CHAPTER 2

ASYMPTOTES
2.1:Introduction
Some curves may have branch or branches extending beyond the finite region. We can get a
point
Px. v) on such a branch of the curve and if Pmoves along the curve so that at least one
coordinate x or y
tends to infinity or minus infinity. We can get a straight line such that as the point P recedes to infinity
along the branch, the perpendicular distance of P from the straight line tends to 0. Such astraight line is
called an asytmptote of the curve.
Definition. A straight l1ne S said to be an asymptote of an infinite branch of a curve, if, as the point P
recedes to infinity along the branch, the perpendicular distance of P from the straight line tends to 0.
2.2: Determination of asymptotes
We know that the equation of a line which is not parallel to Y-axis is of the form
y= m+C
..(1)
The abscissa x must tend to infinity as the point P(x, v) recedes to infinity along the curve. We shall
now determine m and c so that the line (1) will be an asymptote of the given
curve.
Let p = PM be the perpendicular distance of any point p (x, y) on the infinite branch of the given
curve from the line (1).
y-mx -c
Then P=

By definition of asymptote, curve

p’0 when x’0 y = m x t c

’y-mx-c’0 when x ’ 0
’ lim (y- mx-c)=0 M

’c=lim (y- mx)

Also,
--m) Fig - 2.1
>X

lim-=lim (-m) -oc =0

’m=]im
x’0 X
Frocedure to determine asymptotes which are not parallel to y-axis is as follows.
 Calculus and Ordinary Differential
2.2 Equation
Find lim and name it m.
(i) x’0 X

(ii) Find lim (y- mx) and name it c.

Then y = mx + c is an asymptote. not parallel to x-axis is as followe
Procedure to determine asymptotes which are

(i) Find lim and name it mn.

(ii) lim (x- my) and name it d.

Find y’o
Then x = my + d is an asymptote.
Example- 2.2.1 : Examine the folium +y'-3ary =0 for aymptotes.
...(1)
Solution: x+y'-3ary =0.
Dividing both sides by x, we get
..(2)

we know that lim

r0 X
= M,

i.e. ’m when x’0.

Taking limit as x’0, ’m on both sides of equation (2), we can get

1+m =0
’(1+m)(1-m+m)=0
’1+n=0(::1- m+ m =0 does not given any real value for m)
’ m =-]

we know that lim(y-mx)=c

» lim(y +x) =c
X’0

’ lim p=c Taking y + x=p

The given equation is
+y'-3ary =0
r+(p-x) -3ar(p-x)=0 (:" *+y=p)
+p' -x-3p'x+3px* -3axp +3ax' =0
’p'-3p'x+3px-3axp +3ar =0
Asymptotes 2.3

Dividing both sides by x', we get

P-3p'+3p- 3ap-+3a =0
X

Taking limit as x ’0 and p’c on both sides, we get 3c+3a =0’c=-a

Hence y= mx tc ’y=(-1)x +(-a)
’Ity+a=0 is the only asymptote to the given curve.
There are three types of asymptotes. They are
(i) Asymptote parallel to x-axis
(i) Asymptote parallel to y-axis
(ii) oblique asymptote
Asymptotes parallel tox-axis are obtained by equating to zero, the real linear factors in the coefficient
of the higher power of x in the equation of the curve. Asymptotes parallel to y-axis are obtained by
equating to zero, the real linear factors in the coefficient of the highest power of y in the equation of the
curve.

2.3: Asymptotes of rational algebraic curves

The general rational algebraic equation is given by
E, +E- +Et...+ E, + E, =0 ...(1)
where E, is a homogeneous expression of degree r in x and y.

Here E, =x' , where is a polynomial in of degree r.

The above equation (1)can be put in the form .+*b.+..+ x¢,

.. (2)
Dividing both sides by x" , we get

+... + .. (3)

Taking limit asx ’o and ’ mon both sides, we get

è, (m)=0 ... (4)

Which gives the slopes of the asymptotes.
Let m, be one of the roots of equation (4).
Then ,(m,)=0
P
Let J-mx =p, ie, -= m, + X

Substituting this value of X

in (2), we get
2.4 Calculus and Ordinary
Differential
Equation
+x,-2 m, + +...+x,| m, + +%| m +
X

Expanding each term by Taylor's theorem, we get

X 2 x?-è."(m)+.

+**,(m,)+ , '(m,)+.. +...=0

Arranging the terms according to the descending powers of x, we get
x.(m,)+ x p. (m,) +o,,(m)
+r 2 (m,) +p¢.(m,)+ o,-(m,)+..- 0
Putting ,(m,)= 0and then dividing by x-!, we get

[P&.(m,) +o. (m)] +(m)+ p0. (m,) +*,(m,)..=0

x 2 .5)
Taking limit as x’0 and p, ’G, We get
co, (m,) +¢, (m,)=0 .. (6)
-0(m)
. (m,)
Therefore y =mx
o, (m) is the asymptote
corresponding to the slope m, provided that ,(m,)0.
Similarly y=m,X
. (m,)
y= M,X
d.(m,)
6,(m,)
arenot0.
are asymptotes corresponding to slopes m,, m,,.. provided that o. (m, ).0, (m, ),
 2.5
Asymptotes
Working Rule
If the curve is an nth degree equation.
1. Put x = 1, y=m in the highest degree terms to get ,(m).
2 Put ,(m)=0 and solve for m.
Let m,, M,,..., m, be its roots.
3 Find ,(m)
To find c use the formula c -è.(m) provided , (m)z0.
o.(m)
4. Putting n = m,,m,, ..,m, in the above equation, we get c =G,, C,, C,:
Hence the required asymptotes are
y=mxt C, y= M,xt C,,y=m,xtc,
Exceptional Case
Case -1:
When ,(m,)=0 and ,. (m,) =0 Then equation (6) does not determine any value of c,.
So, there is no asymptote corresponding to the slope m,.
Case -2:
When ,(m,)=0 and ¢. (m,)=0
Then equation (6) becomes an identity.
The values at ccan be obtained from the equation

-o, (m)+ co,(m,)+ ,2(m,) =0.

Example-2.3.1: Find the asymptotes parallel to coordinate axes of the following curves.
X

(i) y'r-a (x-a) =0 () -)

(ii) -=] (iv) xy(x-2) -(x+3)(r-1) =0
Solution:
() y'*-d (x-a) =0
’yx-ax+a' =0
The coefficient of the highest power x of xis y' -a'.
Also, y° -a =(y+a)ly -a)
Hence yta=0 and y - a=0are asymptotes parallel to x-axis.
The coefficient of the highest power y² of y is x.
Hence x=0 is the asymptote parallel to y-ax1s.
2.6 Calculus and Ordinary Differential
(ii)
Equation.
(-1)
’y(*-1) =x
’x´y-y-x=0
The coefficient of the highest power x² of x 1S y.
So, y =0 is the asymptote parallel to x-axis.
The coefficient of the highest powe yof y is x-1.
Also, x² -l=(x+1)(x-1)
So, x + l=0 and x- 1=0 are two asymptotes parallel to y-ax1s.
a?
(iiü) =1

a'y'+bx? =1

’dy' +b°x' =r'y?

>*y'-a'y'-b'x=0
The coefficient of the highest power x of xis y' -b.
Also, y² -b² =(y+b)(y-b)
So, y +b=0 and y-b=0 are two asymptotes parallel to x-axis.
The coefficient of the highest power y' of yis ²-a.
Also -a' =(x+a)(*-a)
So, x + a=0 and x a =0 are two asymptotes parallel to y-axis.
(iv) xy(r-2) (+3) (x- 1) =0
’xy-2xy-x +x-3x+3=0
’y-2xy-x -2x+3 =0
The coefficient of the highest power x² of xis y - 1.
So, y -1=0is an asymptote parallel to x-axis.
The coefficient of the highest power y of yis ²-2x.
Also, x-2x =x(x-2)
So, x= 0 and x-2=0 are two asymptotes parallel to y-axis.
Example 2.3.2 : Find the asymptotes of the curye
xy+xy² + xy +y' +3x =0
Solution : xy+ xy +xy+y' +3x=0 ...(1)
The coefficient of the highest power of xis y.
x-axis
So, y = 0is an asymptote parallel to
Asymptotes 2.7

The coefficient of the highest power y of y is x + 1.

So, x + l=0is an asymptotes parallel to y-axis.
putting X= 1, y= m in 3rd, 2nd, Ist degree terms of equation (1), we can get
, (m)= m+m?
, (m)=m+m?
¢, (m)=3
For slope, , (m) =0
’m+m' =0’ m(1+m)=0
’m=0, -1

C=
-, (m) -[m+m²
o, (m) 1+2m

when m=0, c=-=0

0
when m=-1, c= =)
-1
so, y = 0, y =-x are two asymptotes.
.:. y=0,x+1=0,y=-x are three asymptotes of the given curve.
Example - 2.3.3 : Find the asymptotes of the curve
(x-)'(*+y)-10(*-y)** +12y* +2x+y =0
Solution :(x-y)'(x* +y')-10(*-y)x* +12y' +2x +y=0 .. (1)
»(*-2.xy+y° \x* +y)-10*' +10:xy+12y' +2x +y=0
’-2x'y+xy' +**y'-2xy +y'-10x +10x*y +12y' +2x+y =0
>r-2x'y +2x'y' - 2xy' +y-10x +10x'y +12y' +2x+ y =0 . (2)
It is obvious that the curve has no asymptotes parallel to the coordinate axes.
Putting x =1,y= n in 4th, 3rd, 2nd degree terms of equation (2), we get
,(m)=1-2m +2m' -2m' +m
s(m)=-10+10m
Ö,(m)=12m²
For slope
. (m) =0
’1-2m+2m -2m' + m=0
’1-2n+m² + ' -2m' + m =0
’1(1-2m +m) +m(1-2m+m)=0
’(1+m)(1-2m +m)=0
 Calculus and
2.8
Ordinary Differential
’{l+m )(1-m÷ =0 Equaton
’m=1, 1

2 -4."(m)+co, (m) + ¢,(m) =0

-(4-12m +12m )+c(10) +12m² =0
’ 2c +10c +12 =0
(:m=1)
’c+5c +6=0
’(c+2)(c+3) =0
’c=-2,-3
So, y = X- 2, y=X-3 are two asymptotes.
Example 2.3.4:Find all possible asymptotes of the curve
v(x-y} = y(x- y)+ 2.
Solution : y(r-y} =y(x-y)+2 ...(1)

’y(*-y' -3x*y+3xy°) =xy-y² +2

. .(2)
’y-y-3xy +3xy -xy +y° -2 =0
The coefficient of the highest power x* of x is y.
so, y = 0is an asymptote parallel to X-axis.
The coefficient of the highest power y of y is 1, which is a constant.
So, there is no asymptote parallel to y-axis.
Putting x= 1, y=m in4th, 3rd, 2nd, Ist degree terms of equation (2), we get
,(m)= m-m - 3m² +3m'
, (m) =0
¢, (m)=-m +m
4,(m) = 0
For slope, . (m)=0
’m- m*-3n +3m' =0
’ m(1-m'-3m +3m)=0
’m(1-m)' =0
’m= 0, 1,1,1

-o, (m)
d(m) 1-4m'
1 -6m +9m?
 Asymptotes 2.9

when m= 0, c= =0
1
so, y = 0is an asymptotes.

-,(m)+ -o, "(m)+ (m)+ ¢, (m)= 0

|2

-24m+18) +0+c(-1+ 2m) +0 =0

’-ctc=0
»l-e)=0
’c(l+c)(1-c) =0
’c=0, -1, 1
y=x, y=X-1,y=x+ 1 are three asymptotes.
.. y= 0, y=x, y =X-1,y =x+1are four asymptotes of the given curve.
2.4 : Inersection of a curve and its asymptotes.
Any asymptote ofa curve of the nth degree cuts the curve in (n-2) points.
Let y = mx + cbe an asymptote of the curve
r'à, (y/x)+ x,(y/x) +**0,-2 (y/x) +..=0
To find the points of intersection, we have to solve the two equations simultaneously.
The abscissae of the points of intersection are the roots of the equation
*'*,(m+clx)+ x**.- (m+c/x)+x,2 (m+clx)+...= 0 .. ()
Expanding each term by Taylor's theorem and arranging according to descending powers ofx, we
get
1
**.(m) +[ob'. (m) +%.. (m)]*c.(m) +co', (m) +Ô. m)
2
-... =0
..(ii)
As y = mx + cis an asymptote, the co-efYicient of x" and "-l are both zero.
Thus the equation (i) reduces to that of (n -2)th degree and therefore, determines (n-2) values of
x. Hence the result.
Cor. - 1. The, n, asymptotes of a curve of the nth degree cut it in n(n - 2) points.
Cor. - 2. If the equation of a curve of the nth degree can be put in the form F + F, =0 where F,
is of degree (n -2) at the most and F, consists of n, non repeated linear factors, then the
nn-2) points of intersection of the curve and its asymptotes lie on the curve F.n-2 =0.
The result follows at once from the fact that E =0 is the joint equation of the, n, asymptotes. At
the points of intersectionofthe curve and its asymptotes, the two equations F, =0 and F, +F, =0
hold simultaneously and therefore at such points we have F =0.
 points
w
points ...(1)
to
asynptote
of
8 parallel the
ax
For -2)=
-3
=
-2) y)=0. 3x-y=0. line
intercepted
by
4(4 asymptote the
3(3 in get
constant. we -x+(3x-to
in curve 0. parallel
curve =0. (1), line
an 1)=
the y
3x- is equation the
a (*-y-
and the cut is =0 -2xy 0)
on (a, the
cut line.asymptotes line which
x lie pointof
Calculus asymptotes conic. xy* which portion
straight cubiC the 1, so, of 1)
-
x. terms y+ the
on is x*
a
on the lie ofx is y +
asymptotes. as points
drawn
throughthe
the
therefore,
theaon i.e,of which of degree
x-axis,
to
parallel x(r =3x-y
written
y' prove
that
y' 1S in
ie, =2asymptotes
therefore, power 1st asymptotes cuve -xr'v=0
3ra
r-a'-3x´a
1, 4-2 2x-y=0points2x-y=0 power be
= 2nd, two F
highest an -x,theis (r-a)
-xy=0,
3-2and, highest x-y'-2ry-x=0
i.e,
and. degree
degree the again
in
asymptote
3rd, are
the
line
curveE,=r-y-2ry
cut -ry=0
4.
=3. = that x-y'-2xy+ 2xy the the in
+
l
when =*-
c=-1
m=-1,
right curve.
asymptotes the
by
-2m n=1,c=-1
when of the
n of curve m
y= Ifa
of quartic, Show
curve x -of y -of 2m equation
cubic,
curve coefficient -m?
(m)=1
d,
no coefficient
1, =-2m
(m)
¢, -m
(m)=2 ’1-m’m=-1.1
=0 (m)
-¢,
y
-X-1,
of
equation :2.4.2
(r-a)'
the (m)=0
¢,
a : is =
a a a on 2.4.1 cut For
slope, =1
’m joint the
Particular
cases there x
on Forlie Putting = Hence
Solution
-
v The The Here -Example :
(11) Example Solution: The So, The . C= So,
(i)
2.10
Asymptotes 2.11

r - y -3ax² +3a'x-a' =0 .. (2)

Putting x= 1, y= m in 3rd, 2nd, Ist degree terms of egn. (2), we get
¢,(m)=1-m
¢, (m)=-3a
¢, (m)=3a'
For slope, 4, (m)=0
’1-m=0
’m=1

C=
-. (m)_3a
o, (m) -1
when m=1,c=-3a
So, y = x- 3a is an asymptote to the curve.
The line through (a,0) and parallel to y=x- 3a is y- 0 =l(r-a).
i.e, y=X-a
1.e, X-)y =a.... (3)
The line (2) meets x-axis at P(a, 0) and y-axis as Q(0, - a).
The mid point of PQ is
Now solving equation (1) and equation (3),
a -a
we can get (a, 0) and
2'2 as the points of intersection of curve (1)and line (3).
a -a
But, 2 2 is the mid point of PQ,
Hence the portion of the line intercepted by the axes is bisected by the curve.
Dxample - 2.4.3: Find the equation of thecubic which has the same asymptotes as the curve.
*-6xy+lLxy' -6y' +x+y +l=0
and which touches the axis of y at the origin and passes through the point (3, 2)
aolution : -6xy +1 lxy' -6y' +x+y+l=0
we write F,=r -6x'y +llxy' -6y' =(r-}lx-2v)(x-3y)
=x+y+1
Thus, the equation of the curve can be written in the form F + F =0. where F has non repeated
linear factors.
Thus, F, =0 is the joint equation of the asymptotes of the cubic.
The general equation of the cubic is of the form
F + ax + by+c=0

Dr-6x'y +1Lxy² -6y' +ax +by +tc=0 ...(1)

2.12 Calculus and Ordinary Differential Equation
Where ax + by +c is the general linear expression.
It touches y-axis at the origin, so, it passes through (0, 0).
Thus c =0
So, equation (1) becomes r -6x'y +l lxy' -6y' +ar +by=0. ..(2)
Since it touches y-axis at the origin,
So, x = 0is the tangent at origin.
Now, equating to zero, the lowest degree terms of equation (2)
we get ax + by = 0, which is the tangent at the origin.
But tangent at origin is x=0.
Hence b= 0.
So, equation (2) becomes x -6x*y +l lxy -6v+ ar =0 ... (3)
i.e, (x- y)(x-2y)(x-3y) +ar= 0
Since it passes through the point (3, 2),
So, (3 -2) (3 4) (3 6) + 3a =0
’-3+3a=0 ’a=l
Hence the required equation of the cubic is x - 6x*y+1ly-6y'+x=0.
Example - 2.4.4 : Show that y= x + a is the only asymptote of the curve x*(x-y)+* =0.A straigh
line parallel to the asymptote meets the curve in P and Q; show that the mid point of PQ
lies on the hyperbola x(*y)+ ay = 0.
Solution : x*(*-y)+ ay' =0 ... (1)
r-*y +ay' =0 ... (2)
The coefficient of the highest power x of xis 1, which is a
constant. So, there is no asvmptot:
parallel to x-axis. The coefYicient of the highest power y of yis a, which is a
constant. So, there is no
asymptote parallel to y-axis. Putting x = 1,y = m in 3rd, 2nd, Ist degree terms of equation (2), we get
d, (m) =1- m; ¢, (m) =an : o, (m) =0
For slope, . (m)=0’1- m=0>m =1
C=
-: (m) -am'
-1
when m= 1,c=a
So, y = x + a is the only asymptote to the curve.
Any line parallel to the line y=x tais given byy = t k wherek is a constant
Given that y =x+k meets curve(1) at P and Q.
Let P be (x,, y;) and Q be (x,, y, ).
Puttingy =x+k in equation (1), we get
x(x-x-*) +a(x+ k)' =0
’-kx' +a(r' +k² +2kr) =0
’(a-k)x + 2akx +ak = 0
Asymptotes 2.13

It has twO roots (say x, and x,)

-2ak 2ak
a-k (k-a)
Now y, =x +k and y, =x, + k
2ak 242
yt, X+x, t 2k = +2k =
(k-a) (k-a)
The coordinates of the mid point of PQ is
ak
2 2 (k-a)' (k-a)
ak ak k? ak?
Now, x(*-y)+ay = +
(k-a) l(k-a) (k-a)f (k-a)
ak(ak -*) ak? -ak? ak?
=0
(k-a' (k-a) (k- a) (k-a)
So,the midpoint of PQ lies on the hyperbola x(* - y) + ay = 0.
2.5: Asymptotes of polar curves
If a is aroot of the equation f (0) =0, then the equation of the asymptotes of the curve
1 1
-=f(0) is given by rsin(0-a)
f(a)
Working rule :
1
1. Put the equation ofthecurve in the form =f(0).
2.
Solve the equation f(0) =0.
Let = a, B, Y..... be the roots.
3
The asymptote corresponding to the root =a is given by rsin( - a)=
f(a)
Similarly, asymptotes corresponding to other roots can be obtained.
Bxample - 2.5.1 : Find the asymptotes of the hyperbolic spiral r =a.
Solution: r= a
a -=f(0) (say)
s(0) a

Now, f(0) =0’=0»0=0

a
2.14 Calculus and Ordinary Differential Equatiom.
The asymptote corresponding to 9=0 is given by
1
rsin(0-0) = ’ rsin =a

Example - 2.5.2 : Find the asymptotes of the curve

2a
r=
(1-2cos0)
2a
Solution : r=
(1-2cos 0)
1_(1-2cos e)
2a =f(0) (say)
1 1
f(©)=(2sin
2a
0) = -sin
=0-2cos 0) =0
Now, f(0) 2a

’1-2 cos =0 ’ cos=

Tt
’ cose=cos ’0=2nnt
3

a =2nn+ ,B= 2n

s(a)=sin 2nr sin a 2 2a

Asymptote corresponding to a=2nn t is given by

3
2a
rsin(0-a) =f(a) ’rsin-2nn
3 V3

-)
Tt -2a
’rsin 2nn +
-oj ’rsin
3

s(B)=sin 2n-=sin 3 -3
a 2a

Asymtote corresponding to B=2n-- is given by

1 2a
rsin(0-p)arsin-o-. 3
Asymptotes 2.15

EXERCISE - 2

1 Find the asymptotes parallel to the coordinate axes of the following curves :
() a'(r+y') =x'y' (ii) (z -y')x- ay' =9
(iii) x'y-2x-5xy +6y +2=0
2. Find the asymptotes of the following curves :
() x+y'-3axy =0
(ii) 2x-xy-2xy' +y' -4x +8xy +4x =0
(ii) -y- y' +y'-t+y' -10x-2y +1 =0
(iv) *-*y -xy' +y' -4y' +2r +2ry + x+y+1=0
(v) x(y-x' = x(y-x) +2
(vi) (*-y) +a (x*-y)=a'xy
(vi) y' +x'y+ 2xy' -y+l=0
(viii)y(x- y) =x+y
(ix) (x+ y)(x- y)(2x-y) - 4x(x-2y) +4x =0
(x) y' +3y'x-x'y- 3x + y'-2.xy +3x' +4y +5 =0
(xi) (9-af'(-a)=x +a'
(xii) (x-y)' (x-2y)(x-3y) -2a(x -y')-2a' (z-2y)(x+y) =0
(xii) x' +4x'y +4xy' +5x' + 15xy +10y' -2y +] =0
(xiv)(x-y+ 2) (2x -3y +4)(4x -5y+6) +5x -6y +7=0
3. Show that the following curves have no asymptotes :
() y'=x(*+1' (ii) *+y =a(r-y' )
(ii) *('+x*}=a'(r-y') (iv) a'y' =x (2a-x)
4 Show that the asymptotes of the curve x´y' -a(x+y´)-a'lx+ y) +a' =0 form a square.
S
Find the asymptotes of thecurve xyxy + xy ty'+x-y=0.
and show that they cut the curve again in three points which lie on the line x + y = 0.
6
Show that the asymptotes of the quadric
(r'-4y )(*-9y')+5r'y -Sxy' -30y' +xy +7y' -1=0, cut the curve in the eight points
which lie on a circle.
7
Find the equation of the cubic which has the same asymptotes as the curve
*-6x*y+1 lxy' -6y' +x+y +l=0 and which passes through the points (0, 0), (1, 0) and
(0, 1).
2.16 Calculus and Ordinary Differential Equations
8. Find the cquation of the straight line on which lie three points of intersection of the cubic
x'+ 2x*y-xy' -2y +4y° + 2y +y -l=0 and its asymptotes.
9
Find the asymptotes of the curve (2x-3y +1)' (x+y)-8x +2y -9=0 and show that they
intersect the curve again in three points, which lie on a straight line. Obtain the equation of the
line.
10. Find the asymptotes of the following curves :
a
(i) r sin =a (1-cos0)
(iii) r=alog (iv) rlog0 = a
a
(v) r= (Vi) r=asec+ btan
-1

(vii) r{1-e') =1 (vii) ,=atan

ANSWERS
1. (1) xta 0, x- a =0, yt a=0, y -a=0
(11) x- a =0 (iii) x = 2, x=3, y=3
2. (1) x +y+a=0
(11) y =x+2, y =x +2, y= 2r 4 (iii) x +ty=0,y=x-3, y=x+2
(iv) y=x+(3±VS)/2 (v) x=0, y =x, y =x+1

(vi) y =xta,x=ta (vii) y=0, y+x =tl

(viii) y =0, y=xty2 (ix) x +y=2, y=x+ 2, y= 2x-4
(x) 4 (y-x) + 1=0, 2( +x) =3, 4(y+3x) +9 =0
(xi) r=ta, ytx=a
(xii) x=yta, x =y + 2a, 2y=x+ 14a, 3y =X-13a
(xiii) x+ 2y + 2 =0, 2r + 4y +|= 0
(xiv)r-y+ 2=0, 2x-3y +4 = 0, 4xSy +6= (0
5. y=0,= 1,x-y+2=0
7. x-6xy+1lxy* -6y' -x+6y =0
8. 3y +x=1
9. rty=0, 2x-3y-1=0, 2r- 3y +3 =0, 4x 6y+9=0
a
(ii) No asymptote (iii) =0
10. () cOs kI

(iv) a=r sin(-1) (v) -a=rsin(1-0) (Vi) rcos +b=a

(vi) yta=0 (vili)) r cos = ta