5 Chemical Bonding: Gen Concepts Some Properties of Ionic and Molecular Compounds (1 of 12)

Compound Conducts as Solid Conducts as Liquid Conducts in Solution Conducts as Gas Hardness MP / BP Bonding Examples

Molecular NO NO NO NO soft low covalent He, CH 4 , CO2 , C 6 H12O6

Ionic NO YES YES YES hard high ionic NaCl, KI, AgNO 3

Lewis symbols conisist of the atomic symbol surrounded by valnece electrons. The four sides represent the four valence orbitals. Atoms are usually shown in their excited states (II, III, IV)

5 Chemical Bonding: Gen Concepts Lewis Symbols of Atoms and Ions (2 of 12)

Li

Be

Ne

Ions include brackets. Positive ions show no valence electrons while negative ions usually have an octet.

[Li]+

[Mg]

2+

[O]

Many ions can be explained because they have gained or lost electrons and attain a noble gas configuration. For example: P 3 S2 Cl Ar K+ Ca 2+ all have the same electron arrangement: 1s2 2s2 2p 6 3s2 3p 6

5 Chemical Bonding: Gen Concepts The Ionic Bond Noble and Pseudonoble Gas Configurations (3 of 12)

A pseudonoble gas configuration is: 1s2 2s2 2p 6 3s2 3p 6 3d 10 This is found in Cu+ Zn 2+ Ga3+ and Ge4+ Similar configurations are found in the next two periods. The importance of this configuration is that there is more than one reason why ions form what they do. Many ions are not explained.

Know the 5 steps that can be thought to occur when an ionic bond forms. Note whether each is exo- or endothermic... whether a larger energy helps or hinders the bond formation.

5 Chemical Bonding: Gen Concepts Factors that Influence the Formation of Ionic Bonds (4 of 12)

Overall: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Li(s) + 1/2F2 (g) LiF(s) Li(s) + NRG Li(g) 1/2F2 (g) + NRG F(g) Li(g) + NRG Li+(g) + e F(g) + e F (g) Li+(g) + F (g) LiF(s)

heat of vaporization heat of decomposition ionization energy electron affinity lattice energy

Large energy values for 1,2,3 hinder ionic bond formation.

The covalent bond between two atoms depends on the balanc e of attractions between one atoms + nucleus and the other atoms electrons and the proton-proton repulsions as well as electron-electron repulstions.

5 Chemical Bonding: Gen Concepts The Covalent Bond Attractions and Repulsions (5 of 12)

PE

Distance between nuclei

If two atoms have half-filled orbital , the interactions s balance at a small enough distanc eso the e s can be close to both nucle i at the same time... this is a covalen tbond.

Count up your valence electrons. Give every atom who wants and octet an octet. [the first 5 elements do not need octets... too small] [Family I, II, and III do not form octets] If you have drawn too man y electrons... Take away a lone pair... take away a lone pair... make these two atoms share If you have drawn too fe w electrons... place the extra electrons on the central atom (extended valence shell)

5 Chemical Bonding: Gen Concepts Groves Electron Dot System Multiple & Extended Valence Bonds (6 of 12)

5 Chemical Bonding: Gen Concepts Bond Order: Bond Length, Strength, & Vibrational Frequency (7 of 12)

Bond orde r is the number of pairs of electrons bonding two atoms together. single bond bond order = 1 double bond bond order = 2 triple bond bond order = 3 single bonds have the longest bond length single bonds have the weakest bond strength single bonds have the lowest vibrational frequency (think of single bonds as soft, springy springs... triple bonds are tight springs...sproinnnnng) Bonds in resonance structure must be averaged... the S-O bond in SO 2 has a bond order of 1.5. C-O in CO3 2 is 1.33

When you draw a Lewis structure (SO2 , O3 , CO3 2, etc.) in which you must make a choic e as to who gets a double bond, the structure is actually a blend of two or three structures.

5 Chemical Bonding: Gen Concepts Resonance (8 of 12)

We say that the structure resonate s or we say that the structure contains contributions from each of the resonance structures. Resonance occurs simply because the electron-dot model (while very useful) is too limited to show how the electrons are being shared between the atoms... wait for bonding.

Coordinate covalent bond: When a covalent bond is formed by sharing a pair of electrons BUT the electron pair belonged to only one of the atoms.

5 Chemical Bonding: Gen Concepts Coordinate Covalent Bonds (Preview: Lewis Acids) (9 of 12)

Classic Example: NH3 + BF3 NH3 BF3 The bond between the N and the B is coordinate covalent. The lone pair donor is called a Lewis Base. (this atom has a lone pair of electrons) The lone pair acceptor is called a Lewis Acid. (this atom has an empty orbital) Have Pair Will Share --Lewis Base

5 Chemical Bonding: Gen Concepts Electronegativity and Polar Bonds (10 of 12)

You will be given a chart of electronegativity values. Memorize the most electronegative element s (F = 4.0) then oxygen (O = 3.5) and chlorine (Cl = 3.0). The noble gases have no electronegativity values no bonds. Trend is large electronegativity in the upper right of the per. table and small in the lower left portion of the table. Classify the bond between any two atoms by subtracting their electronegativity values (e) Non-polar covalent 0 < e < 0.5 Polar covalent 0.5 e 1.7 Ionic e > 1.7 The more electronegative atom is more negative. Polar covalent bonds have partial charges + and

5 Chemical Bonding: Gen Concepts Naming Ionic Compounds Traditional and Stock Names (11 of 12)

The Stock System of naming compounds is used when a positive ion has more than one possible charge Traditional: mercurous, Hg2 2+ mercuric, Hg2+ Stock: mercury(I) mercury(II) Traditional: cuprous, Cu+ cupric, Cu 2+ Stock: copper(I) copper(II) for molecular compounds where the elements have many different oxidation states (i.e. N in NO 2 , NO, N 2 O, etc.) Stock Name: Traditional Name: NO2 nitrogen(IV) oxide nitrogen dioxide NO nitrogen (II) oxide nitrogen monoxide N2 O nitrogen(I) oxide dinitrogen monoxide

Acids are ionic formulas in which the positive ion is H+. Use as many H+ ions as the charge on the negative ion.

5 Chemical Bonding: Gen Concepts Naming Acids (12 of 12)

Three rules for naming: if the anion ends with: ite ate ide

the acid is named: ********ous acid ********ic acid hydro********ic acid

Acids from sulfide, sulfite, and sulfate include a ur H2 S is hydrosulfuric acid, not hydrosulfic acid Acids from phosphate and phosphite include a or H3 PO4 is phophoric acid, not phosphic acid