proposed model

2.2 Components of the Flow diagram

Now, we shall discuss about the individual parts of the proposed flow diagram as shown in figure 1:

1. Inputs: The inputs for the PV(photovoltaic) array are temperature, T and Irradiance, G.
These parameters are responsible for the generation of current and voltage through the
PV array.

2. Saturation Current: Saturation current is produced when a diode is connected in anti-

parallel with the light generated current source, i.e, the diode is oriented in the opposite
direction to the current flow produced by the light source.
 The saturation current can be expressed by the following block diagram:

Fig 2. Saturation Current block diagram

The equation generated for determining Saturation-Current is:

I0=Irs*(T/Tn)^3*exp[(q*Eg0*(1/Tn-1/T))/(n*K)] ………..(1)

3. Reverse Saturation Current: The reverse saturation current, often denoted as Irs or Isat, is
the small current that flows in the reverse direction (opposite to the generated
photocurrent) when a solar cell is under illumination.

The Reverse Saturation Current can be expressed by the following block diagram:

Fig 3. Reverse Saturation Current block diagram

 The equation generated for using determining Reverse Saturation-Current is:

Irs=Isc/[exp(q*Voc / (n*Ns*K*T))-1] ……..(2)

4. Photocurrent: Photocurrent in a photovoltaic (PV) array refers to the electric current

generated by the absorption of photons (light particles) and the subsequent generation of
hole-electron pairs in the semiconductor material of the solar cells.

The Photocurrent can be expressed by the following block diagram:

Fig 4. Photocurrent block diagram

The equation generated for determining Photo-Current is:

Iph =[Isc+{Ki*(T-298)}]*G/1000 ………(3)

5. Shunt current: Shunt current is an unintended current flow that occurs in parallel to the
desired current path within a solar cell or the overall PV array.

The shunt current block can be expressed by the following block diagram:

Fig 5. Shunt current block diagram

The equation generated for determining shunt current is:

 Ish = (V+I*Rs)/Rsh ………(4)

6. Photovoltaic current: Photovoltaic (PV) current in a solar array refers to the electrical
current generated by the conversion of sunlight into electricity within individual solar
cells.

The photovoltaic current block can be expressed by the following block diagram:

Fig 6. PV current block diagram

The equation generated for determining PV Current is:

I=Iph-10*[exp{(V+1*Rs)*q/(n*K*T*Ns)}-1]-Ish ………(5)

2.3 Basic working concept of PV array

2.3.1 Ideal Scenario

Fig 7. Ideal working case of PV diode

A diode is connected in anti-parallel with the light

generated current source, i.e, the diode is oriented in the opposite direction to the current flow
produced by the light source. This is also called saturation current. Kirchoff’s Law gives the current
output I:
I = Iph – Id (6)

Where, Iph is the photocurrent, Id is the diode current which is proportional to the saturation current
and is given by the equation (7):

I0=Irs*(T/Tn)^3*exp[(q*Eg0*(1/Tn-1/T))/(n*K)]
(7)

Where, V is the voltage imposed on the diode.

VT = k ꞏ Tc/q (8)

I0 is the reverse saturation or leakage current of the diode (A),

VTc = 26 mV at 300 K for test cases,
Tc is the actual cell temperature (K),
k Boltzmann constant 1.381 × 10-23 J/K,
q is electron charge (1.602 × 10-19 C).

VT is called the thermal voltage because of its exclusive dependence of temperature.

Ns is the number of PV cells connected series.

A is the ideality. It depends on PV cell parameters and can be chosen. It is a constant which depends
on PV cell parameters.

All the terms by which, V is divided in equation (7) under exponential function are inversely
proportional to cell temperature and vary with varying conditions. In this
work, this term is designed by ‘a’ and called the ideality factor, is considered constant and is chosen
in accordance to the parameters of the PV cell. The
thermal voltage ‘a’ is presented by equation,

N S ∙ A ∙ k ∙ TC
a= =¿ NS ꞏ A ꞏ VT (8)
q

‘a’ is called ‘‘modified ideality factor’’ and is considered as a parameter to determine, while A is
the diode ideality.

2.3.2 Real scenario

Fig 8. Real case working of PV diode

In reality, it is impossible to neglect the series resistance Rs and the parallel resistance RP because of
their impact on the efficiency of the PV cell and the PV module. When RS is taken into
consideration, equation (7) should take the next form:

V + I ∙ RS
Id = I0[exp( ¿−1 ¿ (9)
a

Fig. 2 is a simplified form, easy to implement in simulators.

2.3.3 Practical Scenario

By applying Kirchhoff law, current will be obtained by the equation:

I=Iph-I0*[exp{(V+1*Rs)*q/(n*K*T*Ns)}-1]-Ish

(10)

The output current at the standard test conditions (STC) is:

[ ( ) ]
I =I ph, ref −I 0 ,ref exp
V
aref
−1 (11)

Input T,G
Input Imp, Vmp, Isc, Voc, μsc, Ns
Initialization Rs=0, Rp by eq (11)

Calculate Iph by eq (3) and I0

by eq (7)

No
Error > Tolerance

Yes

MPC controller

Fig 9. Flow chart of the PV array

Chapter 3: Boost Converter designing

A dc-dc boost converter is an electronic circuit used to step-up the voltage of DC current.

In this paper, we have used the boost converter to boost voltage of PV-array from 20v to 30v.

The boost converter circuit consists of a mosfet, diode, pulse generator and standard
resistors,capacitors and inductors connected as shown in the diagram below :

Fig 9. Boost converter block diagram using SIMULINK

Here a mosfet is connected in series with a diode and inductor and in parallel with a capacitor
and a resistor. The signal input is generated from a pulse train. The outputs that are needed in
our paper are the current and voltage. A boost converter uses a transistor switch to control the
flow of energy through an inductor.

When the switch is on, energy is stored in inductor. When the switch is off, the inductor
releases this energy, raising the output voltage. The circuit also includes a double diode and a
capacitor to smooth out the output voltage.

In a boost converter, the pulse train controls the switching of the transistor, which determines
the voltage transformation. A longer pulse width means more energy is transferred to the
output, resulting in higher ouput voltage.

Chapter 4: MPPT Controller

 4.1 Basic definition and flow diagram of MPPT controllers

A Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controller is an essential component in solar power
systems, serving as the intelligent intermediary between the solar panels and the battery bank or grid.
Its significance lies in its ability to optimize the energy conversion process, ensuring that the solar
panels operate at their maximum power output under varying environmental conditions.
Fundamentally, solar panels generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect, converting sunlight
into electrical energy. However, the amount of power produced by solar panels fluctuates due to
factors such as changes in sunlight intensity, temperature variations, and shading. These fluctuations
can result in suboptimal energy conversion if the panels are not operating at their maximum power
point (MPP). The MPPT controller addresses this challenge by continuously monitoring the output
of the solar panels and adjusting the electrical operating point to ensure that the panels operate at or
near their MPP.

One of the key functions of an MPPT controller is to dynamically adjust the voltage and current to
match the optimal operating conditions of the solar panels. This process involves periodically
sampling the voltage and current output of the panels and calculating the power, allowing the
controller to determine the MPP. By tracking and maintaining operation at this point, the MPPT
controller ensures that the maximum amount of power is extracted from the solar panels at any given
time. This optimization is crucial for maximizing energy production and overall system efficiency.

Fig 10. MPPT controller block diagram

Furthermore, MPPT controllers play a vital role in increasing the overall energy yield of solar power
systems. By continuously adapting to changes in environmental conditions, such as variations in
sunlight intensity or temperature, the controller can ensure that the system operates at peak
performance levels. This not only maximizes energy production but also enhances the reliability and
longevity of the system. In areas with fluctuating weather patterns or partial shading, MPPT
controllers are particularly beneficial as they mitigate the impact of these factors on energy output.
Moreover, MPPT controllers contribute to the economic viability of solar power projects by
improving their financial returns. By maximizing energy production, these controllers increase the
amount of electricity generated by the system, leading to higher revenue potential or greater savings
on electricity bills. Additionally, the enhanced efficiency and reliability offered by MPPT controllers
can reduce maintenance costs and extend the lifespan of solar power systems, further enhancing their
economic value.

In conclusion, the importance of MPPT controllers in solar power projects cannot be overstated.
These intelligent devices optimize energy conversion, increase energy yield, improve system
performance, and enhance economic viability. By continuously tracking and adjusting the operating
point of solar panels, MPPT controllers ensure that solar power systems operate at their maximum
potential, ultimately contributing to a more sustainable and efficient energy future.

4.2 Data derivation

In this project, we have used MATLAB codes to get the MPPT values of the model.(See appendix
1 for the code in use).

Chapter 5: Brushed DC Motor

 5.1 Basic Description of Brushed DC motor and its working

A brushed DC motor stands as one of the most fundamental and widely used electric motors, known
for its simplicity, versatility, and robustness. Its operation relies on the interaction between magnetic
fields and electrical currents, resulting in rotational motion. Understanding the basic principles
underlying the operation of a brushed DC motor is essential for comprehending its applications
across various industries, from automotive to robotics and beyond.

The brushed DC motor consists of several key components, including a stator, rotor, commutator,
brushes, and an external power source. The stator is the stationary part of the motor and typically
comprises a set of permanent magnets or electromagnets arranged in a circular fashion. Surrounding
the stator is the rotor, which is the rotating part of the motor and houses the winding or coil. The
commutator, a crucial component, is a segmented cylindrical structure attached to the rotor shaft. It
facilitates the reversal of current flow in the rotor windings, ensuring continuous rotation. Brushes,
typically made of carbon or graphite, maintain electrical contact with the commutator segments,
transferring power from the external power source to the rotor windings.

Fig 11. Schematic diagram of Brushed DC motor

The operation of a brushed DC motor is based on the principles of electromagnetism and

electromagnetic induction. When an electrical current flows through the rotor windings, it
generates a magnetic field that interacts with the magnetic field produced by the stator. This
interaction results in a force known as electromagnetic torque, causing the rotor to rotate. As the
rotor spins, the commutator segments come into contact with the brushes, which switch the
direction of current flow in the rotor windings at precise intervals. This reversal of current flow
ensures that the magnetic field generated by the rotor continuously interacts with the magnetic
field of the stator, maintaining rotational motion. The speed and direction of rotation of the motor
can be controlled by varying the voltage and polarity of the external power source or by adjusting
the position of the brushes and commutator.

Brushed DC motors find widespread use in various applications due to their simplicity,
affordability, and ease of control. They are commonly employed in household appliances, power
tools, automotive systems, and industrial machinery, among others. Their straightforward design
and reliable performance make them ideal for tasks requiring continuous or intermittent rotational
motion. Additionally, brushed DC motors offer advantages such as high starting torque, rapid
response to changes in input voltage, and compatibility with a wide range of power sources.
Despite the prevalence of more advanced motor technologies, brushed DC motors continue to play
a significant role in numerous industries, showcasing their enduring relevance and versatility in
modern engineering applications.

5.2 Technical working of a Brushed DC motor

A common actuator in control systems is the DC motor. It directly provides rotary motion
and, coupled with wheels or drums and cables, can provide translational motion. The
electric circuit of the armature and the free-body diagram of the rotor are shown in the
following figure:

Fig 12. Free body diagram of a brushed DC motor

We will assume that the input of the system is the voltage source (𝑉) applied to the motor's
armature, while the output is the rotational speed of the shaft 𝜃̇. The rotor and shaft are assumed to
be rigid. We further assume a viscous friction model, that is, the friction torque is proportional to
shaft angular velocity.

The physical parameters for our example are:

(J) moment of inertia of the rotor 0.01 kg.m^2

(b) motor viscous friction constant 0.1 N.m.s

(Ke) electromotive force constant 0.01 V/rad/sec

(Kt) motor torque constant 0.01 N.m/Amp

(R) electric resistance 1 Ohm

(L) electric inductance 0.5 H

In general, the torque generated by a DC motor is proportional to the armature current and the
strength of the magnetic field. In this problem, we will assume that the magnetic field is constant
and, therefore, that the motor torque is proportional to only the armature current 𝑖 by a constant
factor 𝐾𝑡 as shown in the equation below. This is referred to as an armature-controlled motor.

𝑇= 𝐾𝑡i (12)

The back emf, 𝑒 is proportional to the angular velocity of the shaft by a constant factor

𝐾𝑒*𝑒= 𝐾𝑒𝜃' (13)

A DC Machine (motor/generator) works on the principle of Lorentz’s Law which states that a
current carrying conductor placed in an electromagnetic field (magnetic and electric field)
experience a force.

Fleming’s Left Hand Rule is used to obtain the direction of this force based on the Current and
Magnetic Field Direction.

The mathematical model of the DC Motor is done as per the following assumptions:

Assumptions:

The Rotor and Shaft are assumed to be rigid. Note that neither the Rotor is rigidly attached to the
shaft nor the shaft is attached rigidly attached in the motor.
The Model is a Viscous Friction Model where the Frictional Torque is proportional to the Shaft
Angular Velocity. The Relation between the Frictional Torque and the Angular Velocity is assumed
to be as follows:

 The Rotor and Shaft are assumed to be rigid. Note that neither the Rotor is rigidly attached
to the shaft nor the shaft is attached rigidly attached in the motor.
 The Model is a Viscous Friction Model where the Frictional Torque is proportional to the
Shaft Angular Velocity. The Relation between the Frictional Torque and the Angular
Velocity is assumed to be as follows:

Tfriction = b*(dθ/dt) = b*ω (14)

Where b = Motor Viscous Friction Constant or the Damping Coefficient,

θ = Angular Displacement of the Shaft/Rotor,

(dθ/dt) = ω = Angular Velocity of the Shaft/Rotor.
Tfriction = Frictional Torque

 Considering ideal scenario, Magnetic Field is constant. Therefore, the Torque generated by
the DC Motor is proportional only to the Armature Current ‘i’ as per the following relation:

Tmotor = Kti (15)

Where, Tmotor = Motor Torque

Kt = Motor Toque Constant
i = Armature Current
  Considering ideal case scenario, the back emf ‘e’, is proportional to the angular velocity of
the shaft/rotor by a constant factor Ke:
e = Ke (dθ/dt) = Ke ω (16)

Where (dθ/dt) = ω = Angular Velocity of the Shaft/Rotor

Ke = Constant Factor proportionating the back emf and the angular velocity. (17)

5.3 Governing equations of a Brushed DC motor

According to Newton’s 2nd Law of Rotation, if more than one torque acts on a rigid body about
a fixed axis, then the sum of the torques equals the moment of inertia times the angular
acceleration. Here the rigid body is the Rotor. According to the Information for the Model
provided via Explanations, Assumptions and Diagram, Newton’s 2nd Law can be applied on
the Rotor according to the following relation:

(d2θ/dt2) = (1/J) * [ (Kt i) – b(dθ/dt)] (18)

where Tnet = Net External Torque on the Rotor

J = Moment of Inertia of the Rotor

α = (dω/dt) = (d2θ/dt2) = Angular Acceleration of the Rotor

Tmotor = Motor Torque

Tfriction = Frictional Torque on the Rotor

Kt = Motor Torque Constant

i = Armature Current

b = Motor Viscous Friction Constant

ω = (dθ/dt) = Angular Velocity of the Rotor

θ = Angular Displacement of the Rotor

Now applying Kirchoff’s Law (KVL) to the Electrical Part of the Circuit in the Motor:

(di/dt) = 1/L [V – iRa – Ke(dθ/dt)] (19)

Where, the symbols represent the same

5.4 Simulink implementation of Brushed DC motor

 Simulink Blocks used for implementing this model include Inport, Outport, Integrator, Add
and Gain Blocks inside the DC Motor Subsystem (implemented by adding the Subsystem
Block in the main System Window) and Constant Block + Scope Block outside the Subsystem
in the Main System Window.

The Blocks have been added and connected amongst each other so as to represent the
equations (a) and (b) which represent the behaviour of the Model as mentioned in the problem
statement.

5.5 MATLAB/SIMULINK diagram of the proposed Brushed DC system

Fig 13. Brushed DC motor System using MATLAB/SIMULINK

Chapter 6: Modeling of BLDC motor

6.1 Basic definition and working principle of BLDC motor

Brushless DC (BLDC) motors represent a revolutionary advancement in electric motor technology,
offering superior efficiency, reliability, and performance compared to their brushed counterparts.
Understanding the basic definition and working principles of BLDC motors is essential for
appreciating their significance in various applications, from consumer electronics to industrial
automation and electric vehicles. This essay will delve into the fundamental concepts of BLDC
motors, including their construction, operating principles, importance, effectiveness, and
applications.

At its core, a BLDC motor is a type of synchronous electric motor that operates using direct current
(DC) electricity. Unlike brushed DC motors, which use brushes and a commutator to transfer
electrical power to the rotor, BLDC motors employ electronic commutation. This design eliminates
the need for brushes, resulting in reduced friction, wear, and maintenance requirements. The absence
of brushes also allows BLDC motors to operate at higher speeds and achieve greater efficiency,
making them ideal for applications where precision control and reliability are paramount.

The working principle of a BLDC motor revolves around the interaction between the stator and rotor
components. The stator consists of a series of permanent magnets arranged in a circular fashion,
while the rotor comprises electromagnets or windings. When an electrical current is applied to the
stator windings, it generates a rotating magnetic field that interacts with the permanent magnets on
the stator. This interaction exerts a torque on the rotor, causing it to rotate.

Fig 14. BLDC motor block diagram

To achieve smooth and efficient rotation, BLDC motors rely on electronic commutation, which
involves switching the direction of current flow in the stator windings at precisely timed intervals.
This process is typically controlled by an electronic circuit called a motor controller or driver. The
motor controller monitors the position of the rotor using sensors or back electromotive force (EMF)
feedback and adjusts the timing of commutation accordingly. By synchronizing the phase of the
stator current with the position of the rotor, the motor controller ensures optimal torque production
and efficiency throughout the motor's operation.
The importance of BLDC motors stems from their numerous advantages over traditional brushed DC
motors and other types of electric motors. One key advantage is their higher efficiency, which results
from the absence of brushes and the use of electronic commutation. BLDC motors can operate at
efficiency levels exceeding 90%, making them highly energy-efficient and environmentally friendly.
This efficiency translates into lower power consumption, reduced operating costs, and extended
battery life in battery-powered applications such as electric vehicles and portable devices.

Furthermore, BLDC motors offer greater reliability and longevity due to their brushless design. The
elimination of brushes reduces mechanical wear and eliminates the risk of brush sparking, which can
lead to electrical arcing and premature failure. As a result, BLDC motors require minimal
maintenance and can operate continuously for thousands of hours without significant degradation in
performance. This reliability makes BLDC motors well-suited for critical applications where
downtime must be minimized, such as industrial automation, robotics, and aerospace systems.

In addition to their efficiency and reliability, BLDC motors are highly effective in delivering precise
control and performance in various operating conditions. The electronic commutation allows for
smooth and precise speed control, torque regulation, and position feedback, making BLDC motors
ideal for applications requiring high levels of accuracy and responsiveness. Whether used in servo
systems, CNC machines, or drones, BLDC motors excel in delivering the precise motion control
required for demanding tasks.

In conclusion, BLDC motors represent a significant advancement in electric motor technology,

offering superior efficiency, reliability, and performance compared to brushed DC motors and other
types of electric motors. By leveraging electronic commutation and brushless design, BLDC motors
achieve higher efficiency, greater reliability, and precise control, making them indispensable in a
wide range of applications, from consumer electronics to industrial automation and electric vehicles.
As technology continues to evolve, BLDC motors are poised to play an increasingly important role
in shaping the future of electrification and automation.

Selecting a BLDC (Brushless DC) motor as a project topic offers numerous advantages and
opportunities for exploration. Firstly, BLDC motors represent cutting-edge technology in the field of
electric motors, making them a fascinating subject for research and development. By delving into the
principles of BLDC motor operation, students can gain valuable insights into electromechanical
systems, control theory, and power electronics. Additionally, BLDC motors are widely used in
various industries, including automotive, aerospace, robotics, and renewable energy, offering a broad
scope for project applications. Working on a BLDC motor project allows students to develop
practical skills in motor design, control algorithms, sensor integration, and system integration, which
are highly relevant in today's technology-driven world. Furthermore, BLDC motors are integral
components in modern electric vehicles, drones, industrial automation systems, and home
appliances, making them a timely and impactful topic for addressing real-world engineering-
challenges. Overall, selecting a BLDC motor as a project topic provides an exciting opportunity to
explore innovative technologies, gain practical experience, and contribute to advancements in
electric propulsion and automation.

6.2 Technical working of BLDC motor

BLDC motor modeling involves capturing its electrical, magnetic, and mechanical
characteristics in mathematical equations. Key parameters include hall sensors, gate control,
diodes and PMSM machine. Accurate models aid in designing efficient control strategies for
speed and torque regulation, enhancing the motor's performance in various applications.

In a brushless DC (BLDC) motor, the flux distribution exhibits a trapezoidal pattern. This non-
sinusoidal flux distribution necessitates deriving a model of the BLDC motor in phase variable
form. The circuit equations of the three-phase windings in phase variables are as follows:

In the BLDC motor model, Van, Vbn, Vcn represent the stator phase voltages, R denotes the
stator resistance per phase, Iz , Ib , Ic stand for the stator phase currents, L signifies the self-
inductances, M represents the mutual inductance between phases, and e a , eb , ec depict
induced back electromotive forces (emf). The waveforms of the stator phase current and back-
emf for a BLDC motor are illustrated in Figure 1.

For this paper, we have used a PMSM machine block provided with Simulink, MATLAB, to
generate the torque and speed of BLDC motor as we know that the trapezoidal mode of
PMSM machine indicates the parameters of a BLDC motor.

The hall sensor control is passed separately into gate controls which control the instance of
time when certain diodes will pass current.

Fig 15. GATE control block

 Fig 16. Hall commutation logic block

There is a reference speed controller which is used to maintain the speed of the BLDC motor.
The reference speed controller generates a duty cycle which is used alongside the gate logic
block with an AND operator block, which then instructs the universal bridge block to generate
the required current.

Fig 17. Reference speed block diagram

 Fig 18. Duty cycle block

6.3 Adjustments made for the stable torque

After doing these procedures, we are able to see the charachteristic torque plot and the
speed plot. But, we find that the resultant torque and speed has a lot of ripples. To reduce
the ripples in torque, we use a torque ripple reduction technique which uses MPC(Model
Predictive Control) approach.

6.4 Description and working of a standard MPC controller approach

In a BLDC (Brushless DC) motor project, the implementation of an MPC (Model

Predictive Control) controller is crucial for reducing torque ripples, thereby enhancing
motor performance and efficiency. Torque ripples, caused by non-uniformities in
magnetic fields and phase currents, can lead to vibrations, noise, and decreased system
stability. An MPC controller addresses these issues by employing a predictive control
strategy that anticipates future system behavior and optimizes control inputs
accordingly. By considering system dynamics, constraints, and objectives in real-time,
MPC can effectively mitigate torque ripples and improve motor performance. This is
particularly beneficial in applications where precise speed and torque control are
essential, such as electric vehicles, robotics, and industrial automation. Moreover,
reducing torque ripples enhances energy efficiency, prolongs motor lifespan, and
ensures smoother operation, leading to a better overall user experience. Therefore, the
need for an MPC controller in a BLDC motor project is paramount for achieving
superior performance, reliability, and efficiency.

6.5 Application of MPC control in BLDC project

We pass the duty cycle, instead of an AND operator, into a PWM generator, which is
connected to a MPC controller block, provided by SIMULINK. The MPC control
block has two inputs whch are the reference signal(generated by the PWM generator,
 and the ripple laden output, which is the torque in our case. And the output is the
corrected Torque generated which has reduced rippling.

Fig 19. MPC controller block diagram

6.6 Practical working of BLDC motor

The motor mechanical movement equation is as follows.

Te – TL = J (dWm/dt) = BWm

Besides the electrical rotor speed and positions have the following relationships

dθr/ dt = P/2 ωm

where

Te is the electromagnetic torque,

TL is the load torque,
ωm is the motor rotation speed,
J is the rotor inertia,
B is the damping constant,
kt is the torque constant,
P is the number of poles,
θr is the electrical angle

Combining all the relevant equations, the system in state-space form is:

ⅆ ia 1
ⅆt LS [ an a i ]
= v − ⅇ −R a
(12)

ⅆ ib 1
ⅆt LS [ bn b i ]
= v −ⅇ −R b
(13)
 ⅆ ic 1
ⅆt LS [ cn c i ]
= v − ⅇ −R c
(14)

where Ls = L - M . Taking the Laplace Transform of (7), (8), and (9) yields

1
I a= [ v −e ]
Ls S+ R an a (15)

1
I b= [ v −e ]
Ls S+ R bn b
(16)

1
I c= [ v −e ]
L s S+ R cn c
(17)

6.7 MATLAB/SIMULINK diagram of the proposed BLDC system

 Fig 20. PV array fed BLDC using MATLAB/SIMULINK

Chapter 7: Observations and Discussion

7.1 For the brushed DC motor system, we have:

1. PV plot : The PV plot of the system is given as follows,

Fig 21. PV plot of Brushed DC

2. Net Torque generated: The torque plot of the Brushed DC motor is given below,

Fig 22. Torque plot of Brushed DC

3. Rotor speed attained: The net rotor speed achieved is as follows,

 Fig 23. Rotor speed of Brushed DC

4. Back EMF of the system: The back EMF accumulated in the system is,

Fig 24. Back EMF of Brushed DC

As we can see, the back EMF for the brushed DC motor is the same as the speed

7.2 For the BLDC motor system, we have,

1. PV plot: The PV plot of the system is given as follows,

Fig 25. PV plot of BLDC

2. Net Torque generated before using MPC control,

Fig 26. Net torque before using mpc in BLDC

3. Net Torque generated after using MPC control,

Fig 27. Net torque after using MPC approach

4. Rotor speed gain is shown as follows:

Fig 28. Rotor speed gain by BLDC

 5. Back EMF to Stator current ratio is as follows:

Fig 29. Back EMF to stator current comparison of BLDC

7.3 Discussion

In our project, we have found the power efficiency of BLDC to be significantly higher than
that of a regular Brushed DC motor, with the former being nearly 10 times efficient in power
management. The MPPT value of the Brushed motor turns out to be 300 while that of the
BLDC turns about to be 3000, which confirms the above statement.

We have also found out that the duration for which the BLDC motor can run efficiently is
longer tan a regular Brushed DC motor, with the latter having a mildly sharp descent in rotor
speed at about 0.5 hrs after being turned on, while the BLDC attains a fixed speed after a
certain point of time.
Chapter 8: Conclusion

Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are favored over brushed DC motors in numerous applications due
to several technical advantages. One key advantage lies in their improved efficiency and
reliability stemming from their brushless design. Unlike brushed DC motors, BLDC motors
eliminate the need for brushes and commutators, which are prone to wear, sparking, and
mechanical failures. By employing electronic commutation through sensors or back
electromotive force (EMF) feedback, BLDC motors achieve smoother operation, reduced
friction, and lower maintenance requirements. Additionally, the absence of brushes allows BLDC
motors to operate at higher speeds and deliver higher torque densities, making them ideal for
applications requiring precise control and high power-to-weight ratios. Another significant
advantage of BLDC motors is their superior controllability and responsiveness. With the ability
to precisely control speed, torque, and direction of rotation through advanced control algorithms
and electronic commutation techniques, BLDC motors offer enhanced performance and
versatility in a wide range of applications, from automotive propulsion systems to industrial
automation and robotics. Furthermore, BLDC motors exhibit higher power efficiency, resulting
in reduced energy consumption and extended battery life in battery-powered applications such as
electric vehicles and portable devices. Overall, the technical advantages of BLDC motors,
including improved efficiency, reliability, controllability, and power density, make them a
preferred choice over brushed DC motors in modern engineering applications where
performance, reliability, and energy efficiency are paramount.

The adoption of BLDC motors can have a significant impact on public health, particularly in areas
with poor air quality. In various urban centers around the world, air pollution from vehicles and
industrial activities poses a severe threat to human health, leading to respiratory illnesses and
premature deaths. BLDC motors, often used in electric vehicles and clean energy initiatives, offer a
cleaner alternative to traditional combustion engines, reducing harmful emissions and improving air
quality.
 Chapter 9: REFERENCES
1. Santanu Mondal; Arunabha Mitra; Debjyoti Chowdhury; Madhurima Chattopadhyay, “A
new approach of sensorless control methodology for achieving ideal characteristics of
brushless DC motor using MATLAB/Simulink”.

2. Jigneshkumar P. Desai, Astha Patel, Ankurkumar P. Desai, Nikunj N. Patel, "Simulation

Study of Sensor Less Speed Control for Brushless DC Motor", 2023 IEEE 11th Region 10
Humanitarian Technology Conference (R10-HTC), pp.408-413, 2023.

3. Walker, Geoff, 2001. Evaluating MPPT converter topologies using a matlab PV model.
Aust. J. Electr. Electron. Eng. 21 (1). Benmessaoud, M.T., Boudghene Stambouli, A.,
Midoun, A., Zegrar, M., Zerhouni, F.Z., Zerhouni, M.H., 2010. Proposed methods to
increase the output efficiency of a photovoltaic (PV) system. Acta Polytech. Hung. 7 (2),
11. Atlas, H., Sharaf, M., 1992. A fuzzy logic power tracking controller for a photovoltaic
energy conversion scheme. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 25, 227–238.

4. Mondal, S., Chattopadhyay, M. (2018). A Scheme of PV Cell Operated BLDC Motor to Drive
Fans and Pumps in Rural Areas. In: Mandal, J., Sinha, D. (eds) Social Transformation – Digital
Way. CSI 2018. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 836. Springer,
Singapore.

5. Debjyoti Chowdhury, Arunabha Mitra, Santanu Mondal, Madhurima Chattopadhyay (2017). A

New Implementation Scheme in Robotic Vehicle Propulsion Using Brushless DC Motor. In:
Mandal, J., Satapathy, S., Sanyal, M., Bhateja, V. (eds) Proceedings of the First International
Conference on Intelligent Computing and Communication. Advances in Intelligent Systems and
Computing, vol 458. Springer, Singapore.

6. Asaei, Behzad, and Alireza Rostami. "A novel starting method for BLDC motors without the
position sensors." Energy Conversion and Management 50.2 (2009): 337-343.

7. Mondal, Santanu, et al. "A new approach of sensorless control methodology for achieving ideal
characteristics of brushless DC motor using MATLAB/Simulink." Proceedings of the 2015 Third
International Conference on Computer, Communication, Control and Information Technology
(C3IT). IEEE, 2015.

8. Jaiswal, Sharda, Debjyoti Chowdhury, and Madhurima Chattopadhyay. "Performance

analysis of sensored and sensorless drive of BLDC motor using different typs of DC/DC
converters in MATLAB/Simulink platform." Proceedings of ITR International Conference,
06th April-2014, Bhubaneswar. 2014.

9. Caccia, M., et al. "Bottom-following for remotely operated vehicles." IFAC Proceedings
Volumes 33.21 (2000): 245-250.

10. Acarnley, Paul P., and John F. Watson. "Review of position-sensorless operation of brushless
permanent-magnet machines." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 53.2 (2006): 352-
362.

11. Shrestha, G. B., and L. Goel. "A study on optimal sizing of stand-alone photovoltaic
stations." IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 13.4 (1998): 373-378.
12. Zhang, Cunshan, and Dunxin Bian. "A PWM control algorithm for eliminating torque ripple
caused by stator magnetic field jump of brushless DC motors." 2008 7th World Congress on
Intelligent Control and Automation. IEEE, 2008.

13. Rahman, S., and B. D. Kroposki. "Photovoltaics and demand side management performance
analysis at a university building." IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 8.3 (1993): 491-
498.

APPENDIX:

MATLAB/SIMULINK code for MPPT controller:

function [max_P, max_V] = max_val(P,V)

persistent Ppre Vpre

if isempty(Ppre)
Ppre = 0;
Vpre = 0;
end

if (Ppre > P)
max_P = Ppre;
max_V = Vpre;
else
max_P = P;
max_V = V;
end
Ppre = max_P;
Vpre = max_V;