Asia-Pacific Telecommunity

APT Report on

Use and Examples of Radiocommunication Systems

for Early Warning and Disaster Relief Operations

ASTAP/REPT 2 (ASTAP19, Manila, 2011)

Source: ASTAP Expert Group on Disaster Management Communication System

(ASTAP19/OUT-04 – Annex 2)
1 Scope
This Report describes the use and examples of radiocommunication systems which are used in some
APT member countries for early warning and disaster relief operations; thus provides technical
characteristics and guidelines that could be considered in planning and introducing governmental
wireless systems for early warning and disaster relief operations. Several types of systems are
introduced in this report to provide references to meet the specific circumstances of APT member
countries.

2 Background

Disasters caused by natural phenomena, accident, or human activity pose a significant widespread
threat to human life, health, property and/or the environment. In the event of such disasters, radio
communications are essential for early warning, disaster mitigation, and relief operations to deal with
a serious disruption of the functioning of society.

As each administration in different countries may have various growing needs and requirements for
disaster-relief radio communications depending on their circumstances, references on technical basis
and requirements for system planning are needed. Use and examples of radiocommunication systems
for early warning and disaster relief operations in this report are introduced as references for member
countries that are considering of constructing the radiocommunication systems.

3 Radiocommunication Systems for Early Warning and Disaster Relief Operations

This report consists of following two parts; Fixed Radio Communication System (FRCS) and Mobile
Radio Communication System (MRCS).

Technical characteristics of these systems are given in the following annexes.

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Annexes
Annex 1: Fixed Radio Communication System (FRCS)

Annex 1-1: System characteristics of Regional Simultaneous Communication System

Appendix A to ANNEX 1-1 System Specifications used in Japan

Appendix B to ANNEX 1-1 Basic System Configuration Patterns of RSCS

Annex 1-2: Core Network System for Disaster Management

-Part 1: Terrestrial network system

-Part 2: Satellite network system

Appendix A to ANNEX 1-3 Example of Systems

Annex 1-3: Guidelines for safety and reliability measures on the use of disaster management
communication system

Annex 2: Mobile Radio Communication System (MRCS)

Appendix A to ANNEX 2 System Specifications for MRCS

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 ANNEX 1

Fixed Radio Communication System (FRCS)

ANNEX 1-1

System Characteristics of
Regional Simultaneous Communication System

1 Overview

The Regional Simultaneous Communication System (RSCS) makes it possible for a disaster
information center or disaster management center installed in a local government to send disaster
information simultaneously and immediately to residents to protect public safety when a disaster
occurs.

Disasters to be considered include a wide range: natural disasters such as typhoons, tsunamis,
earthquakes, etc.; man-made accidents involving aircraft crashes, nuclear power plant explosions, etc.;
and more intentional disasters such as bombings, terrorist attacks, etc. When those disasters occur, it is
necessary to immediately notify residents of various kinds of information.

The messages communicated would include, for example, predicted rainfall and wind speed associated
with typhoons, or information on tsunamis following earthquakes. Besides these, information on an
imminent earthquake, forecasted by using the difference in propagation velocities of primary and
secondary waves, may be transmitted. The disaster information may also include notification of
evacuation sites. The information basically needs to be broadcast from the disaster information center
to residents quickly when a disaster is happening.

The digital system described in this Annex allows bi-directional (two-way) data communication and is
equipped with applications that allow gathering of graphic image information from the destruction site
and exchanging information between evacuation areas and local governments, as well as applications
for issuing voice and message evacuation orders and transmitting disaster messages.

This system is also equipped with applications that provide character display and FAX functions,
showing consideration to such physically vulnerable people as the handicapped or the elderly.

Figure 1-1 shows the simultaneous transmission scheme of the disaster information to the Substations,
such as Outdoor Terminals and House Receivers, from a Master Station established by the local
government. A Relay (or repeater) Station is generally located in a hilly place and relays
radiocommunication signals, where direct communications between Master and Substations are
geographically difficult.

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 Substation
(Outdoor Terminal
with loudspeaker)

Relay
Station

Master
(House
Receiver) Station

Substation

Fig. 1-1 View of a Regional Simultaneous Communication System

2 Basic System Structure

The RSCS consists of a Master Station established by a local government, and Substations. The Relay
(or Repeater) Station enables radiocommunication to the areas subject to radio-wave propagation
difficulties. The basic structure of the digital RSCS is shown in Fig. 1-2.

Antenna
Antenna

Substation
Master Station

Relay Station

(Outdoor Terminal)

Substation
(House Receiver)

Fig. 1-2 Basic Structure of RSCS

a) Master Station
The Master Station is located in the local government’s office.
The Master Station sends voice and message to the Substation and receives voice, image, and data
from the Substations.

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b) Relay Station
The Relay Station is located in a hilly place to relay radiocommunication signals between the
Master Station and the Substations where necessary.

c) Substation
The Substation receives voice and message directly from the Master Station or via a Relay Station.
The Substation consists of Outdoor Terminals and House Receivers, both controlled by the Master
Station. The Outdoor Terminal can transmit and receive both of communication and command
channels; however, the Houser Receiver can only receive a communication channel (for voice and
message).

3 System Applications and Features

Applications associated with disaster relief and emergency operations for public protection are the
main focus of the system. Applications would also be developed to support a variety of user terminals
such as loudspeakers and House Receivers for disaster preparation, relief, and mitigation purposes.
The following objectives and requirements shall be available in disaster communication systems:
Portability of disaster communication units
Efficient use of the radio spectrum
Group call feature including set-up talk groups
Useful not only for disasters and emergency events but also for day-to-day operations, with a
mechanism for priority in the case of disasters.
End-to-end encrypted communications in some cases.
Open standards

Table 1-1 gives envisioned applications with indication of typical usage examples.

Table 1-1
RSCS Applications and Examples

Application Examples Transmitter Receivers

Voice Automatic transmission of Master Station Outdoor

information on earthquakes, Terminal, House
tsunamis, weather information, etc. Receiver
Announcements, alerts and warnings Master Station Outdoor
Terminal, House
Receiver
Evacuation directions Master Station Outdoor
Terminal, House
Receiver
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Application Examples Transmitter Receivers

Calls for concerned parties Master Station Outdoor

Terminal, House
Receiver
Reporting damage or gathering Outdoor Terminal Master Station
disaster information
Communication with evacuation Outdoor Terminal Master Station
center or confirmation of safety
Siren Automatic transmission of Master Station Outdoor
information on earthquakes, Terminal, House
tsunamis, weather, etc. Receiver
Alerts and warnings Master Station Outdoor
Terminal, House
Receiver
FAX Automatic transmission of Master Station Outdoor
information on earthquakes, Terminal, House
tsunamis, weather, etc. Receiver
Announcements, alerts and warnings Master Station Outdoor
Terminal, House
Receiver
Directions on evacuation Master Station Outdoor
Terminal, House
Receiver
Calls for concerned parties Master Station House Receiver
Reporting damage or gathering Outdoor Terminal Master Station
disaster information
Communication with evacuation Outdoor Terminal Master Station
centers or confirmation of safety
Characters Automatic transmission of Master Station Outdoor
information on earthquakes, Terminal, House
tsunamis, weather, etc. Receiver
Announcements, alerts and warnings Master Station Outdoor
Terminal, House
Receiver
Image and Reporting damage or gathering Outdoor Terminal Master Station
video disaster information
Monitoring rivers, weather, Outdoor Terminal Master Station
dangerous areas, etc.
Communication with evacuation Outdoor Terminal Master Station
centers or confirmation of safety
Data Automatic transmission of Master Station Outdoor
information on earthquakes, Terminal, House
tsunamis, weather, etc Receiver
Announcements, alerts and warnings Master Station Outdoor
Terminal, House
Receiver
Reporting damage or gathering Outdoor Terminal Master Station
disaster information

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 Application Examples Transmitter Receivers

Monitoring rivers (water level), Outdoor Terminal Master Station

weather (rainfall, wind-force),
dangerous areas (land slide), etc.
Communication with evacuation Outdoor Terminal Master Station
centers or confirmation of safety

NOTE: The above applications are expected for use both in a disaster and day-to-day communications.

4 System Requirements

4.1 Communication Modes

The system generally has four communication modes, i.e., Simultaneous, Emergency Simultaneous,
Group, and Individual communications as shown in Table 1-2, to support the applications in Table 1-1.

Table 1-2
Communication Modes
Communication Mode Type of Communication
Simultaneous Simultaneous one-way communication from the
Communication Master Station to all standby Substations.
Emergency Simultaneous One-way communication in an emergency case
Communication from the Master Station to all or a group of
Substations. In this mode, in order to deliver
emergency messages immediately to the residents,
the Master Station can occupy communication
channels to activate loudspeakers at the Substations,
by forcibly disconnecting the communication
channels being used.
Group Communication One-way communication between the Master
Station and a group of Substations.
Individual Communication Bi-directional communication between the Master
Station and a specific Substation.

4.2 Simultaneous Use of Multiple Applications

Some RSCS users may require multiple applications (e.g. voice and low/medium speed data) over the
network, or others may require a high-speed data transmission to provide activity-intensive services to
the damaged area.

The systems serving RSCS should be designed to support the simultaneous use of several different
applications as desired by RSCS organizations.

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4.3 Application Availability Requirements

The applications in Table 1-1 may become very effective through the proper provision of several
communication equipment in the Master Station, Substations and Terminals.
For example,
- The Master Station is provided with FAX, data communication, image transmission and, voice
communication equipment,
- The Outdoor Terminals are provided with FAX, data communication, image transmission and
voice communication equipment, and
- The House Receiver is provided with audio playback, character display, and FAX equipment.

4.4 Priority Access/Communication Control

As desired by RSCS organizations, the systems serving RSCS should be designed to manage high-
priority traffic and low-priority traffic, e.g., by prioritizing emergency communication when a disaster
strikes. The RSCS may require the exclusive use of frequencies or equivalent high-priority access over
other systems.

5 Radio Station Units

5.1 Master Station

The Master Station may be equipped with two-way transmission units, e.g., FAX communication unit,
characters/data/image transmission unit, and voice communication unit as shown in Fig.1-3 to provide
bi-directional service.

Map display panel

(c)
Siren equipment (d)
(a) FAX communication unit (e)
(b)
Characters/data/image transmission unit
(f/g/h)
Voice communication equipment
(i)
Fig. 1-3 Master Station

a) Transmit-Receive Unit for Master Station Transmit-Receive Unit for Master Station provides
communication controls over the network.

b) Operation Console

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 The Operation Console is used for handling reports and communications between the Master and
Substations. It can monitor and control the Master Station, Relay Station, and Outdoor Terminal
with a loudspeaker.

c) Map Display Panel

The Map Display Panel displays the location of the Outdoor Terminals and their operating
condition on the map.

d) Siren Equipment
The Siren Equipment generates a siren sound in accordance with blow patterns designating
category of alerts, e.g., warning stage (prepare for evacuation), evacuation order, and evacuation
directive.

e) FAX Communication Equipment

FAX Communication Equipment provides fax communication between the Master Station, and
Outdoor Terminals/House Receivers.

f) Character Transmission Unit

The Character Transmission Unit provides message communications such as fixed or free phrase
service, between the Master Station and the Outdoor Terminal/House Receiver.

g) Data Transmission Unit

The Data Transmission Unit provides data communications between the Master Station and
Outdoor Terminal.

h) Image Data Transmission Unit

The Image Data Transmission Unit sends images from digital cameras or monitoring cameras
between the Master Station and Outdoor Terminal.

i) Voice Communication Equipment

The Voice Communication Equipment provides bi-directional voice communication between the
Master Station and Outdoor Terminal.

5.2 Relay Station

The Relay Station is generally located in a hilly place between the Master Station and Substation to
relay radio communications where necessary.

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5.3 Substation

5.3.1 Outdoor Terminal

The Outdoor Terminal should receive simultaneous voice and FAX messages from the Master Station,
and provide voice communication and image data transmission to the Master Station. The Outdoor
Terminal should use the answerback method in which the terminal returns a result of self-check
information of the Substation when it receives a request signal from the Master Station. The Outdoor
Terminal should have a local broadcast function in the limited area using an accommodated
loudspeaker. The Outdoor Terminal should also have bi-directional communication facility for
emergency voice communication with the Master Station.

The following equipment can be accommodated in the Outdoor Terminal to execute the applications
in Table 1-1 appropriately.

a) Radio Equipment for Outdoor Terminal

This provides a radio communication link between the Master Station and Outdoor Terminal.

b) Loudspeaker
Soon after messages are received from the Master Station, the Outdoor Terminal should activate
the loudspeaker to broadcast the received messages.

c) Character Display Unit

The unit inputs the character information received from the Master Station into the large electro-
luminescent display panel or liquid crystal display for reading by the local residents.

d) FAX Transmission Unit

This unit provides FAX communication between the Outdoor Terminal and the Master Station,
and also receives simultaneous FAX message from the Master Station.

e) Data Transmission Unit

This unit provides data communications between the Outdoor Terminal and Master Station.

f) Image Data Transmission Unit

This unit sends the video images from a digital camera or monitoring camera of the Outdoor
Terminal to the Master Station.

g) Voice Communication Unit

This equipment provides voice communication between the Outdoor Terminal and Master Station.

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 Loudspeaker
(b)
Antenna
(d) Character Display Monitoring
(c) Camera
(e) (f)
(a) (a)
(f) (a)
(g)

Case Case Case

1 2 3
Fig. 1-4 Equipment Pattern Combination on Outdoor Terminals
Case 1: Outdoor Terminal with loudspeaker, Fax/data transmitter and microphone.
Case 2: Outdoor Terminal with loudspeaker and character display.
Case 3: Outdoor Terminal with monitoring camera.

5.3.2 House Receiver

The House Receiver is generally provided to the houses of residents and local government staff. It
may be associated with voice playback and character display functions for the information sent from
the Master Station. The receiver should work on rechargeable batteries and be operable under disaster
conditions. Integrating a commercial FM receiver in the House Receiver will ensure convenience for
receiving disaster information broadcasted by local radio.

The following equipment can be connected to the House Receiver in order to support the applications
in Table 1-1.

a) Radio Unit for House Receiver

This unit receives control signals and simultaneous voice messages from the Master Station.

b) Automatic Recording Equipment (Voice Playback Device)

For the purpose of confirmation, this equipment automatically records information from the
Master Station and reproduces audio messages from the Master Station.

c) Character Display Unit

This unit displays character information received from the Master Station on the liquid crystal
display.

d) FAX Transmission Unit

This unit receives and prints out FAX information from the Master Station.

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 Automatic recording unit
(a)
(b)
FAX transmission unit (d)
(c)

Fig. 1-5 House Receiver

6 Technical Specifications

6.1 Frequency Band

For the Fixed digital RSCS, the frequency bands as identified in Recommendation ITU-R F.1105-2 is
preferable considering the service area and radio wave propagation.

6.2 Channel Spacing

The channel spacing should be based on existing ITU-R Recommendations.

6.3 Transmit and Receive Frequency Bands

The transmit and receive frequency bands should use the same band.

6.4 Multiple Access Method

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) should be used as a multiple access method.
Measures to avoid congestion in an emergency situation are required.

6.5 Transmission Speed

An appropriate rate is to be selected to send voice, data, and large volumes of graphic image and
movies.

6.6 Output Power

The Master Station and Outdoor Terminals should have sufficient output power capability to ensure
reliable disaster information delivery to local-area residents in conjunction careful consideration to
minimizing interference with the adjacent countries and areas.

6.7 Modulation Scheme

A modulation scheme should be determined with a view to promoting efficient use of the radio
frequency and considering radio wave propagation conditions of the fixed radio system.

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6.8 QoS (Quality of Service)
The transmission Bit Error Rate (BER) should be better than 1 × 10-4 to provide a communication
quality suitable for emergency communications.

7 System Management Function

The system should use a network management interface based on existing open standard protocols, for
example, SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), which provides the following management
performance:

- Execution of operating status monitoring for the equipment connected to the network
- Execution of service status monitoring
- Execution of fault trap and performance management
- Network traffic monitoring
- Specific message recording on the system log

Relay station equipment should include a function to automatically report an aberrant condition. The
Outdoor Terminal should provide answerback to self-checking in accordance with the monitoring
request from the Master Station.

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 Appendix A to ANNEX 1-1

System Specifications used in Japan

This appendix gives RSCS technical specifications in Japan as a typical example. The system is based
on ARIB STD-T86 and included in Recommendation ITU-R F.1105-2.

A.1 Transmitter

Frequency band 60 MHz band

Channel spacing 15 kHz
Multiple access method TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
Transmission method TDD (Time Division Duplex)
Transmission speed ≤ 45 kbps
Multiplication 6 multiplexing
Output power ≤ 10 W
Modulation scheme 16QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)

A.2 Receiver

Frequency band 54 – 70 MHz band

Sensitivity ≤ + 9 dBV (BER: 1 × 10-2, no fading)

 http://www.arib.or.jp/english/html/overview/itu/itu-arib_std-t86v1.0_e.pdf
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 Appendix B to ANNEX 1-1

Basic System Configuration Patterns of RSCS

B.1 Basic Structure Pattern 1

Figure 1 shows a simplest system structure, consisting of the Master Station and Substation.

Antenna Outdoor
Terminal

House
Receiver

Master Substation
Station
Fig. 1 Basic Structure Pattern 1

B.2 Basic Structure Pattern 2

This pattern consists of the Master Station, Substation, and the Relay Station.
Figure 2 shows a case where the Relay Station is located between the Master and Substations, and
each Substation does not receive/send information directly from/to the Master Station.
Figure 3 shows the most probable case where the Substation receives/sends information from /to the
Master Station, or via a Relay Station.
The maximum number of signal repetitions is limited to three in order to avoid degradation in signal
quality and to ensure proper answerback from the Substation.

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 Antenna
Outdoor
Terminal

House
Receiver

Master Relay Substation

Station Station

Fig. 2 Basic Structure Pattern 2

House Outdoor
Receiver Terminal

Outdoor
Terminal

House
Receiver

Master Relay Substation

Station Station
Fig. 3 Basic Structure Pattern 2 with probable Case Scenario

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 ANNEX 1-2

Core Network System for Disaster Management

1 Overview

The Core Network System for Disaster Management makes it possible to gather and send rapidly and
adequately disaster information of voice, FAX, image picture and data, which connects the local
(prefecture) government operating as Disaster Management Center, lower-level local governments,
and concerned authorities. This system consists of a terrestrial system and a satellite system
comprising earth and space stations. A hybrid system architecture combining terrestrial and satellite
systems can provide communication redundancy and thus improve network credibility.

The core network system provides a stable and secure high-speed communication link for transmitting
data, images, voice, FAX, etc. between the Control Station (located in a local government) and branch
offices in normal times as well as in times of disaster.

Annex2 details the recommended terrestrial and satellite communication systems in Part 1 and 2,
respectively.

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 PART 1

Terrestrial Network System

1 Overview

The terrestrial network system for disaster management is a broadband radio communication network
performing data collection and transfer of essential disaster information between local governments in
the prefecture (or province), cities, towns, and villages. For prevention and mitigation of damage by
such disasters as an earthquake, storm or flood, the terrestrial network system is used to exchange data,
image and voice information within the network concerning the disaster to enable initiating
appropriate countermeasure activities, and to quickly respond to requests from the Disaster
Management Center.

2 Basic System Structures

As shown in Figure 2-1-1, the network consists of a Control Station (located in a prefectural
government), Branch Stations, and Terminal Stations. A relay (or repeater) station is generally located
in a hilly place and relays radiocommunication signals, where direct communication between the
Control Station and other stations is geographically difficult.
The Control and Branch Stations are connected to the digital multiplex radio link that is capable of
sending large-volume data. The Branch Station and Terminals are connected to the digital narrow-
band radio link that can send small-volume data such as voice and FAX.

2.1 Radio Stations

a) Control Station
The Control Station is a core radio station of the entire terrestrial network system. A Disaster
Management Center to assist disaster sites is generally set up in the control station to collect
information and provide disaster warning or relief orders to other stations/offices.

b) Branch Station
The branch station distributes the information sent from the Control Station to the Terminals, and
returns the information gathered by the Terminals back to the Control Station.

c) Relay (Repeater) Station

The Relay Station’s purpose is to ensure coverage of such wide areas as a prefecture or state to
provide stable, high-quality radio links. The Relay Station is furnished with digital multiplex radio
equipment and narrow-band digital radio equipment. The Control Station and relay stations form a
looped radiocommunication link that provides reliable communication through alternative radio
routes. The Control Station manages the major equipment of the relay through with its long-
distance supervising function.

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d) Terminal Station
The Terminal Stations are located in a lower-level local (e.g., city) government and concerned
authorities. The Terminal Station is connected to the Branch Station by the narrow-band digital
radio link that provides telephone and FAX communication.

2.2 Radio Links

Figure 2-1-2 shows the typical equipment configuration of the terrestrial radio link.

a) Backbone Line (Microwave multiplex radio link)

The backbone line of the system is a microwave multiplex radio link that connects the Control and
Branch Stations via relay stations. The microwave multiplex radio equipment of each station
provides a point-to-to-point digital radio link between any two stations. The range of media
signals such as voice, image, and data are multiplexed in each station and transmitted to the other
stations. The basic configuration is a point-to-point connection while the multiplexing equipment
provides the functions of channel multiplexing and cross- connecting to ensure the efficient use of
the backbone network.

b) Branch Line (Narrow-band radio link)

The narrow-band radio link connects the Terminal Stations to the upper-level stations. The link
provides telephone and fax channels via digital switching equipment that is located in the Control
and Branch Stations respectively.

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 Backbone Line
Control Station
Branch Line

Relay Relay
Station Station

Relay Relay
Station Station

Branch Branch Branch Branch Branch

Station Station Station Station Station

Terminal Terminal Terminal Terminal Terminal Terminal Terminal

Terminal Terminal Terminal Terminal Terminal Terminal Terminal
Terminal Terminal Terminal Terminal Terminal Terminal Terminal

[Branch A] [Branch B] [Branch C] [Branch D] [Branch E]

Fig.2-1-1 Terrestrial Network System

Fig. 2-1-2 Terrestrial System Configuration

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3 System Requirements

3.1 Communication Modes

Communication modes of the terrestrial network system are required to include simultaneous, group,
and individual communications between a terminal at the disaster site and Branch Station, or between
a Control Station and a Branch Station, as shown in Table 2-1-1.

Table 2-1-1
Communication Modes
Communication Mode Definition
Simultaneous one-way communication from
Simultaneous
the Control Station or Branch Station to some
Communication
designated Branch Stations or Terminals.
One-way communication between a Control
Group Communication
Station and a group of Terminals.
Bi-directional communication between:
 Control Station and Branch Station,
Individual Communication  Any two Branch Stations,
 Control Station and any Terminal, or
 Any two Terminals

3.2 Frequency Band

For the Backbone Line, wired link or an appropriate frequency band between the millimeter-wave and
microwave bands is to be selected in consideration of service area size, cost-effectiveness, radio wave
propagation, and channel capacity. VHF and/or UHF bands can be used for the Branch Line.

3.3 Multiple Access Method

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) should be used as the multiple access method for the branch
line. Measures to prevent congestion in an emergency situation are required.

3.4 Transmission Capacity

Transmission capacity of the backbone line should be determined with consideration of effective
traffic and economical transmission of voice, FAX, and image data.

3.5 Transmission Speed

Transmission speed of the Backbone Line should be determined to accommodate the multiplexing of
voice, data, images and video. Typical media transmission speeds are denoted in Table 2-1-2.

Table 2-1-2 Typical Media Transmission Speeds

Media Transmission speeds

Voice 64 kbps/32kbps
Small-capacity data 64 kbps
Image and video 384 kbps

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3.6 Modulation Scheme
A modulation scheme should be determined to ensure efficient use of the radio frequency band and
radio wave propagation conditions of the terrestrial system. Specific examples are: BPSK, QPSK,
4PSK (Phase Shift Keying), /4 DQPSK, /8DQPSK, 4 QAM, 16QAM, 64QAM or 128QAM.

3.7 QoS (Quality of Service)

Typical transmission Bit Error Rate (BER) is as follows:
(a) For the Backbone Line: better than 1 × 10-4 in the worst case.
(The BER should respectively be better than 1 × 10-6 for 6Mbps, and 4 × 10-7 for above 13 Mbps.)
(b) For the branch line: better than 1 × 10-4
(The line reliability is to be above 95%.)

4 System Management Function

4.1 Monitoring Function

The control Station should be able to monitor status of equipment and network operation. The console
in the station should feature a warning alarm. Equipment monitoring should be based on the existing
open standard protocols, for example, SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), which
provides the following management performance:

- Execution status monitoring for the equipment connected to the network

- Execution of the service status monitoring
- Execution of fault trap and performance management
- Network traffic monitoring
- Specific message recording on the system log

The warning alert messages should be recorded and stored in the network system’s database.

4.2 System Redundancy

For the system redundancy, the terrestrial radio system should have a looped radiocommunication link
that provides reliable communication utilizing alternative radio routes.
In case there is a communication malfunction in the radio link, the system should automatically isolate
the faulty link and quickly switch to an alternate link.

The main equipment composing the Backbone Line should feature a redundant configuration. The
main transmitter and/or receiver should be able to be switched automatically to the stand-by
transmitter and/or receiver in case of failure. Remote-manual switching control of the transmitter or
receiver should be possible within the Control Station.

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 PART 2

Satellite Network System

Overview

The satellite communication network in this system is intended to provide a reliable

communication link via satellite between national Disaster Management Center
(Agency), local disaster management centers (Control Stations) of the prefectural (or
provincial or state) government, branch offices, etc, for collection of disaster
information and for immediate notification of such information to every terminal. The
network provides flexible and quickly deployable emergency and day-to-day
telecommunication applications anywhere including remote areas and isolated islands.
The application comprises point-to-point individual communication (voice, fax, and
low-speed data), high-speed IP data, point-to-multipoint IP multicasting and video
transmission. Figure 2-2-1 shows the satellite communication system service
configuration

C/Ku/Ka band

Fig. 2-2-1 Satellite Communication System Service

Configuration

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In addition to use in day-to-day telephone/fax/data communication, the network can be
utilized in the following situations:

1) Emergency contact and multicasting in a time of disaster, and transmission of

images from the disaster area

Fig. 2-2-2a Multicasting and Video Transmission

2) Distribution of a range of administrative information, such as live broadcasting of

nationwide meetings and events, introduction of national policies, statements by
regional governors, or Diet deliberations

Fig. 2-2-2b Distribution of Administrative Information

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3) Nationwide transmission of images introducing festivals, expositions and special
products of each of the regions

Fig. 2-2-2c Nationwide Transmission of Community Events

2 Basic System Structure

2.1 System Configuration

As shown in Figure 2-2-1, the satellite communication system should basically
comprise a satellite, the local governments’ fixed earth stations (hereafter referred to as
Control Stations), VSAT(Very Small Aperture Terminal) terminals, and NCS (Network
Coordination Station) and Sub-NCS. The NCS should have DA (Demand Assignment)
capability that allows effective use of the satellite transponder bandwidth by dynamic
allocation of resource frequencies in response to on-demand requests from the earth
stations, enabling both full mesh and star communication via satellite.

The earth stations including VSATs should consist of antenna, transmit-and-receive

equipment (or ODU in case of VSAT), and terminal. The NCS could have further
capabilities such as a satellite network management system including DA, multicasting,
digital video transmission-and-reception, IP/video transmission reservation subsystem,
and the like.

2.1.1 NCS /Sub-NCS

The NCS Station provides the major control and management of the entire satellite
network. The DA capability of the NCS should provide the following satellite resource
management:

1) Assignment of traffic channels in response to on-demand or reservation request,

2) Communication controls for:
a) Priority channel assignment for particular disaster area
b) Setup for hotline connection
c) Forced disconnection of the non-urgent satellite channels in use in the event of

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 disaster to ensure more important emergency communications
3) Reservation management for video transmission
4) Traffic volume monitoring,

The NCS also provides remote control and status monitoring of all earth stations, IP multicast and digital
video transmission management, billing management, and the like.

Upon request from the Control Station or Branch Station, the NCS should be able to
transfer some communication control functions to these stations. And it can be also
possible to implement the Control Stations that have all functionalities of NCS, operate
cost effectively and change dynamically their missions.

The Sub-NCS should provide a backup function for the NCS in case of scheduled
maintenance of the NCS, or equipment failure in the NCS, or heavy rain around the
NCS district. The NCS and Sub-NCS’s should be geographically dispersed to provide
robustness against natural disasters such as earthquakes and typhoons.

2.1.2 Control Station (Local Government Station)

The Control Station should be located in the local (prefectural or provincial)
government building to provide individual communication (voice/fax), multicasting in
its district, and nationwide digital video transmission. These facilities should have the
functions of status monitoring of the VSATs in its district boundary, and
communication control in the event of disaster such as forced disconnection of the non-
urgent satellite link to ensure more important emergency communication.

2.1.3 Branch Station

The Branch Stations should generally be located in the branch office of the local
government, and provide individual communication (voice/fax) and IP data coupled
with of a multicast data and digital video receiving function.

2.1.4 VSAT
The VSAT terminals should generally be located in the city/town/village government
offices, disaster management departments, and in other public safety and rescue entities,
and provide communication (voice/fax) and IP data coupled with a multicast data and
digital video receiving function.

- 27 -
2.1.5 Vehicle Mounted Station
A vehicle mounted station like a SNG vehicle is suitable to support individual
communications in the disaster area, or urgently transmit disaster image from the
damaged area. It should provide digital video, voice and fax communications and/or IP
data transmission. It could be extended to the mobile applications using antenna with
satellite tracking capability.

2.1.6 Transportable VSAT

A lightweight, transportable VSAT with a small dish, with its primary power being
supplied by a portable engine generator, is suitable for emergency communication in the
disaster area. It should provide voice and fax communication and/or IP data
transmission.

2.2 Satellite Network Configuration

The disaster management communication system manages both the traffic of point-to-
point individual communication (voice, fax and data) and point-to-multipoint
multicasting of disaster- related information including video. Each earth station or
VSAT is capable of providing communications either in a mesh (for voice) or star (for
multicast) topology or both, within the limitation of its transmit-and-receive capability
of the equipment, number of useable modems, and other factors.

The satellite communication network configuration should be designed to allow a mixed

operation of full mesh and star topology as shown in Figure 2-2-3. The DA capability of
NCS controls the entire network operation and traffic management. For point-to-point
individual communications, the system could use one of several multiple access and
multiplexing schemes as follows.
- FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, and combinations
- FDM,TDM,CDM

Mesh network
Star network
Earth
Networ Station/VSAT
k

Fig. 2-2-3 Mesh and Star Topologies for Disaster Management Communication

- 28 -
3 Applications

The system should provide the following applications:

1) Individual communication for transmission of voice, fax and data at the minimal
information rate of 32kbps
2) Point-to-multipoint multicasting at the minimal information rate of 32kbps
3) IP transmission at the information rate from 32k to 8Mbps
4) Digital video (MPEG-2) transmission at 7.3Mbps

For point-to-point communication, a hotline communication and priority communication

should be available in the event of a disaster, in addition to the individual communication
in the normal operation.

Table 2-2-1 shows typical applications and network configuration of the system.

Table 2-2-1 Satellite Applications and Network Configuration

Applications Communication Link Network Channel
(Frequency)
Assignment
Individual Between any two earth N:N mesh DA
Communication stations (On Demand)
(voice, fax, or low-speed
data)
Multicasting 1) From Central Disaster 1:N Star PA (Pre Assigned)
(Voice, fax, low-speed Management Agency to
data, or IP type data) local government (e.g.,
prefecture), or local
disaster management
department
2) From a local
government to
cities/towns/villages in
the district boundary
IP Data Communication Between any two earth N:N mesh, DA
stations 1:N Star (On Demand or
Reserved)
Digital Video (MPEG-2) From transmit earth station 1:N Star DA
to receive earth stations (Reserved)
equipped with IRD

- 29 -
3.1 Individual Communication
The individual communication provides a dedicated service of voice, fax and low-speed
between any two users in the network. The system supports the full mesh connection.
As one of example, SCPC (Single Carrier per channel) can be used for the mesh
connection. The NCS supporting DA, upon receipt of a call, assigns a pair of available
channels for the individual users via CSC (Common Signaling Channel). Once the call
is completed, the channels are immediately returned to the resource channel pool for the
next assignment to another call In case of out-band signaling, separate CSC modems
can be used to exchange the signaling information.

3.2 Multicasting
Multicasting from the Control station (local government) or from the Disaster
Management Agency to the designated earth stations is available by transmitting of
instructions by voice, fax, data, or IP data using the fixed channels that are allocated to
each Control station and Disaster Management Agency. The receiving station should be
able to receipt notification.

3.3 IP Data Communication

The point-to-point IP data communication is available between any two earth stations
that are capable of IP data transmission in the network with an information rate from 32
kbps to 8 Mbps. The satellite communication bandwidth for IP data communication is
usually unsymmetrical with a variable transmission rate due to transmission capability
of the other end earth station. Upon request from an earth station, NCS assigns the
transmission rate (bandwidth) and channel (frequency) via CSC to the transmit and
receive earth stations by way of Demand Assignment /Bandwidth On Demand
(DA/BOD). Instant and reserved channel assignments are both available for IP data
communication

3.4 Digital Video Transmission

The MPEG-2 video transmission is available from the transmit earth station to the
receive earth stations equipped with an Integrated Receiver-Decoder (IRD) having the
same scrambling key for conditional access as that of the transmit station.
This application is made available through the reservation system of the NCS.

- 30 -
3.5 Communication Control
In order to ensure important emergency communications in the event of disaster, the
NCS and Control stations should have a communication control function i.e., priority
channel assignment for a particular disaster area, setup for hotline connections and
forced disconnections of the non-urgent satellite channels in use. In addition, the
telephone exchanger of the Control station should provide congestion control for the
outgoing and incoming calls in case of disaster to ensure emergency communication
lines.

4 Technical Specifications

4.1 Frequency Band

Considering the frequencies being used by the Asia Pacific region satellites, the
frequency bands as identified in Recommendation ITU-R S.1001-1 can be used for the
services described in this recommendation. The rain attenuation calculations are found
in the Recommendations ITU-R P.618-9 and S.1432-1.

4.2 Multiple Access

The Demand Assignment capability of NCS is suitable for the large scaled VSAT
network due to the make of the mixed services of many narrow-band individual
communication channels, and point-to-multipoint IP multicasting/digital video
transmission. It can be implemented in FDMA as SCPC/DAMA (Single Carrier Per
Channel/Demand Assigned Multiple Access) and in TDMA as dynamic MF-TDMA
(Multi-Frequency Time Division Multiple Access). And CDMA (Code Division
Multiple Access) can be combined with FDMA and TDMA (to enhance the system
flexibility).

4.2.1 Access Methods

All traffics between earth stations are carefully allocated by NCS for reliable
communications.
But random access scheme can be used for initial access (log on procedure) and/or
traffic that is rarely used. The traffic using the random access should have a mechanism
to reduce effects of collisions. In case that satellite network is composed of numerous
earth stations of which configurations are not changed almost permanently, signaling
traffic can be implemented with random access.

- 31 -
As an example, when random access is used for CSC, the DA capability of NCS should
examine traffic congestion of the CSC (up-link) by counting of retry numbers of the
CSC (up-link) signal. If it is judged that CSC (up-link) is congested, the DAMA will
search for the next CSC (up-link) channels and re-transmit the CSC (up-link) by manual
intervention. The NCS should be also able to control stop and re-transmission of the
CSC (up-link) channels via CSC (down-link) channel.

4.3 QoS (Quality of Service)

The QoS of the satellite channels in terms of transmission BER should be better than 1×
10-6 for 99.8 % of time in the worst month in order to ensure emergency communication,
at least between the Control Stations.
(Reference: Recommendation ITU-R S.1062)

4.4 Link Budget and Transmission Capability

This satellite communication system is intended for use in disaster recovery, thus it
should have high availability and reliability. Such a system usually requires a large
diameter antenna that may result in a high implementation cost. The VSAT is, instead,
suitable for a large number of terminals for towns and villages with small traffic
because the VSAT is inexpensive and generally needs neither a radio station license nor
dedicated operating personnel holding radio licenses. Since during disaster recovery,
most communications should been done between Control Station (local government)
and each town or village, the link budget should be designed to provide high availability
for the individual communication channels.

5 Network Control and Monitoring

The NCS should perform a centralized management of the entire network for:
1）Remote control and monitoring of all earth stations including VSATs
2）Monitoring and event logging of satellite network operation
3）Traffic statistics
4）Billing management

The Control earth station should be also able to remotely monitor operating status and
control the earth stations located within its district boundary using multicasting channel
assigned to the Control station.

- 32 -
5.1 Network Control and Monitoring by NCS

5.1.1 Health Check of Earth Stations

In response to periodic requests from the NCS using CSC every earth station should
transmit its health check information (in operation/in standby/in maintenance/in fault).
The NCS can designate a specific earth station to execute an individual health check if
necessary.

5.1.2 Remote Controls to Earth Stations

Using the CSC, the NCS should be able to execute forced disconnection from the
network to every earth station already connected NCS, and also execute ON and OFF
controls to the ODU of any VSAT when some abnormal situation is found, e.g., some
VSAT’s do not get off the line after a call is completed, or some spurious radiation is
found in the spectrum monitoring.

5.1.3 Monitoring of Satellite Network Operation

The NCS should be able to monitor the satellite network’s channel frequencies, earth
stations being connected, on a service basis, communication channel basis and
transmission rate basis. The NCS should also monitor the assignment status of priority
channels, hotline channels, unused channels, etc.

5.1.4 Traffic Statistics

The NCS should monitor, store in the database and retrieve with desired conditions
from the database, the traffic information such as the number of calls, call loss
probability, communication airtime and data volumes in any period of time.

5.2 Control and Monitoring by Control station

The Control station (located in a local government) should be able to remotely monitor
the operating status and to remotely control the earth stations located within its district
boundary (e.g., prefecture) via multicasting channel, from the centralized control and
monitoring equipment associated with status monitoring display. The Branch Office
Station, upon NCS’s authorization, should also be able to remotely monitor and control
the earth stations (VSATs) within its district boundary.

- 33 -
 Appendix A to ANNEX 1-3

Example of Systems

This appendix provides the technical specifications of the core network system for
disaster management as an example. The satellite system is included in
Recommendation ITU-R S.1001-1.

A.1 Example in Japan.

A.1.1 Core Terrestrial System

Frequency band 6.5 GHz/7.5 GHz/12 GHz/40 GHz band

Transmission speed 1.5 – 208 Mbps
Modulation scheme 4PSK*1/16QAM*2/64QAM/128 QAM
*1: Phase Shift Keying
*2: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

A.1.2 Branch Terrestrial System

Frequency band VHF/UHF band

Channel spacing 25 kHz
Multiple access method TDMA*1
Transmission speed 32 kbps/8 kbps
Modulation scheme /4 shift QPSK*2
*1: Time Division Multiple Access
*2: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

- 34 -
A.1.3 Satellite system
Summary of Channel Parameters of Satellite Network
Type of Service Multiple Access Modulation Information
Rate
Individual SCPC/DA- QPSK 32 kbps
Communication FDMA (Continuous or
(Voice, FAX, low-speed Burst)
data)
Multicasting Up PA- QPSK (Burst) 32 kbps
(Voice, FAX, TDMA/FDMA
low-speed data) Down PA-FDMA QPSK (Continuous) 32 kbps
IP Transmission Up SCPC/DA- QPSK (Continuous) 32kbps –
FDMA 8Mbps
Down DCPC/DA- QPSK (Continuous) 32kbps –
FDMA 8Mbps
Digital Video SCPC/DA- QPSK (Continuous) 7.3Mbps
Transmission FDMA
Common Up RA- QPSK (Burst) 32kbps
Signaling TDMA/FDMA
Channel Down PA- QPSK (Continuous) 32kbps
TDMA/FDMA

- 35 -
 Typical Antenna Diameter for Various Earth Stations
Earth Stations
Earth Station Antenna NCS/ Control Cities
Dia- Branch /Towns Vehicle Trans-
Standards Sub- station (Local
meter Offices Mounted portable
NCS Government) /Villages
STD-A 7m X X
STD-B 4.5m X
STD-C 3.6m X X
STD-D 2.4m X X
(VSAT)
STD-E
1.8m X X
(VSAT)
(Vehicle 1.8m X
mounted)
STD-F 1.2m X X
(VSAT)
(Vehicle 1.2m X
mounted)
STD-G 0.75m X X
(VSAT)
STD-H
0.6m X X
(VSAT)
STD-J
(Transportabl 0.75m X
e VSAT)
STD-K Planar
(Transportabl X
type
e VSAT)

- 36 -
 IP data and Video Transmission Capability
IP data transmission Digital video (MPEG-2)
(variable rate) Transmitting Receiving
STD-A × ×
STD-B 32 – 8191 kbps × ×
Earth Station Standards

STD-C × ×
STD-D × ×
STD-E - ×
STD-F 32 – 2048 kbps - ×
STD-G - ×
STD-H - ×
STD-I - - ×
STD-J - ×
32 – 2048 kbps
STD-K - ×
NOTE: The data transmission rate may become smaller by rainfall rate
in case of smaller diameter antenna.

A.2 Example in Korea

A.2.1 Satellite System

Summary of Channel Parameters of Satellite Network
Type of Service Multiple Modulation Information Rate
Access
Individual TDM/ QPSK 256 kbps – 2Mbps
Communication MF-TDMA (Continuous or
(Voice, FAX, low-speed Burst)
data)
IP Transmission Up MF-TDMA QPSK (Burst) 256kbps – 20Mbps
(512kbps –8Mbps)
Down MF-TDMA QPSK (Burst) 256kbps –20Mbps
TDM QPSK (Continuous) (up to 80Mbps)
Digital Video TDM QPSK (Continuous) Up to 50Mbps
Transmission

- 37 -
 ANNEX 1-3

Guidelines for Safety and Reliability Measures on the use of

Disaster Management Communication Systems

1 Scope

This Annex provides guidelines to promote safety and reliability measures that should be taken in
implementing disaster management communication systems in order for such systems to form a
dependable network in disasters. The guidelines involve the following areas:

- Outdoor/indoor equipment for disaster management communication network;

- Management of designing, maintenance and operation of disaster management communication
network.

Guidelines for above items are described in sections 2 and 3, respectively.

2 Guidelines for Communication Equipment

2.1 General rule

Items Measures
(1) De-concentration of Key communication centers up to avoid adverse affects or
communication centers network functions should be geographically dispersed and
back each other.
(2) Installation of Connection between two important communication centers
alternative connection should have an alternative route via another center.
(3) Establishment of Important optical transmission path should promote
different transmission twofold routing by installing loop topology, etc.
path equipment
(4) Dispersing Accommodation of communication lines between
accommodation of important communication centers should be distributed
telecommunication over different transmission path equipments.
lines
(5) Installation of backup Important transmission paths should have backup
telecommunications communication line and be able to switch when necessary.
line
(6) Monitoring of (a) Function to monitor operating conditions of important
operating conditions of transmission equipment and to detect and report failure
information immediately should be installed.
communication
network (b) Switching equipment should have functions to monitor
traffic, to report extraordinary congestion immediately,
and to limit user access when necessary.

(7) Improvement of (a) Quality of software should be examined before

software credibility installation.
(b) Measures to avoid simple mistakes made in changing
software and data should be taken.
(c) Important data such as system data should be
recovered when necessary.

- 38 -
 Items Measures
(d) Software should have functional ability to detect and
report anomalies immediately.
(8) Information security (a) Measures should be taken against computer viruses
measures and malicious programs.
(b) Measures to decrease electromagnetic emission or to
mask electromagnetic leakage should be taken in order
to avoid important information leakage from the
computer operating and managing networks.
(c) A communication network that treats communications
requiring identification and confirmation of user s
should have functions to identify and confirm proper
users.
(d) Measures against system destruction and data theft
should be taken such as restricting accessible data
region and executable commands.
(e) Function to reject passwords using only common
words should be installed.
(f) Access history above a certain number of access
requests should be maintained.
(g) Functions to record access requests to important
information that needs protecting should be installed.
(h) Measures to maintain secrecy of communication
should be taken when necessary such as encryption.
(i) Criteria for crosstalk attenuation should be set.
(j) Measures to avoid illegal use of network should be
installed.
(9) Measures to Measures to avoid communication breakdown should be
communication installed.
blackout
(10) Emergency and (a) Emergency and recovery measures such as stocking
recovery measures cables for temporary use should be taken for important
transmission equipment.
(b) Emergency and recovery measures should be taken
such as storing switching equipment for mobile
communication.
(c) Ad hoc telephone line by radio equipment such as
satellite earth station should be able to be installed in
emergencies.
(d) Ad hoc two-way telecommunication link using radio
equipment should be able to be set up in case the line
between mobile base station and switching station is
disconnected.
(e) Ad hoc telecommunication link by transportable radio
stations should be able to be set up in case mobile
communication base stations are damaged.
(f) Ad hoc telecommunication link by backup equipments
should be able to be set up in case that it is extremely
difficult to communicate when other transmission
equipment is damaged.

- 39 -
2.2 Outdoor equipments

Items Measures
(1) Measures against wind Measures to avoid damage by strong wind or vibration
damage caused by wind should be taken where equipment may
receive wind pressure.
(2) Measures against Measures to avoid failure by vibration caused by
vibrations earthquake should be taken.
(3) Measures against Measures against damage caused by lightning for outdoor
lightning damage equipment should be taken where lightning damage is
likely to occur.
(4) Measures against fire Measures to fireproof outdoor equipment should be taken
disaster where fire disasters may occur.
(5) Water resistance (a) Water resistance should be set for outdoor equipment
located in water.
(b) Measures to avoid failure as a result of water
pressure for outdoor equipment located in water
should be taken.
(6) Measures against flood Important outdoor equipment should not be installed
damage where flood damage is likely to occur.
(7) Measures against Measures to avoid failure as a result of frozen outdoor
freezing equipment located where freezing may occur should be
taken.
(8) Measures against salt Measures to avoid failure as a result of salt corrosion,
damage corrosive gas or dust for outdoor equipment should be
taken where this type of damage could occur.
(9) Measures against (a) Outdoor equipment located in very high or low
extreme temperature temperatures should work stably under such
conditions.
(b) Outdoor equipment located in places with extreme
temperature swings or an environment with
immediate temperature changes should work stably
under such conditions.
(10) Measures against high Measures against high humidity and rust on outdoor
humidity equipment should be taken such conditions are prevalent.
(11) Prevention of third party (a) Measures to prevent third parties from touching
access equipment should be taken.
(b) Measures to avoid incursions such as locking
underground tunnels accommodating communication
cables should be taken.
(12) Detection and report of (a) Functions to detect and report failure immediately
failure should be installed for important outdoor equipment.
(b) Functions to spot failure points should be installed
for important equipment.
(13) Assignment of backup Measures to assign backup or alternative equipments for
equipment important equipment should be taken.
(14) Laying communication Laying communication cables underground should be
cables underground promoted to avoid damage from collapsing of buildings
and fire disasters.

- 40 -
2.3 Indoor equipment

Items Measures
(1) Earthquake Measures to prevent equipment from falling down or
countermeasures moving and to prevent equipment parts from causing
contact failure or falling away by normal earthquakes
should be taken.
(2) Measures against Measures to avoid lightning damage for important indoor
lightning damage equipment should be taken where such damages may
occur.
(3) Measures against fire Measures to fireproof indoor equipment should be taken
disasters where fire disasters may occur.
(4) Reliability (a) Redundancy or alternative measures should be taken
for important indoor equipment.
(b) Immediate switch to backup equipment should be
done for important indoor equipment.
(5) Detection and reports on (a) Functions to detect and report failures immediately
failure should be installed for important indoor equipment.
(b) Remote control functions should be installed for
important unmanned indoor equipment.
(6) Assignment of testing Testing or alternative equipment should be prepared.
equipment
(7) Assignment of spare Measures to assign backup or alternative equipments for
equipment important equipment should be taken.

2.4 Electric supply facility

In addition to guidelines for indoor equipment, the following items should be taken into account for
electric supply facilities.
Items Measures
(1) Power supply condition (a) Power supply for communication network should be
stable.
(b) Measures to keep power voltage and frequency
within permissible levels should be taken.
(2) Measures against Any of the following should be installed;
blackouts 1) backup power generator
2) rechargeable battery
3) multiple power supply systems
4) portable power supply equipment

- 41 -
3 Guidelines for Management

3.1 Management of network design

Items Measures
(1) Clarification of Framework of design management such as decision-
framework making, work sharing and scope of responsibility should
be clarified.
(2) Clarification of design (a) Basic network functions should be clarified.
guidelines (b) Design network should be considered in future
expansion of scale and upgrading of functions.

3.2 Network security and operational management

Items Measures
(1) Clarification of Security and operational management framework of work
framework sharing, communication system and scope of
responsibility should be clarified.
(2) Set of criterion Security and operational criterion should be set. Security
should be managed and operational data should be
collected.
(3) Working procedure Security and operational work procedures should be set.
(4) Monitoring, security and (a) Operating condition of equipment should be
control monitored. In case of failure, measures to change
preparative equipment or to make repairs should be
taken as occasion demands.
(b) Operating condition of communication network
should be monitored and measures such as connection
inhibited should be taken.
(5) Relegating of security (a) In case of outsourcing security, scope of security
and management work and responsibility should be clarified under
consignment contract.
(b) In case of outsourcing security, work procedure
should be clarified and monitored.

3.3 Renewal and relocation management of equipment

Items Measures
(1) Clarification of Management framework of work sharing, communication
framework system and scope of responsibility should be taken.
(2) Clarification of working Working process should be clarified and managed.
process

- 42 -
3.4 Information security management

Items Measures
(1) Establishment of Security policy should be established and reviewed
security policy accordingly.
(2) Establishment of Contingency plan defining measures to counter illegal
contingency plan access should be established and reviewed accordingly.
(3) Information gathering Obtaining technical information and industry trends on
information security the latest information security and reflecting it in security
measures should be undertaken.
(4) Persons with specialized Persons with qualifications or with specialized
knowledge and skills knowledge and skills about information security should
be hired.

3.5 Data management

Items Measures
(1) Clarification of Data management framework of work sharing,
framework communication system and scope of responsibility should
be clarified.
(2) Set of criterion Criterion of data management should be set.
(3) Working procedure Setting of working procedure for data handling should be
set.
(4) Data management (a) Data concerning specification and location of
equipment and user’s data should be categorized and
managed according to property.
(b) Confidential range of workers for data of equipment
specification and location and user’s data should be
clarified, familiarized and ensured.
(c) User’s code numbers should be protected.

3.6 Environmental management

Items Measures
(1) Building stability Stability check of building should be regularly
performed.
(2) Security of air Stability check of air condition equipment should be
conditioning equipment regularly performed.

- 43 -
3.7 Security management

Items Measures
(1) Clarification of Security framework should be clarified.
framework
(2) Management procedures Procedures for security management should be set.
(3) Entry and out control in Entry and out control in buildings and communication
buildings or equipment compartments should be executed.
communication
equipment
compartments
(4) Management of keys and Gateway key and code numbers should be managed.
code numbers
(5) Management of security Maintenance check of security equipment should be
equipment regularly performed.
(6) Entry and out record Entry and out records should be maintained for a certain
custody period.

3.8 Response to emergencies

Items Measures
(1) Clarification of (a) Framework for emergencies such as communication
framework system or scope of authority in emergencies should
be clarified.
(b) Framework of communication system between
interconnected companies should be clarified.
(c) Lay out of framework ensuring a communication
method to concerned staff and assembly method for
staff in emergencies should be undertaken.
(d) Framework of extensive support should be clarified.
(e) Communication system between country and
concerned organizations in emergency support and
recovery actions should be clarified.
(f) Necessary measures should be taken to ensure
communication method for support and recovery
actions in emergencies.
(2) Recovery measure Recovery measure procedures should be undertaken.
procedures

- 44 -
3.9 Education and training

Items Measures
(1) Clarification of Establishment of educational and training plan and
framework implementation structure should be clarified.
(2) Education and training (a) To clarify the objects of education and training and
concept to modify plans in consequence of performance
following the education and training should be
undertaken.
(b) Education and training in developing the knowledge
and discretion natural in the smooth operation of a
communication network should be undertaken.
(c) Education and training to develop high-integrity
work ability to input data should be undertaken.
(d) Education and training for development of
knowledge in equipment maintenance should be
undertaken.
(e) Education and training for disaster prevention should
be undertaken.
(f) Education and training for information security
should be undertaken.

3.10 Survey analysis and improvement of actual conditions

Items Measures
(1) Clarification of Framework for survey analysis of actual conditions
framework should be clarified regarding maintaining and operation
of the communications network.
(2) Set of criterion Criterion of items and assessment method for survey
analysis of actual conditions should be set regarding
maintaining and operation of the communications
network.
(3) Working procedures (a) Work procedures on survey analysis of actual
condition regarding maintaining and operation of the
communications network should be undertaken.
(b) Results of survey analysis of actual conditions
regarding maintaining and operation of the
communications network should be reflected in the
operating framework and procedure manual of the
communication network as occasion demands.
(4) Improvement Results of survey analysis of actual condition regarding
maintaining and operation of the communications
network should be reflected in the educational and
training plans as occasion demands.

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 ANNEX 2

Mobile Radio Communication System (MRCS)

1 Overview

The Mobile Radio Communication System (MRCS) facilitates the communication between, Disaster
Management Center, Local government office and first responders and personnel involved in the
disaster relief operations, and supplements both Regional Simultaneous Communication System
(RSCS) and Terrestrial System to address the mobility’s need for Early Warning and Disaster Relief
Operations.
The Mobile Radio Communication System (MRCS) can consist of the following sub-system:
- Disaster Management Center (DMC)
- Trunked/Conventional Radio Network
- Deployable Communication Unit (DCU)
- Mobile Station (MS)

2 System Applications and Features

Applications associated with disaster relief and emergency operations for public protection are the
main focus of the system. Applications would also be developed to support a variety of user terminals.
The following objectives and requirements shall be available in MCRS:
– Roaming, mobility and/or portability of disaster communication units
– Efficient use of the radio spectrum
– Group call feature including set-up talk groups
– Useful not only for disasters and emergency events but also for day-to-day operations, with a
mechanism for priority in the case of disasters.
– End-to-end encrypted communications in some cases.
– Open standards

- 46 -
3 MRCS System Requirement

3.1 Communication Modes

The MRCS should have four communication modes, i.e., Simultaneous Communication, Emergency
Communication, Group Communication and Individual Communication as shown in Table 2-1

Table 2-1
Communication Modes

Communication Mode Type of Communication

Simultaneous A simultaneous communication (announcement
Communication call) involves all the Mobile Stations assigned to a
multigroup. A dispatcher/operator in Command
Center can initiate the announcement call selecting
the multigroup. Any mobile stations affiliated to
any of the talkgroups assigned in the multigroup
receive the call.
Emergency Communication An emergency communication (emergency call) is a
specialized, high-priority version of a Group Call or
Announcement Call. Emergency calls always have
the highest priority in the system. When an
emergency call request is made, the request takes
priority over any other type of call request.
Group Communication Group communication (group call) is the primary
level of communications for MRCS. Most of the
conversations an MRCS user participates in are
talkgroup calls. It provides effective two-way
talkgroup (one-to-many) communication among
users and/or Disaster Relief Command Center.
Group call should be half-duplex.
Individual Communication Individual communication (individual call) provides
effective two-way private call between one MRCS
user to another MRCS user. Individual call can be
half-duplex or full-duplex.

3.2 Priority Access/Communication Control

The systems serving MRCS should be designed to manage priority traffic, e.g., by prioritizing
emergency communication when a disaster strikes. The MRCS may require the exclusive use of a
certain communication resource.

4 Disaster Management Center (DMC)

Disaster Management Center (DMC) can be used for command and control of disaster management.
National DMC can control nationwide communication, while local DMC of the prefectural (or
provincial or state) government can control communication for its local administrative district.

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5 Trunked or Conventional Radio Network

The MRCS consists of a Master Station deployed at central or regional/local government, Relay
Station to enables radio communication via Radio Frequency (RF) and Mobile Station as interface to
the user. The basic structure of the Trunked or Conventional Radio Network components is shown in
the Figure 2-3.

Mobile
Station

Portable
Relay Radio
Station

Mobile
Master Radio
Station

Relay
Station
Fixed
Radio
Figure 2-3 Basic Structure of the Trunked or Conventional Radio Network with MS

a) Master Station
The Master Station controls the radio network including voice, radio signaling, message and data
from/to Relay Station and Mobile Station. The Master Station can consist of Radio Switching
System for Trunked Radio System and/or Radio Voting System for Conventional Radio System.
The Master Station should be connected to the Command and Control system to oversee the entire
MCRS operations.
The Master Station can be located in the Disaster Management Center, local/ regional
government’s office or any other places that are suitable for centralized operation.

b) Relay Station
The Relay Station is located outdoor (preferably in high ground such as hilly place or high tower)
to relay radio communication signals between the Master Station and the Mobile Stations where
necessary.
The Relay Station is connected to Master Station using wired link (e.g. E1/T1, full or partial) or
private wireless link (e.g. microwave).
The Relay Station should be able to continue to operate locally (to support local communication)
in the event of the failure of Master Station or link to Master Station.

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6 Deployable Communication Unit (DCU)

The Deployable Communication Unit (DCU) can be used by first responders or crisis teams as their
radio communications system when they are at ground zero and does not have coverage from the
Trunked or Conventional Radio Network. The DCU can be designed to have capability to be patched
into the fixed Regional Simultaneous Communication System and Terrestrial System, for
interoperations with other groups. All communications within the DCU can be linked back to the
Local government office or Disaster Management Center via satellite, microwave or other backhaul
means.

The Deployable Communications Unit (DCU) complements the Trunked or Conventional Radio
Network by:
 Enhancing the Coverage by allowing extension of coverage areas not covered by the Trunked
or Conventional Radio Network
 Increasing the Capacity by expanding the capacity of the Trunked or Conventional Radio
Network for certain areas. By deploying the DCU, the channel capacity can be increased to
relief congestions.
 Improving the Survivability. The deployable unit can be used as a backup to the main systems.
Should the main system be destroyed due to unforeseen circumstances, the unit can be used to
fill the gap, and thus continue to provide the vital communications.

The DCU can also be equipped with a Mobile Control Center (MCC) to oversee the local mobile
communication for the disaster relief operations on the ground. The MCC can be connected to the
local, regional or national disaster management center.

Figure 2-5 shows system components of the DCU with MCC.

Mobile Control Disaster Mana-

Center gement Center
Backbone Network

DCU
Radio System

DCU Radio DCU Telephone DCU Video

Gateway Gateway System

Figure 2-5 System Components of the DCU with

MCC
a) Radio System
The DCU can be equipped with a standalone trunked or conventional radio system that is capable of
voice and data communications. For security of the operations, the system can be configured to
provide encrypted communications. A MCC can be equipped with a Dispatch Console to have full
radio control and functions, e.g. patching of group calls between different response teams, private
call to selected individual, sending of short messages and etc.

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b) Radio Gateway.
The DCU can be equipped with a radio gateway for interface to existing land mobile radio systems
(e.g. HF, VHF or UHF) as well as to the fixed Regional Simultaneous Communication System and
fixed Terrestrial System. This allows for some level of interoperability between the DCU radio
system, the existing radio systems on the ground and the rest of the disaster relief group.

c) Telephone Gateway
The DCU can have a gateway for interconnection to the local PSTN. The purpose is to provide
telephone lines within the MCC, and DCU users with telephone interconnect facility to make phone
calls, if necessary.

d) Video System
The DCU can be equipped with local wireless broadband to allow capturing of video information
from the ground by the response teams. This information can be stored in the MCC video recorder
and can be uploaded to the Disaster Management Center when the backbone link is established.

e) Backbone Network
The DCU can be designed for intercommunications to a Disaster Management Center via the
backbone link using microwave or satellite means.

7 Mobile Station
Mobile Stations can consist of various types of radio terminals as following:
a) Portable Radio
b) Mobile Radio
c) Fixed Radio

In addition to transmit/receive using Relay Station, all Mobile Stations should have capability for
Direct Mode Operation to communicate directly among mobile stations (in shorter range) in the event
of the failure of the network infrastructure (e.g. failure of Master Station and/or Relay Station)

8 Technical Specifications

8.1 Technology
Digital open standard radio technology or standard endorsed by standard organization should be
considered to ensure support from multiple manufacturers and product longevity.

8.2 Frequency Band

For the digital MRCS, the VHF/UHF bands are preferable considering these bands have already been
used extensively by many countries in Asia/Pacific for their mobile radio communication system.
However, using 406.1-430 MHz, 440-470 MHz and/or 806-824/851-869 MHz shall be tried for any
new systems in order to comply with internationally assigned range. Some countries may keep using
380-400 MHz or 746-806 MHz of frequency band.

8.3 Channel Spacing

The channel spacing should be 12.5 KHz, 25 KHz, 50 KHz, 100 KHz or 150 KHz

8.4 Transmit and Receive Frequency Bands

The transmit and receive frequency bands should use the same band.

8.5 Multiple Access Method

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) or FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) should be
used as a multiple access method. Measures to avoid congestion in an emergency situation are
required.

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8.6 Transmission Speed
An appropriate rate is to be selected to send voice and narrow-band data. Data transmission speed at
6.4kbps to 7.2 kbps (raw) can be considered to transmit text-based information such as short messages,
location information, etc.

8.7 Output Power

The Relay Station should have sufficient output power capability to ensure reliable information
delivery to/from disaster area with careful consideration to minimizing interference with the adjacent
countries and areas.

8.8 Modulation Scheme

A modulation scheme should be determined with a view to promoting efficient use of the radio
frequency and considering radio wave propagation conditions of the fixed radio system. The 4/16/64
QAM, C4FM, Phi/4 DQPSK are some of examples.

8.9 Satellite
Part 2 of Annex 1-2 Technical specification of Satellite Network System for FRCS is applicable to
MRCS as well.

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 Appendix A to ANNEX 2

System Specifications for MRCS

This appendix gives MRCS technical specifications that have been used throughout many countries in
Asia-Pacific. The system is preferable on digital Open Standard and endorsed by standard
organizations (ARIB, ETSI, TIA, TTA, etc) in some countries.

- Examples in the Asia-Pacific Region

A.1 STD-T79, T80 (established by ARIB, Japan)

Frequency band VHF

Channel spacing 25 kHz
Multiple access method TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
Data Transmission 25.6 kbps (raw) or 28.8 kbps (raw) at 25
speed kHz
Type Trunked
Modulation scheme Phi/4 DQPSK

A.2 TETRA (Terrestrial Trunked Radio) (endorsed by ETSI and TTA, Republic of Korea)

Frequency band UHF

Channel spacing 25 kHz or 50 kHz
Multiple access method TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
Data Transmission 28.8 kbps (raw) at 25 kHz or
speed 96 kbps (raw) at 50 kHz for TETRA 2
Type Trunked
Modulation scheme Phi/4 DQPSK, 4/16/64 QAM

A.3 P25 (Association of Public Safety Officers – Project 25) (endorsed by TIA)

Frequency band VHF and/or UHF

Channel spacing 12.5 kHz or 25 kHz
Multiple access method FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple
Access)
Data Transmission 9.6 kbps (raw) at 12.5 kHz or 25 kHz or
speed 96 kbps (raw) at 25 kHz for High
Performance Data
Type Trunked or Conventional
Modulation scheme C4FM

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