Relations and Functions

● Relations
● Types of Relations
● Functions and its classifications
● Composition of Functions
● Inverse of a function
 Relations and Functions
Critical Topics in the Chapter
● Types of relations
● Composition of functions
Relations
 Relations
Lets first do the basic recall of relations, we covered in 11th.
 Relations
Cartesian Product of two sets:
Let A and B be two non-empty sets.
The Cartesian product of the sets A and B is defined as
A × B = { (a, b) : a ∈ A and b ∈ B }
 Relations
Cartesian Product of two sets:
Let A and B be two non-empty sets.
The Cartesian product of the sets A and B is defined as
A × B = { (a, b) : a ∈ A and b ∈ B }

Relation:
Any subset of A × B is defined as a relation from set A to set B,

where A and B are non-empty sets

 Relations
Relation:
Any subset of A × B is defined as a relation from set A to set B,

where A and B are non-empty sets

Remark :
Relation from A to A is also called relation on A.
 Relations
Description of relations
There are three ways of writing a relation.
Let us do it by examples

Let A = {1, 2, 3} & B = {1, 3, 5, 7}

(1) R = {(1,1), (2, 3), (3, 5)}

 Relations
Description of relations
There are three ways of writing a relation.
Let us do it by examples

Let A = {1, 2, 3} & B = {1, 3, 5, 7}

(1) R = {(1,1), (2, 3), (3, 5)}

(or)

(2) R = {(a, b) | b = 2a – 1, a ∈ A and b ∈ B}

 Relations
Description of relations
There are three ways of writing a relation.
Let us do it by examples

Let A = {1, 2, 3} & B = {1, 3, 5, 7}

(1) R = {(1,1), (2, 3), (3, 5)}

(or)

(2) R = {(a, b) | b = 2a – 1, a ∈ A and b ∈ B}

(or)

(3) a R b ⇔ b = 2a – 1; a ∈ A and b ∈ B
Q Let A = {1, 2, 3, …, 14}. Define a relation R from A to A by
R = {(x, y): x - 3y = 0, where x, y ∈ A}. Write down the
domain, codomain and range of R.
Solution:

We have, A = {1, 2, 3, …. , 14}

R = {(x, y) : x = 3y , x, y ∈ A}
= {(3, 1), (6, 2), (9, 3), (12, 4)}

Domain of R = {3, 6, 9, 12}

Range of R = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Codomain of R is set A.
 Write relation on A defined as: xRy ⇔ y = x2 , where
Q
A = {1, -1, 2, 3, 4}. Also write domain and range of R.
Solution:

We have, A = {1, -1, 2, 3, 4}

R = {(x, y) : y = x2 , x, y ∈ A}
= {(1, 1), (-1, 1), (2, 4)}

Domain of R = {1, -1, 2}

Range of R = {1, 4}
 Relations

Result :
If n(A) = p and n(B) = q then number of relations that
can be defined from A to B is 2pq.
 Relations
Inverse of Relation
If R is a relation on set A, then the relation R−1 on A ,defined by
R−1 = {(y, x) : (x, y) ∈ R} is called an inverse relation to A.
Clearly,

Domain (R−1) = Range of (R)

Range of (R−1) = domain of (R).
 If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 3, 5}, and R is a relation from
Q
A to B, defined as x R y ⇔ y = 2x - 1, then Find the
inverse relation R-1
Solution:
R is a relation from {1, 2, 3} to {1, 3, 5} defined by y = 2x - 1
Now, y = 2x - 1
Putting x = 1, 2, 3, we get y = 1, 3, 5 respectively
⇒ (1, 1) ∈ R, (2, 3) ∈ R and (3, 5) ∈ R
So, R = {(1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 5)}
Thus, R-1 = {(1, 1), (3, 2), (5, 3)}
Q Find the inverse relation R-1 if R is a relation from
{11, 12, 13} to {8, 10, 12} defined by y = x - 3.
Solution:

R is a relation from {11, 12, 13} to {8, 10, 12} defined by y = x - 3

Now, y = x - 3
Putting x = 11, 12, 13, we get y = 8, 9, 10 respectively
⇒ {11, 8} ∈ R, (12, 9) ∉ R and (13, 10) ∈ R
Thus, R = {(11, 8), (13, 10)}
⇒ R-1 = {(8, 11), (10, 13)}
Now we start with the Relations Topic of 12th syllabus, which
primarily covers Types of relation.
Types of Relations
 Types of Relations
(1) Empty Relation: Let A be a set and ɸ ⊂ A ✕ A, it follows that ɸ is a
relation on A which is called the empty relation.

(2) Universal Relation: Let A be a set and A ✕ A ⊆ A ✕ A, it follows that

A ✕ A is a relation on A, which is called the universal relation.

(3) Identity Relation: If every element of A is related to itself only, then

the relation is called identity relation.
Symbolically, the relation IA = {(a, a) : a ∈ A} is called an Identity
relation on A.
 Types of Relations
4. Reflexive Relation
 Types of Relations
4. Reflexive Relation

A Relation R on a set A is said to be reflexive, if every element of A is related to

itself. Thus if R is reflexive, then (a, a) ∈ R, ∀ a ∈ A.
 Types of Relations
4. Reflexive Relation

A Relation R on a set A is said to be reflexive, if every element of A is related to

itself. Thus if R is reflexive, then (a, a) ∈ R, ∀ a ∈ A.

For example,

1) let A = {1, 2, 3,4} then R = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (1,2), (2,4)}

2) let A = {1, 2, 3,4} then R = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4)}

3) let A = {1, 2, 3} then R1 = {(x, y) | y ≥ x} is a reflexive relation on A.

 Types of Relations
5. Symmetric Relation
 Types of Relations
5. Symmetric Relation

A relation R on a set A is said to be a symmetric relation iff

(a, b) ∈ R ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R, ∀ a, b ∈ A
 Types of Relations
5. Symmetric Relation

A relation R on a set A is said to be a symmetric relation iff

(a, b) ∈ R ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R, ∀ a, b ∈ A

For example, let A = {2, 4, 6} then

R = {(2, 4), (2, 6), (4, 4), (4, 2), (6, 2)} is a symmetric relation on A.
 Types of Relations
6. Transitive Relation
 Types of Relations
6. Transitive Relation
Relation R on set A is transitive if xRy and yRz ⇒ xRz
 Types of Relations
6. Transitive Relation
Relation R on set A is transitive if xRy and yRz ⇒ xRz

NOTE :
Relation is NOT transitive only when x R y and y R z, but .
In all other situations R is Transitive.
 Types of Relations
6. Transitive Relation
Relation R on set A is transitive if xRy and yRz ⇒ xRz

Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

(1) R1 = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)}

(2) R2 = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3), (4, 5), (5, 1)}

(3) R3 = {(1, 3), (2, 4)}

 Types of Relations
6. Transitive Relation
Relation R on set A is transitive if xRy and yRz ⇒ xRz

Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

(1) R1 = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)} : It is transitive relation.

(2) R2 = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3), (4, 5), (5, 1)} : It is not a transitive relation.

(3) R3 = {(1, 3), (2, 4)} : It is transitive relation.

 If a relation R on the set {1, 2, 3} be defined by
Q
(i) R = {(1, 2)}, then R is:
Solution: (ii)R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)}, then R is:
 IIT 2005

Q Let R = {(3, 3), (6, 6), (9, 9), (12, 12), (6, 12), (3, 9), (3, 12), (3, 6)}
be a relation on A = {3, 6, 9, 12}. Relation R is

A Reflexive and transitive only

B Reflexive only

C An equivalence relation

D Reflexive and symmetric only

 IIT 2005

Q Let R = {(3, 3), (6, 6), (9, 9), (12, 12), (6, 12), (3, 9), (3, 12), (3, 6)}
be a relation on A = {3, 6, 9, 12}. Relation R is

A Reflexive and transitive only

B Reflexive only

C An equivalence relation

D Reflexive and symmetric only

Solution:

Given A = {3, 6, 9, 12}

Since (3, 3), (6, 6), (9, 9), (12, 12) ∈ R
Thus its reflexive relation (12, 6) ∉ R
Here, (6, 12) ∈ R, but
Thus R is not symmetric
Here, (3, 6) ∈ R and (6, 12) ∈ R, also (3, 12) ∈ R
So relation is transitive also.
 Consider the binary relation R on the set A = {a, b, c} given by
Q
R = {(a, b), (b, a), (c, c), (c, a), (a, a), (b, b), (a, c)}. Then R is
 Consider the binary relation R on the set A = {a, b, c} given by
Q
R = {(a, b), (b, a), (c, c), (c, a), (a, a), (b, b), (a, c)}. Then R is

Ans: reflexive and symmetric but not transitive

 JEE Main 6th Apr, 2024-S2

Q Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Let R be a relation on A defined by xRy if and only if

4x ≤ 5y. Let m be the number of elements in R and n be the minimum
number of elements from A x A that are required to be added to R to
make it symmetric. Then m + n is equal to :

A 24

B 23

C 25

D 26
 JEE Main 6th Apr, 2024-S2

Q Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Let R be a relation on A defined by xRy if and only if

4x ≤ 5y. Let m be the number of elements in R and n be the minimum
number of elements from A x A that are required to be added to R to
make it symmetric. Then m + n is equal to :

A 24

B 23

C 25

D 26
Solution:

Given : 4x ≤ 5y, then

R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5),
(3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (4, 4), (4, 5), (5, 4), (5, 5)}
So, m = 16

Now to make R a symmetric relation we have to add

{(2, 1), (3, 2), (4, 3), (3, 1), (4, 2), (5, 3), (4, 1), (5, 2), (5, 1)}

i.e. n = 9

So m + n = 25
 JEE Main 30th Jan, 2023-S1

Q The minimum number of elements that must be added to

the relation R = {(a, b), (b, c)} on the set {a, b, c} so that it
becomes symmetric and transitive is :

A 3

B 4

C 5

D 7
 JEE Main 30th Jan, 2023-S1

Q The minimum number of elements that must be added to

the relation R = {(a, b), (b, c)} on the set {a, b, c} so that it
becomes symmetric and transitive is :

A 3

B 4

C 5

D 7
Solution:

R={(a, b), (b, c)}

For symmetric relation (b, a), (c, b) must be added in R

For transitive relation (a, c), (a, a), (b, b), (c, c), (c, a) must be added in R

So, minimum number of element = 7

 Consider a relation of whole numbers defined as
Q
x R y ⇔ x ≤ y2. Prove that its reflexive but neither
symmetric nor transitive.
Solution:

Clearly, it is reflexive as (a, a) ∈ R as a ≤ a2

But, if (1, 2) ∈ R
Then (2, 1) ∉ R
So it is not symmetric
Now, let us consider
(5, 3) ∈ R, (3, 2) ∈ R
But (5, 2) ∉ R
Thus R is not transitive.
 Let S be the set of all real numbers. Show that the
Q
relation R = {(a, b) : 1 + ab > 0} on S is reflexive
and symmetric but not transitive.
Solution:

Since 1 + a . a = 1 + a2 > 0, ∀ a ∈ S
∴ (a, a) ∈ R
∴ R is reflexive
Also, (a, b) ∈ R ⇒ 1 + ab > 0 ⇒ 1 + ba > 0
⇒ (b, a) ∈ R
∴ R is symmetric
∵ (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R need not imply (a, c) ∈ R.
As (0.25, -3) ∈ R and (-3, -4) ∈ R but (0.25, -4) ∉ R.
So, R is not transitive
Q The relation R given by {(x, y) : x2 - 3xy + 2y2 = 0, ∀ x, y ∈ R} is

A Reflexive only

Reflexive and Symmetric but

B not transitive

Symmetric and transitive but

C not reflexive

Reflexive and transitive but

D not symmetric
Q The relation R given by {(x, y) : x2 - 3xy + 2y2 = 0, ∀ x, y ∈ R} is

A Reflexive only

Reflexive and Symmetric but

B not transitive

Symmetric and transitive but

C not reflexive

Reflexive and transitive but

D not symmetric
Solution:
Q Let R be a relation on N × N defined by (a, b) R (c, d)
if and only if ad(b - c) = bc(a - d). Then R is

A Only reflexive

B Only Symmetric

C Both reflexive and symmetric

D Neither reflexive nor symmetric

Q Let R be a relation on N × N defined by (a, b) R (c, d)
if and only if ad(b - c) = bc(a - d). Then R is

A Only reflexive

B Only Symmetric

C Both reflexive and symmetric

D Neither reflexive nor symmetric

Solution:
 Types of Relations
7. Equivalence Relation

Relation R defined on any set A is equivalence relation if

R is reflexive
R is symmetric
R is transitive
Q Let R be a relation defined on N as x R y
if 3x + 11y is a multiple of 7, x, y ∊ N. Then R is

A an equivalence relation

B transitive but not symmetric

C not reflexive

D symmetric but not transitive

Q Let R be a relation defined on N as x R y
if 3x + 11y is a multiple of 7, x, y ∊ N. Then R is

A an equivalence relation

B transitive but not symmetric

C not reflexive

D symmetric but not transitive

Solution:
For R to be reflexive, (x, x) ∈ R If (x, y) ∈ R and (y, z) ∈ R, then
⇒ 3x + 11x = 14x, which is a multiple of 7 3x + 11y = 7m, 3y + 11z = 7n
∴ R is reflexive ⇒ 3x + 14y + 11z = 7(m + n)
⇒ 3x + 11z = 7(m + n) - 14y
If (x, y) ∈ R, then ⇒ 3x + 11z = 7(m + n - 2y)
3x + 11y = 7m ∴ (x, z) ∈ R
Now, 14(x + y) = 7n Hence, R is Transitive
3x + 11y + 3y + 11x = 7n
∴ 3y + 11x = 7(n - m)
∴ (y, x) ∈ R
Hence, R is symmetric
 Show that relation R defined on the set A = {0 , 1 , 2 , …. , 12}
Q
given by R = {(a, b) | a − b is multiple of 4} is an equivalence
relation. Also find elements related to 3.
Solution:
A = {0, 1, 2, …., 12} Transitivity: Let a, b, c ∈ A

R = {(a, b) | a − b is multiple of 4} Such that (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R

Reflexivity: For any a ∈ A ∴ a − b is multiple of 4

(a, a) ∈ R and (b − c) is multiple of 4

As, a − a = 0 is multiple of 4. ∴ (a − b) = 4λ, and (b − c) = 4𝜇

So, R is reflexive. for some λ, 𝜇 ∈ N

Add these equations
Symmetric: Let a, b ∈ A Such that (a, b) ∈ R
a − b + b − c = 4λ + 4𝜇
∴ a − b is multiple of 4
a − c = 4(λ + 𝜇)
⇒ a − b = 4λ for some λ ∈ z
So, (a − c) is multiple of 4
∴ (b − a) = 4(−λ)
Thus, it is transitive
So, (b − a) is multiple of 4 ⇒ (b − a) ∈ R
So, R is an equivalence relation.
It is symmetric
Solution:

Elements related to 3
Let x be the element of A such that (x, 3) ∈ R
Then (x − 3) is multiple of 4
∴ (x − 3) = 0, 4, 8, 12, ….
⇒ x = 3, 7, 11, 15, …
set A = {0, 1, 2, …. , 12}
x = 3, 7, 11
Q (a) Let A = {3, 5,6}. Then the number of reflexive
relations on set A is ______.
(b) Let B = {1, 2, 3, 4}. Then the number of
symmetric relations on set B is ______.
(c) Let C = {a, b, c, d}. Then the number of
equivalence relations on set C is ______.

Result :
(i) number of reflexive relations =
(ii) number of symmetric relations =
(iii) number of reflexive & symmetric relations =
 Q (a) Let A = {3, 5,6}. Then the number of reflexive
relations on set A is ______.
(b) Let B = {1, 2, 3, 4}. Then the number of
Solution: symmetric relations on set B is ______.

Result :
(i) number of reflexive relations =
(ii) number of symmetric relations =
(iii) number of reflexive & symmetric relations =
 Q (c) Let C = {a, b, c, d}. Then the number of
Solution: equivalence relations on set C is ______.
 JEE Main 30th Jan 2024, S2

Q The number of symmetric relations defined on the set

{1, 2, 3, 4} which are not reflexive is _____.
 JEE Main 30th Jan 2024, S2

Q The number of symmetric relations defined on the set

{1, 2, 3, 4} which are not reflexive is _____.

Ans: 960
Solution:
 Types of Relations
Antisymmetric Relation
The relation R is said to be antisymmetric on a set A,
if xRy and yRx hold only when x = y.
Functions
 Functions
Let A and B be two non-empty sets. Then a function f : A → B is a rule
which associates each element of A to unique element of B.

Notations:
f:A→B
 > > >
f f f

A B A B A B

> >
f f

A B A B
Classification of Functions
 Classification of Functions
(a) One-one and many-one
(b) Onto and into

NOTE :
One-one → Injective
Onto → Surjective
One-one and onto → Bijective
 Classification of Functions

> >
f f

A B A B

> >
f f

A B A B
 Check whether the following functions are one-one
Q
or many-one.
(a) y = x2 ; x ∈ R (b) y = x2 ; x ∈ R+
 Check whether the following functions are one-one
Q
or many-one.
(a) y = x2 ; x ∈ R
Solution:
Ist Method: II Method:

Thus is not one-

one.

X
 Check whether the following functions are one-one
Q
or many-one.
(b) y = x2 ; x ∈ R+
Solution:
Since

Thus for positive values

is positive, thus is increasing in its domain.
Thus, It is one-one.
 Check whether the following function is one-one or
Q
many-one : y = x2 – 4x
Solution:
Ist Method: II Method:

Given f(x) = x2 − 4x f(x) = x2 − 4x

f(x1) = f(x2) f’(x) = 2x − 4
x12 − 4x1 = x22 − 4x2 −
+
(x12 − x22) − (4x1 − 4x2) = 0
−∞ 2
(x1 − x2) (x1 + x2 − 4) = 0 ∞
So again
Since, it is not monotonic
Either x1 − x2 = 0 or x1 + x2 − 4 = 0
Thus f(x) is many-one
Thus, it is not one-one
 JEE Main 29th Jan, 2023 - S1

A f (x) is one-one in [1, ∞) but

not in (-∞, ∞)

B f (x) is one-one in (-∞, ∞)

C f (x) is many-one in (-∞, -1)

D f (x) is many-one in (1, ∞ )

 JEE Main 29th Jan, 2023 - S1

A f (x) is one-one in [1, ∞) but

not in (-∞, ∞)

B f (x) is one-one in (-∞, ∞)

C f (x) is many-one in (-∞, -1)

D f (x) is many-one in (1, ∞ )

Solution:

Clearly, f (x) is one-one in [1, ∞) but not in (-∞, ∞)

 Check whether the following functions are onto or into.
Q
(a) f : R → [−4, 1] defined as

(b) f : [0, 2𝞹] → [1, 26] defined as f(x) = (3 sin x - 4 cos x)2 + 1
 Check whether the following functions are onto or into.
Q
(a) f : R → [−4, 1] defined as
Solution:

Now x is defined if

- + -

-∞ -4 1 ∞

y [- 4, 1)
Since [- 4, 1) [- 4, 1]
Thus f(x) is into.
 Check whether the following functions are onto or into.
Q
(b) f : [0, 2𝞹] → [1, 26] defined as f(x) = (3 sin x - 4 cos x)2 + 1
Solution:

As

Thus,

And,

Hence,

Therefore, f (x) is onto

 Check whether the following functions is onto or into.
Q

f : N → N defined as
Solution:

For n ∈ even, i.e. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ….

,
We will get

For n ∈ odd, i.e. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ….., we will get

Thus, we will get all natural numbers.

Thus, function is onto.
Q If f: R → S, defined by f(x) = sin 3x - √3 cos x + 1, is onto,
then find the set S.
Solution:
Q If f : R → S defined as f(x) = x2 – 5x + 6 is an onto function
then S must be

D None of these
Q If f : R → S defined as f(x) = x2 – 5x + 6 is an onto function
then S must be

D None of these
Solution:
Here,
Now,

Here, we know that, for f(x)

Range is
Q Let f: R → [1, ∞) be defined as .
If f(x) is surjective, then

D
Q Let f: R → [1, ∞) be defined as .
If f(x) is surjective, then

D
Solution:
Composition of Functions
 Composition of Functions
Composition of f(x) and g(x) is denoted as fog(x) and gof(x) and
it is defined as :
(a) fog(x) = f(g(x))
(b) gof(x) = g(f(x))

If f(x) = sin x and g(x) = x2 . Then,

(a) fog(x) = (b) gof(x) =
 Composition of Functions
Composition of f(x) and g(x) is denoted as fog(x) and gof(x) and
it is defined as :
(a) fog(x) = f(g(x))
(b) gof(x) = g(f(x))

If f(x) = sin x and g(x) = x2 . Then,

(a) fog(x) = f(g(x)) (b) gof(x) = g(f(x))
= sin(g(x)) = g(f(x))
= sin(x2) = (f(x))2 = (sin x)2
 Let f(x) = x2 and g(x) = 2x , then the solution set of
Q
fog(x) = gof(x) is

A R

B {0}

C {0, 2}

D None of these
 Let f(x) = x2 and g(x) = 2x , then the solution set of
Q
fog(x) = gof(x) is

A R

B {0}

C {0, 2}

D None of these
Solution:
Q Let Then for what value

of 𝝰 is f(f(x)) = x for all x ?

Solution:
 Composition of Functions
Let us consider f : A → B and g : B → C defined as
f(x) = 3x – 1 and g(x) = 3x where
A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 5, 8} , C = {2, 6, 9, 15, 24} then:

gof ( __ ) =

gof ( __ ) =

Observation :
gof : A → C
 Composition of Functions
Definition
If f : A → B and g : B → C are two functions, then composition of f and g

denoted by gof is defined as a function gof : A → C given by

gof(x) = g(f(x)), ∀ x ∈ A

* Clearly, range of f(x) must be subset of domain of g(x)

Q Let where [ . ] denotes the GIF. Then

find the value of f {f (−2.3)}.

Solution:
Q Let f be a function defined by x ≠ 3, 2 ;

f k(x) denote the composition of f with itself taken k times

i.e., f 3(x) = f(f(f(x))), then which one of the following in NOT
correct ?

A f 2012(2009) = 2009

D f 2012(2012) = 2012
Q Let f be a function defined by x ≠ 3, 2 ;

f k(x) denote the composition of f with itself taken k times

i.e., f 3(x) = f(f(f(x))), then which one of the following in NOT
correct ?

A f 2012(2009) = 2009

D f 2012(2012) = 2012
Solution:
 JEE Main 31st Jan 2024, S1

A -4

D 4
 JEE Main 31st Jan 2024, S1

A -4

D 4
Solution:
 JEE Main 10th April 2023 S-1

Q If , then the

least value of is:

A 2

B 4

C 8

D 0
 JEE Main 10th April 2023 S-1

Q If , then the

least value of is:

A 2

B 4

C 8

D 0
Solution:
Q

then find fog(x).

Solution:
Solution:
 JEE Main 5th April, 2024 - S2

Q Let f, g : R → R be defined as : f(x) = | x - 1| and

Then the function f(g(x) is

A neither one-one nor onto

B one-one but not onto

C Both one-one and onto

D Onto but not one-one

 JEE Main 5th April, 2024 - S2

Q Let f, g : R → R be defined as : f(x) = | x - 1| and

Then the function f(g(x) is

A neither one-one nor onto

B one-one but not onto

C Both one-one and onto

D Onto but not one-one

Solution:
Inverse of Function
 Inverse of Function
Consider a function f : {1, 2, 3} → {3, 6, 9} defined as f(x) = 3x

f(1) = 3 f

f(2) = 6 1 3
f(3) = 9
2 6

3 9
A B
 Inverse of Function
Consider g : {3, 6, 9} → {1, 2, 3} defined as , then

f(1) = 3 f g(3)= 1
f(2) = 6 g(6)= 2
f(3) = 9 1 3 g(9)= 3

2 6

3 9
A B
g
 Inverse of Function
Try to observe in previous example

fog(x) = x ∀ x (i.e., fog is identity function from B to B i.e. IB) and

gof(x) = x ∀ x (i.e., gof is identity function from A to A i.e. IA)

 Inverse of Function
Definition

A function f : X → Y is said to be invertible, if there exists a function

g : Y → X such that gof = Ix and fog = Iy. The function g(x) is called

inverse of f(x) and is denoted as f-1(x)

 Inverse of Function
Algorithm to find Inverse of function

Step 1: Write y = f(x) and replace x y

Step 2: Find value of y. This is f-1(x)
 Find inverse function of following:
Q
 Find inverse function of following:
Q
Solution:
 Find inverse function of following:
Q
Solution:
Find inverse function of following:

Squaring both sides

 Find inverse function of following:
Q
Solution:
Q Let g(x) be the inverse of , then
g(x) can be :

D
Q Let g(x) be the inverse of , then
g(x) can be :

D
Solution:
Q Let be a function defined as

If gof(x) = x, then
Q Let be a function defined as

If gof(x) = x, then

Ans: 7
Solution:
Solution:
Q If f(x) is an invertible function and g(x) = 2f(x) + 5,
then the value of g-1(x) is

D
Q If f(x) is an invertible function and g(x) = 2f(x) + 5,
then the value of g-1(x) is

D
Solution:
Q If f : [1, ∞) → [2, ∞) is given by then f-1(x) is :

NOTE :
Inverse of a function is unique.
Q If f : [1, ∞) → [2, ∞) is given by then f-1(x) is :

D
Solution:
Q For what values of ⍺ the function y = ⍺x + 3 is inverse of itself.
Solution:

According to question

By comparing coefficients

Taking common,
Remark :
Previous question can also be asked as:
Let f(x) = ⍺x + 3, then for what values of ‘⍺’, f(f(x)) = x , ∀ x.
 Inverse of Function

Remark :
(fog)-1 = g-1 of-1
 Inverse of Function

NOTE :
A function is invertible iff it is bijective.
 Inverse of Function

NOTE :
A function is invertible iff it is bijective.

In this case f-1 is not a function.

 Inverse of Function

NOTE :
A function is invertible iff it is bijective.

In this case f-1 is not a function.

 JEE Main 25th July, 2021 - S2

Consider function f : A → B and g : B → C (A, B, C ⊆ R)

Q
such that (gof)-1 exists then:

A f and g both are one-one

B f and g both are onto

C f is one-one and g is onto

D f is onto and g is one-one

 JEE Main 25th July, 2021 - S2

Consider function f : A → B and g : B → C (A, B, C ⊆ R)

Q
such that (gof)-1 exists then:

A f and g both are one-one

B f and g both are onto

C f is one-one and g is onto

D f is onto and g is one-one

Solution:

∴ (gof)-1 exist ⇒ gof is bijective

⇒ ‘f’ must be one-one and ‘g’ must be ONTO
 Inverse of Function

NOTE :
(a) Graph of y = f-1(x) is reflection of graph of y = f(x) about y = x.
For example.
(i) ex and ln x (ii) y = x2 ; x ≥ 0 and
 Inverse of Function

NOTE :
(a) Graph of y = f-1(x) is reflection of graph of y = f(x) about y = x.
For example.
(i) ex and ln x (ii) y = x2 ; x ≥ 0 and

(b) Solutions of f(x) = x and f-1(x) = x are same.

Q If is defined as f(x) = x2 - 3x + 4, then

find solution of x = f -1 (x).

Solution:
Solution of x = f -1 (x) is same as that of solution of x = f(x)