Experiments for cycle 2

( Write the following experiments in record)

EXPERIMENT -5

CONVEX LENS- FOCAL LENGTH

(Write the following on right hand side )

AIM: To find the focal length of a given convex lens using U-V method.

APPARATUS:- Optic bench, convex lens, Screen, Optic needles, Graph, Pencil.

Formula Used:- According to Lens equation,

−1 1 1
+ =
u v f

uv
f=
u−v

f- focal length , U- object distance, V- image distance.

PROCEDURE:

1. Mount the convex lens in lens holder and face the lens towards a distant
object.
2. Obtain a sharp image of the distant object on a screen and measure the
distance between the lens and the screen. This gives rough focal length of
the given convex lens.
3. Clamp the lens in a fixed upright and keep the upright at 50cm mark.
4. Adjust the lens such that its surface is vertical and perpendicular to the
length of the optical bench.
5. Take a thin optical needle as object needle and mount it in outer laterally
movable upright near zero end.
6. Move the object needle and clamp it at a distance 1.5 times the rough focal
length of lens.
 7. Adjust the height of the object needle to make its tip lie on horizontal line
through the optical centre of the lens.
8. Mount a thick optical needle in a upright near the other end of the optical
bench. An inverted image of the object will be seen. The tip of the image
lies in the middle of the lens.
9. Adjust the height of the image needle so that its tip is seen in line with the
tip of the image when seen with right open eye.
10.Move the eye toward right. The tips will get separated. The image tip and
the image needle tip have parallax.
11.Remove the parallax tip to tip.
12.Note the position of the image needle.
13.To get more observations, move the object needle towards the lens in steps
of 2cm to get observation 2 and repeat the experiment.
14.Move the object needle away from the lens insteps of 2cm and repeat
experiment.
15.Record all observation in table.
16.Draw a graph between different values of U and V and determine focal
length of the lens by using the relation , f= (OB+OC)/4

RESULT:
1. The rough focal length of the given convex lens=
2. The focal length of given convex lens
(i) By u-v method=
(ii) From U-V graph=

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The tips of the object and image needles should lie at the same height as
the centre of the lens.
2. The parallax should be removed from tip to tip by keeping the eye at least
a distance of 30cm away the needle.

SOURECS OF ERROR:-

1. The uprights may not be vertical.

 2. Parallax removal may not be perfect.

(WRITE THE FOLLOWING ON LEFT HAND SIDE)

RAY DIAGRAM

MODEL GRAPH:

OB+OC
f=
4
OBSERVATION

Rough focal length of the given convex lens:

S.N Position of uv
f=
o Object Lens Image U=OA V=OB u−v
Needle(A) (O) Needle(B) cm cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Mean focal length = cm
 EXPERIMENT- 6

GLASS PRISM – REFRACTIVE INDEX

Date:

AIM- To determine the angle of minimum deviation for a given glass prism by
plotting a graph between angle of incidence and angle of deviation and hence find
the refractive index of the material.

APPARATUS:-

Glass prism, drawing board, paper, pin, pencil, graph sheet, protractor.

Formula used.

In minimum deviation position ,

i= e

r1=r2=r
sin ( A+ DM )/2
n=
hence refractive index, A
sin ⁡( )
2

Where A- angle of the prism

Dm- Angle of minimum deviation.

PROCEDURE:

1. Fix a sheet of paper on the drawing board with the help of drawing pins.
2. Draw a line parallel to the length of the paper nearly in the middle of the
paper.
3. Place the prism with its refracting face AB in the line and mark the
boundary of the prism.
4. Draw a normal o the refracting face AB of the prism and a line at 30 0 with
the normal.
 5. Fix two or more pins P1 and P2 vertically on the line and the distance
between the pins should be 10mm or more.
6. Look the images of the pins P1 and P2 through the face AC.
7. Close your left eye and bring the open right eye in line with the two images.
8. Fix two pins P3 and P4 vertically, and 10mm apart such that the open right
eye sees pins P3 and p4 and the images of P1 andP2 in one straight line.
9. Remove the pins P3 and P4 and encircle the pin pricks.
10.Draw straight line through the pin pricks of P3 and P4 to obtain the
emergent ray.
11.Produce the incident ray in the boundary of the prism to meet the
emergent ray and measure the angle of deviation.
12.Write the value of angles on the paper.
13.Repeat the steps 4 to 12 for different value of angle of incidence like 35 0,
400, 450, ………..
14. measure the angle BAC of the prism which gives angle A.
15.Record the observations.
16.Draw a graph between and angle of incidence along X-axis and angle of
deviation along Y-axis. Find angle of minimum deviation and calculate the
refractive index of the material f the prism using the relation.

RESULT:-

1. The angle of deviation first decreases with increase in angle of incidence,

attains a minimum vale and then increases.
2. The angle of minimum deviation =
3. The refractive index of the material of the prism =

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The angle of incidence should lies between 300 -600.

2. The pins should be fixed vertical.
3. The distance between the two pins should not be less than 10mm.

SOURCES OF ERROR.

1. The pin pricks may be thick.

 2. Parallax error.
3. Measurement of angles may wrong.

( WRITE THE FOLLOWING ON LEFT SIDE)

RAY DIAGRAM:

RQ – Incident ray i= angle of incidence

QS- Refracted ray r1, r2= angle of refraction

ST- Emergent ray D- angle of deviation

N1 N3, N2N3- normal e= Angle of emergence

MODEL GRAPH
OBSERVATION

Angle of the prism= 600

Sno. Angle of incidence(i0) Angle of deviation(D0)

1 300
2 350
3 400
4 450
5 500

CALCULATION:-

Angle of the prism= A= 600

Angle of minimum deviation( Dm) =

Refractive index (n) = sin(( A+Dm)/2)/ sin(A/2)

=
 &&&&&

EXPERIMENT- 7

GLASS SLAB- REFRACTIVE INDEX

( WRITE ON RIGHT HAND SIDE)

Date:

AIM:-

To determine the refractive index of the material of the glass slab using
travelling microscope.
APPARATUS:-
Travelling microscope, glass slab, lycopodium powder
FORMULA USED
Refractive index (n) = (R3- R1)/( R3- R2)
R1- Reading without slab
R2- Reading with slab
R3- reading with lycopodium powder.
R3-R1- Real thickness of the glass slab
R3-R2- Apparent thickness of the glass slab.

PROCEDURE:
1. Place the travelling microscope on the table near a window so that
sufficient light falls on it.
2. Make the microscope horizontal and adjust the position of the eye piece so
that the cross wires are clearly visible.
3. Determine the vernier constant or least count of the microscope.
4. Make a black ink mark on the base of the microscope. The mark will serve
as point P.
5. Make the microscope vertical and focus on it on the mark P, so that there is
no parallax between the cross wires and the image of the point P.
 6. Note down the main and vernier scale readings(R1) on vertical scale.
7. Place a glass slab over the mark P.
8. Raise the microscope upwards and focus it on the image of the mark.
9. Note the reading (R2) on the vertical scale as before.
10. Sprinkle some lycopodium powder on the surface of the slab.
11. Raise the microscope further upwards and focus it on the particles of
lycopodium powder.
12. Note the reading (R3) on the vertical scale again.
13. Repeat the above the steps.
14. Record the observations.

RESULT:
The refractive index of the material of glass slab=

PRECAUTIONS:
1. In microscope, the parallax should be removed properly.
2. The microscope should be moved in upper direction only to avoid back lash
error.

SOURCES OF ERROR;-
1. Back lash error.
2. The microscope scale may not be properly calibrated

(WRITE ON LEFT HAND SIDE)

RAY DIAGRAM

i
 O

OBSERVATION

Value of one main scale division (msd) = 1/20 cm

No. of divisions on the vernier scale (n) = 50

Least count of the microscope = 1 msd/n= 1/20x50

= 0.001cm.

Sno Reading when microscope is focused on n=(R3-

Without With With R1)/(R3-
Slab(R1) Slab(R2) Lycopodium R3-R1 R3-R2 R2)
Powder(R3) (cm) (cm)

Mean refractive index=

&&&&&&&&&
 EXPERIMENT – 8

P-N JUNCTION DIODE- FORWARD CHARACTERISTICS

(WRITE THE FOLLOWING ON RIGHT HAND SIDE)

AIM:- To draw the forward characteristics of a p-n junction diode and hence find
its resistance.

APPARATUS:- p-n junction diode , battery rheostat, voltmeter, milliammeter, key

and connecting wires.

THEORY:- When the terminal of the supply voltage is connected to the p-side and
negative terminal is connected to n-side, the p-n junction is said to be forward
biased. Under forward bias the resistance offered by the junction is very low.

R = ΔV/ΔI

PROCEDURE:-

1. Make circuit diagram as shown in figure.

2. Make all the connections neat, tight and clean.
3. Note the least count of the voltmeter and milliammeter.
4. Bring the moving contact of the potential divider ( rheostat) near the
negative end and insert the key K. The voltmeter and milliammeter will give
zero reading.
 5. Move the contact little towards the positive end to apply forward bias
voltage and the current remains zero.
6. Increase the forward bias voltage step by step .Upto a certain voltage,
current remains zero. Then the milliammeter records a small current.
7. Record the voltmeter reading and milliammeter reading. Current increases
first slowly and then rapidly.
8. Record all the observations.
9. Draw a graph by taking voltmeter reading along X-axis and milliammeter
reading along y-axis. Hence calculate the resistance from the slope of the
graph.

RESULT:-

1. The forward characteristic of a p-n junction diode is drawn.

2. The junction resistance forward bias = ohm

(WRITE THE FOLLOWING ON LEFT HAND SIDE)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
p-n – diode, v- voltmeter, Rh- Rheostat, E- battery, K-key

mA- milliammeter

MODEL GRAPH

OBSERVATION

Least count of voltmeter= V

Range of voltmeter =
Least count of milliammeter= mA

Range of milliammeter= mA

SNO Voltmeter reading(V) Milliammeter reading(mA)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
From graph = ΔV/ΔI =

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