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 Analog & DigitalCommunications Lab

Experiment 8.
PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT:

Pulse Amplitude Modulation And Demodulation

AIM:

a) To study Pulse Amplitude Modulation And Demodulation

b) Tostudy the effect of amplitude and frequency variation of modulating signal.

Materials required:
a. Analog signal sampling and reconstruction trainer kit
b. Dual Trace CRO
c. Patch Chords

THEORY:
Asignal which is defined at all instants of time is known as
continuous time signal. An
analog voltage signal is a continuous signal for which the voltage of the signal is
a function of time. A discrete time signal is defined only at represented as
discrete instants of time. The
process of converting a continuous time signal x(t) into a discrete time sequence x(n) is
called
SAMPLING. x(n) is obtained by determining x(t) every T sec, where T is known as sampling
period or interval.

x[n] = x(t)at t = nT where n =.- 1,0,1,...

Nyquist Sampling Theorem:

Aliasing arises when a signal is discretely sampled at a rate that is
the changes in the signal. The lower and higher insufficient to capture
frequency
distortion occurs at the receiver. The Nyquist sampling theorem components overlap and thereby
provides a prescription for the
nominal sampling interval required to avoid aliasing. It may be stated as follows:
A continuous time band limited signal x(t)
can be reconstructed from its samples if and
only if the signal is sampled at a rate
atleast twice the maximum frequency of the
signal. message
Mathematically f 2fm
Where f, is sampling frequency

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 Analog & Digital Communications Lab

And fm is maximum frequency of message signal

Nyquist rate:
Minimum theoretical sampling rate is called Nyquist rate.
Nyquist rateor critical sampllng: f, = 2ím
undersampling: f, < 2fm
oversampllng:f, > 2fm
If the sampling is at undersampling, samples spectral components will overlap. This effect is
called aliasing. To avoid aliasing sampling should be at oversampling.
Sampling Types:
1. Instantaneous or ideal sampling
2. Natural sampling
3. flat top sampling

Instantaneous sampling: width of the pulse tends to zero hence practically impossible. Practical
sampling differs from ideal sampling.
1. Sampled pulses have finite duration rather than impulses
2. Practical reconstruction filters are not ideal hence a guard band or gap is required
between the spectrums of sampled signal

Practical sampling examples: natural and flat top

In Natural sampling, the top of the sampled pulses follows the shape of the message
signal at that instant, whereas in flat top sampling the instantaneous magnitude of the analog
signal at the instant of sampling is held throughout the sampling interval.
ANALOG
SAMPLE& HOLD FLAT TOP AND
MUX CIRCUIT
MODULATOR NATUARAL
SAMPLED SIGNAL

SAMPLING
GENERATOR

Circuit Operation:
The 555 timer in astable mode generates square wave which is given as a
triggering input to the
monostable mode 555 timer for generation of sampling pulse train.
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GayatriVidyaParishad College Of Engineering (A)
 Analog & Digital Communications Lab

The analog message signal is given as an input to buffer for impedance matching. The output of
buffer is given as an input to the digitally controlled analog switch which is controlled by the
pulse train generated by the sampling pulse generator.
When jumper J12 is connected, the capacitor charges depending on the input signal and pulse
on and off positions this gives a quantized signal. This quantized signal is given to another
analog switch for generation of flat top sample signal. When the jumper is disconnected, the
output of first switch is a naturally sampled signal.
Thesampled signal can be reconstructed by using a low pass filter.

CIRCUITDIAGRAM:

CO4053
CA3130
+5V -5V Natual samphng
5 -s Crcuit
451 16 7 S&H O/P
J1 14 J16
Flat Top Sampling O/P
Analog Input 116 8
J12 10 20Ku
-5V 10Kg 1Ko
BUFFER

1uf To.u~D.on 5V

8 4
+5V

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7 Output 1]K0 55
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COMPARATOR

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch on the power supply of the trainer kit.

2. Observe the analog signal on a dual trace CRO. Adjust desired amplitude (3V-5V) and
frequency (100Hz-1 kHz) of the analog signal. If it is afixed frequency signal generator, then
plot the waveform with the given frequency.
3. Connect the analog signal to the modulator input.

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 Analog & DigitalCommunications Latb

4. Observe the flat top sampling pulse generator output on CRO and adjuat its frequency above
twice the analog signal frequency.
disceotnnecting the junpet 12
5. Now observe the output of first samnple and hold switch by
This is a natural sampled signal.
6. Now observe the output of second sample and hold switch
by cotinecting the jurnper I12
output is the sarnple and hold
This gives a Flat top sampled wave. In this case the first switch
output.
signal, natutal sarnpled
7. Plotthe above observed analog signal. pulse signal, flat top sampled
and sample and hold signals on the graph.
8. Apply sampled output to the input of demodulator.
The demodulator output is a replica of the original analog signal.
frequencies of analog and
10. Observe the sampled outputs by varying analog signal amplitude,
pulse signals and also pulse width of the flat top sample input pulses
OBSERVATION:

1. Tabular Data: N.A.

7.1 WAVEFORMS:

Analog signal
fm

sampling pulse train

fs>2fmm

flat top sumpled ourput

natural smpled output

demodulated ourput

2. Waveforms/Timing
Calculations: N.A.
Graphs:

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GayatriVidyaParishad College Of Engineering (A)
 Lab
Analog &Digital Communications
ANALYSIS:

PRECAUTIONS TAKEN:
1. Do not switch on the kit while
making connections.
2. Check whether all the IC's are placed in their
respective positions.
3. Care should be taken that the frequencies of modulating and sarnpling signals shnsld
not exceed their maximumvalues.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS:

APPLICATIONS:

1. Audio sampling- digital audio uses pulse code modulation and digital signals for sound
reproduction. Sampling is the first stage in PCM.
2. Sampling-Speech signals, i.e., signals intended to carry only human speech can usually be
sampled at a much lower rate. This technique is used in most telephone systems.
3. Video sampling used in HDTVand SDTV.
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. State sampling theorem?
2. What do you mean by reconstruction?

3. Explain about Natural and Flat-Top Sampling.

4. Mention basic conditions required to extract the original signal from its samples.
5. What is aliasing and when does it occur?

6. How can aliasing be avoided?

7. What is Nyquist Rate?

8. Write the difference between analog, discrete and digital signals.

9. Classify sampling based on sampling frequency or Nyquist rate.

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