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Final Iot In Agriculture Rudra 116

Internet of Things (Utkal University of Culture)

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Seminar Report on

IoT in agriculture

Submitted by

Rudra ranjan Dash

Regd. No.: 2001229116

Seminar Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of degree of B.Tech. in Computer Science &
Engineering under
Biju Patnaik University of Technology (BPUT)

2020 - 2024

Under the Guidance of

Niva Tripathy
Asst. Professor, Dept. of CSE

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

DRIEMS (Autonomous), Tangi, Cuttack-754022

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Department of Computer Science & Engineering

DRIEMS (Autonomous), Tangi, Cuttack - 745022

Certificate

This is to certify that this is a bonafide Seminar report, titled “IoT In Agriculture”, done
satisfactorily by Rudra ranjan Dash (2001229116) in partial fulfillment of requirements for
the degree of B.Tech. in Computer Science & Engineering under Biju Patnaik University
of Technology (BPUT).

This Seminar report on the above-mentioned topic has not been submitted for any other
examination earlier before in this institution and does not form part of any other course
undergone by the candidate.

Niva Tripathy Surajit Mohanty

Asst. Professor, Dept. of CSE Asso. Professor & Head
Guide Dept of CSE

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my indebtedness to my guide Niva Tripathy, Assistant Professor of the Computer

Science & Engineering department who spared her valuable time to go through manuscript
and offer her scholar advice in the writing. Her guidance, encouragement and all out help
have been invaluable to me. There is short of words to express my gratitude and
thankfulness to her.

I am grateful to all the teachers of Computer Science & Engineering department, DRIEMS,
for their encouragement, advice and help.

At the outset, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Surajit Mohanty, H.O.D of
Computer Science & Engineering department for his moral support extended towards me
throughout the duration of this seminar.

I am also thankful to my friends who have helped me directly or indirectly for the success
of this seminar.

Rudra ranjan Dash

Regd. No.: 2001229116
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
DRIEMS Autonomous Engineering College

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ABSTRACT

Agriculture plays vital role in the development of agricultural country. In India about 70% of
population depends upon farming and one third of the nation’s capital comes from farming.
Issues concerning agriculture have been always hindering the development of the country.

The only solution to this problem is smart agriculture by modernizing the current traditional
methods of agriculture. Hence the project aims at making agriculture smart using automation
and IoT technologies. The highlighting features of this project includes smart GPS based
remote controlled robot to perform tasks like weeding, spraying, moisture sensing, bird and
animal scaring, keeping vigilance, etc. Secondly it includes smart irrigation with smart control
and intelligent decision making based on accurate real time field data. The operations will be
performed by interfacing sensors, Wi-Fi or ZigBee modules, camera and actuators with micro-
controller and raspberry pi.

Keywords: IoT, automation, Wi-Fi, Smart Agriculture

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CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES i
CHAPTER 1 1
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 OVER VIEW 1
CHAPTER 2 2
2.1 IOT TECHNOLOGY & AGRICULTURE 2
2.2 IOT CONCEPT & DEFINITION 2
2.3 IOT APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE 3
2.4 BENEFITS OF IOT IN AGRICULTURE 4
IOT AND AGRICULTURE CURRENT SCENARIO AND FUTURE
2.5 5
FORECASTS
CHAPTER 3 6
3 METHODOLOGIES 6
3.1 MULTI CULTURE FRAMEWORK 6
3.2 CLOUD COMPUTING 7
3.3 PREDICTIVE ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK 7
3.4 IOT CLOUD FOR PROPOSED METHOD 8
CHAPTER 4 9
4.1 SENSORS USED IN AGRICULTURAL IOT 9
4.1.1 SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR 9
4.1.2 TEMPERATURE SENSOR 9
4.1.3 PIR SENSOR 9
4.1.4 WATER LEVEL SENSOR 9
4.1.5 PH SENSOR 10
4.1.6 TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY SENSOR 10

4.2 HARDWARES 11

4.2.1 ARDUINO 11

4.2.2 RASPBERRY PI 11

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CHAPTER 5 12

5.1 ALGORITHM 12

5.2 FLOWCHART 12

5.3 OUTPUT GRAPHS 13

CHAPTER 6 14
6.1 RELEATED WORKS 14
6.2 SECURITY MANAGEMENT 15
CONCLUSION 16
REFERENCE 17

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIG NO. FIGURE TITLE PAGE NO

Fig 1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF OVERALL PROPOSING CONCEPTS 6

Fig 2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CLASSIFICATION OF MULTI-CILTURE 7
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PREDICTION ANALYSIS FOR
Fig 3 8
PROPOSING SYSTEM
Fig 4 SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR 10
Fig 5 TEMPERATURE SENSOR 10
Fig 6 PIR SENSOR 10
Fig 7 WATER LEVEL SENSOR 10
Fig 8 PH SENSOR 10
Fig 9 TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY SENSOR 10
Fig 10 AURDINO MICROCONTROLLER 11
Fig 11 RASPBERRY PI MICROCONTROLLER 11
Fig 12 LIVE DATA OF TEMPERATURE WITH DATE AND TIME 13
Fig 13 LIVE DATA OF SOIL MOISTURE WITH DATE AND TIME 13

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Internet of Things (IoT) technology has brought revolution to each and every field of common
man’s life by making everything smart and intelligent. IoT refers to a network of things which
make a self-configuring network. The development of Intelligent Smart Farming IoT based
devices is day by day turning the face of agriculture production by not only enhancing it but
also making it cost-effective and reducing wastage. The aim / objective of this report is to
propose IoT based Smart Farming System assisting farmers in getting Live Data (Temperature,
Soil Moisture) for efficient environment monitoring which will enable them to increase their
overall yield and quality of products. The IoT based Smart Farming System being proposed via
this report is integrated with Arduino Technology mixed with different Sensors and a Wi-Fi
module producing live data feed that can be obtained online from Thingsspeak.com. The
product being proposed is tested on Live Agriculture Fields giving high accuracy over 98% in
data feeds.

1.1 OVER VIEW

The objectives of this report are to proposed IoT based Smart Farming System which will
enable farmers to have live data of soil moisture environment temperature at very low cost so
that live monitoring can be done. The structure of the report is as follows: chapter I will cover
over of overview of IoT Technology and agriculture-concepts and definition, IOT enabling
technologies, IOT application in agriculture, benefits of IOT in agriculture and IOT and
agriculture current scenario and future forecasts.

Chapter II will cover definition of IOT based smart farming system, the components and
modules used in it and working principal of it. Chapter III will cover algorithm and flowchart
of the overall process carried out in the system and its final graphical output. Chapter IV consist
of conclusion, future scope and reference.

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Chapter 2

2.1. IOT TECHNOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE

The IoT is a key element for the integration of scalable software, hardware, cost-effective
process, self-sustainable, and smart decision for smart farming. indicates different measuring
components for smart architecture. Scheduling including all activities such as irrigation, plant
growth, identification of disease by its leaf, and production management in the smart agriculture
sector.

2.2. IOT: CONCEPT AND DEFINITION

Internet of things IOT consists of two words Internet and Things. The term things in IOT refers
to various IOT devices having unique identities and have capabilities to perform remote
sensing, actuating and live monitoring of certain sort of data. IOT devices are also enable to
have live exchange of data with other connected devices and application either directly or
indirectly, or collected data from other devices and process the data and send the data to various
servers. The other term of internet is defined as Global communication Network connecting
Trillions of computers across the planets enabling sharing of information. An ideal IoT device
consists of various interfaces for making connectivity to other devices which can either be wired
or wireless. Any IoT based device consists of following components:

• I/O interface for Sensors.

• Interface for connecting to Internet.
• Interface for Memory and Storage.
• Interface for Audio/Video.

2.2.2 IOT ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES

Internet of Things has a strong backbone of various enabling technologies Wireless Sensor
Networks, Cloud Computing, Big Data, Embedded Systems, Security Protocols and
Architectures, Protocols enabling communication, web services, Internet and Search Engines.
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN):
It consists of various sensors/nodes which are integrated together to monitor various sorts of
data.

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Cloud Computing:
Cloud Computing also known as on-demand computing is a type of Internet based computing
which provides shared processing resources and data to computers and other devices on
demand. It can be in various forms like IaaS, PaaS, SaaS, DaaS etc.
Big Data Analytics:
Big data analytics is the process of examining large data sets containing various forms of data
types i.e., Big Data – to uncover hidden patterns, unknown correlations, market trends,
customer preferences and other useful business information.
Communication Protocols:
They form the backbone of IoT systems to enable connectivity and coupling to applications and
these protocols facilitate exchange of data over the network as these protocols enable data
exchange formats, data encoding and addressing. Embedded Systems: It is a sort of computer
system which consists of both hardware and software to perform specific tasks. It includes
microprocessor/microcontroller, RAM/ROM, networking components, I/O units and storage
devices.

2.3 IOT APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE

With the adoption of IoT in various areas like Industry, Homes and even Cities, huge potential
is seen to make everything Intelligent and Smart. Even the Agricultural sector is also adopting
IoT technology these days and this in turn has led to the development of “AGRICULTURAL
Internet of Things (IoT)”

Table 1.1 Various projects and applications are integrated in Agricultural fields leading to
efficient management and controlling of various activities

Application Name. Description

In order to perform agriculture activities in inefficient manner, adequate
water is essential. Agriculture IoT is integrated with Web Map Service
Crop Water Management (WMS) and Sensor Observation Service (SOS) to ensure proper water
management for irrigation and in turn reduces water wastage

High accuracy is required is required in terms of weather information which

reduces the chances of crop damage. Agriculture IoT ensures timely delivery

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Precision Agriculture of real time data in terms of weather forecasting, quality of soil, cost of
Laboure and much more to farmer.
Integrated Pest Management or Agriculture IoT systems assures farmers with accurate environmental data
Control (IPM/C) via proper live data monitoring of temperature. moisture, plant growth and
level of pests so that proper care can be taken during production
Agriculture IoT system accurately monitors various parameters like
warehouse temperature, shipping transportation management system and
Food Production & Safety also integrates cloud-based recording systems.

1. The Phenonet Project by Open IoT

. 2. CLASS Equipment 3. Precisionhalk’s UAV Sensor Platform 4.
Other Projects Implemented till Cleangrow’s Carbon Nanotube Probe 5. Temputech’s Wireless Sensor
Date Monitoring

2.4 BENEFITS OF IOT IN AGRICULTURE

The following are the benefits of IoT in Agriculture:

1. IoT enables easy collection and management of tons of data collected from sensors
and with integration of cloud computing services like Agriculture fields maps, cloud storage
etc., data can be accessed live from anywhere and everywhere enabling live monitoring and
end to end connectivity among all the parties concerned.

2. IoT is regarded as key component for Smart Farming as with accurate sensors and
smart equipment’s, farmers can increase the food production by 70% till year 2050 as depicted
by experts

3. With IoT productions costs can be reduced to a remarkable level which will in turn
increase profitability and sustainability.

4. With IoT, efficiency level would be increased in terms of usage of Soil, Water,
Fertilizers, Pesticides etc.
5. With IoT, various factors would also lead to the protection of environment.

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2.5 IOT AND AGRICULTURE CURRENT SCENARIO AND FUTURE

FORECASTS

Table 1.2 Shows the growth of IoT based adoption in Agriculture sector from Year 2000-2016
and Forecasts of year 2035-2050

Year Data Analysis

2000 525 million Farms connected to IoT
2016 540 million Farms till Date are connected to
IoT
2035 780 million Farms would be connected to IoT
2050 2 billion Farms are likely to be connected to
IoT

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Chapter 3

METHODOLOGIES

This functional block diagram is consisting the units of culture analysis, predictive analysis,
IoT clouds, IoT devices and sensor module, Agri robot, and security management for all
integrating devices. The IoT system collects and processes the data from the different sensor
outputs with centralized processing servers and provides input to green fieldwork devices in
real-time. Thus, IoT devices are integrating all other sensor infrastructure. The audio and
video interfaces for display output of the system. The sensor data created from raw data from
soil or any appropriate places and is processed by IoT central processing unit with optimum
scheduled time.

Fig-1

3.1 MULTI CULTURE FRAMEWORK

Figure 2 shows a block diagram of multi-culture. Generally, there are many culture
classifications and the proposed model shows the block diagram of multi-culture types for
horticulture, floriculture, and viticulture, crop status and pest control can be activated. The
profit margin can be estimated for the number of fruits and flowers that can be separately listed
from citrus fruits. The organic fertilizer is created by cultivating earthworms named

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vermiculture. Silviculture is used to establish the control of the composition and quality of land
to be evaluated for various growths

Fig-2

3.2 CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud computing enhances forest cultivation by environmental analysis. Arboriculture is
related to bushes and woody plants which are used to standardize the soil nutrients. Olericulture
is predicting the vegetation status from consumption of the human community.

3.3. PREDICTIVE ANALYSIS FRAMEWORK

The cloud computing process performs to demand predictive analysis with big data
processing from IoT for multi-culture analysis. The probabilistic measures provide increased
production in the next monsoon named predictive analysis. The block diagram of predictive
analysis for the proposed system is shown in figure 3. Traditional agriculture can have ideas
about field areas including soil nutrients, temperature, rainfall details, and future climatic
conditions with a very experienced farmers’ community. Here the predictive analysis
framework is performed with many sector data analyzes based on the detection capability for
predicting the probable situation that occurred. In conventional agriculture, the pest and attack
solution trends in the field are based on past data. An optimized prediction method is used to
predict the scenario before big data analysis. This structure analysis can also predict the use of
the vehicle for carrying all plugged goods from the plant product. This structure can have a
good profit margin and a positive impact on the sale of goods on the market. This forecast will
explain the role of profit or loss that has occurred at present and also in the future. With the
support of this predictive system, the farmer will mitigate many risk factors. For the successful
functioning of the new age of framing, this system formulates and processes.

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Fig-3

3.4 IOT CLOUD FOR PROPOSED METHOD

This IoT-cloud plays a vital role in providing the data and transferring the data between the
devices. For each analysis, the storage is maintained separately like sensor output, object
identification, plant diseases, and predictive big data analysis. Besides, the farmer can have the
details about smart agriculture or future prediction information through internet services from
agro experts. Based on these services, the traditional farmer can equip in the field of agriculture.
It would be very user-friendly and the main server is powered by IoT devices.

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Chapter 4

4.1 SENSORS USED IN AGRICULTURAL IOT

4.1.1 SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR

Figure 4 is used to measure the volumetric water content in soil. It senses the moisture content
based on soil properties like, resistance, dielectric constant, interaction with neutrons, and based
on environmental factors like soil type, temperature, and electrical conductivity. This has two
probes which are inserted in to field when current passes through probes based on resistivity
moisture percentage will be measured.

4.1.2. TEMPERATURE SENSOR

Temperature sensor basically used to measure the hotness or coldness of an object. This sensor
is more accurate than thermistor which are initially used to measure temperature. This sensor
will not get heated easily; it has 3 terminals input, output, and ground. There are many types of
Temperature sensors. We will use LM-35 IC as shown in Figure 5.

4.1.3. PIR SENSOR

All the objects with temperature above absolute zero temperature emit heat energy in the form
radiation. PIR (private infrared) sensor as shown in Figure 6 is used to detect infrared radiation
emitted or reflected from an object. It is used to detect the movement of people, animals, and
any other object. When any obstacle passes in the field, temperature at the point will raise from
room temperature. Sensor converts it into voltage and triggers the detection.

4.1.4. WATER LEVEL SENSOR

This sensor in Figure 7 is used to detect the level of water or any fluids. It has a sensing probe
which senses the surface level of nearly any fluid includes water, salt water and oils. This sensor
will not get damaged easily, it interfaces with Arduino easily. It has two buttons, one records
minimum fluid level, and other records the maximum fluid level. Level will be measured based
on voltage.

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4.1.5. PH SENSOR

The pH sensor in Figure 8 used to measure the pH value of the solution. pH value is measured
0-14, 0-6 is acidic, 7 is neutral, 8-14 is non-acidic or basic. It is measuring the pH value based
on hydrogen ion concentration, which is measured by pH electrode. The response time is less
than 2 minutes. Temperature range is around 600 c input range voltage is 5 V and output range
is 414.12 µV.

4.1.6. TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY SENSOR

The DHT11 is a basic, ultra-low-cost digital temperature and humidity sensor in Figure 9. This
sensor made of two parts a capacitive humidity sensor and a thermistor. Humidity sensor senses,
measures and reports both moisture and air temperature. Temperature range is 0°C-50°C,
humidity range is 20%-90%. These sensors are mostly used in IoT along with these there are
many other sensors but we will use these sensors frequently.

Fig-4 Fig-5 Fig-6

Fig-7 Fig-8 Fig-9

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4.2 HARDWARES

4.2.1 ARDUINO
Arduino is single board microcontroller which is mainly used for building various
kinds of digital devices, the block diagram shown in Figure 10. It can also control and interface
with various electronic components such as sensors, actuators and many more. It has its own
static RAM and stores data at flash memory and EEPROM. It uses programming languages
like C, C++, and java.

4.2.2 RASPBERRY PI
It is a credit card sized minicomputer. It is a series of small single board computers,
the block diagram shown in Figure 11. There are many generations of Raspberry Pi. Each
generation has its own specifications. Latest version is Raspberry Pi module 3. It has on-board
WI-FI/Bluetooth support. Processor speed is more than any other microcontroller. It uses
programming language python.

Fig-10 Fig-11

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Chapter 5

5.1 ALGORITHM

STEP 1: START THE PROCESS

STEP 2: CONNECTED TO WIFI
STEP 3: READ TEMERATURE AND HUMIDITY
STEP 4: GET TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY VALUE S FROM ANOLOG PINS
STEP 5: SEND DATA TO THINGSPEAK API
STEP 6: DELAY TO 10 SECONDS
STEP 7: REPEAT STEP 4, 5 & 6 UNTIL THE PROCESS END
STEP 8: END

5.2 FLOWCHART

START
START

CONNECTED TO WIFI

GET TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY VALUES FROM ANALOG PINS

SEND DATA TO THINGSPEAK API

DELAY 10 SECOND

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5.3 OUTPUT GRAPHS

Fig-12

Fig-13

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Chapter -6

6.1 RELATED WORK

a. Harneet Kaur discussed about how we can achieve inclusive growth in agriculture and
GDP (Gross Domestic Productivity), talked about past achievements and future challenges,
structural transformation of the Indian economy and major drivers of it, and key issues and
strategies to achieve sustainable growth as soon as possible. In this paper also mentioned about
issues like climate change, equity in agriculture, and policies such as price policies, land issues,
subsidies and investment in agriculture, irrigation and water management, credit, and role of
agriculture growth. How agriculture sector plays a primary role in Indian economy.

b. N. Kiruthika investigated about the investments and returns related to Indian agriculture.
Also talks about role agriculture in national income. Done research on public sector investments
and returns, private industries investments and return and success rate of both the sectors. When
compared to public sector private industries developed more in less time. In this paper [6] also
discussed about public-private partnership (PPP) through we can see more development in
agriculture within very less time.

c. Ravisankar and Siddhartha data mining techniques used to classification of agriculture

data but accuracy is lower when compared to big data techniques. In this they proposed a big
data technique Hadoop cloud-based analytics map reduction techniques for data analysis.

d. Big data provides advantages over data mining. Simple linear regression and decision
tree algorithms are used. Data mining algorithms which are used to extract the important and
information from huge information, there are two steps classification and clustering. Various
algorithms are used to various purposes. For the classification ID3, J48, LMT, KNN algorithms
are used and for clustering EM and K-means algorithms are used. These algorithms tested with
huge agriculture data.

e. Machine learning is an emerging technology in this a software workbench called WEKA

(Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis). We have to learn about Machine learning, in

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this technology there are many methods, characterizing the problem this done in two steps one
is defining types of data, second one quality of data there are seven levels of quality. AQ11
algorithm is explained. How can machine learning used in agriculture with the help example
explained by using WEKA.

f. Manjula and Narsimha proposed a framework called as extensible Crop Yield

Prediction Framework (XCYPF). It is flexible and dynamic framework which can be used to
find any crop's crop yield prediction. It takes different kind of input and provides a single and
appropriate output.

g. This framework helps in making strategic decisions. S. Surai and R. Kundu proposed a
smart agriculture monitoring system with the help of soil moisture sensor. Soil moisture sensor
used to measure the moisture percentage of soil and based on that percentage system will take
decision whether soil need water or not, if there exist need of water it automatically switch ON
the pump.

6.2 SECURITY MANAGEMENT

Security management is protecting ground cable or wireless data. The preventive measure took
place under the network layer protocol infrastructure with authorized access. The malfunction,
fabrication, destruction, improper handling of the IoT devices can be secured by this security
management. Here the appropriate security management with the assistance of Wi-Fi, GSM,
CDMA techniques for communication medium. The Zigbee unit plays a vital role in
communicating data between components. Also, the GSM, CDMA, LTE services can avail for
the communicating process. The internet facility has been used for authentication or access
processes with the cooperation of user layer protocol such as HTTP, WWW, SMTP protocols.

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CONCLUSION

IoT based SMART FARMING SYSTEM for Live Monitoring of Temperature and Soil
Moisture has been proposed using Arduino and Cloud Computing. The System has high
efficiency and accuracy in fetching the live data of temperature and soil moisture. The IoT
based smart farming System being proposed via this report will assist farmers in increasing the
agriculture yield and take efficient care of food production as the System will always provide
helping hand to farmers for getting accurate live feed of environmental temperature and soil
moisture with more than 99% accurate results. This research describes the proposed model
which consists of many analysis sections for an overall framework. Thus, our integrated units
having many advantages as discussed earlier in smart agriculture units with IoT modules. Few
limitations are also incorporated in this constrained model for platforms and security. The
number of challenges and limitations considers the most IoT-based devices for smart
agriculture. The main focus is cost-effectiveness in the IoT devices in the reduction of hardware
and software cost with compromising precision system output. The imported devices ignore the
compromise with the component's expenses gets minimized. The standardization of the data
format for the process will also provide improved device consistency and execution time. The
initial process barrier providers for active farmers are regulated when improving the system's
goods or services. Also, the proposed integrated system will provide complexity due to many
devices interlinked through a web server. The heterogeneity property is a very complicated
process in the IoT sector which provides better accuracy and excellent overall performance of
the system. Finally, the deep learning analysis with a huge number of features or data can
increase the production from smart agriculture by IoT.

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REFERENCE

1. G. Balakrishna and Moparthi Nageshwara Rao, “ESBL: Design and implement a cloud
integrated framework for IoT load balancing,” International Journal Of Computers
Communications & Control, vol. 14, no, 4, pp. 459-474, Aug. 2019. ISSN: 2088-8708 Int J
Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 3, June 2020: 2322 - 2328 2328

2. G. Balakrishna and Moparthi Nageshwara Rao, “Study report on using IoT agriculture farm
monitoring,” Innovations in Computer Science and Engineering, Lecture Notes in Networks
and Systems, vol. 74, pp 483-491 2019.

3. Nageswara Rao Moparthi, N. Geethanjili, “Design and implementation of hybrid phase-based

ensemble technique for defect discovery using SDLC software metrics,” An International
Conference by IEEE, pp. 268-274, 2016.

4. S. Veenadhari, Bharat Mishra, C. D. Singh, “Data mining techniques for predicting crop
productivity – a review article,” International Journal of Computer Science and Engineering,
vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 98-100, Mar. 2011.

5. K. Ravisankar, K. Siddhartha, Prabadevi B, “Analysis of agriculture data using big data

analytics,” Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 1132-1135,
Sep. 2017.

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