February 2016

Maichew Tigray Ethiopia

 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to acknowledge and give my warmest thanks to my project advisor Mr. Kibrom
Gidey who made this work possible. His guidance and advice carried me through all the stages
of writing my project. I would also like to thank my advisor for letting this work to be an
enjoyable project and for him brilliant comments and suggestions,

Finally, I would like to thank the almighty Allah, for letting me through all the difficulties. I have
experienced your guidance day by day. You are the one who let me finish my semester project in time. I
will trust drag on you only for future also.

I
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

NOTATIONS
p=Pitch of screw thread (mm)
n=Number of threads in contact with screwed spindle
l=Lead of screw thread (mm)

t=Thickness of screw

d=Nominal diameter of screw

(mm) dc =Core diameter of screw

(mm) dc =Mean diameter of screw

(mm)

𝛼=Helix angle of screw (degree)

W=Load (kg)

N=Normal reaction (newton)

M=Coefficient of friction

P=Effort (newton)

T=Torque

𝜇=Efficiency (%)

Fload =the force the jack exerts on the load.

Effort =the rotational force exerted on the handle of the jack

r =the length of the jack handle

BS=British standards

𝜎c=Pure compression stress

II
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

Ac =Cross sectional area of the screw shaft

𝜎c(max) = Maximum principal stress

𝑟max =maximum shear stress

J=Polar moments of inertia

bp =Bearing pressure on the nut

t1=Thickness of nut collar

h=Height of the nut

D 1=Outer diameter of nut collar

D2 =Outside diameter of nut collar

𝜎t=Tearing strength of the nut

𝜎c= =Crushing strength of the nut

𝑟Screw =Shearing stress on the screw

𝑟nut=Shearing stress on the nut

D3 =Diameter of head on top of screw

τ=Shearing stress of nut collar

D4=Diameter of pin

T=Total torque to which the handle is subjected

T1 =Torque required to rotate the screw

T2 =Torque required to overcome friction

T=Total torque subjected to handle

𝜎y =Yield stress

L=Length of the handle

III
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

D=Diameter of handle

M=Bending moment

H=The height of head

𝜎b =Bending stress

Leff =Effective length of screw

H1 =Lift of screw

Wcr =Buckling or Critical load

E=Young’s modulus or modulus of elasticity

JT=Moment of inertia of the cross section.

D5 =Diameter of body at the top

t2 =Thickness of body

t3 =Thickness of base

D6 =Inner Diameter at the bottom

D7=Outer Diameter at the bottom

Hb =Height of the body

IV
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

ABSTRACT
This technical paper presents design, and analysis of screw car jack. A screw jack
serves to give mechanical advantage by changing rotational force to linear force
thus allowing one to lift a load and support it at a given height. The aim of the
project was to come up with a design procedure for a simple screw jack. This
technical paper is divided into various sections that describe classification and
parts of the screw jack and selection of materials.

A factor of safety of 5 and above should be used in this design to reduce high
chances of failure due to dynamic loadings and impact loadings. Dynamics loading
is as a result of external interferences such as whirl wind, earth tremors and
external forces while impact loading is such as load is applied suddenly with a
short time and results into high stresses which can cause failure hence these calls
for a high factor of safety

Car jack is a device used to lift up the cars while changing the tires during an
emergency. Car jacks are available at the market has some disadvantages such as
requiring more energy to operate, are not suitable for women and cannot be used
on the uneven surface. The purpose of this project is to modify the design of the
existing car jack in terms of its functionality and also human factors
considerations.

The scopes of research were on the designing 200KN maximum lifting capacity of
car jack by using optimization concept. To optimize the existing design, the hand
lifter has been replaced by the use of pedal lever as it can reduce energy usage. In
addition, ergonomic factors are also taken into consideration in order to reduce and
simplify how to use a car jack. The best concept had been selected using the
weighted rating method; next step was to determine the part and component that

V
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

can be modified by arrange the part into chunks and clustering with the component
according to the function or system. From this step, it can be determined which
component can be reduced or modified. Then the configuration design was
analyzed according the function factor and critical issue so that the design that had
been implementing was according to the specification and customer requirement.
The last step for this project was parametric design. In this topic, the new project
concept will be calculated to obtain the required force and compared with the
theoretical calculation in the table of human factor

VI
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.................................................................................................................................I
NOTATIONS.................................................................................................................................................II
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................................V
CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background of screw car jack..........................................................................................................1
1.1.2 Types of jacks...............................................................................................................................2
1.2 Overview of the screw car jack............................................................................................................6
1.3 Applications..........................................................................................................................................6

1.4 Advantage and Disadvantages of screw car jack.................................................................................7

1.4.1 Advantages of screw car jack.......................................................................................................7
1.4.2 Disadvantages...............................................................................................................................7
1.5 Project motivation................................................................................................................................7
1.6 Components of screw car jack.............................................................................................................8
1.7 Improvements made.............................................................................................................................8
1.8 working principles of screw car jack...................................................................................................8
1.9 Problem statement................................................................................................................................9
1.10 Objective of the design......................................................................................................................9
1.11 General objective...........................................................................................................................9
1.12 Specific objective...........................................................................................................................9
1.1.3 Significance of this to design of the project..................................................................................9
1. 4 Scopes and limitation........................................................................................................................10
1.4.1 Scope...........................................................................................................................................10
1.4.2 Limitation........................................................................................................................................10
CHAPTER TWO.........................................................................................................................................11
LITRATURE REVIEW...............................................................................................................................11
2.1 Introduction to literature reviews about design of screw car jack.....................................................11
2.2 Illustrations of literature reviews about design of screw jacks..........................................................11
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS...................................................................12

VII
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

3.1 Detail design and analysis..................................................................................................................12

3.1.1 Overall specification of the project.............................................................................................12
3.1.2 Force analysis..............................................................................................................................12
3.1.3 Geometrical analysis...................................................................................................................13
3.1.4 Material selection........................................................................................................................13
3.1.5 Design of screw jack parts..........................................................................................................19
3.1.6 Design of screw spindle..............................................................................................................19
3.1.7 Design of nut...............................................................................................................................26
3.1.8 Design of head and cup...............................................................................................................29
3.1.9 Design check against instability or buckling..............................................................................31
CHAPTER FOUR........................................................................................................................................34
4.1 Result and discussion.........................................................................................................................34
4.1.2 Discussion...................................................................................................................................35
4.2 Conclusion and recommendation...................................................................................................36
4.2.1 Conclusion..................................................................................................................................36
4.2.2 Recommendation........................................................................................................................36
4.3 Part and assembly drawing....................................................................................................................36
4.3.1 Part drawings of screw car jack..................................................................................................36
4.3.2 Assembly drawing of screw car jack..........................................................................................42
5 APPENDIXES..........................................................................................................................................43
5.1 Appendix a.........................................................................................................................................43
5.2 Appendix b.........................................................................................................................................44
5.3 Appendix c.........................................................................................................................................45
5.4 Appendix d.........................................................................................................................................45
REFERENCE...............................................................................................................................................47

VII
I
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of screw car jack

Engineers play a key role in the development of our society, contributing towards building the
economy and inspiring changes that improve on the quality of life. They possess the ability to
comprehend technological processes and creative thinking skills which can help in solving of the
present problems in both business and industrial world.

Due to global and technological changes in the world today there is a need for research and
Development activities to help counter this, and this can be in terms of complete or slight
changes from the existing technology and all this work requires an engineer.

In an effort to improve the quality of life a power screw was invented, which is also called a
translational screw that converts rotary motion into translation motion. Power screws have many
applications such as in vices, fastening machines, screw jack and many others. The screw jack is
one of the power screws in which a small force is required to be applied to raise or lower a large
Load (Bhandari, 2010).

A lifting jack was first designed by Leonardo da Vinci in the late 1400s who demonstrated the
use of a screw jack for lifting loads using a threaded worm gear that was supported in bearings
and rotated by turning the worm shaft to drive a lifting screw to move the load.

In the early 1880s Frank Henry Sleeper designed a lifting jack which was also based on the
principle of ball bearings for supporting a load and transforming rotary motion into translation
motion. This design patent was bought by Arthur Osmore Norton leading to the first Norton
jacks, which were produced in Boston.

In 1883 a Mississippi river boat captain named Josiah Barrett came up with an idea of the ratchet
jack which was based on the familiar lever and fulcrum principle. Duff manufacturing company
took up that chance and started the production of Barrett jacks. More recent screw jack designs

1
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

have concentrated on improved efficiency and durability (Collection, 2015). So many writers
have come up with so many versions of the design procedures which are

1.1.2 Types of jacks

Jacks are of mainly two types- mechanical and hydraulic. They vary in size depending on the
load that they are used to lift

1.1.2.1 Mechanical Jacks

A mechanical jack is a device which lifts heavy equipment. The most common form is a car jack,
floor jack or garage jack which lifts vehicles so that maintenance can be performed. Car jacks
usually use mechanical advantage to allow a human to lift a vehicle by manual force alone. More
powerful jacks use hydraulic power to provide more lift over greater distances. Mechanical jacks
are usually rated for maximum lifting capacity. There are several types of mechanical jacks:
scissor jack, floor jack, scaffolds, bottle jack etc.

Scissor Jacks

Scissors jacks are also mechanical and have been in use at least since the 1930s. A scissor jack is
a device constructed with a cross-hatch mechanism, much like a scissor, to lift up a vehicle for
repair or storage. It typically works in just a vertical manner. The jack opens and folds closed,
applying pressure to the bottom supports along the crossed pattern to move the lift

Constructions of the scissor screw jack

A scissor jack has four main pieces of metal and two base ends. The four metal pieces are all
connected at the corner with a bolt that allows the corner to swivel .a screw thread runs across
this assembly and through the corners.as the screw thread is turned the jack arms travel across it
and collapse or come together, forming a straight line when closed .then moving back the other
way, they raise and come together. When opened the four metal arms contract together, coming
together at the middle, raising the jack .when closed the arms spread back apart and the jack
closes or flattens out again.

2
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

Figure 1 Scissor Jack

House jack

A house jack, also called a screw jack, is a mechanical device primarily used to lift buildings
from their foundations for repairs or relocation. A series of jacks is used and then wood cribbing
temporarily supports the structure. This process is repeated until the desired height is reached.
The house jack can be used for jacking carrying beams that have settled or for installing new
structural beams.

Figure 2 House Jack

3
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

Bottle (cylindrical) jack

Bottle screws may operate by either

 rotating the screw when the nut is fixed

 rotating the nut and preventing rotation of the screw

A bottle jack or whiskey jack is a jack which resembles a bottle in shape, having a cylindrical
body and a neck. Within is a vertical lifting ram with a support pad of some kind fixed to the top.
The jack may be hydraulic or work by screw action. In the hydraulic version the hydraulic ram
emerges from the body vertically by hydraulic pressure provided by a pump either on the
baseplate or at a remote location via a pressure hose.

Figure 3 Bottle Jack

4
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

1.1.2.2 Hydraulic Jacks

Hydraulic jacks are typically used for shop work, rather than as an emergency jack tobe carried
with the vehicle. Use of jacks not designed for a specific vehicle requires more than the usual
care in selecting ground conditions, the jacking point on a vehicle, and to ensure stability when
the jack is extended. Hydraulic jacks are often used to lift elevators in low and medium rise
buildings.

Figure 4 Hydraulic Jack

5
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

1.2 Overview of the screw car jack

A jack is mechanical device used to lift heavy loads or apply great forces. Jacks employ a screw
thread or hydraulic cylinder to apply very high linear forces. A mechanical jack is a device
which lifts heavy equipment more powerful jacks use hydraulic power to provide more lift
overgreater distance. The mechanical advantage is the factor by which a mechanism multiplies
the force or torque applied to it. An automotive jack is a device used to raise all or part of a
vehicle into the air in order to facilitate repairs. Most people are familiar with the basic auto jack
that was still included as standard equipment with most new cars. These days, fewer people than
everhave had to use a car jack. This is due to the continuing improvements in modern tires that
have made “getting a flat” rare. Even so, people who like to rotate their tires themselves or who
may install snow tires before the winter and remove them in the spring need to use a jack to
perform the job.

A jackscrew is a type of jack that is operated by turning a lead screw. In the form of a screw jack
it is commonly used to lift moderately heavy weights, such as vehicles. More commonly it is
used as an adjustable support for heavy loads, such as the foundations of houses, or large
vehicles. These can support a heavy load, but not lift it. The power screws (also known as
translation screws) are used to convert rotary motion into translator motion. For example, in the
case of the lead screw of lathe, the rotary motion is available but the tool has to be advanced in
the direction of the cut against the cutting resistance of the material. In case of screw jack, a
small force applied in the horizontal plane is used to raise or lower a large load. Power screws
are also used in vices, testing machines, presses, etc. In most of the power screws; the nut has
axial motion against the resisting axial force while the screw rotates in its bearings. In some
screws, the screw rotates and moves axially against the resisting force while the nut is stationary
and in others the nut rotates while the screw moves axially with no rotation.

1.3Applications
The main applications of screw jack are as follows:

 To raise the load, e.g. screw-jack,

 To obtain accurate motion in machining operations, e.g. lead-screw of lathe,

6
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

 To clamp a work piece, e.g. vice, and

 To load a specimen, e.g. universal testing machine.

1.4 Advantage and Disadvantages of screw car jack

1.4.1 Advantages of screw car jack

Screw jacks lift or raise the moderate heavy weights against gravity and uses very small handle
force that can be applied manually. Generally screw jacks have the following advantages:

 They are self-locking.

 They are simple to design.
 They are large load carrying capacity.
 The manufacturing of screw jack is easy without requiring specialized machinery.
 Screw jacks give smooth and noiseless service without any maintenance.
 There are only a few parts in screw jack. This reduces cost and increases reliability.
 They can lift moderately loads like cars with very less force.

1.4.2 Disadvantages
The major disadvantage of the screw jack is that chances of dropping, tipping or slipping of the
load are high, they should always be lubricated, and they cannot be used to lift or support very
heavy loads and can cause serious accidents hence the device is termed as not safe fail.

1.5 Project motivation

The main thing which motivates me to do this project is to get wide knowledge about the overall
functions of screw jack and about the working principle, detail design, and analysis, type of
screw jack, part of screw jack.

In general to know to know the way screw jack is working and to adopt the knowledge of using
screw jack in practical working area .for instance lifting cars and heavy load.

Secondly I am ambitious for making this project is given me by the lecture Mr. kibrom gidey for
the course of machine design project and I have to work this project properly for getting better

7
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

and good result, to increase the level of technology, the effort required in achieving the desired
output technically.

1.6 Components of screw car jack

Screw jack has the following parts:

 Body (Frame)
 Screw rod (spindle)
 Nut and collar for nut
 Handle (Tommy bar)
 Cup
 Set screw
 Washer

1.7 Improvements made

This project is designed to improve the main parameter of screw jack like the maximum lifting
height by reducing the effort required to raise the load of the part.

1.8 working principles of screw car jack

Screw jack consists of a screw and nut.the nut is fixed in a cast iron frame and remains
stationary. The rotation of the nut inside the frame is prevented by pressing a set screw against it.
The screw is rotated in the nut by means of a handle which passes through a hole in the head of
the screw .the head carries a platform which supports the load and remains stationary while the
screw is being rotated. A washer is fixed to the other end of the screw inside the frame which
prevents the screw from being completely turned out of the nut.

8
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

1.9 Problem statement

The purpose of the Jake is to lift the weight of 200 KN vehicles. The maximum lifting height of
the jack is 200mm.The type of Jake used to lift the vehicle is Jack screw design to the whole
component of the Jake.

1.10 Objective of the design

1.11 General objective.

The general objective of this project is to design screw jack with the details drawing.

1.12 Specific objective.

 To design screw jack screw spindle
 To design head cup of screw jack
 To design nut in screw jack
 To design body of screw jack
 To prepare the detail drawing

1.1.3 Significance of this to design of the project

The main significance of this to design and detail analysis about screw car jack.
Equipping motorist with car jacks has provided many benefits to those who are on the
road .the most importantly in this project has seen jacks have equipped drivers with the
ability to change a tire in an emergency situation without having to call for assistance
which can save service fees and potential towing fees as well.

9
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

1. 4 Scopes and limitation

1.4.1 Scope
This project is about the designing and fabricating the car jack. The types of car jack that we
were used in this project were hydraulic car jack as it is more reliable and easy to operate. In
order to develop new concept of the car jack design. The scopes of project were on the designing
200KN maximum lifting capacity of car jack by using optimization concept. For optimizing the
human power, the concepts that will be used in this product were replacing the long arm with the
leg pad. By this, the mechanical advantage while lifting can be reducing. Therefore, the
deformation, von stress misses, and the factor of safety of pedal lever will be analyzed using the
Finite Element Analysis Software. From our analysis, we will propose the best concept of the car
jack in terms of friendly user.

1.4.2 Limitation
In the design of screw car jack we have faced so many limitations including:

 Lack of resource i.e. computer access, Mat lab, and other software’
 Lack of experience

10
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

CHAPTER TWO

LITRATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction to literature reviews about design of screw car jack

Screw jack is also called jack screw in other terms. A screw jack is an example of a power screw
and referred to as a mechanical device that can increase the magnitude of an effort force. Screw
jacks are used for raising and lowering platforms and they provide a high mechanical advantage
in order to move moderately heavy and large weights with minimum effort. They function by
turning the lead screw when raising or lowering of loads.

2.2 Illustrations of literature reviews about design of screw jacks

The jack can be raised and lowered with a metal bar that is inserted into the jack. The operator
turns the bar with his/her hands in a clockwise direction. This turns the screw inside the jack and
makes it go up. The screw lifts the small metal cylinder and platform that are above it. As the
jack goes up, whatever is placed above it will raise as well, once the jack makes contact. The bar
is turned until the jack is raised to the required level. To lower the jack the bar is turned in the
opposite direction.

Parameter input

Type of jack Load(KN) Maximum lifting

height(mm)

Screw jack 200 200

11
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS

3.1 Detail design and analysis

3.1.1 Overall specification of the project

Design of screw car jack

parameter value Unit

lift weight 200 KN
Maximum hight 200 Mm

Table 1 general specification of the project

3.1.2 Force analysis

The force analysis consideration is based on the assumption of the screw jack load by vertically
symmetrical and in this subject we will see how to calculate the different dimensions of
mechanical jack screw since the dimension is necessary to calculate the force analysis in
mechanical jack screw.

Given

F = 200 KN

g =9.81 m/s

To find the mass

F=Mg

𝐹
M= 200000
= 20387.35984 Kg
𝑔 9.81𝑚/𝑠

12
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

So the maximum amount of mass is 20387.35984kg

3.1.3 Geometrical analysis

The geometrical analysis deal with the determination of the overall dimension of the part for
which the maximum lifting height is 200mm and jack type of mass 20387.35984Kg and
maximum lifting weight is 200KN

3.1.4 Material selection

3.1.4.1 Introduction
Material selection is an important process in design processes. Selecting materials is a process
that is design-led in that the material selection process uses the design requirements as the input
so as to come up with materials that have the desired properties for the part to be designed to
function well

13
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

3.1.4.2 Engineering Materials for Components

The common engineering materials used in making machine components include;

 cast iron,
 Steel (all types of steel)
 Copper and its alloys
 Aluminum and its alloys
 Plastics.

Therefore, the right materials for the design of the screw jack parts should be selected. Selection
requires one to consider the following factors which give the best material fit for the design job:

 Specific strength and mass.

It is preferable to select a material of high yield stress with ability to carry external load without
failure and low density in order to realize a screw shaft of high strength and low mass. Therefore,
the material selection process should aim to maximize the quantity termed as the specific
strength.

 Resistance to abrasive wear.

Most of engineering materials in contact with one another are subjected to surface wear due to
relative motion. It is therefore desirable to select a material from the candidate materials with
low wear rate or capacity to resist abrasive wear at the thread surfaces.

 Resistance to buckling.
Heavy loads may cause the screw to buckle once the critical load is exceeded. It is
preferable to select a material with high resistance to buckling of the screw, that is,
excellent elasticity and deflection behavior in response to application of an external load.

14
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

 Availability, Cost and Affordability.

It is also preferable to choose a material with the highest affordability rating. Relative cost of the
materials is used in finding or calculating the affordable rates.

Therefore, the availability of the material and the cost of processing the material into the finished
product need to be taken into account and considered as supporting information when making the
final choice of the material.

 Heat transmission properties.

As we know there always a relative motion between screw and nut, which cause a friction that
generates heat which can cause change in the mechanical properties of the material. Other
relevant properties include; resistance to corrosion, electrical and mechanical properties, heat
transmission properties etc.

3.1.4.3 Steps for Selection of Materials for Components

Selection of materials in engineering design involves the following steps

 Translation of design requirements into specifications for a material.

 Screening out those materials that do not meet the specifications in order to leave only
the viable candidates.
 Ranking of the surviving materials to identify those that have the greatest potential.
 Using supporting information to finally arrive at the choice of material to be used

The first three steps involve mathematical analysis, use of various charts and graphs of specific
property such as specific strength, wear resistance, buckling resistance and affordability. The
materials are compared, ranked as per the indices of merit and available supporting information
is used to reach the final decision.

In this project, information from case studies on previous designs of similar products is used in
material selection for the screw jack components/parts. However, other factors such as

15
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

availability of the candidate materials, purchase price of the candidate materials, manufacturing
processes and properties, forms and sizes in which the materials are available are also considered

3.1.4.4 Components and their Specific Materials Selected

The goal of material selection is to come up with an appropriate material that best meets the
design requirements. The approach is to identify the connection between functional requirements
and the material properties so as to help us reduce the number of candidate materials from which
to select from. The following are components and materials required in the design of a power
screw (screw jack):

Frame (Body)

The frame of the screw has a complex shape. it subjected to compressive stress. For this reason
grey cast iron of grade FG220 (SUT =220Mpa) as a material is selected for the frame. This is also
evident from the case study on previous design of the same product (Nyanja, 18 December,
2006). Cast iron is cheap and it can give any complex shape without involving costly machining
operations. Cast iron has higher compressive strength compared to steel. Therefore it is
technically and economically advantageous to use cast iron for frame. The purpose of the frame
is to support the screw jack and enable it to withstand compressive load exerted on it

Mechanical property British standard specification

Tensile strength(Mpa) 220
compressive strength(Mpa) 766
Shear strength(Mpa) 284
Endurance limit(Mpa) 96
Young’s modulus(Gpa) 89-114
Modulus of rigidity(Gpa) 36-45
Hardness number(HB) 196
Table 2 mechanical property of cast iron – appendix A

SCREW

16
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

The screw is subjected to torsional moment, compressive force and bending moment. The screw
profile is square type because of its higher efficiency and self-locking but not compared to
trapezoidal threads. Square threads are usually turned on lathes using a single point cutting tool
also square threads are weak at the root and this leads to use of free cutting steel. Screws are
usually made of steel where great resistance to weather or corrosion is required. Most fasteners
close to 90% use carbon steel because steel has excellent workability, offers abroad range of
attainable combinations of strength properties and it is less expensive. Medium plain carbon steel
can be heat treated for the purpose of improving properties such as hardness, strength (tensile
and yield), the desired results are therefore obtained (Fasteners, 2005). This leads to the use of
plain carbon steels.

Material British Production Maximum Yield Tensile elongation Hardness

in process section strength(Mpa) strength(Mpa) number
tandard
size
0.30C 080M30 Hardened 63 385 550-570 13 152-207
and
tempered

Table 3 mechanical propert of plain carbon steel-Appendix B

NUT

There exists a relative motion between the screw and the nut which causes friction, friction in
turn causes wear of the material used for screw and nut. Therefore, it requires one of the two
members to be softer. A suitable material for the nut is therefore phosphor bronze which is a
copper alloy with small percentage of lead and has the following advantages;

 Good corrosion resistance.

 Low coefficient of friction.
 High tensile strength
Bronze have 0.2% phosphors to increase tensile strength and the yield stresses may
be taken as in tension =125Mpa.compression=150Mpa,yield stress in

17
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

shear=105Mpa with safe bearing pressure of 15Mpa,ultimate tensile strength is

190Mpa and a coefficient of friction of 0.15

Type of power Screw Nut material Bearing Rubbing

screw material pressure(Mpa) speed(m/s)
Screw jack steel Bronze 11-17 3
Table 4 safe bearing pressures for power screws Appendix

HANDLE

The handle is subjected to bending moment so plain carbon steel of BS080M30 yield strength of
385Mpa can also be used.it has the same mechanical property as in bellow table 4

Materi British Production Max Yield Tensile Elong Hardness

al standared in process section strength strength(Mpa) ation number9H
size(mm) (Mpa) % B)

0.30C 080M30 Hardened 63 385 550-570 13 152-207

and
tempered
Table 5 mechanical properties of plain carbon steel -Appendix

CUP

Shape of cup is complex and thus requires casting process. It also has the same properties as in
table 3. Taking graphite flakes cast iron with an ultimate tensile strength of 200Mpa.the graphite
flakes improve the ability to resist compressive load.

Set screw and lock nut+washer

The purpose of the set screw is to resist motion of nut with screw. The lock nut +washer on the
other hand are used to provide uniform force by enlarging the area under the action of the force.
We can use plain carbon steel for both and they have the same manufacturing process and
properties in table 5

18
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

Materi British Production Max Yield Tensile Elong Hardness

al standard in process section strength strength(Mpa) ation number9H
size(mm) (Mpa) % B)

0.30C 080M30 Hardened 63 385 550-570 13 152-207

and
tempered
Table 6 mechanical properties of plain carbon steel-Appendix B

3.1.5 Design of screw jack parts

Design and draw a screw jack for lifting a safe load of 200 KN through lift of 200mm.the elastic
strength of the screw may be taken as 240Mpa in compression and 160Mpa in shear.

Given data

W = 200KN

H = 200mm

µ = 0.15

Let the factor of safety (F.S) 5

3.1.6 Design of screw spindle

The screw is subjected to torsional moment, compressive force and bending moment. The screw
profile is square type because of its higher efficiency and self-locking but not compared to

19
DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

20
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

trapezoidal threads. Square threads are usually turned on lathes using a single point cutting tool
also square threads are weak at the root and this leads to use of free cutting Steel. Screws are
usually made of steel where great resistance to weather or corrosion is required. Most fasteners
close to 90% use carbon steel because steel has excellent workability, offers abroad range of
attainable combinations of strength properties and it is less expensive. Medium plain carbon steel
can be heat treated for the purpose of improving properties such as hardness, strength (tensile
and yield), the desired results are therefore obtained. This leads to the use of plain carbon steels
(i.e. 0.30C).

Material specification selected for the screw spindle is plain carbon steel to British Standard
specification BS 970 080M30, Hardened and Tempered, whose properties are as shown in
Appendix B and the material yield strength is 700Mpa

3.1.6.1 Under compression

We consider the compression to get core diameter due to the compression resisting
area

Let, A= resisting area = A =

𝜋
4
dc2

d c= core diameter of the

screw W = Capacity load

Then,

W= σc×Ac equation 1

𝜋
A=
4 d 2c equation 2

Combining equation one and equation 2 we get the value of core diameter

Taking factor of safety = 5

4×5×200𝐾𝑁
4𝑊×𝐹.𝑆 =√ = 42.65mm
d c= √ 𝜋𝜎𝐶 700×𝜋

21
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

For square thread of fine series the following dimension of screw are obtained from table
17.2(Gupta 2005)

Thus

Core diameter dc =59mm

Nominal diameter do =62mm

Pitch of the threads (p) =3mm

𝑑𝑜+dc =𝑚𝑚 = 60.5mm

d= 2 2

tan 𝛼 = 𝑝

= (60.5) = 0.01578
𝜋𝑑 3

α = 0.904

Assuming the coefficient of friction between the screw and the nut 𝜇 = 0.1

𝜇=tan 𝛽

⇒ 𝛽=tan−1 𝜇

⇒ 𝛽=tan−1 0.1=5.71

22
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

Figure 6 section of screw spindle

3.1.6.2 Considering torsional shear stress for screw spindle

The torque required to raise the load by means of square threaded screw may be determined by
considering a screw jack by the load to be raised or lowered is placed on the head of the square
threaded rod which is rotated by the application of an effort at the end of the lever for lifting or
lowering the load.

A little consideration will show that one complete turn of a screw thread be imagined to be
unwound from an inclined plane. Development of screw based on the principle on which a screw
jack works is similar to that of an inclined plane. Therefore the force applied on the
circumference of a screw jack may be considered horizontal since the screw is supported to
twisting moment. So torsional shear stress is induced. This is obtained by considering the
minimum cross section of the screw. We know that shear stress due to torque transmitted by the
screw

23
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

Figure7 screw jack

A little consideration will show you that if one complete turn of the screw thread be imagined to
be unwound, from the body of screw and developed, it will be an inclined plane.

Figure 8 development of screw

The principle that the screw jack work is similar to an inclined plane. Therefore the force applied
on the circumference of screw may be assumed as horizontal

24
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

Torque required to rotate the screw in the nut. We know that torque required to rotate the screw
is the same as the torque required to lift the load
𝑑
T1 = 𝑃𝑑 = Wtan( 𝛼 + 𝛽)
2 2

60.5𝑚𝑚
⇒ 200000N(tan( 0.904 + 5.71) )
2

⇒ T1 =701507Nmm

Compressive stress due to axial loads

W = σc×Ac

𝑤
σc =
=5026.548 = 73.2Mpa
200𝐾𝑁
Ac

And shear stress due to the torque

τ = 16T1/dc3π =17.4Mpa

3.1.6.3 Considering the maximum principle stress

Maximum principal stress (compressive or tensile)

25
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

σc (max) = 0.5[σc +√( σc) 2+4𝑟2

⇒ 0.5[73.2+√( 73.2)2+4(17.4)2
⇒ 0.5[73.2+√5358.24+1211.04
⇒ 77.13Mpa , thus
σc (max) =77.13Mpa

3.1.6.4 Considering the maximum shear stress

When the screw is subjected to direct stress and torsional stress then the design must be
based on maximum shear stress theory .according to which maximum shear stress on the
minor section. The design value of shear stress is 17.4Mpa.the maximum shear and
compressive stress is less than the permissible stress.
τmax =0.5√𝜎c2 +4τ2
⇒ 0.5√(73.2)2 +4(17.4)2 =44.3Mpa
⇒ 0.5√5358.24 +1211.04
⇒ 40.53Mpa
Therefore, τmax=40.53Mpa

The given value of shear stress is the quotient of ultimate shear stress of the material and factor
of safety

Allowable shear stress = 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 = 450𝑀𝑝𝑎 = 90Mpa
5
𝑟all = 90Mpa

The given value of compressive stress is the quotient of ultimate compressive stress of the
material and factor of safety

Allowable compressive stress = 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 = 700𝑀𝑝𝑎 = 140Mpa
5

𝜎all =140Mpa

Because of, 𝜎all > σc (max) and 𝑟all > τmax

 Critical for safe design against principal stress

26
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

3.1.7 Design of nut

There exist a relative motion between the screw and the nut which causes friction. In
turn causes wear of the material used for screw and nut. Therefore it requires one of the
two members to be softer. A suitable material for the nut is therefore phosphor bronze
which is copper alloy with small percentage of lead and has the following advantages
Good corrosion
Low coefficient of friction

High tensile strength

From 6.3 Appendixes C: safe bearing pressure for power screws [2]
Type of power Screw material Nut material Bearing Rubbing speed
screw pressure
Screw jack steel bronze 11-17Mpa 3m/s

Table 7 safe bearing pressures for power screws

3.1.7.1 Considering the height of the nut

Assume that the load is distributed uniformly over the cross sectional area of the nut. In order to
reduce wear of the screw and the nut the bearing pressure on the thread surface must be within
limits. The design of screw that the bearing pressures depend upon the materials of the screw and
the nut relative velocity between the nut and screw and the nature of lubrication. Let Resisting
area (A) ,height of nut =thickness of screw =t

Then

A = (d 2o-d 2c)
4

⇒ (622-592) =285.099mm2
4

h = n×p and t= p/2=1.5mm

27
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

Let, n = the number of thread in contact with screw

b𝜋 d - d
2 2)
spindle n = 4w( /P
o

⇒ 4(200KN) ÷ 17𝜋 (622 – 592)

⇒ 41.26, say 42

Thus, n=42, using the value of n we can find the height of the nut(h) as folllowes

h = height of the nut

= n× 𝑝 ⇒ 42× 3 ⇒ h=126mm

⇒ 42× 3 ⇒ h=126mm

 The height of the nut is safe when the it is greater than four times of core diameter of
screw spindle. then ,
h < 4dc < 4×59mm
⇒ 126mm<236mm
 So the nut height is safe since the criteria is valid for h=126mm
Stress in the screw and the nut

Let us check the stress induced in the screw and nut. The thread of the screw at the core or root
diameter and the threads of the nut at the diameter may be shear due to the axial load.

𝑤
τs =
= 42(1.5×59) =17.13Mpa
𝜋𝑛𝑡dc 200𝐾𝑁

𝑤
𝑟n =
= 42(1.5×62) =16.3Mpa
200𝐾𝑁
𝜋𝑛𝑡do

Since both stresses are within permissible limit my design for nut is safe

3.1.7.2 The outer diameter of the nut

The outer diameter is found by using the earing strength of the nut collar. Let D1 = diameter of
the nut, D2 = outer diameter for nut collar,t 1 = thickness of nut collar, 𝜎t = tearing strength of the
nut, 𝜎c = crushing strength of the nut

28
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

𝜎 t=
𝑛𝑢𝑡
𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 = 150 𝑀𝑝𝑎 =30Mpa
5
𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦

𝜋
w= 4
( D12 –d 2)𝜎t
o
𝜋
Then, = 4𝑤
( D12 –d 2) ⇒ = ( D 2 –d 2)
𝜎𝑡 4 o 1 o
𝜎𝑡𝜋

⇒ D12 = 4𝑤
+d 2
⇒ D 2 = 4(200𝐾𝑁) + 622
o 1
𝜎𝑡𝜋 30𝜋

⇒ D1 = √12332.263 ⇒ D1 = 111mm

3.1.7.3 The outside diameter of the collar

The outside diameter of the collar is found by considering the crushing strength on the nut collar.
Where crushing strength of the nut is compressive stress then we get as follows

To find D2

𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑢𝑡

𝜎
125𝑀𝑝𝑎
c= = = 25Mpa
𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 5

w = 𝜋 ( D22 –D12) 𝜎c
4

𝑤 𝜋
= ( D22 –D12) when we divide both side by 𝜎c
𝜎𝑐 4

4𝑤 4
= ( D22 –D12) when we divide both side by
𝜎𝑐𝜋 𝜋

2 4𝑤
D2 = 𝜎𝑐𝜋 + D12

D22 = 4(200𝐾𝑁) +111.052 ⇒ D2 =√22500 =150

25𝜋

3.1.7.4 Thickness of the nut collar

It is found by considering the shearing strength of the collar

105𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑟n =
𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 ⇒ = 𝑟n=21Mpa
𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 5

𝑤 21(111.05)π
t1 =
𝑐n(D1)π 200𝐾𝑁
⇒ t 1=
29
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

= 29.7mm ≈ 30mm

30
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

3.1.8 Design of head and cup

The head is provided with two holes at the right angles to receive the handle for rotating the
screw. The seat for the cup is made equal to the diameter of head and it is given chamfer at the
top. The cup prevents the load from rotating.

3.1.8.1 Dimensions of diameter of head at the top of the screw and for the cup
The cup is fitted to head with a pin of diameter approximately.the pin should remain loose fit in
the cup diameter of head of screw 1.75 times the outer diameter of the screw

D3= 1.75do ⇒ D3= 1.75(62)

⇒ D3= 109mm

The head is provided with two holes at the right angles to receive the handle for rotating the
screw. The seat for the cup is made equal to the diameter of head. 109mm and it is given chamfer
at the top. The cup prevents the load from rotating.
D3
D4 = = 108.5 = 27.125mm ≈ 27mm
4 4

The pins remain loose fit with in the cup. Other dimensions for the cup may be taken as follows

DO = mm
 Thickness of the cup =24mm
 Diameter of the pin 30mm
 Fillet radius =10mm

3.1.8 .2 Torque required overcome friction

We know that by assuming uniform pressure condition torque required to overcome
friction is given as follows

T2= 𝜇w [(D 3)3 – (D4)3] /3[(D 3)2 – (D4)2]when we substitute each known value
we get , T2 =762401.96N/mm =762.402Nm

31
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

3.1.8.3 Total torque subjected to the handle

The total torque (T) to which the handle is subjected is given by

T = T1+T2

⇒ T = 701507Nmm + 762401.96Nm ⇒ T = 1463908.96Nmm

Let the effort force applied on the handle by one worker is equal to 400N and this design of
screw jack is lifted by 4 worker of the same pushing force of 400b. Thus the total force becomes
1600N.

Taking the force of 119, then we can find the length of the handle as follows

𝑇
L =
𝐹
=
1463908.96Nmm = 460mm
4∗400𝑁

Then, the bending moment can be calculated as,

M = force applied × length of the handle

M = 1600N×460mm = 736000Nmm

3.1.8.4 Diameter of the handle

A little consideration will show that an excessive force applied at the end of lever will cause
bending. Considering the bending effect the maximum bending moment on the handle M=force
applied×length of the handle. Assuming that the material of handle is same as that of screw, thus
taking bending stress as tensile stress or compressive stress we can determine the diameter of the
handle lever

𝜎b = 𝜎t = 𝜎c

⇒ 𝜎b = 700𝑀𝑝𝑎 =140Mpa
5

Using bending moment equation 𝑀 = 𝜎bD3 𝜋

32

3 32𝑀
⇒D = (𝜎b) ⇒D =
3 23552000𝑚𝑚 = 62473.80
376.99

32
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

⇒ D = ∛62473.80 = 39.6mm ≈ 40mm

33
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

3.1.8.5 Height of head

Height of the head is usually taken as twice the diameter of handle

H=2(D)

⇒ H=2(51mm) =102mm

3.1.9 Design check against instability or buckling

We can know that the effective length for the buckling of screw.when the axial load is
compressive and the unsupported length of the screw between the load and the nut is short. But
when the screw is axially loaded in compression and the unsupported length of the screw
between the load and the nut is too great and then the design must be based on column theory
assuming suitable conditions

L =Lift of screw+0.5hight of nut

⇒ L =200mm+0.5(126mm) =263mm

When the screw reaches the maximum lift, it can be regarded as strut whose lower end is fixed
and the load end is free. Therefore the buckling or critical load for this given condition

Wc r= AC × 𝜎y [1−[𝜎y÷[4C𝜋2E(L/K)2]]] equation 1

For one end is fixed the other is free

C=0.25

Also k=the radius of gradation =0.25(dc) =0.25(59) =14.75mm ⇒ K= 15mm

The elastic modulus E is taken by assumption and it is equal to 200× 109

Using equation1 one we can find Wcr=984889.356N

From our result Wcr greater than the size of screw 200KN

So, the screws have not a chance to buckle

34
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

3.1.10 Design of body

Most of body frames are conical in shape and hallow internally to accommodate both the nut and
the screw assembly. The frame works to ensure that the screw jack is safe and has a complete
rest on the ground

The purpose of frame is to support the screw jack and to enable it to withstand compressive load
exerted on it. The frame is a bit complex and thus requires casting as a manufacturing process.
For this reason gray cast iron as a material is selected for the frame. This is also evident from the
case study on the previous design of the same product. Cast iron is cheap and it can give any
complex shape without involving costly machining operation

Cast iron has higher compressive strength compared with steel. Thus it is technically and
economically advantageous to use cast iron for the frame graphite flakes cast iron with an
ultimate tensile strength of 220Mpa is considered suitable for the design of the frame .the
graphite flakes improve the ability to resist compressive load

The diameter of the body may be fixed and given as follows:

Diameter of the body at the top

D5= 1.5(D2)

D5= 1.5(150mm) = 225mm

Thickness of the body

t3 = 0.25(do) ⇒ t3 = 0.25(62) =15.5mm≈16mm

Inside diameter at the bottom

D6 = 2.25(D2) ⇒D6 = 2.25(150mm) =337.25mm≈339mm

Outer diameter at the bottom

D7=1.75(D6) ⇒ D6 =1.75( 339)=593.25≈594mm

Thickness of the base

35
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

t2=2(t1) ⇒ t2=2(30mm) =60mm

Height of the body

Hb= max lift height +height of nut+ 150mm extra

Hb=200mm +126mm+ 150mm extra =476mm

Finally the body is tapered in order to achieve stability of the jack .let us now find the efficiency
of the screw jack

3.1.11 Efficiency of the screw jack

The efficiency of square threaded screw may be designed as the ratio of the effort required to
move the load to actual effort. The effort required to move the load taking friction into account
given as follows

TO =W tan 𝛼dm/2

⇒ TO =200 KN (0.015779085) 60.5/2=95590Nmm

⇒TO=95590Nmm

TO 95590Nmm
𝜇= 𝑇 = 1463908 = 0.06529

= 6.53%

The screw friction and collar friction is taken into account then the efficiency of screw jack

𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎(𝑝𝑜) tan 𝛼 ( 0.015779085)

μ= 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙(𝑝𝑖)= = tan(𝛼+∅) = 0.11595157 = 0.13608

μ=13.608%

36
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Result and discussion

4.1.1 Result

component parameter value

Screw spindle Core diameter dc 59mm

Outside diameter do 62mm

Mean diameter dm 60.5mm

TorqueT1 701507Nmm

Maximum compressive 77.13Mpa

stress 𝜎c(max)
Maximum shear 40.53Mpa

stress 𝑟(max)
Nut Height h 126mm
Thickness of nut collar t1 30 mm
Outer diameter of nut 111.mm
collar D1
Outside diameter of nut 150mm
collar D2
Shear stress in 17.13Mpa
screw 𝑟screw
Shear stress in nut 𝑟nut 16.3Mpa

Handle and cup Diameter of head D3 109mm

Diameter of pin D4 27mm

Torque T2 762401.96Nmm

37
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

Length of the handle L 12301.78mm

Maximum bending 1463908.96Nmm

moment M
Diameter of the handle D 51mm
height of the head H 102mm

Body or frame Diameter of the body at 225mm

the top D5
Thickness of the body t3 16mm
Inside diameter at the 339 mm
bottom D6
Inside diameter at the 594mm
bottom D7
Thickness of the base t2 60mmm
Height of the body Hb 476mm
Torque T1 701507Nmm
Table 9 Result and discussion

4.1.2 Discussion
From the above result we understand that the allowable stress are greater than the stress gotten
by calculation in the design and analysis of my project. This means that the design of screw jack
is safe

38
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

4.2 Conclusion and recommendation

4.2.1 Conclusion
The screw car jack is successfully designed so that it withstands all the mechanical stresses
acting on it. The screw car jack is analyzed under various conditions of operation. The stresses in
above-mentioned conditions are found out and thickness of various parts is selected such that the
stresses produced in each member are within the maximum allowable range. All the selected
have been successfully verified and hence the design of screw jack is safe.

4.2.2 Recommendation
From the project, I concentrated on design of a simple mechanical screw jack where the nut is
fixed in a cast iron frame and remains stationary while the spindle is being rotated by the lever.
This design can only work for light loads hence when a screw jack is needed for heavy load
application a different design is required where the nut is rotated as the spindles moves. Long
lifts should be avoided since they can cause serious overheating and generate a large amount of
heat. It should therefore be used under ambient temperatures with the use of the required
lubricants. Design and manufacturer’s instructions such as speed, load capacity and
recommended temperatures must be followed to avoid accidents. Always keep the mating
surfaces clean after use and check for wear and damage on the surfaces. I therefore recommend
design of a screw jack for the heavy loads.

4.3 Part and assembly drawing

4.3.1 Part drawings of screw car jack

Part drawing is a type of drawing which deals about drawing of the individual components of a
given machine

39
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

FIGURE 9 Part drawing screw jack body

40
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

FIGURE 10 Part drawing of screw jack nut

41
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

FIGURE 11 Part drawing of screw car jack handle

42
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

FIGURE 12 Part drawing of screw jack screw spindle

43
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

FIGURE 13 Part drawing of screw jack cup

44
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

4.3.2 Assembly drawing of screw car jack

FIGURE 14 ASSEMBLIES DRAWING OF SCREW CAR JACK

45
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

5 APPENDIXES

5.1 Appendix a: Mechanical Properties of Cast Iron (Nyangasi, 18 December,

2006)

46
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

5.2 Appendix b: Mechanical Properties of Steels (Nyangasi, 18 December, 2006)

47
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

5.3 Appendix c: Safe Bearing Pressure for Power Screws (Gupta, 2005

5.4 Appendix d: Basic Dimensions for Square Threads in Mm (Fine Series) According
To IS: 4694 -1968 (Reaffirmed 1996) (Gupta, 2005)

48
DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

49
 DESIGN OF SCREW CAR JACK

REFERENCE

50