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~~~~ MILLWRIGHT MANUAL: CHAPTER 3

Technical Drawings

Types of technical drawings ..................................... ........... ........... 3: 1

Orthographic ..................................................................................... 3:2
Pictorial............................................................................................. 3:4

Common drawing elements ............................................................ 3:5

Lines ................................................................................................. 3:5
Dimensions ....................................................................................... 3:9
Views ................................................................................................ 3:13
Tolerance .......................................................................................... 3: 19
Information on drawings .................................................................. 3:24

Reading industrial drawings ........................................................... 3:27

Detail drawings ................................................................................. 3:27
Assembly drawings .......................................................................... 3 :28

Schematics, piping drawings, and symbols .................................... 3:30

Schematics ........................................................................................ 3: 30
Piping drawings ................................................................................ 3:34
Symbols and abbreviations ............................................................... 3 :34
 Technical Drawings
The technical drawing or blueprint is a valuable tool in any industry. For
example, blueprints, drawings, and symbols are the "maps" needed to
understand how a machine is crafted, assembled, and installed. Blueprints
provide all the necessary information to understand that machine. As the
millwright trade develops and becomes more diverse, the millwright may be
asked to fabricate such things as chutes and conveyors, to interpret electrical
problems, to troubleshoot complex hydraulic problems, and so on.
Interpreting blueprints is an essential tool of the trade, allowing the isolation
of a problem area before a system is dismantled. The millwright should have
a good understanding of how to interpret these important drawings and the
symbols used in them.

Types of technical
drawings
In technical drawings, three-dimensional objects are represented in two
dimensions. This is done so that their shape and size are described as
accurately as possible. Two main types of technical drawings are used in
industry: orthographic and pictorial. Within these types there are several
variations. The following chart shows how they arc related.

Technical
drawings

I
Orthographic Pictorial Schematic
drawings drawings diagrams

First-angle Third-angle Isometric Oblique

orthographic orthographic
 Orthographic
The term ortho means at right angles (90°). In orthographic projection, the
object being drawn is viewed at right angles from a number of positions.
These views are called elevations:
o Infront elevation, the object is viewed from the front.
o In side (or end) elevation, the object is viewed from one side.
o In plan, the object is viewed from the top or bottom.

Choosing which face of an object is to be the front elevation is arbitrary.

However, as explained later in the chapter, certain common-sense rules are
usually followed.

First- and third-angle projections

There are two types of projection in orthographic drawings-first angle and
third angle. First-angle projection is used in Europe while third-angle
projection is used in North America. Millwrights should be familiar with
both projections because equipment is often supplied by European
manufacturers. Which projection is used is usually indicated on the drawing.
Figure 1 shows the International Standards Organization (ISO) symbols for
these projections. This symbol is shown adjacent to the title block of a
drawing as shown in Figure 2.

E]@
First angle Third angle

Figure 1 ISO symbols for first- and third-angle projections

I~I Title block

Figure 2 Placing the ISO symbol for first- or third-angle

projection on a drawing

Figure 3 shows a simple pictorial drawing of an object with a first- and third-
angle projection drawing of the same object.

3 2
 Third-angle projection
First-angle projection

•
=:?=1.
L.......f--.J
m m m •••

Frqnt elevation
~ •• LI
I i
I
End elevation

r~

Plan 109 I Front elevation Side elevation

Figure 3 A simple object shown In pictorial form and in first- and third-angle orthographic projection

In fIrst-angle projection the object is viewed from left to right as shown in

Figure 4.

Viewin~
position

Object

Side elevation
Figure 4 Viewing position for first-angle orthographic projection
Conversely, in third-angle projection the view is from right to left as can be
seen in Fignre 5.

~Viewing
position

Object

Side elevation
Figure 5 Viewing position for third-angle orthographic projection

Because third-angle projection is usually used in Canada and the US, this
chapter deals with drawings using a third-angle projection. Usually only
three views are requined: top (plan), front (front elevation), and one side
(side elevation). Sometimes auxiliary or sectional views are needed-these
are discussed later.

Simple rules for sketching orthographic projections

Most objects do not have a natural front or side position. Therefore, it is
necessary to determine which side of the object provides the most
information about its shape. This side is used as the front view. Most front
views are drawn with the object's longer dimension horizontal (see
Figure 3). This is because drawing paper is normally used in landscape
orientation (with its longer side horizontal).

Pictorial
Technical drawings arc usually orthographic projections. To interpret them,
the viewer must understand their conventions. Pictorial drawings are three
dimensional renderings of an object, showing height, length, and width.
These drawings do not des(:ribe the shape of an object either exactly or
completely. But they do help the viewer to visualize the true shape of the
object The most common engineering pictorial drawings are termed
isometric and oblique.

Isometric and oblique projections

Isometric and oblique drawings show the foreshortening of an object as the
viewer looks at it. For example, circles appear as ellipses. The difference
between them is the angle between the sides of the object and the main axis
of the drawing. See Figure 6.
 Isometric Oblique

\
30" \

Figure 6 Isometric and oblique projections

Isometric drawings
In isometric drawings, all lines are drawn either vertically or at 30° to the
horizontal The lengths along the 30° axes are drawn to full scale.

Oblique drawings
In oblique drawings, one face is at right angles to the horizontal and the
others are at an angle (usually 45°) to the horizontal. In most oblique
drawings, the receding dimensions along the 45° axis are drawn to half scale.

Common drawing
elements

Lines
Lines on technical drawings provide exact information concerning the shape
of an object. A variety of lines is used to convey different meanings.
Canadian Standards define line thicknesses as thick or thin. Thick lines are at
least twice as thick as thin lines. Figure 7 on the next page displays various
types of lines used in technical drawings.

3 5
 1. Visible outline <;v(l\.Q 4,,..0 (fA \ \".P\ sv\,p +
. . thick
(:, 'I- <l \:>J"C\: \:.--v
2. Hidden line feature thin

3. Centreline thin
Also used for path lines, pitch circles,
and axes of symmetry

Alternate centre line thin

4. Projection line thin

Also used for outline of revolved sections

---I"~
5. Dimensioning lines ~I
Extension line
Dimension line
- --------------'
thin
Leader l i n l e e - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "

6. Section lines (hatching) /////// thin

7. Cutting plane lines

Simple sections --------- thick

Offset sections ----, I

and
thin

I
B. Break lines

Long thin

Short thick

9. Phantom line thin

Used for adjacent parts, alternate positions,
developed views and portions to be removed

10. Stitch line thin

Used to indicate seams in leather, plastics
and textiles (label if possible confusion with #2)

11. Surface zone line thick

Used to indicate a surface length that requires
special instructions such as finish

Figure 7 Types of lines

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3- 6 MILLWRIGHT-TECHNICAL DRAWINGS
 Construction and projection lines
Construction lines and projection lines are thin lines used to layout the
various views of an object. Construction lines are eventually overlaid by the
object lines.

Object lines
Object lines are thick lines which indicate the visible outline of an object.

Hidden lines
Hidden lines show those surfaces and features of the object that are not seen
in the chosen views. They are thin, equally spaced, broken lines.

Break lines
Break lines are used to shorten the view of long unifonn sections. Figure 8
shows the various types of break lines used on technical drawings.

Thick line

Short break - all shapes

Cylinders - useful when end view is not shown Long break - all shapes

--- ---'~

Solid cylinder

- - - --'If- ~-----

Hollow cylinder
Figure 8 Conventional break lines

3 7
 Section lines
Section lines are the parallel diagonal lines (hatch marks) that identify a
sectional view of an object in a drawing.

Centrelines
Centrelines are drawn as thin, broken lines, with long and short lines spaced
alternately. Figure 9 shows the centreline of a shaft and of holes in an object.

Centreline should ~
not be broken when
extended beyond

-I- - - - - --1- --+-

Use two short dashes

Figure 9 Centrelines

Cutting plane lines

Figure 10 shows two types of cutting plane lines commonly found on
Canadian drawings. However, be prepared to interpret American and
European methods as well. Note that:
• Offset cutting plane lines are usually of the broken type.
• Letters placed beside arrows key to the corresponding sectional view.

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3 -8 MILLWRIGHT-TECHNICAL DRAWINGS
 For all drawings

Alternative method

A~ _____________ ~A
Alternative method

i---- fA
-----.J
A
f Offset

Figure 10 Cutting plane lines

Extension and dimension lines

• Extension lines are thin lines which extend the object lines out to a
convenient space for dimensioning. These lines do not touch the object
lines. If extension lines cross arrowheads or dimension lines, a break in
the extension line is permitted.
• Dimension lines are thin lines which indicate the distance between the
extension lines. They terrrrinate with arrowheads which touch the
extension lines. These are the lines which give the object's measured
dimensions such as height, width, and length. Where one or more
dimension lines share one extension line, the dimension lines should run
parallel to each other. See Figure lion the next page.

Dimensions
Dimensions indicate the sizes of various elements on the drawing, such as
length, diameter, and angle.
 ~ Dimension line

r 40
'!O ~
~

V Extension line

I·
40
.1
o
'"
- - - --

-L-_...-_ _...1
r----

Figure 11 The aligned dimensioning method

Methods of marking dimensions

Dimensions are written adjacent to the dimension lines. There are two
methods of dimensioning: the aligned method and the unidirectional method.
• In the aligned method (see Figure 11), all dimension figures except
angular dimensions are written parallel to the dimension lines.
• In unidirectional dimensioning, all figures are written parallel to the
bottom of the drafting paper.

Types of dimensions
There are two types of dimensions. Each drawing should use only one type.
• Overall dimensions indicate overall length, width, or height of an object.
• Detail dimensions give size and location of any feature or detail which is
not overall length, height or width.

Dimensioning rules
There are various rules of acceptable practice in dimensioning drawings:
• Only one form of dimension is used on a single drawing; either aligned
or unidirectional.
• Technical drawings are dimensioned so that the full-size dimensions are
specified on thc drawing regardless of scale.
• In metric drawings, dimensions are shown in rnillimetres without their
units (for example, just 1100, not 1100 mm)
• The position and size of angles are shown.
• When metric values are less than one, a zero is shown before the decimal
point. For example 0.5 or 0.35 (not .5 or .35).
• Whenever possible, to avoid confusion, dimensions are placed close to
features being shown and outside the object's outline.
• Dimensions of a feature are shown only once. For example, in Figure 11.
the 100 mm dimension is shown on only one of the views.
• When space is limited, dimension figures are placed in one of the ways
shown in Figure 12:
- inside the dimension lines with the arrowheads outside the extension
lines
- with the figures and arrowheads outside the extension lines.

S12
3.0--11---
Figure 12 Dimensioning in small spaces
1
Dimensioning cylindrical objects
All bores and radii are dimensioned by using leader lines followed by the
dimension. Also given are any procedures or details needed to complete a
process which is repeated (either machining or fabricating). Figure 13
depicts a counter-bored hole-it gives the diameter of the drill, the diameter
of the counterbore (C' bore), the depth, and. if necessary, the nunther of
holes. When dimensioning holes of the same size the dimensions need only
be shown once.

5/8" drill, 7/8 c: bore

5/16" deep

Figure 13 Dimensioning counter-bored holes

 To locate a hole, the centrelines of the hole are used for dimensioning. Thus,
the centreline acts as an extension line as welL Figures 14 and 15 show the
preferred methods of dimensioning a bolt pattern. Notice that the dimension
Jines can be either leader lines or extension lines from the centre.

50---
·············30 ~~_.,

l
o f
I
0
(') 0
II)

.4> 1
I
~.
Figure 14 Dimensioning a square bolt pattem

In a circular pattern, the arc depicting the radius dimension is normally 30"
or 45° off the horizontal plane.

Preferred Acceptable

Figure 15 Dimensioning a bolt circle

Arcs, rounds, or fillets are shown in the form of a radius measurement.

3
 Views
Sectional views
Sectional views (or sections) are used to show an aspect of the object which
is otherwise too complicated to show with the conventional top, front, and
side views. Sectional views may also show differences in materials. A
sectional view cuts an object along an imaginary cutting plane. The drawing
is sectioned off at the cutting plane to reveal an internal view.

Front section removed +--y?~/ Cutting plane line

Cutti ng plane

-0
Section B - B

SIDE VIEW IN FULL SECTION

Front section removed

+--y;- Cutting plane line

Cutting plane

Q}
+_..JA

Section A - A

SIDE VIEW IN HALF SECTION

Figure 16 Side views in full and half sections

 • Full-section views use a cutting plane through the whole object giving
the impression that the object has been cut in half.
• Half-sectionals remove only a certain portion of the drawing. If a half-
section view gives all the information needed to understand the drawing,
then a full section drawing is not given. See Figure 16.

Different materials and solid parts

A sectional view may cut across more than one type of material. Figure 17
shows some line patterns commonly used to indicate types of materials.
These patterns also indicate solid portions of an object.
/" /" /"
/" /"
/" /" /"
/" /"
/" /" /"
/" /"

Iron Steel Brass, bronze, copper

Figure 17 Patterns indicating different materials

Offset sectional views

Another type of sectional view is the offset sectional. Offset sectional cutting
lines are always of the broken type. Figure 18 shows the necessity for
offsetting the sectional view. It can be seen that a normal cutting plane line
could not possibly give a proper perspective of the part in question. The lines
must be offset to show the outer bolt holes.

Figure 18 Sectional and offset sectional cutting planes

3 14
Other types of sectional views
Other types of sectionals include aligned sectional (Figure 19), revolved
sectional (Figure 20), removed sectional (Figure 21), and broken-out
sectional (Figure 22).

.. 1/
Cutting plane line

/
/

/.
///

j . . ._ . .
Aligned
/
Angled elements must be aligned
sectional
view

Figure 19 Aligned sectional view

~IOE

Figure 20 Revolved sectional view

3 15
 A B

~ ~
I I
I
" ' I I
I : I I

Section A·A Section B·B A B

Figure 21 Removed sectional view

Figure 22 Broken-out sectional view

Auxiliary views
Auxiliary views are used to detail sloping (or inclining) surfaces which
cannot be depicted in normal orthographic views. Auxiliary drawing clearly
shows the shape of thc object and gives its true dimensions.

3-
 Auxiliary views are created by projecting the lines of the object where the
sloping surface appears as an edge. See Figure 23.

Surface A
Surface B
Surface B

a. Regular views do not show true

features of surfaces A and B

Surface B

Partial
top
view Surface A

Partial auxiliary view

Partial side view

D
b. Auxiliary view added to show true
features of surfaces A and B

Figure 23 The need for auxiliary views

Occasionally an object cannot be completely described in one auxiliary

view, so an additional auxiliary view may be needed.

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MILLWRIGHT-TECHNICAL DRAWINGS 3-17

 Exploded views
An exploded view takes a very complicated drawing and separates it along a
common axis where possible. In an exploded view, the viewer sees exactly
how a group of parts fit together. Figure 24 shows a very simple pictorial
drawing in exploded view.

Figure 24 Exploded view

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3 -18 MILLWRIGHT-TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

Tolerance
Tolerance in dimensions
Tolerance is the total pennissible variance of the basic size of a component.
Tolerance limits are the maximum and minimum sizes that are allowable.
The tolerance is the difference between these upper and lower limits. A
tolerance allowance is the intentional allowable difference in measurement
between correlating parts. Because they are critical to assembly, tolerances
are always shown on the detailed working drawing.

Caution!
Tolerances directly affect how a machine is constructed. These dimensions
are precise and must be strictly adhered to.

A term used widely in connection with tolerance is maximum material

condition (MMC):
• In external measurements, the MMC measurement is the highest limit.
• In internal measurements, the MMC measurement is the lowest limit.

Three methods are used to show the tolerance of mating parts: unilateral,
bilateral, or direct. These are described below.

Unilateral tolerance
Unilateral tolerance is tolerance in one direction only. For example:
• For an external measurement, if the upper limit is 50.00 mm and the
lower limit is 49.95 mm, then the unilateral tolerance is 0.05 mm and is
written as 50.00::2.05ffiffi.
• For internal measurements, if the upper limit 40.03 mm and lower limit
40.00 mm, the unilateral tolerance 0.03 mm and is written as
40 . OO f{)·03
--{) mm.

Bilateral tolerance
Bilateral tolerances are divided into two parts. The tolerance is read as plus
or rninus a certain number. Each bilateral tolerance alters the basic
dimension size in two directions. For example, If the basic size of an
external contour is 51.00 ±0.05 mm, this means that the final measurement
can range from 50.95 to 51.05 mm, a difference of 0.10 mm.

Direct method
The direct method shows both the upper and lower limit together. This
method eliminates any calculations concerning maximum and minimum
tolerances. Both the upper and lower limits are given, and the MMC is given
the upper position.

3
 Figure 25 shows the correct use of MMC numbers in the direct method.

--31.56
•

I
31.46

l
(
.......~.....
ff::.
•18.40
0 18.39

Figure 25 Direct method-exlernal contours - 7~(\), yet\(~

•
Using a reference point in dimensioning
When severalloleranees are given in a sequence, a datum or reference point
should be given. All dimensions are then referenced to this point. The datum
reduces the probability of compounding error when sizing the work piece.
The datum is identified with an ISO datum-feature symbol as shown
attached to the left-hand extension line in Figure 26.

:3El,l..,.
36.0 i
126.1
126.0
142.1 ... 1
142.0

Figure 26 Comparing sequential and datum-line dimensioning

Clearance and inteiference fits

Tolerances may be either clearance (positive), or interference (negative) fit.
A clearance fit is one in which the machined pieces can be fitted by hand.
An interference fit requires heat, cold, or a combination of both to assemble
the piece.
 Characteristic Symbol Example Explanation

1- 1005 1
Straightness

Symbol
R Max
tolerance
-E---- y -C- -il I

0.05 j
C7 lo.0s l i
1C7 1005 1
1
Flatness I

l_~_~-v(
~~~;
/ \ (-'---_
Symbol Max
tolerance

~
ILIA I0.0\1
Angularity 70tLIAI0.OSI ) YeaSie
Symbol / r Max
40° Basic _1
tolerance
? I ~DatumA
c:b
Datum

1# I A10.05 1 F gi
~D r EJ
Parallelism 1..-1 Alo.05 I

~D
--

/ \
Symbol
Datum
Max
tolerance
en r
I...LI A1°.05 1 r
Perpendicularity
(Squarness)
/
Symbol
r
\Max
tolerance
r
/ (
/
Datum
cb 1.iIAlo.osl
- I-
0.05

I/IAI" 0.051 I Lf 1/IAI·lo.osl ~j ~~

t---r-
__v____

Runout

syLI/ ~x
f
}--ij-
~I
-U-
Datum B Datum A
tolerance
--

Figure 27 Geometric characteristics

3
 Tolerance in geometric characteristics
Tolerances are also applied to the different geometric characteristics of parts.
These include:
• straightness
• flatness
• angularity
• parallelism
• perpendicularity (squareness)
• runout.

Figure 27 on the previous page shows these geometric characteristics.

Tolerance in surface texture

There are two major reasons for the need of surface texturing: friction
reduction; and to control wear. The surface irregularities must be fine
enough so as not to break the lubricating fluids film which would result in
metal-to-metal contact. Journal bearings. cylinder walls. and piston pins are
but a few examples of surfaced textured pieces.
Two primary measurements are used for surface texture:
• micrometre (~)-a micrometre is one millionth of a metre
(0.000 001 metres)
• micro-inch (~)-a micro-inch is one millionth of an inch
(0.000001 inches)

Figure 28 shows the basic surface texture symbol.

Roughness average values

Machining ~ r-D-;::~- Roughness

D • sampling length
allowance ~ A
F ....- - - - Lay symbol

Figure 28 Basic surface texture symbol

The number at position A appears in tables of acceptable surface roughness

(see Table 1).

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3 - 22 MILLWRIGHT-TECHNICAL DRAWINGS
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Very rough surface. ~
Eq uivalent to sand casting. ~
~ co ~
0 ",z s· ~ ••q
Rough surface.
~ ~
0
0 '" ~
~
z -"
Rarely used. (/)
~
••Ib
'" ~ ''""
I- L- ~z :::!. ~ •I
Coarse finish. Equivalent to
'" <no
0
0
(/) ~
w •iB
a
rolled surfaces & forgings.

'"'"
!"z co
ac ..
n
m
m iI
~
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::r I
used. Reasonable appearance. => ~
~
"'z '"
(/)
m I
~
(/)

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,,0> co ~
Good for close fits. Unsuitable ~
for fast rotating members.
iil
c. 3
cr I••
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Used on shafts & bearings '" 5· ~
I
with light loads & mod. speeds. a ~

Used on highspeed
shafts & bearings.
,.... !='z
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0>
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8
& instrument work. Costly. ~
=>
f- I- 0> !='Z
'" ....
c.
3 IA
Refined finish. 5·
Costly. a n
M
L... .... !='Z 3 I
~'" !'l. TI
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Seldom used. (/)
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 Information on drawings
In addition to the actual technical drawings. vatious other information
appears on the prints. Some of this information appears in special blocks.
Examples are the title block. the revision block. and the materials list block.
Figure 29 shows where these vatious blocks of infonnation might appear.

8 1

0 Trimmed size 0

Borderline

C ~~ ~~I c
Space to the right I
of this line not to be
used for drawing
I
B B
Alternative location
of revision list

A
I
Revision Reference
THle block
A
list
8 1

Figure 29 Location of Information blocks and zone numbers on a drawing

Zone numbers
If zone numbers appear. they refer to certain areas on the print in much the
same fashion as coordinate numbers on a map. Figure 29 shows these zone
identifiers as numbers and letters in the margins of the print. They sturt on
the lower right-hand side of the print under the title block.

Title block
Figure 30 shows a typical title block. The title block should always appear in
the lower right-hand side of the print. A title block usually contains such
information as the drawing number. title or description of the part. the name
of the flIm that prepared the drawing. and the scale. Provisions may also be
made fur the date of issue. signatures. approvals. professional seals. sheet
number. drawing size. job order or contract number. reference numbers for
this or other drawings. and standard notes such as tolerances or finishes.
 General specifications and
Original scale standard printed notes such
/ as tolerances, finishes, etc.
Title or name of part

,.. / /
/ I
/

/
!

; / DRAWING NO
SHEET OF

/
Firm's name
/
Signature and approvals
and address
Figure 30 Typical title block

Figures 31, 32, and 33 show typical title blocks.

NO.

Figure 31 Another typical title block

REVISION I DATE I CHANGE OR ADDITION

I
UNIT

DR.
. ,. SYMSOL OF MACflINP WORKlitl ON
NAME OF PIECE

eUPERCEO&e owo. srOCK

eAUTING
eM. DROP FORGING
,aUPiRtlED£tI BY DWO, MATERIAL PIECE NO.
Tft.
THE RIGHT MACHINE TOOL CO.
TR.CH. TRAIL, BRITISH COLUMBIA 1 CANADA

Figure 32 Typical strip title block extending across one side of a drawing

3-25
 -
THE ACME COMPANY
- NORTH VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA
-
r--
r--
r-- SCALE

r-- DATE

r-- DR. BY ITR. BY

~
NO.
~w
CHKD.DV
~
00.
M~ CHANGE CH.BY IAPP. BY

Figure 33 Typical title block with a change-record section

Revision block
This block may be placed either in the lower left- or upper right-hand sides
of the print The purpose of this block is to list any and all revisions made to
the drawing after the initial drafting of the print. In addition to a brief
description of drawing changes, provisions may be made for recording a
revision symbol, zone location, issue number, date, and approval signatures
for the revision. Figure 34 shows examples of completed revision blocks .

.&. Identification of drawing revision

0.05 x 45"

II
-+- f) <-----------' I
.&.
Chamfers

.. 5.50
------r

Revision number Date Changes made by

~
/

Rev.
REVISION
Description Date Approved 1
/ /
I Jan. 9/96 I J.English 2 I Feb. 24/96
1 Length was 2.60 Jan. 9/96 J.English REV
Lengthlas 2.60 Added chamfer
2 Chamfer added Feb. 24/96 G.Burns

/
Description

Vertical revision table Horizontal revision table

Figure 34 Completed revision blocks

3 26
 Materials list
This block is generally located just above the title block. If there is no
revision block in the upper right-hand, then the materials list is placed there.
The materials list may also be called the item list. Figure 29 shows an item
list just above the title block.
All parts in a materials list are identified by their part or stock number. The
materials list also provides for the number and size of each of part including
all fasteners such as bolts, washers, and nut~. This is a complete list of parts
for that print or page.

Scale
The scale is very important, although it does not occupy its own block. The
scale makes it possible to describe details of large and small machines or
components on standard sized paper. The size and complexity of the
machine determine which scale is used. The fIrst fIgure of a scale
designation refers to the dimensions used to draw the object. The second
number refers to the actual size of the object. For example:
o A scale which reads 1: 1 means that a drawing is actual size.
o A reduced scale of I: 10 means that I unit on the print represents 10 of
the same measuring units in the drawn equipment. That is, the drawing is
ten times smaller than the drawn object.
• An eniarged scale of 10: I means that 10 measuring units on the print
equals 1 unit of the object. That is, the drawing is ten times larger than
the actual size.

Reading industrial
drawings

Detail drawings
A detail drawing is a technical representation of one single part of a
machine. The pUlpose is to provide the complete information needed to
make the part or piece. These drawings serve as a guide for the tradesperson
who converts raw materials into fmished products.
A detail drawing sbould contain:
• a description of the shape
• all necessary views and lines needed to describe the complete form of
the object
• all dimensions and numerals including tolerances used to specify the
object
• general notes, inclnding such things as the materials list, any heat
treating, machining, and surface texture.
 ---+-- , ,
/ .... -1- , "-
/ ' "-
I /-1, \
/ I ,,-,..," \
II ~'\

f-t\ ' ~=-o:-'" 1-\I -T-

\ '-,.......
,~
... / /
\ "- "f-/
, /
I

"- '-1- .... /

' - ....
" -r
--==--=-
i""'i,F' g
I Ii, I <i

_J

1 Locking pin STL 8

1 Nut-hex slotted STL 7
1 Cotter pin STL 6
1 Bushina Bronze 5
1 Clevis Din STL 4
1 :suppOrt SAE 1020 3
1 t-'ulley STL 2
1 HOOK STL 1
QTY ITEM MATL DESCRIPTION PT
NO

CRANE HOOK
Scale

0- I
I

Figure 35 A typical assembly drawing

3-28
 Assembly drawings
An assembly drawing shows the various pieces of a machine and the way
they fit together as a complete unit. This drawing is used to show the correct
working relationship of the mating pieces and their functions. It should give
a general idea of how the machine is supposed to operate. Assembly
drawings use sectional drawing more frequently than do working drawings
so as to better display the relation ships between mating parts.
The only dimensions given on this drawing are the overall dimensions and
the centrelines. These drawings need not be detailed because the precise
details are given in the working drawings.
Assembly drawings contain a bill of materials for the complete unit
including such things as nuts and bolts. Figure 35 is an excellent example of
an assembly drawing with the bill of materials.

Schematics, piping
drawings, and symbols

Schematics
The schematic diagram facilitates the tracing of hydraulic, pneumatic, or
electrical lines and the components of each. It shows the relationship
between the various parts of a system. It does not show the actual size,
shape, or location of the components or devices within the system. It shows
connections, functions, and flow.
Figure 36 on the next page shows all the devices and parts that make up one
hydraulic function. Note that no regard is given to spatial considerations.
Only the parts and their functions are important.
Figure 37 shows a pneumatic schematic and Figure 38 shows a typical
electrical schematic. Again notice the lack of information regarding shape,
size, or location of parts.

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MILLWRIGHT-TECHNICAL DRAWINGS 3 - 29
 Figure 36 A schematic diagram of a hydraulic system

Figure 37 A schematic diagram of a pneumatic system

 Start
Stop .....L...

M M

OL

Figure 38 A schematic diagram 01 an electric circuit

Piping drawings
Piping drawings are a little different from schematics. The typical example
shown in Figure 39 displays all the important pieces in symbolic form like a
schematic of a hydraulic system. However, this diagram not only shows
functions, connections, and flow, it may also locate the pipe spatially.

Single-line and double-line pipe drawings

The single line pipe drawings shown in Figure 39 display the pipe in
isometric and orthographic projections. Notice how the spacing and location
of pipe gain importance.
Figure 40a shows a double-line drawing. It also shows the difference
between the older single-line drawings (Figure 40c) and the current single-
line technique (Figure 40b).
 Pipe line
a -Tee

Elbow
40

a. Isometric -- ~

\
I
,~
_ ' - ' - Adjoining apparatus
(tank)
_Naive
/
A

80 _ L __ ~ _1-1_-,
1___ ___ _ I
--.I------l
if
c
35
i

Tee
A

Pipe line

L -_ _ _ _ _ _:- - - - -
, -_-+,_--,
-------.,~
'~ Adjoining apparatus
(tank)
b. Orthographic Valve

I I
f 'a
40

A ,- - - - - - - '",
Elbow
A

1_ _ _ _ _ _ -
-, ." ..
,
,~~~

Figure 39 Piping drawing

3
 +- - -- ---------
Cross

~ Plug
-
~ " " Lateral
a.

~ [~======~
J_ Tee ~ Flanged Check 45° elbow
joint valve

I' t -,] '-------.!.--1 ,

I
I' Cross

b.
I Elbow Globe
valve
I
Plug
Gate
valve
/ i n lines for fittings
.~
Lateral

Thick lines for

Cap

L Tee
pipe and flanges

Flanged Check 45° elbow

L joint valve
Elbow (used only to indicate direction of pipe)

Elbow
~
I

Cross
- '"1

Lateral
l ,I

r-
Cap
Globe Gate
valve Plug valve

~
c.
Tee

Flanged Check 45° elbow

joint valve
1-
Elbow

Figure 40 Single-line and double-line piping drawings

3 33
 Symbols and abbreviations
Symbols are the shorthand signs used on drawings. These symbols tell the
tradesperson what to do, and where to go or not to go for information. These
symbols are for the most part international but some countries have different
symbols. Accredited organizations like the International Standards
Organization (ISO), Canadian Standards Association (CSA), and American
National Standards Institute (ANSI) publish tables of symbols for welding,
piping, surface texture, and electrical elements. For a listing of symbols,
refer to the appropriate published standards. For a selection of hydraulic and
pneumatic symbols please refer to Chapters 16: Hydraulic Systems and
Chapter 17: Pneumatic Systems.

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3 - 34 MILLWRIGHT-TECHNICAL DRAWINGS