EE640303 - DC MACHINES AND TRANSFORMERS

LABORATORY MANUAL

Student Name :……………………………………………………

Register Number :……………………………………………………

Branch :……………………………………………………

Year : …………………………………………………...

Semester : …………………………………………………..

Staff In charge
 EE640303 - DC MACHINES AND TRANSFORMERS LABORATORY

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

 To make the students to know about the operation, performance and

Characteristics of D.C. machines and transformers by conducting various tests.
 To enable the students to be familiar with the speed control of DC Motors.
 To understand the working of DC motor starters.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:

1. Load characteristics of DC shunt generator.

2. Speed control on DC shunt motor.
3. Swinburne’s test of DC shunt motor.
4. Load test on DC shunt motor.
5. Brake test on DC Compound motor.
6. Field test on DC Series machines.
7. Open circuit and Short circuit tests to obtain equivalent circuit, efficiency and
voltage regulation of a single phase transformer.
8. Sumpner’s test to obtain efficiency and voltage regulation of a single phase
transformer.
9. Polarity and ratio test of single phase transformers.
10. Load test on transformer.

COURSE OUTCOMES:

At the end of the course, the student will be able to,

CO1: Determine the performance characteristics of separately excited DC
generators for different operating conditions
CO2: Determine the performance characteristics of self excited DC generators
for different operating conditions.
CO3: Determine the performance characteristics of DC motors for different
operating conditions.
CO4: Determine the performance characteristics and parameters of
Transformers under different operating conditions.
CO5: Estimate no load losses of Transformers.
 DC MACHINES AND TRANSFORMERS LABORATORY

SAFETY RULES:

1. Do not touch any terminals (or) Switch without ensuring that it is dead.

2. Wearing shoes with rubber sole is desirable.

3. Use a fuse wire of proper rating.

4. Use sufficient long connecting leads rather than joining two or there small
ones, because in case any joint is open it could be dangerous.

5. Make sure that all the electrical connections are correct before switching on
any circuit. Wrong connections may cause large amount of current which results
damage of equipment.

6. The circuit should be de-energized while changing any connection.

7. In case of emergency or fire switch-off the master switch on the main panel
board.

8. Keep away from all the moving parts as for as possible.

9. Do not renew a blown fuse until you are satisfied to the cause and rectified
problem.

10. Do not touch an electric circuit when your hands are wet or bleeding from a
cut.

11. Do not disconnect plug by pulling a flexing cable when the switch is on.

12. Do not throw water on live electrical equipment in case of fire.

13. Do not test the circuit with bear fingers.

14. Do not use loose garments while working in Laboratory.

15. Do not open (or) close a switch (or) fuse slowly or hesitatingly. Do it
quickly and positively.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Expt. Staff
Date Experiments Marks
No. Signature

1 Study of Three Point Starter

2 Study of Four Point Starter

Load characteristics of DC shunt

3
generator

4 Speed control on DC shunt motor

5 Load Test on DC shunt motor

6 Swinburne’s test on DC shunt motor.

7 Load Test on DC Series motor

8 Load Test on DC Compound motor.

Open circuit and Short circuit tests of

9
a single phase transformer.

Polarity test on single phase

10
transformers.

11 Load test on Single phase transformer

Circuit diagram:-
 STUDY OF THREE POINT STARTER

Expt. No.: 1
Date:

Aim:

To study the construction and operation of a three-point starter used for starting
a DC shunt motor.

Apparatus Required:

Si. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

1 DC Shunt Motor 1

2 Three-Point Starter 1

3 Ammeter (0-10A) 1

4 Voltmeter (0-250V) 1

5 Rheostat (0-20Ω, 2A) 1

6 Connecting wires As Required

7 DPDT Switch 1

Theory:

The three-point starter is used for starting and controlling the speed of a DC
shunt motor. It is called a three-point starter because it has three terminals - line
terminal (L), armature terminal (A), and field terminal (F). The main parts of the
starter are the resistances, contact lever, and electromagnet.

Necessity of Starter:

The starter is necessary to limit the starting current of the motor. Without a
starter, the high starting current could damage the motor windings.

(i) Starter is used to protect Dc motor from damage which can be caused by very high
current and torque during starting.

(ii) Starting of DC motor, the armature is stationary, thus the back emf is also zero
which is proportional to speed.

(iii) As armature resistance is very small, if the voltage is applied to it, it will drew
many times of full load current.
(iv) This can cause heavy damage to the armature, so the starting current should be
limited to a safe value.

(v) This can be done by inserting a resistance in series with the armature at the time of
starting for a period of 5 to 10 secs

Procedure:

 Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram, ensuring the connections are
tight and secure.
 Set the rheostat to its maximum resistance position.
 Close the main supply switch and observe the ammeter reading.
 Gradually reduce the resistance of the rheostat to increase the motor speed.
 Analyse the readings of the ammeter and voltmeter for different positions of
the rheostat.

Precautions:

 Do not operate the motor without the load.

 Ensure all connections are correct and secure before starting the motor.
 Keep the area around the motor clean and free from obstructions.

Result:

Thus the construction and operation of three point starter was studied
Circuit diagram:-
 STUDY OF FOUR POINT STARTER

Expt. No.: 2
Date:

Aim:

To study the construction and operation of a Four-point starter used for starting
a DC shunt motor.

Apparatus Required:

Si. No. Apparatus Range Quantity

1 DC Shunt Motor 1

2 Four-Point Starter 1

3 Ammeter (0-10A) 1

4 Voltmeter (0-250V) 1

5 Rheostat (0-20Ω, 2A) 1

6 Connecting wires As Required

7 DPDT Switch 1

Theory:

The four-point starter is an electrical device used for starting, stopping, and
controlling the speed of a DC compound motor. It offers better speed control and
reduced starting current compared to the three-point starter, making it ideal for
applications requiring precise motor control, such as industrial machinery and
automotive

Necessity of Starter:

The starter is necessary to limit the starting current of the motor. Without a
starter, the high starting current could damage the motor windings.

(i) Starter is used to protect Dc compound motor from damage which can be caused by
very high current and torque during starting.

(ii) Starting of DC compound motor, the armature is stationary, thus the back emf is
also zero which is proportional to speed.

(iii) As armature resistance is very small, if the voltage is applied to it, it will drew
many times of full load current.
(iv) This can cause heavy damage to the armature, so the starting current should be
limited to a safe value.

(v) This can be done by inserting a resistance in series with the armature at the time of
starting for a period of 5 to 10 secs

Procedure:

Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram, ensuring the connections are tight and
secure.

Set the rheostat to its maximum resistance position.

Close the main supply switch and observe the ammeter reading.

Gradually reduce the resistance of the rheostat to increase the motor speed.

Analyse the readings of the ammeter and voltmeter for different positions of the
rheostat.

Precautions:

Do not operate the motor without the load.

Ensure all connections are correct and secure before starting the motor.

Keep the area around the motor clean and free from obstructions.

Result:

Thus the construction and operation of three point starter was studied
Circuit Diagram:
 OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF EXCITED DC
SHUNT GENERATOR

Expt. No.: 3
Date:

Aim:-

To obtain magnetization characteristics of a DC shunt generator & to find its critical

resistance at constant rated speed and critical speed

Machine Specifications:-

Term D.C. Shunt Motor D.C. Shunt Generator

Power 5 H.P,3.7KW 3KW
Voltage 220V 220V
Current 19A 19A
Speed 1500RPM 1500RPM
Field current 1A 1A

Apparatus Required:-

Si. No. Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeter (0-2)A Analog 1

2 Voltmeter (0-300)V Analog 1
Wire
3 Rheostats 290Ω, 2A 1
Wound
Wire
4 Rheostats 2000 Ω, 1A 1
Wound
5 RPM meter (0-3000)rpm Digital 1
6 Connecting Wires - - As Required

Fuse Specifications:-
Motor side:
125% of rated current of DC Motor
125X19/100=23.75≈ 25 A
Tabulations:-

Open Circuit Calculations:

Si. No. Field Current, If (Amps) Generated EMF, Eg (Volts)

1
2
3
4
5

Measurement of Armature Resistance (Ra):

Si.
V, (Volts) I (Amps) Ra ,(Ohms)
No.

Model Graph:
Eg, V (Volts)

E0

Eg Vs Ia

V Vs I, L

Ia, IL (Amps)
Theory:-
The load test is performed on a DC generator to know mainly how ' Its terminal
voltage changes with the load (electrical). It is generally assumed that the speed of the
generator is maintained constant by prime mover, during this test. (If the prime mover

speed changed due to loading, it has an additional effect on the generator

performance). There are three reasons of voltage drop, due to load, in the generator:

(1) Armature resistance drop,

(2) drop due to armature reaction,

(3) reduction in field current due to a reduction armature voltage due to (1) and
(2) above.

The other purpose of the test also could be to find its regulation, efficiency and
to measure its temperature-rise at different loads. When the load current increases there
is a voltage drop due to armature reaction and armature resistance drop. But because of
the drop in voltage the field current is decreased, consequently, the flux and hence the
generator EMF are reduced, thereby causing further reduction in terminal voltage.
When the load resistance drops to such a low value as to shunt the armature current
away from the field windings, not only the output voltage, but also the load current
will decrease.

The characteristics will be then as shown in figure (1).

Procedure:-

Open Circuit Test:

 The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

 After checking minimum position of motor field rheostat, maximum position of
generator held rheostat, The DPST switch is closed and starting resistance is
gradually removed.
 The motor is started using three point starter.
 By varying the field rheostat of the motor, the speed of the motor is adjusted to
the rated speed of the generator.
 By varying the generator field rheostat, voltmeter and ammeter readings are
taken in steps upto 120% of rated voltage.
Tabular Column for Load Characteristics

Speed = rpm No Load Voltage = Volts

Si. Terminal Load Field Ia=(If+IL) Eg = V+ IaRa
No Voltage Current Current, (Amps) (Volts)
(V, Volts) (IL, Amps) If (Amps)

Model Calculations:-
  After bringing the generator rheostat to maximum position, field rheostat of
motor to minimum position, the DPST switch is closed.
 Draw Rc line, such that it is tangent to the initial portion of O.C.C. at rated
speed and passes through origin.

Load Test:

 The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

 The motor is started using three point starter.
 Run the MG set at rated speed
 Excite the Generator to its rated voltage after closing the SPSTS, and observe
the readings on no load.
 Close the DPSTS on load side, vary the load for convenient steps of load
current and observe the meter readings.
 Note that on each loading the speed should be rated speed.
 Load the Generator upto its rated capacity.

Result: -

Thus open and load characteristics of self excited D.C. Shunt Generator were drawn.
Circuit Diagram:

Fig. Circuit Diagram of Field Flux control Method

Fig. Circuit Diagram of Armature Voltage control Method

 SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

Expt. No.: 4

Date:

Aim:-

To Control the speed of a Dc shunt motor by field flux control method & armature
voltage control method.

Apparatus Required:-

Si. No. Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeter (0-20)A MC 1
2 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
3 Rheostats 290Ω,2A Wire Wound 1
4 Rheostats 50Ω,5A Wire Wound 1
5 Tachometer (0-3000) rpm Digital 1
6 Connecting Wires - - As Required

Precautions:-
1. Field Rheostat should be kept in the minimum resistance position at the time
of starting and stopping the motor.

2. Armature Rheostat should be kept in the maximum resistance position at the

time of starting and stopping the motor.

Procedure:-
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. After checking the maximum position of armature rheostat and minimum position of field
rheostat, DPST switch is closed.

(i) Armature Control:

1. Field current is fixed to various values and for each fixed value, by varying the
armature rheostat, speed is noted for various voltages across the armature.
Tabulations:-

(i) Armature Voltage Control

Si. If1 = 0.8 A If2 = 0.7 A

No
Armature Voltage, Va (V) Speed, N, Rpm Armature Voltage, Va (V) Speed, N, Rpm

(ii) Field Control

Si. Va1 = 195 V Va2 = 190 V

No
Field Current, If (A) Speed, N, Rpm Field Current, If (A) Speed, N, Rpm

Model graph:-
(ii) Field Control:

1. Armature voltage is fixed to various values and for each fixed value, by adjusting the field
rheostat, speed is noted for various field currents.

2. Bringing field rheostat to minimum position and armature rheostat to maximum position
DPST switch is opened.

Result: -

Thus the speed control characteristics of DC shunt motor were drawn by using
armature and field control method.
 Circuit Diagram:

Model Graph:
 LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR

Expt. No.: 5

Date:

Aim:-

To conduct the load test on DC shunt motor and draw its performance characteristics
curve.

Apparatus Required:-

Si. No. Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeter (0-20)A MC 1
2 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
3 Rheostats 290Ω,2A Wire Wound 1
4 Tachometer (0-3000) rpm Digital 1
5 Connecting Wires - - As Required

Formulae Used:-

1. Torque T = (S1~S2) x 9.81 x r (Nm)

Where, (S1~S2) is the difference in the load

‘r’ is the radius of the brake drum

2. Input Power Pi = VL.IL

Where, VL is the Line Voltage

IL is the Line Current

𝟐𝝅𝑵𝑻
3. Output Power P0 =
𝟔𝟎

Where, N is the Speed in rpm

T is the Torque in Nm

𝐏𝟎
4. Efficiency, η = 𝐏𝐈
. 𝟏𝟎𝟎 %
Si.No. Load Load Spring S1~S2 Speed, N Torque, Input Output Efficiency, η
Tabulations:-

Voltage, Current, Balance (rpm) T (Nm) Power Pi Power P0 (%)

VL(Volts) (IL(Amps)
S1 S2
Procedure:-

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. Set the rheostats at minimum position and start the motor using starter. By varying the
rheostat set the rated speed of the motor

3. Note down the speed, ammeter and voltmeter readings for various load.

4. The graph is plotted between output and various efficiency, line current, torque and speed.

Model Calculations:-

Result: -

Thus a load test on a DC shunt motor was conducted and graph was plotted.
Circuit diagram:-
 SWINBURNE’S TEST OF DC SHUNT MOTOR.

Expt. No.: 6

Date:

Aim:-

To predetermine the efficiency of a DC shunt machine by conducting the Swinburne’s

Test

Machine Specifications:-

Term D.C. Shunt Motor

Power 5 H.P,3.7KW
Voltage 220V
Current 19A
Speed 1500RPM
Field current 1A

Apparatus Required:-

Si. No. Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeter (0-20)A Analog 1

2 Voltmeter (0-300)V Analog 1
3 Rheostats 370Ω,1.1A Wire Wound 1
4 Tachometer (0-3000) rpm Digital 1
5 Connecting Wires - - As Required

Formula:-

Constant Losses = VIo - Iao2.Ra (watts)

Where, Iao = (Io-If) (Amps)

Tabulation:

Si. No. If (Amps) Ia (Amps) V (Volts) IL = Io-If

Si. No. Ia (Amps) V (Volts) Ra = Va/Ia

As Motor:

Load Load Load Armature Copper Total Input Output Efficiency,

Voltage Current Current loss Losses Power Power η
VL IL Ia (Amps) Ia.Ra =Wcu+Wc (watts) (watts)
(volt)) (Amps) (Watts) (Watts)

As Generator:

Load Load Load Armature Copper Total Input Output Efficiency,

Voltage Current Current loss Losses Power Power η
VL IL Ia (Amps) Ia.Ra (watts) (watts)
(volt)) (Amps) (Watts)
Procedure:-

1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The DPST switch is closed.

3. The motor is started with the help of three point starter.

4. The field rheostat of the motor is adjusted to bring the motor speed to the rated value.

5. The no load current, voltage and shunt field current are noted.

Result:

Thus the efficiency of the motor and generator were predetermined

successfully using Swinburne’s test.
Circuit Diagram:

Model Graph:
 LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR

Expt. No.: 7

Date:

Aim:-

To conduct the load test on DC Series motor and draw its performance characteristics
curve

Apparatus Required:-

Si. No. Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeter (0-20)A MC 1
2 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
3 Tachometer (0-3000) rpm Digital 1
4 Connecting Wires - - As Required

Formulae Used:-

1. Torque T = (S1~S2) x 9.81 x r (Nm)

Where, (S1~S2) is the difference in the load

‘r’ is the radius of the brake drum

2. Input Power Pi = VL.IL

Where, VL is the Line Voltage

IL is the Line Current

𝟐𝝅𝑵𝑻
3. Output Power P0 =
𝟔𝟎

Where, N is the Speed in rpm

T is the Torque in Nm

𝐏𝟎
4. Efficiency, η = 𝐏𝐈
.100 %
Si.No. Input Input Spring S1~S2 Speed, N Torque, Input Output Efficiency, η
Tabulations:-

Voltage, Current, Balance (rpm) T (Nm) Power Pi Power P0 (%)

VL(Volts) (IL(Amps)
S1 S2
Procedure:-

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. Initially set 3/4th of the load to the motor before starting

3. Start the motor using 2-point starter.

3. Note down the speed, ammeter and voltmeter readings for various load.

4. The graph is plotted between output and various efficiency, line current, torque and speed
using appropriate formulas.

Model Calculations:-

Result: -

Thus a load test on a DC series motor was conducted and characteristics curve was
plotted.
 Circuit Diagram:

DIFFERENTIAL SHUNT

CUMULATIVE SHUNT

Model Graph:
 LOAD TEST ON DC COMPOUND MOTOR

Expt. No.: 8

Date:

Aim:-

To conduct the load test on DC cumulative and differential compound motor and draw
its performance characteristics curve.

Apparatus Required:-

Si. No. Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeter (0-20)A MC 1
2 Ammeter (0-2)A MC 1
3 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
4 Rheostats 290Ω,2A Wire Wound 1
5 Tachometer (0-3000) rpm Digital 1
6 Connecting Wires - - As Required

Formulae Used:-

1. Torque T = (S1~S2) x 9.81 x r (Nm)

Where, (S1~S2) is the difference in the load

‘r’ is the radius of the brake drum

2. Input Power Pi = VL.IL

Where, VL is the Line Voltage

IL is the Line Current

𝟐𝝅𝑵𝑻
3. Output Power P0 =
𝟔𝟎

Where, N is the Speed in rpm

T is the Torque in Nm

𝐏𝟎
4. Efficiency, η = 𝐏𝐈
.100 %
 Spring
Tabulations:-

Load Balance
Si. IA (IF IL=IA+IF(A Speed, N Torque, Input Output Efficiency, η
Voltage, S1~S2
No. (Amps) (Amps) mps) (rpm) T (Nm) Power Pi Power P0 (%)
VL (Volts)
S1 S2
Procedure:-

1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The DPST switch is closed.
3. The motor is started using four point starter.
4. The field rheostat of the motor is adjusted to bring the motor speed to the rated speed
of the generator.
5. The generator field rheostat is adjusted till the voltmeter reads the rated voltage
6. of the generator.
7. DPST switch on the generator side is closed.
8. The load is increased in steps.
9. At each step of loading all the meter readings are noted.
10. The above procedure is repeated till the ammeter reads the rated current.
11. Switch off the load gradually and make the motor and generator rheostat resistance
position as instructed in the precaution.
12. Turn off the supply
13. Interchange the terminal connection of the generator series field coil and repeat the
procedure right from the first step.

Model Calculations:-

Result: -

Thus a load test on a DC shunt motor was conducted and graph was plotted.
Circuit Diagram:

Open Circuit Test

Short Circuit Test

OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST OF A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

Expt. No.: 9

Date:

Aim:-

To conduct the open circuit and short circuit test on a single phase transformer
to determine the equivalent circuit parameters of the transformer.

Apparatus Required:-

Si. No. Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeter (0-10)A MI 1
2 Ammeter (0-5)A MI 1
3 Voltmeter (0-300)V MI 1
4 Voltmeter (0-150)V MI 1
5 Wattmeter 300 V, 5A 1
6 Transformer 230/115 v 1Ф, 1 kVA 1
7 Connecting Wires - - As Required

Formula Used:-

Open Circuit test

Woc = Voc Ioc. CosФoc

𝐖𝐨𝐜
CosФoc=𝐕 𝐨𝐜 𝐈𝐨𝐜

Iw = Ioc.CosФoc

Iμ = Ioc.SinФoc

Roc = Voc/Iw

Xoc = Voc/ Iμ

Where,

Woc - Open Circuit Power (or) iron loss

Voc - Open Circuit Voltage

Tabulations:

Open Circuit Short Circuit

Voc Ioc Observed Actual Vsc Isc Observed Actual

To find efficiency:

To find Regulation:

Load 25 % Load 50 % Load 75% Load 100%

CosФ SinФ
Lead Lag Lead Lag Lead Lag Lead Lag

Model Graph:
Ioc - Open Circuit Current

CosФoc - Open Circuit Power Factor

Iw - Active component of no load current

Iμ- Magnetizing component of no load current

Short Circuit test

Wsc = Vsc Isc. CosФsc

𝐖𝐬𝐜
CosФsc = 𝐕𝐬𝐜 𝐈𝐨𝐜

𝑽𝒔𝒄
𝒁𝒊𝒆 = 𝑰𝒔𝒄

𝑿𝒊𝒆 = 𝒁𝟐𝒊𝒆 − 𝑹𝟐𝒊𝒆

Where,

Wsc - Short Circuit Power (or) iron loss

Vsc - Short Circuit Voltage

Isc - Short Circuit Current

CosФsc - Short Circuit Power Factor

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
Efficiency, η = 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
∗ 100

Voltage Regulation

For Lagging Power Factor

𝒏∗𝑰𝒔𝒄 [𝑹𝒊𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒔∅+𝑹𝒊𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅ ]

% Regulation = x100
𝑽𝒊

For Leading Power Factor

𝒏∗𝑰𝒔𝒄 [𝑹𝒊𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒔∅−𝑹𝒊𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅ ]

% Regulation = x100
𝑽𝒊
Calculations:-
Procedure:-

Open Circuit Test:

 Connect the primary winding of the transformer to a variable AC supply.

 Connect a voltmeter across the primary winding to measure the applied voltage.
 Connect an ammeter in series with the primary winding to measure the primary
current.
 Close the circuit and gradually increase the voltage to the rated value while
keeping the frequency constant.
 Note down the values of the applied voltage (V), primary current (I), and the
power consumed (P) from the wattmeter.
 Calculate the apparent power (S) using the formula S = V x I.
 Calculate the no-load current (Io) using the formula Io = √(I² - I²m).
 Calculate the no-load power factor (cosφ) using the formula cosφ = P / (V x I).
 Repeat the experiment for different values of voltage to plot the open-circuit
characteristics.

Short Circuit Test:

 Connect the primary winding to the AC supply.

 Connect an ammeter in series with the primary winding to measure the primary
current.
 Connect a voltmeter across the primary winding to measure the primary voltage.
 Adjust the variable resistor to limit the primary current to the rated value.
 Note down the values of the primary current (I), primary voltage (V), and the
power consumed (P) from the wattmeter.
 Calculate the apparent power (S) using the formula S = V x I.
 Calculate the short-circuit current (Isc) using the formula Isc = V / √(R² +
(2πfL)²), where R is the resistance of the primary winding and L is the inductance
of the primary winding.
 Repeat the experiment for different values of primary voltage to plot the short-
circuit characteristics.

Result: -

Thus the efficiency and regulation of the Single phase Transformer was
predetermined and Equivalent circuit was drawn.
Circuit diagram:-

Tabulations:

Subtractive Polarity:

Si. No. V1 V2 V3 = V2-V1

Additive Polarity:

Si. No. V1 V2 V3 = V2-V1

 POLARITY TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

Expt. No.:

Date:

Aim:-

To determine the polarity of a Single phase Transformer

Apparatus Required:-

Si. No. Name of the Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Auto Transformer 230/(0-270)V - 1

2 Voltmeter (0-300)V MI 1
3 Connecting Wires - - As Required

Procedure:-

 Connect the circuit as shown circuit diagram.

 Switch on the single phase ACsupply.
 Record the voltages V1 V2 and V3. In Case V3< V1 polarity is subtractive.
 Repeat the step 3 after connecting terminals A1 and a2. In case V3> V1 polarity is
additive.
 Switch of the supply

RESULT:

Thus the Polarity of a given single phase Transformer is determined by

conducting a polarity test.
Circuit diagram:-

Model graph:-
 LOAD TEST ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

Expt. No.:

Date:

Aim:-

To determine the efficiency and also to find the variation of secondary terminal
voltage with respect to the load current.

Apparatus Required:-

Formula used:
Tabulations:-
Procedure:-

1. Excite the transformer to its rated voltage on no load.

2. Observe the meter readings at no load.

3. Gradually load the transformer and note the meter readings for each loading.

4. Load the transformer to its rated capacity i.e. till it draws rated current from the supply.

Calculations:-

Result: -

Thus the efficiency and regulation of a Single phase transformer were calculated.