Scribd
Upload
16 views

Cytokines Slides

Uploaded by

manojpatel01061999
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
16 views

Cytokines Slides

Uploaded by

manojpatel01061999
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 32

CYTOKINES

Cytokines

Cytokines are mediators that function as up and down regulation of


immunogenic, inflammatory and reparative host responses to injury. Soluble
mediators called cytokines control many critical interactions among cells of
the immune system.

They generally act over very short distances, being


“autocrine” (acting on the cells that produce them) or
“paracrine” (acting on cells close by)

Cytokines can be of two types:


Lymphokines : produced by lymphocyte.
Monokines :produced by monocytes or macrophages.

Interleukins, Interferons, Tumour necrosis factor and Growth factors are


grouped under Cytokines
IL - Interleukins; IFN – Interferons; TNF - Tumor necrosis factor; TGF - Transforming
growth factor; M-CSF - Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor;
G-CSF - Granulocyte colony stimulating factor ; Granulocyte-macrophage colony-
stimulating factor
Interleukins (ILs) are a group of cytokines (secreted proteins and signal molecules)
that were first seen to be expressed by white blood cells (leukocytes). ILs can be
divided into four major groups based on distinguishing structural features. However,
their amino acid sequence similarity is rather weak (typically 15-25% identity). The
human genome encodes more than 50 interleukins and related proteins.

The function of the immune system depends in a large part on interleukins, and rare
deficiencies of a number of them have been described, all featuring autoimmune
diseases or immune deficiency. The majority of interleukins are synthesized by helper
CD4 T lymphocytes, as well as through monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial
cells. They promote the development and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes, and
hematopoietic cells.

Interleukin receptors on astrocytes in the hippocampus are also known to be involved


in the development of spatial memories in mice.
Interferons (IFNs) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells
(white blood cells, fibroblasts, or T-cells) in response to the presence of several
pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and also tumor cells. In a typical
scenario, a virus-infected cell will release interferons causing nearby cells to
heighten their anti-viral defenses.
IFNs belong to the large class of proteins known as cytokines, molecules used for
communication between cells to trigger the protective defenses of the immune
system that help eradicate pathogens.

Interferons are named for their ability to "interfere" with viral replication by
protecting cells from virus infections.
IFNs also have various other functions: they activate immune cells, such as natural
killer cells and macrophages; they increase host defenses by up-regulating antigen
presentation by virtue of increasing the expression of major histocompatibility
complex (MHC) antigens. Certain symptoms of infections, such as fever, muscle
pain and "flu-like symptoms", are also caused by the production of IFNs and other
cytokines.

More than twenty distinct IFN genes and proteins have been identified in animals,
including humans. They are typically divided among three classes: Type I IFN, Type
II IFN, and Type III IFN. IFNs belonging to all three classes are important for fighting
viral infections and for the regulation of the immune system.
Tumor necrosis factor : a protein that is produced chiefly by monocytes and
macrophages in response especially to endotoxins, that mediates inflammation,
and that induces the destruction of some tumor cells and the activation of white
blood cells.
(Exotoxins are toxic substances secreted by bacteria and released outside the
cell. Endotoxins or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are part of the outer membrane of
the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria.)

Transforming growth factor: (TGF) One of several proteins secreted by


transformed cells that can stimulate the growth of normal cells.
Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha or TGF-A) binds the epidermal
growth factor receptor (EGFR) and stimulates the growth of endothelial cells (cells
that line the inside of blood vessels).
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta or TGF-B) is found in hematopoietic
(blood-forming) tissue and initiates a signaling pathway that suppresses the early
development of cancer cells.

Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are a diverse group of glycoproteins that


induce differentiation of white blood cells in bone marrow. The CSF family
includes:
•Multiple-colony-stimulating factor, or interleukin 3 (IL-3)
•Macrophage–colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)
•Granulocyte-macrophage–colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
•Granulocyte–colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)
Chemokines are small protein molecules that are produced by the cells of the
immune system. These act as chemoattractants, leading to the migration of immune
cells to an infection site so they can target and destroy invading bodies such as
microbes.
There are two major chemokine sub-families based upon the position of cysteine
residues, i.e., CXC and CC.
All members of the CXC chemokine sub-family have an intervening amino acid
between the first two cysteines; members of the CC chemokine sub-family have two
adjacent cysteines.
As a general rule (with some notable exceptions), members of the CXC chemokines
are chemotactic for neutrophils, and CC chemokines are chemotactic for
monocytes and a small sub-set of lymphocytes.
Two best-characterized chemokines are monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-
1), a CC chemokine, and interleukin-8 (IL-8), a member of the CXC chemokine sub-
family.
Interleukins, from 1 to 37, and interferon-γ: Receptors, functions, and roles in diseases

Mübeccel Akdis, MD, PhD, Simone Burgler, PhD, Reto Crameri, PhD, Thomas Eiwegger, MD, Hiroyuki Fujita, MD, PhD, Enrique Gomez,
PhD, Sven Klunker, PhD, Norbert Meyer, MD, Liam O’Mahony, PhD, Oscar Palomares, PhD, Claudio Rhyner, PhD, Nadia Quaked, PhD,
Anna Schaffartzik, PhD, Willem Van De Veen, MSc, Sabine Zeller, PhD, Maya Zimmermann, PhD, Cezmi A. Akdis, MD

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology


Volume 127, Issue 3, Pages 701-721.e70 (March 2011)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.050

Copyright © 2011 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions
Antigen presentation by DCs to naive T cells and other factors (innate immune
response substances, vitamins, cytokines in the environment) induces the T cells to
produce ILs and differentiate into Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, or follicular Th (TFH)
cells. These T-cell subsets can promote different types of inflammatory responses
on theJournal
basis of and
of Allergy their respective
Clinical cytokine
Immunology 2011 127, profiles,
701-721.e70DOI: responses to chemokines, and
(10.1016/j.jaci.2010.11.050)
Copyright © 2011 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions
interactions with other cells.

You might also like