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1 Origin of The Earth

Geography

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Sangeeta Mukherjee
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6 views1 page

1 Origin of The Earth

Geography

Uploaded by

Sangeeta Mukherjee
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Origin of the Earth

Gaseous hypothesis of Kant

It was postulated by Prof. Imanuel Kant in 1755.He assumed that super naturally created Primordial
matter was scattered in the universe which was comprised of small, hard and cold particles. Particles
began to collide among each other under their mutual gravitational attraction. Due to friction by
collision heat and random motion was generated and temperature increased. Thus it became vast hot
nebula (cloud of gas). The collision of the particles increased the motion to such an extent that nebula
started rotating and a ring was thrown out. Gradually eight rings were thrown out and after cooling
planets came into being. Thus according to Kant crust is solid and interior of the earth is hot and in
gaseous or liquid state.

Nebular Hypothesis of Laplace


It was put forward by Laplace in 1796. He assumed that the Primordial matter was huge hot and
rotating gaseous nebula. Hot and rotating nebula’s outer surface cooled due to gradual heat loss. The
outer layer was condensed due to excessive cooling and so it could not rotate with the still cooling
and contracting central nucleus of nebula and thus a ring was separated from nebula and was broken
into several rings. The material in each ring condensed at a point in form of hot gaseous matter and
cooled to form planets in due course of time. Thus according to Laplace earth’s interior should be in
liquid or gaseous state.

Planetesimal Hypothesis of Chamberlain


It was put forward by Chamberlain and Moulton in 1905. According to them initially there were 2
heavenly bodies. A Proto sun- consisted small, cold and solid particles and a Companion star- bigger
and more powerful. The companion star was destined to pass close to the proto sun. When it came
close to the proto sun infinite particles (planetesimals) detached from the outer surface of the proto
sun due to massive gravitational pull exerted by the giant companion star. Larger planetesimals
attracted smaller planetesimals due to their larger gravitational force. Larger planetesimals became
planets in due course of time due to addition of smaller planetesimals to them.

Tidal Hypothesis of Jeans and Jeffrey


It was put forward by Sir James Jeans and Harold Jeffrey in 1919. According to them initially there
were 2 heavenly bodies. A sun- big gaseous matter and a star- bigger than the primitive sun. The star
was moving along such a path that it was destined to pass close to the sun. Due to massive
gravitational pull exerted by the star huge matter was ejected from the sun which later became the
building materials for planets.

Big Bang Theory

It was postulated in 1950s and 1960s and validated in 1972. According to this theory everything in the
universe emerged from a point known as singularity. The theory evaluates that 15 billion years ago
the universe was in an extremely compressed state, from which expansion started by primordial
explosion. This explosion broke up the super dense ball and cast its fragments far out into space where
they are still travelling at 1000s of mile per second. It is from these speeding fragments of matter that
our galaxies and planets have been formed.

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