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18 views

Reproduction 2

Uploaded by

monkeysaltacc
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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for example by runners or bulb division

differentiate
of cells increases and as the embryo develops, the cell
chromosomes. The new cell divides by mitosis. The number
- gametes join at fertilisation to restore the normal number of
- all gametes are genetically different from each other
chromosomes
divides twice to form four gametes, each with a single set of
- in meiosis, the genetic material is copied and then the cells
only one set
- body cells have two cells of chromosomes, gametes have
the gametes (sex cells)
- cells in the reproduction organs divide by meiosis to form
2 of 10
Cell Division in Sexual Reproduction
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Types of Reproduction
- in asexual reproduction, there is no fusion of gametes and
only one parent. There is no mixing of genetic information,
leading to genetically identical offspring (clones)
- only mitosis is involved in asexual reproduction
- sexual reproduction reproduction involves the joining
(fusion) of male and female gametes formed by meiosis
... meiosis leads to the formation if non-identical cells,
sperm and egg cells in animals, and pollen and egg cells in
flowering plants
- in sexual reproduction there is a mixing of genetic
information that leads to variation in the offspring
a specific protein
gene codes for a particular sequence of amino acids, to make
- a gene is a small section of DNA on a chromosome, each
double helix
DNA , DNA is a polymer made up of two strands forming a
- the genetic material in the nucleas of a cell is composed of
will have been great importance for medicine in the future
- the whole human genome has now been studied and this
that organism
- the genome of an organism is the entire genetic material of
4 of 10
DNA and the Genome
3 of 10
The Best of Both Worlds
- sexual reproduction produces variation that helps survival through
natural selection if the environment changes. Natural selection is sped
up by humans in selective breeding
- asexual reproduction needs only one parent, is time and energy
efficient, often faster than sexual reproduction and many identical
offspring are produced when conditions are favourable
- some organisms depend on both asexual and sexual reproduction
depending on the circumstances
- malaria parasites reproduce sexually in mosquitoes and asexually in
their human host
- many plants produce seeds asexually by spores but can also
reproduce sexually to give variation
- many plants produce seeds sexually but also reproduce asexually,
interacting, rather than a single gene
disadvantage
shape, affecting the function. this may be an advantage or a
- a few mutations code for an altered protein with a different
affected
protein, or they alter it so slightly that the function is not
- mutations occur continuously, most do not alter the
protein synthesised by the gene
- a change in the DNA structure may result in a change in the
affect how genes are expressed
switch genes on or off, so variations in these areas of DNA can
- not all parts of the DNA code for proteins, non-coding parts
6 of 10
Gene Expression and Mutation
5 of 10
DNA structure and protein synthesis
- the long strands of DNA consist of alternating sugar and phosphate
sections. Attached to each sugar is one of four bases- A, C, G or T.
Each unit of a sugar, phosphate and base is known as a nucleotide
- a sequence of three bases is the code for a particular amino acid
- the order of bases controls the order in which amino acids are
assembled to produce a particular protein
- in the complementary strands of DNA, a C is always linked with a G
on the opposite strand and a T to an A
- proteins are synthesised according to a template, carrier molecules
bring specific amino acids to add to the growing protein chain in the
correct order
- when the protein chain is complete it folds up to form a unique
shape that enables the protein to carry out its funtion in the cell
males the sex chromosomes are different (XY)
- in human females the sex chromosomes are the same (**) whilst in
but the sex chromosomes carry the genes that determine sex
22 control general body characteristics only,
- ordinary human body cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes:
monohybrid cross
- construct a punnett square diagram to predict the outcome of a
inheritance
- use punnett squares and family trees to understand genetic
a genetic cross
- direct proportion and ratios can be used to express the outcome of
8 of 10
More About Genetics
7 of 10
Inheritance in Action
- some characteristics are controlled by a single gene, each
gene may have different forms called alleles
- the alleles present, or genotype, operate at a molecular level
to develop characteristics that can be expressed as the
phenotype
- if the two alleles are the same, the individual is homozygous
for that trait, but if the alleles are different they are
heterozygous
- a dominant allele is always expressed in the phenotype, even
if only one copy is present, a recessive allele is only expressed
if two copies are present
-most characteristics are the result of multiple genes
but screening raises economic, social and ethical issues
- embryo and fetal cells are used to identify genetic disorders
alleles that cause many genetic disorders
- cells from embryos and fetuses can be screened for the
10 of 10
Screening for Genetic Disorders
9 of 10
Inherited Disorders
- some disorders are inherited
- polydactyly is a dominant allele which can be inherited from
either or both parents
- cystic fibrosis is a recessive phenotype and is caused by
recessive alleles which must be inherited from both parents

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