ine-ve199 1asnuiog lsaioUsvAT

sorvadonof Mon
WORK, ENERGY YonEva

AND POWER thenfrom awot coevon of o

W s toeuibst=a13clv
bas velocity88 pyoeadborideio q6 aeel
o i n g ors b osolb0os= change n mometu 2nu.
ERZRAd3 to saslue
omimercial Unit oE d (d). 3f01
saubs7 6upoj
this chapter: This question is generally based on
mechanical
Generally one question
is asked from Donsider cve3 tor9t07 ds109 jdo RU a P
gy and newton s la orOOinoo7 gienld ()ndn,oviny along the sensegghoisnk fne
and espet
afber
eTkW 1h60e Matsl6eohesla and co

WORK 104 Types of WorkdS 56Tle

d 10 Work can be of three typess.v9TsnH i t o i goerad poiualbll
acts on an object and the objects19
When a force Positive Work It a on an object hasmutnoM
torce acting
actually moves in the direction of force, thenet adi )
thework is said to be done by the torce. iiese01ools a component in the
direction of displacement, s woo W
then the work done by the force is positive.
Work done by a Constant Force Gi) Negative Work If a force acting on an obeet
direction ot
has a component in the opposite
Work done by a equal to tneC
constant force 1s the force
then the work done by
product of the force and displacement of the displacement,
ollsen in
object in the direction of force.H181o sra ood is negative.
Work done = Force x Displacement of theie bn (ii) Zero Work Work done by a force is zero, if the vod
1390
aotsby svoda no
direction
object gets displaced along
a
duobject in the direction of force
Derpendicular tothe direction of the applied
C81of1o F S 9 e i o 3 to WB
Pm9oorTvesn3-no
l 1 gibrosoA torce.
ww.w.o
ofarut d19 Conservative Force
77777777 sJko1 the
if the work done Dy
50d

Osdofsmur971s bos 1 A force is conservative, from one point

to
ob hoW
an object
torce in displacing
TvT

T W=F s
comserved Jn of the path
followed
Or is independent end points.
W =Fs cos6 to another point only o n the
tauserioo
Work is a scalar quantity. Its SI unit is joule wol by the object
and and depends
electrostatic force
and
and CGS 9163e wsl aur G r a v i t a t i o n a l force, 109
J51 conservative forces,
unit 1s erg e.g. are all
all
cOd
d ftoriJ0do n6 10+210W aelastic force of a spring
a)elastic
joule =1009do ergido sds ads lo (39
io (31 +32) 9ono ugt 09 10 0
gT99 sonsroq boilso a
363no9-19+9
 There are three types of
potential energy
Non-conservative Force () Gravitational Potential Energy I is the pote
against energy associated with the state of
moving an object
If the a m o u n t of
work done in
to
another point
depends o n
thee
is
objects which attract
gravitational force.
one
eparationthe
another through
a force from o n e point such a force
then
moves,
which the body in
path along force. The
work done For two objects ot
and m
masses mm and m, Ses
along
ioital veloetyseparated by
non-conservative
torce distance r.
called a n o n - c o n s e r v a t i v e

a
moving object against
an
Gravitational potential energy
a closed path
is not z e r o . non-conservative
are U=-Gmm
and viscosity
Forces of friction
e.g.

ENERGYY
forces.
YO
201 energy,
If an object
rface of
of
the
massmis at height hrela
earth, then
gravitational poteto
defined as its capacity of
The energy
of an object is and its SI unit is
is a scalar quantity
doing work. Energy
joule. such as kinetic energý,
re appited or
R
several types of energies Kinetic
There are
sound energy, etc. reswhere, R= radius of the earth
potential energy,
heat energy,
known
hen the
and potential energy are combinedly
as
(6 andsg=acceleration due to gravity at sthe
energy surface of the earth
mechanical energy.
ccprding 19 eno (b) If h<<R then above formula reducesto
otio
1. Kinetic Energy o beasdvirtue
ylorergg ei soitesse a
of its
Umgh.
The energy possessed by
an object by (i) Elastic Potential Energy It is the potential
motion is called kinetic energy. energy
associated with the state of compression or eten
KE =mv of an elastic (spring ike) object.
Elastic potential energy,
where, m= mass of the object
and v=final velocity of the object 20 890K U- F AH0
Kinetic Energy and Linear (ii) Electrostatic Potential Energy The energy due to
Relation between
Momentum a 91do ne no gni10s 90101 1i lho s
svio the interaction between two electric charges is called
electrostatic potential energy. o t Dtsa a
We know that, KE =m d anoP5mi Electrostatic potential energy, U = 1A
KE1 ns fio gotos 9u1oL si roW avisay 4TE
KEPo1ib 3ti20gqo sdt ai 30200guie2 where, Eo is the permittivity of vacuum
2 yd onob 1ow 9d1 aod o s When the object is projected upwards, thenits
or KE =

Zm kinetic energy goes on changing to potental enes

:90101 s yd sao ( 0 and vice-versa.
From above relation it is clear that an oTo1 lo notosib sri ai 1os
kinetic energy without
object cannot havedo
haying momentum and vice-versa. Lavw of Conservation of Energy
Work-Energy Theorem 91ot According to law of conservation of energy, eners
This theorem states that work done by a only be transformed from one form to anotne 1tcan
force
an object is equal to the change in the kinetie acting on
neither be created nor be destroyed. The total encis
the object. energy of
o sar betore and after transformation, always remal
ains

Work done =Change in goioslquabneconstant.

kinetic enereybri ai aniog
lo13aN
W=K-Kist no dlno ebnoqolb bns 19ajdo aLaw of
oaThis of Conservation
Conservation of Mechanical
orl are
2. Potential Energy Us12013b o01ot lsnonivs
onaivao law states that, if only the conservative forces
hanical
op aninqe s lo ool doing work on an object, then the total mec
The energy possessed by an object by virtue of its energy (KE + PE) of the
tant,

position or configuration is called potential energy. object remains co

. KE+ PE=
constant
 GENEN

o91 sd noieillos ail olA 2.

Inelastic collision If there is aloss of kinetic energylsn
pOWER during a collision, then it is called an inelasticcollision.
eyofdoing w l i or the rate at which energy
Characteristics of inelastic collisions are as follows
Used o r ttransformed is called o-brord
tasterted
The
erred
or
(i) The kinetic energy is not conserved. h

topilio
(ii) The momentum is conserved. olbv
power
done in time t, thenieillos (ii) Total energy is conserved.
7 is
work
work
P =W o r k
10 muinamo iv) Some or all of the forces involved arety all
time
power,
ola c0eodg non-conservative.
p- WFS=F-v =Fo cose
P
Law of Conservation of Momentumds
1s w a t t honour of James
in in Collision
unit ofpower
he
SI
symbo. W. We express larger rate
having the If of masses m and m, move with velocities ujand
particles
kilowatt (kW).
ot M2 before collision and after collision wíth velocities v and
of
energy t r a n s t

W=1Js o muoomom Iiita oD2, then from law of conservation of momentum,

=1000 W 1000 Js =
mu + mu2 = mmV t mU
1 kW
W tg sdt gniglhgnent TA of strikes horízontally a wall with
1 MW =10 atal If an object mass m

KnetieVelocity v and bounces back with the same velocity, then the
power)
= 746 (watt) W 2mv.
HP (horse momentum =

VAR he Change in
Commercial Unit of Energyal 37 sdh eh
electric energy is Ch Elastic Collision in One-dimension
commercial unit of
The Consider two perfectly elastic objects A and B of masses m
iowat-hour (kWh). and m, moving along the same straight line with velocities u
iis the amount of
electric
energy by consumed an
and u2, respectively.0-OW Fi FOl2
W in hour. ls
gpliance of power 100
one
Let u u2after some time, the two objects collide head-on
1 kWh =1 kW x 1h =1000 Wx 3600 s and continue moving in the same direction with velocities o
=1000 J s x3 6 0 0 s a r o i h i
and v2, respectively. The two objects will separate after the
nu pod 796
1 kWh =36 x 10 J collision, if v2 > Vi

a iioioitoo As linear momentum is conserved inelastic collision, so

COLLISION r srislsy 9o oitta he worsk do m41 +mu2 mv +mV2

tracs
colision 1s said to occur between two objects, )m1
tler if they are physically collide against each
or if the path of one object is affected by the o ff rol Aines B LA B B
exerted oenzts corroey.
ti by the other object. Before collision During colision After collision
Elastic collision in one-dimension
ure are mainly two types of collision
SEiC collision If there is no loss of kinetic ey kinetic energy is also conserved in an elastic collision,
poray o Since,
tnergy during a collision, then it is called aneos0
elastic collision. s8nikee
.(i)
aracteristics of elastic collisions are asi
follows utr maima-mem
2
) The kinetic After solving the above two equations, we get
ene 1s conserved, the volooit
The moment rgy is conserved
2m2
Total 7+m, m+m2
v) Forces energy is conserved
involved during the collision are
m2-42 2m
74tm" y
conservative. We 2
m +ma2

pder the
 After the collision, the rectangular
Collision in
One-dimensioon the monmentum of m are as below componentsts of
inelastic
Consider an object
of mass mm moving
with
at rest. After
the
velocity u
collides
(i) mv1 COs1, along +ve X-axis om
head-on with
another object of m a s s m2 with a c o m m o n (ii) mo sine, along +ve Y-axis
m o v e together
objects
collision, the
two
After the collision, the rectangular
velocity .bs etio m m2
the momentum of m are as below components of
m1
(i) mv2 CosO2, along+ ve X-axis
Rorces o
Before collision
After collision (ii) m>v2 sin 2, along + ve Y-axis
so9encFO B
is conserved, Applying the principle ot conservation of
As the linear
momentum

+ m2 XO =
(m, + ma )v
FIoieillo ) momentum along X-axis, tdeie
m
Oom
29ololeolotTsG
mmv cose +m0 cos 6, .
mu =

or
nay8r90130olay ir m,)evbinedneseilloorood
The initial momentum of % or m2 along Y-axis
(m+
bgE doiiboloyoTugosmom fo no ngo io wal fooxt rod 1S
The loss in kinetic energy
on collision is 1s zero. O001-
Applying the princ1ple of conservationh of
potentdete
sOvrAK =Ki momentum along Y-axis,
tos sble9s=muf-(m + m2 )ot bs io..(ii) O mo Sin8, mV2 Sin8, ..
hechancat eterRY Smu3Rmo.m 98nsrio
As the KE is conserved in an elastic collision.
After putting the value of v in Eq. (11), we get
AK= 1 m
o 0 oites a
2 (m, +m2) o r 1obieno0
So, m
2 mmvf +mo 100-1
da gsoln goivom bes The four unknown quantities , V2,0 and 9,
Elastic Collision in Two-dimensions can be calculated using the three Eqs. ), (i)
and (111). By measuring one of the four
Suppose a particle of mm moving along X-axis with
mass

velocity collides with another particle of mass ma at rest. unknowns, say 6 experimentally the values of
After the collision, let the two particles move with velocities other three unknowns can be solved.
and D2, making angles 6 and 62 with X-axis. O1ello0
om spnil aA Coefficient of Restitution (e
omeg V1Sin 6 The ratio of relative velocity of particles after and
mi before collision is known as coefficient of
V COS 8 restitution.

e Relative velocity of separation (atter collision

m m2 2 noklog
X re Relative velocity of approach (before collision
at (At rest) ales
V2 COS 62
21tatle
1 2lon ar s h toialoo oitasd
N2 For a perfectly elastic collision, e=1.
V2sin 62 V2
Woro Elastic collision in two-dimensions For an inelastic collision, e =0.