L1: Introduction to Culture, Muslim culture, and not regard Muslims

Society and Politics as weird for observing this practice.

Culture, Society and Politics A holistic knowledge and understanding

of the characteristics and overall
Identity – distinctive characteristic that identities of one’s self, of other people,
defines an individual or is shared by and of different groups in society can
those belonging to a particular group. lead to a better world. One concrete way
Note: People may have multiple of achieving this is through constant
identities depending on the groups to dialogue and interaction.
which they belong. Culture - defined as a society’s way of
Example: One's identity can be that of a life, provides the basis for forging
daughter, son, brother, or sister. identities. It allows people to understand
themselves in relation to others and
Wife, Mom, Friend, Boss, Chauffeur, provides them a lens through which they
Chef – in one person base what is considered the “right ways”
of doing things.
● Identity can also be influenced by
Material Culture
other factors such as sexual
orientation, gender, and - refers to the physical objects,
nationality. resources, and spaces that
people use to define their culture.
Identity can also change over the course
These include homes,
of a person’s lifetime. It is continuously
neighborhoods, cities, schools,
shaped and reshaped through the
churches, synagogues, temples,
passage of time as well as the overall
mosques, offices, factories and
content of one’s life cycle, including his
plants, tools, means of
or her activities within the society and
production, goods and products,
interaction with other people.
stores, and so forth.
Identities are important because they
Non-material Culture
shape both individual and group
behavior as well as people’s views - refers to the nonphysical ideas
about other people and society. that people have about their
Learning about one's self, culture and culture, including beliefs, values,
society entails knowledge about various rules, norms, morals, language,
identities and how these shape people’s organizations, and institutions.
views and behaviors. For instance, the non‐material
cultural concept
For example: One of the food taboos
of religion consists of a set of
among Muslims, for instance, is the
ideas and beliefs about God,
editing of pork. A keen sense of other
worship, morals, and ethics.
people or group’s identities enables a
These beliefs, then, determine
person to understand this aspect of
how the culture responds to its
 ✔ Filipino
religious topics, issues, and
emigrants have also
events.
assimilated with other cultures
abroad.
SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND POLITICAL
CHANGE ✔ Some aspects of their beliefs and
values may have also changed.
People’s individual and collective
identities have oftentimes transformed ✔ These examples manifest that
social order and paved the way for
lasting change. international migration is creating
social, cultural and political
Examples: changes both here and abroad.
For instance, when Filipino first held
elections in the 1900s, only Filipino
males could vote and participate in Anthropology, Sociology, and
politics. However, when Filipino women Political Science.
became more educated either in the Anthropology
Philippines or abroad, they were
enlightened about their rights, ► Is the systematic study of
particularly suffrage and the right to
biological, cultural, and social
vote.
aspects of man.
Rapidly-advancing technology also
has profound implications for ► Derived from two Greek words
sociocultural and political change. “Anthropos”, which means man,
Because people know more about what and logos, which means study or
is happening elsewhere in the world, inquiry.
trends in clothing, hair style, fashion
style and food choices, among others ► It integrates elements from the
have also been transformed.
biological sciences and
The phenomenon of international humanities to fully comprehend
migration has also changed Filipino the complex human species,
identities and beliefs. including their past practices,
social patterns, across diverse
With this,
cultures.
✔ Filipinos have grown accustomed Examples of renowned
to families with members whose anthropologist
identities are not entirely Filipino.  Edward Bornett Taylor
Some families may have children
of mixed races as a result of was an English anthropologist, the
marriages to foreigners. founder of cultural anthropology.
Tylor's ideas typify 19th-century cultural symbolic anthropology and interpretive
evolutionism. In his works Primitive anthropology.
Culture (1871) and Anthropology (1881),
he defined the context of the scientific
study of anthropology, based on the Margaret Mead
evolutionary theories of Charles Lyell.
He believed that there was a functional American anthropologist whose great
basis for the development of society and fame owed as much to the force of her
religion, which he determined was personality and her outspokenness
universal. as it did to the quality of her scientific
work.

Franz Boas
Social anthropology
was a German-born American
anthropologist and a pioneer of modern ► Studies how social patterns and
anthropology who has been called the practices and cultural
"Father of American Anthropology". His variations develop across
work is associated with the movements different societies.
known as Historical Particularism and
Cultural Relativism. Cultural anthropology

► Studies cultural variation across

Alfred Kroeber different societies and examines
the need to understand each
influential American anthropologist of
culture in its own context.
the first half of the 20th century, whose
primary concern was to understand the Linguistic anthropology
nature of culture and its processes.
► Studies language and discourse
and how they reflect and shape
Bronislaw Malinowski different aspect of human society
one of the most important and culture;
anthropologists of the 20th century who Biologic and Physical Anthropology
is widely recognized as a founder of
social anthropology and principally ► Studies the origin of humans as
associated with field studies of the
well as the interplay between
peoples of Oceania.
social factors and the processes
Clifford Gleetz of human evolution, adaptation,
and variation over time.
American cultural anthropologist, a
leading rhetorician and proponent of Sociology
 ► Defined by Anthony Giddens as ► It focuses on the fundamental
“the study of human social life, values of equality, freedom, and
groups, and society.” justice and its processes are
linked to the dynamics of conflict,
► It is an academic discipline that resolution, and cooperation.
attempts to provide a deeper
assessment of individual and
group behavior, as well as social Some political scientist specialize in
phenomena, by examining the public administration
interplay between economic,
political, and social factors. ► Examines how the government
functions and how decisions and
policies are made
The discipline has been largely shaped
Political economy
by the works of
► Evaluates the interplay between
✔ Auguste Comte
economics, politics, and law
and its implications to the various
✔ Herbert Spencer
institutions within society

✔ Karl Marx Comparative politics

► Compares domestic politics and

✔ Emile Durkheim
governance systems across
different sovereign states.
✔ Max Weber
The discussion on social, cultural, and
political changes highlights the
importance of learning about our society
and its processes. In many ways, the
Political Science disciplines mentioned above help
people understand their social role
► Systematic study of politics and how they can participate in the
changes they wish to make in their
► Andrew Heywood describes respective societies.

political science as “the activity

through which people make,
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE AND
preserve, and amend the general
SOCIETY
rules which they live.”
Society and Culture
Society
 organized hunting and gathering
► A group of individuals sharing a
activities and distributed the
common culture, geographical accumulated food supply
location
2. Horticultural and pastoral societies
► That complex whole which
► Relied on the cultivation of plants
encompasses beliefs, practices,
values, attitudes, laws, norms, and their primary source of food.
artifacts, symbols, knowledge
and everything that a person ► Depended on the domestication
learns and shares as a member of animals
of society.
3. Agricultural societies

► Food production has become

A society is characterized by the
presence of the following elements: more efficient due to the new
methods of farming, the invention
a. Social solidarity of more advanced tools, and the
b. Shared identity and culture establishment of permanent
settlements.
c. A common language
4. Industrial societies
d. A large population and the ability
to sustain succeeding ► Technological advancement
generations of members
resulted in the inventions of
e. Define geographical area machine that improved
production
f. Political, economic, and social
organization ► The rise of urban centers of cities
was also a major development
during this period.
Five (5) major types of societies
according to how they changed and
developed over time.
5. POST Industrialist societies
1. Hunting and gathering
► Where knowledge is a commodity
► Communities date as far back as and technological innovation is
several millions years ago and key to long-lasting growth and
were considered the first development.
societies

► Social and economic units were CULTURE

the family and local clan which
 ► Is one of the important bases that ► Examines and provides
define and influence a society. explanations for the existence of
different cultural patterns as well
► Set of beliefs, ideas, values, as the similarities and differences
practices, knowledge, history and between different cultures.
shared experiences; attitudes, as The two major views with regard to
well as material objects and how cultures should be considered
possessions accumulated over in comparison to others
time and shared by the members
of the society. 1. Relativistic approach -
considered cultures as equal.
This view holds that there are no
TWO PRIMARY SOURCES OF “superior” and “inferior” cultures,
CULTURE and each is unique in its own
way.
1. Material culture
2. Ethnocentric approach- is the
Composed of the physical or tangible belief that one’s native culture is
objects produced, shared and utilized superior to other cultures. Tend
within society such as tools or to have a negative view of other
implements, paintings and other works countries and people.
of art, architectural styles, weaponry and
toys. Ethnocentrism

2. Nonmaterial culture ► Diminishes or invalidates “other”

Consist of intangible properties of ways of life and creates a
elements of society that influence the distorted view of one’s own.
patterns of action and behavior of its
members. ► As a result, this could affect
individual behavior and
relationships with other cultures.
SOCIETY AND CULTURE
ACCORDING TO THE THREE ► Extreme forms of ethnocentrism
DISCIPLINES have led to wars or colonization.
1. Anthropology “The Filipinos, the Americans little
brown brothers.” – William Howard Taft,
► Considers culture as the central 27th President of the United States, first
focus of its discipline. It studies American Governor-General of the
the different cultures of different Philippines (1901-1904).
societies.
Xenocentrism
 as defining features of the
► Some societies that have the
society.
tendency to consider their culture
as inferior to others. POLITICAL SCIENCE

Cultural relativism Also examines culture as a vital aspect

of society.
► Which recognizes and accepts Culture is seen as an important element
the cultural differences between in building social capital and could also
societies. lead to future conflicts and division.

► Believes that every aspect of a Multiculturalism

culture can be justified by the ► An ideology that acknowledges

context in which the culture has
been formed. and promotes cultural diversity
within society.
Sociology
► Entails the establishment of
relates culture with the overall context of
social order. There are different political groups and institutions
sociological perspectives that explain comprised of people from diverse
this order. cultures

Structural functionalism Cultural sensitivity

► Operates on the assumption that ► Advances awareness and

society is a stable and orderly acceptance of cultural differences
system. but encourages a critical stance
in dealing with issues regarding
► Structural functionalists diversity
considered culture as a glue that
► Not all cultural practices,
binds society together, leading to
social order. traditions, and views can be
integrated
Conflict theory

► Assumes that there is a constant

power struggle among the
various social groups and L2: The Dynamics of Culture and
institutions within the society. Human Evolution

Symbolic interactionism
The problem of defining culture
► Views individual and group
behavior and social interactions
 Note: Not only firearms, but also
● Culture is a controversial concept
science, mathematics, and even
among social scientists especially religion, evolved.
anthropologists.
Cultural survivals like these
● Raymond Williams, a British proved that all cultures evolved from
literary scholar defined culture as older “primitive” forms that look similar
ordinary. to what we see all over the world today.
● Culture should be seen not
simply as a belief system but as
Functionalist analysis of culture
something more pervasive and
� Functionalism defines culture as
integral to everyday life.
Culture is like soup or air that people a whole that provides an
breathe. overarching system of meanings
to what people do. Functionalism
focuses on the social roles that
DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO THE cultural items play within the
STUDY OF CULTURE social system as a whole.
The evolutionary concept of culture Bronislaw Malinowski and Emile
Durkheim
� The earliest theory about culture
is evolutionism. Evolutionism is
the notion that there exists one Marvin Harris (1974)
dominant line of evolution or
stages for the development of � study of sacred cows of India,
culture. In other words, all while falling into the cultural
societies pass through the same materialist paradigm, provides a
specified stages. good example of functionalist
Edward Burnett Taylor analysis.
1832-1917
� For Harris, the reverence for the
▪ Tylor believed that all of our cows among Indians has more to
cultural innovations evolved. do with economic adaptation than
religious doctrine.
▪ But in their evolution, some A structuralist analysis of culture
cultural practices were carried
into the present, even though � In the twentieth century, the study
many of their original meanings of culture was dominated by the
have been lost structuralist paradigm.
Structuralists like Claude Levi-
 � It is not the consciousness of
Strauss (1908– 2009 )
emphasized the synchronic
character of culture (the men that determines their
similarities of cultures across existence, but their social
time and space). existence that determines their
consciousness.
Note: Marx’s (1977, originally
Claude Levi-Strauss published 1859) famous Preface to
Feminist view of culture the Critique of Political Economy
argued
� The feminist analysis of culture is
� The Marxist analysis of culture is
a recent development in the
study of culture. This has to do very powerful in explaining the
with the rise of professional differences in lifestyles among
women in anthropology and other various classes especially
social sciences. between the working-class
families and middle classes.
� The entry of women in Note: Culture, once it is established,
anthropology meant the radical is also active in shaping the
questioning of the male bias in development of the economic
the study of culture. Whereas the system of society.
traditional study of culture
equated women with traditional
gender roles, feminists POSTMODERN
challenged this male bias. AND POSTCOLONIAL THEORIES OF
CULTURE

Margaret Maed (1901-1978) � Postmodern analyses of culture

Marxist analysis of culture show that culture is like a

narrative or story.
� Whereas feminists emphasize Note: The postmodern view of culture
the role of male bias in the study challenges the notion that there is a single
of culture, classic Marxist definition of culture.
analysis emphasizes the role of A culture like a story can have a life of its
economic class and the own. They, therefore, challenge the idea
economic life of society. that culture is the same for everyone. They
espouse cultural relativism and reject any
� The mode of production of search for cultural universals.
material life conditions the
� Cultural relativism is simply the
general process of social,
political, and intellectual life. belief that all cultures as equally
 complex. There is no such thing Cultural development closely followed
as a superior or inferior culture. the physical evolution of human beings.

� They also challenge the idea that � Material culture—of the tools
there is such thing as a “master humans use—is but a small
narrative” that underlines all portion of this cultural complex.
cultural forms as structuralists
The use of tools facilitated the
believed. Rather, cultures are
adaptation of early hominids to the
equally complex and they should
environment. The early hominids used
be interpreted based on their own
stones, woods, and bones to make their
logic and form.
own tools. Through the development of
THE BIOLOGICAL AND CULTURAL the brain and language, human beings
EVOLUTION OF HUMAN BEINGS have begun to produce an elaborate
system of communication.
� The Englishman Francis Bacon,
the pioneer in the use of the
scientific method, advocated the THE ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
use of induction to arrive at the
truth in his True Suggestions for � A culture like society has several
the Interpretation of Nature, elements. One of these elements
published in 1620. is the belief system.

� Fossils are the preserved In general, belief means, “[o]bjective

reality can be assumed as being
remains or traces of animals, represented within a person by certain
plants, and other organisms beliefs or expectations which to one
buried in the earth’s surface. degree or another are accepted as true,
and other beliefs or expectations
� The scientists who study the past accepted as false” (Rokeach,
by excavating the remains buried 1954:195).
underneath the earth’s surface
are called archaeologists. � Norms guiding ordinary usages
and conventions of everyday life
� If the human species evolve, so
are known as folkways. Among
does their culture. The concept of traditional Filipino families, for
cultural evolution—the idea that example, the children and young
culture evolves and that useful people are expected to show
parallels can be drawn between respect to elders through the use
biological and cultural change— of polite terms such as “po” and
has had a long and often “opo”.
controversial history in the social
sciences.
 � Mores are much stronger norms
Xenophobia, on the other hand, is the
fear of what is perceived as foreign or
than are folkways. They serve as strange.
rules that maintain order within a
community or society. Xenophobia can be seen in the relations
and perceptions of an in-group toward
an out-group.
CULTURAL VALUES
L3: LOOKING BACK AT THE
� Values are not directly HUMAN BIOCULTURAL AND
observable SOCIAL EVOLUTION

� Values are hierarchically ordered

Biological Evolution
systems both within the individual
and society. This ordering may
✔ It is the physical transformation of
be called a “value system” or
“value orientation” modern humans from hominids
into thinking modern humans
� Value, for Rokeach (1968) is “a or homo sapiens.
type of belief, centrally located Cultural Evolution
within one’s belief system, about
how one ought to and ought not ✔ It refers to the changes or
to behave , or about some end- development in cultures from a
state of existence worth or not simple form to a more complex
worth attaining” form of human culture.
Sociocultural evolution
The Characteristics of Culture
✔ Happens as a result of human
1. Culture is social because it is the
product of behavior. adaptation to the different factors
like changes in climates or in
2. Culture varies from society to society. their population increase.
3. Culture is shared.
4. Culture is learned. Charles Robert Darwin
5. Culture is transmitted among
✔ He was a naturalist and biologist
members of society.
known for his theory of evolution
7. Culture is gratifying and idealistic. and the process of Natural
Selection.
 refer to the remains of an object, such
✔ He was the first scientist to
as a shard of broken pottery or
publish a coherent theory of glassware.
Evolution by Natural Selection.
Three Principles of Natural Selection ✔ Gold belt buckle was excavated
in Pyongyang, North Korea
1. Every species is made up of a variety
during the Proto-Three Kingdoms
of individuals wherein some are better
period.
adapted to their environments compared
to others. ✔ Six pre-dynastic artifacts from

2. Organisms that have traits most ancient Egypt

suitable to their environment will survive Hominid
and transfer these variations to their
offspring in subsequent generations. Four Categories of Hominid

3. Organisms produce progeny with ✔ Sahelanthropus

different sets of traits that can be
inherited.
✔ Ardipithecus
From Hominids to Homo Sapiens
Artifacts and Fossils ✔ Australopithecus

❖ Fossils refer to the human, plant, ✔ Homo

animal remains that have been
preserved through time.
❖ Artifacts refer to objects that 1. Sahelanthroupus tchadensis (eats
raw or abrasive food)
were made and used by humans.
- The first hominid came from the
Fossil, remnant, impression, or trace of
lineage of the of the Sahelanthropus
an animal or plant of a past geologic
tchandensis species which is about 6-7
age that has been preserved in Earth’s
million years ago.
crust.
Where Lived: West-Central Africa
✔ Dinosaur fossils were found in (Chad)
Alberta, Canada. This skull is evidence that the species
✔ Fossil dragonfly, a form dating to had a small brain and a sloping face,
the Late Jurassic Period. like a chimpanzee. The size of the skull
suggests the individual was a male. His
An artifact is an object made by a small, flat canine teeth are unusual for a
human being. Artifacts include art, tools, male primate - one of the first unique
and clothing made by people of any time human traits.
and place. The term can also be used to
 �
Sahelanthroupus tchadensis
Small brain.
Characteristics

⮚ Skull similar to Australopithecus � Biped.

and modern human.
� Lived in jungles and forests like
⮚ Height almost similar to a
the chimpanzees.
chimpanzee.
⮚ Brain size of about 320-380 cubic
centimeters. 3. Australopithecus

⮚ Smaller teeth � Also called a southern ape.

⮚ Had the ability to walk upright
� It is the next group of hominids
Head reconstruction of Sahelanthropus after Ardipithecus.
tchadensis
based on fossil, "Toumai" by artist John � They lived in the African jungle
Gurche.
from 5 million to 1 million years
ago.
3. Ardipithecus ramidus ( eat Characteristics of Australopithecus
meat and plants)
� Brain weight of 500 cubic cm
was first reported in 1994; in 2009,
scientists announced a partial
� Upright
skeleton, nicknamed ‘Ardi’.
How They Survived: � Biped
Ardipithecus ramidus individuals were
most likely omnivores, which means � Tool users only and not tool
they enjoyed more generalized diet of
makers.
both plants, meat, and fruit. Ar. ramidus
� Used
did not seem to eat hard, abrasive foods
sticks and stones for
like nuts and tubers.
digging
Characteristics of Ardipithecus
� Lived in small social groups.
� Height of about 4 feet.
� Distance of movement was
� Weight of about 120 pounds.
estimated to be 15 kilometers or
more to search stones to be used
� Skull size similar to an ape. as tools.
Two Categories of Australopithecus • Height: about 1-1.7m (females
were much shorter than males)
� Gracile Australopithecine had
• Weight: about 25-64kg (females
small teeth and jaw. were significantly smaller than
Australopithecus anamensis, males)
Australopithecus afarensis, and
Australopithecus africanus are • Diet: plants including grasses,
included in this group. fruits and leaves
• Species named in: 1978, four
� Robust Australopithecus had years after the discovery of Lucy
large teeth and jaws and
muscular built for • Name meaning: 'southern ape
Australopithecus boisei. from Afar' (Afar is a region of
Australopithecus aethiopicus, Ethiopia)
Australopithecus robustus, and
the Australopithecus boisei are
included in this group 4. Homo

"Lucy" � genus of the family Hominidae

(order Primates) characterized by
� An old Australopithecus
a relatively large cranial capacity,
afarensis fossil which was limb structure adapted to a
considered as one of modern habitual erect posture and a
human’s earliest ancestors and bipedal gait, well-developed and
remains as the most famous fully opposable thumbs, hands
hominid fossil discovered capable of power and precision
grips, and the ability to make
� It was discovered in Hadar, standardized precision tools,
Ethiopia in November 1974 by using one tool to make another.
the paleoanthropologist named
Dr. Donald Johanson. � Homo are classified as humans

Australopithecus afarensis facts: and not humanlike creatures

because they had bigger brains
• Lived: 3.7 million to three million and were bipedal.
years ago
� It first lived in Africa about 2.4
• Where: East Africa
million years ago
• Appearance: a projecting face,
an upright stance and a mixture � It includes Homo habilis (handy
of ape-like and human-like body
man), Homo erectus(upright
features
man), and the Homo
• Brain size: about 385-550cm3 sapiens(wise man).
 � The first Homo species to use fire
Characteristics of Homo habilis and to live in caves and small
houses made of tree branches.
� Height of about 3 to 4 feet
� The first to Homo to use spoken
� Brain size half the size of the language
modern human(700 cubic cm).
� They were also able to develop
� Made tools called Oldowan religious rituals particularly burial
which were used as tools and practices
made from volcanic stones.
� Brain size of 1000 cubic
� Used tools for hunting and food centimeters
gathering
� Height of about five feet.
� Nickname: Handy Man
� Walks upright.
� Where Lived: Eastern and
Southern Africa � Where Lived: Northern, Eastern,
and Southern Africa; Western
� When Lived: 2.4 million to 1.4 Asia (Dmanisi, Republic of
million years ago Georgia); East Asia (China and
Indonesia)

Homo erectus ( wise man) � When Lived: Between about 1.89

million and 110,000 years ago
� It is believed to be more
Eugene Dubos
intelligent and more adaptable
compared to the Homo habilis. � A Dutch anatomist and geologist

� It is called wise man who excavated the first homo

Erectus fossil in Asia in the
longgupo cave in China
� Homo erectus manifested
cultural evolution because they � The fossil was called the “Java
used their intelligence to invent man” and was dated to be 1.8
and develop technologies to millions years of age.
respond to their need.
� In 1920, another Homo erectus
� Skillful Hunters.
was excavated in a cave in
 � Their anatomy is very similar to
Zhoukoudian China. This became
known as “ Peking man” and
was estimated to have lived the modern humans
about 1.1 million to 1 million Characteristics of Homo sapiens
years ago.
Java Man � Large brain size(1,400 cc) that is
almost similar to the brain of
Java man, extinct hominin (member of
modern humans
the human lineage) known from fossil
� Lived in shelters.
remains found on the island of Java,
Indonesia. A skullcap and femur
(thighbone) discovered by the Dutch
anatomist and geologist Eugène Dubois � Food gatherers.
in the early 1890s were the first known
fossils of the species Homo erectus. � Ate plants and fruits.
Peking Man
� Hunted animals
Peking man, extinct hominin of the
species Homo erectus, known from
fossils found � Learned to gather and cook
at Zhoukoudian near Beijing. Peking shell&sh(164,000 years ago)
man was identified as a member of the
human lineage by Davidson Black in � Used FIre.
1927 on the basis of a single tooth.
Later excavations yielded several � Crafted metals.
skullcaps and mandibles, facial and limb
bones, and the teeth of about 40
� Homo sapiens made
individuals
sophisticated and smoothened
Homo Sapiens tools and had more developed
shelters and advanced
� The last genus in the evolution technology compared to the other
ladder of the Homo family Homo species.

� It is also known as thinking man. � They were able to make more

complex tools and different stone
� Archaic Homo sapiens of Africa, tools like fishing tools(fish hooks),
Homo heidelbergensis, Homo harpoons, bow and arrows, spear
neanderthalensis, and the Homo throwers, and sewing needles.
sapiens are included in the
species.
Museums
 � These are institutions that are
- As a child grows, various
experiences imprint knowledge
primarily tasked to conserve, on his or her mind. Throughout a
communicate, and exhibit all person’s life, simple ideas are
material and non material integrated with more complex
heritages of human society. ones, and these define his or her
political, economic, and social
� Museums are one of the most affairs.
easily accessible places where
Socialization – refers to the lifelong
we can see various artifacts,
process of social interaction through
fossils, and other evidences that
which people acquire their identities and
could give us information about
necessary survival skills in the society.
our ancestors in the past.
● Think

● Feel
L4: BECOMING A MEMBER OF ● Act
SOCIETY
“SOCIOLIZATION AND Examples of Socialization Activities
ENCULTURATION” *Child-rearing
Socialization – a life-long process in *The orientation of a student to his or
socializing other society in other people her new school
with different culture in order to survive.
*An initiation to an organization
- Helps us to be aware and act
appropriate when we encounter *Attendance in Sunday school
other people with different *Catechism for Catholics
culture.
*Recruitment processes for political
Enculturation – learn to practice in your parties
own culture that passes from your
elders to your generation. *Acquainting an immigrant to significant
aspects of life in his/her new country
-transfers the knowledge from them to
practice by you. Political socialization
– a process which enables the
development of citizens to function
John Locke effectively within a particular political
- a British enlightenment system.
philosopher, said that the human Factors:
mind at birth is nothing but blank
slate, or tabula rasa.
 individuals that engage the person in the
✔ Family
socialization process.
✔ Schools 2. Content – refers to ideas, beliefs and
behavior, and other information that are
✔ Peers
passed on by members of society to the
✔ Media individual.
3. Process – refers to the methods of
Socialization
interaction that enable the content to be
In the early years of American given to the person undergoing
sociology, the process of socialization socialization
was equated with civilization. It was
Results
assumed that an unruly human nature
or fierce with individuals existed prior to – refers to the outcomes of socialization,
an individual’s encounter with society. and are evident when individuals begin
to practice the behaviors, attitudes, and
As the field of sociology developed over
values that society considers necessary
time, socialization was increasingly
for them to function effectively as its
viewed in the context on Internalization.
members.
Internalization
Self-identity
– refers to the process of accepting the
– refers to the establishment of a
social norms, attitudes, roles, and
unique sense of identity and an
values transmitted by people and social
awareness of how it relates to their
groups within the society as one’s own.
society and the world.
Example of Internalization:
Automatically picking up the fork when it
Enculturation – describe the process of
falls.
being socialized into a specific culture.
When the red light in traffic lights turn, Through enculturation, individuals learn
you stop to drive. cultural symbols, norms, values, and
language by observing and interacting
with family, friends, teachers, and the
The three (3) significant aspects of rest of the society.
socialization: Example:
1. Social context – refers to the 1. Going to mass
2. Learning the local language
particular circumstances of society and
3. Attending school
consists of its culture and the social
structures that define social class, • Socialization and enculturation go
ethnicity, and gender. It also includes hand-in-hand in instilling in the individual
social and historical events mechanisms the accepted values, norms, and
of power and control and institutions and
standards of behavior in society through addition, students learn the value of self-
social roles on behavior and laws improvement and hard work through
• Socialization and enculturation occur classroom activities and learning tasks
throughout an individuals’ life from which give them opportunities to apply
childhood, adolescence, adulthood, old their knowledge and skills. Students
age, until death. also benefit from the constant guidance
and evaluation provided by the
teachers. Through education, students
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION AND become more aware of the interaction
ENCULTURATION between people and social institutions
and how these influence society.
• An important part of the socialization
and enculturation processes are the
social groups that people come in 3. PEER GROUPS reinforce acceptable
contact and interact with throughout behavior introduced by the family and
their lives. These groups are called school, allow a certain degree of
participants or agents of socialization independence from family and certain
and enculturation, and consists of figures of authority, and are also a
persons, groups, and institutions that means for socialization and involvement
teach people essential knowledge to in social and political issues. Peer
participate successfully in society. groups for the most part is formed by
informal, spontaneous, and voluntary
1. THE FAMILY means. There are certain organized
- is the primary agent of socialization of groups, however, that can be
an individual upon birth, throughout considered peer groups since they allow
infancy, and up to childhood. Parents individuals who share similar
and other family members are essential backgrounds and interests to come
for the early care and development of together. Examples of these
the child, and as the child matures, the organizations are the Boys Scouts, Girls
family becomes an important venue for Scouts, and the Young Liberals.
social engagement and political
socialization. Despite the changes to the 4. MASS MEDIA includes forms of
dynamics of the family, it continues to communication such as books,
be a primary network for the magazines, newspapers, other print
transmission of values, attitudes, and materials, radio, television, and movies.
behaviors. It is a powerful agent of socialization
which is widely used by many
institutions and organizations involved in
2. SCHOOLS have critical and active the used of print and electronic
role in socialization, as their various communication. Mass media functions
academic and social activities mold as a socializing agent in the following
students’ beliefs, values, and attitudes. ways: it is a source of information
Schools teach students important values regarding events in society. The
like competitiveness, cooperation, prevalence of mass media within society
conformity, innovation, punctuality, results in its enormous impact and
orderliness, and respect for authority. In
influence on people’s views, behavior, to further changes in the behavior and
and attitudes. traditions of societies

Different views of media:

A. Pluralist model - portrays media as
an ideological marketplace that
enhances debate and electoral choice. L5: BECOMING A MEMBER OF A
B. Market model - suggests that media
SOCIETY
reflects the views of the general public,
and that media presents what they think “CONFORMITY, DEVIANCE, AND
the people want. SOCIAL CONTROL”
C. Dominant-ideology model - traces
this bias to links between media and the Conformity
political and social elite. Seen when
prominent business or political figures Is the tendency for an individual to align
own, control, or exert influence over their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors
certain media outlets through their with those of the people around them.
business of social connections. Conformity can take the form of overt
D. Elite-values model - recognizes social pressure or subtler, unconscious
media bias as a product of the personal influences. Regardless of its form, it can
views of media professionals such as be a powerful force—able to change
journalist, broadcasters, and editors. how large groups behave, to start or end
conflicts, and much more.
5. RELIGION AND STATE. Both
religion and state are considered as the ✔ A change of behavior or belief
ultimate sources of authority, making the
church and government important as a result of real or imagined
agents of socialization. Religion exerts a group pressure.
great influence on the views of a person,
✔ Process of altering one’s
legitimizes accepted social practices,
provides stability to society, and can thoughts and actions to adapt
even be sources of social change. The to the accepted behavior within
state participates in socialization though his or her group or society.
laws and other regulations that reinforce
appropriate behavior, and help form Influential Factors
values and attitudes of the citizens.
● The size of the group: People
6. MAJOR SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL are more likely to conform in
EVENTS can also be a significant situations that involve between
socializing forces of an entire three and five other people.
generation. The changes and
developments brought about by ● Characteristics of the situation:
historical events often cause People are more likely to conform
transformations in the values, attitudes, in ambiguous situations where
and views that define societies, leading
they are unclear about how they
should respond.
 Publicly acting in accord with social
● Cultural differences:
pressure while privately disagreeing.
Researchers have found that This term best describes the behavior of
people from collectivist cultures a person who is motivated to gain
are more likely to conform. reward or avoid punishment. On the
level of compliance, many
experimenters see little difference
between animals and humans, because
Examples: all organisms respond to rewards and
punishments.
⮚ A teenager dresses in a certain
✔ compliance refers to changing
style because she wants to fit in
with the rest of the girls in her one's behavior due to the
social group. request or direction of another
person.
⮚ A 20-year-old college student
drinks at a sorority party because 2. Identification
all of her friends are doing it and Refers to the individual adopting a
she does not want to be the odd certain behavior because it enables him
one out. or her to have satisfying relationship
⮚ A woman reads a book for her with the members of his or her group.
book club and really enjoys it. 3. Internalization or acceptance
When she attends her book club
Involves both public compliance and
meeting, the other members all
internal acceptance of the norms and
disliked the book. Rather than go
standards imposed by the group.
against the group opinion, she
simply agrees with the others that COMPLIANCE
the book was terrible.
-The least enduring type of conformity
⮚ A student is unsure about the
INTERNALIZATION OR
answer to a particular question ACCEPTANCE
posed by the teacher. When
another student in the class -Permanent and deeply-rooted response
provides an answer, the confused to social influence.
student concurs with the answer
Relevant examples of conformity in
believing that the other student is
our everyday life.
smarter and better informed.
1. Following Rules
We have to pay a fine, whenever we
Types of conformity
violate the rules and regulations. For
1. Compliance example, Driving at the left side is the
rule, which we have to follow by hook or
crook, though sometimes, we do not find The case of women driving cars.
it relevant. But, we are driving on the left
In the Philippines,
side because the whole society is doing
so Women are allowed to drive.
2. Greetings In Saudi Arabia,
Whenever we meet the person, we Women are not allowed to drive.
usually greet him with the word Hello, or
some other addresses. It is the social Another Example:
norm, which we follow because society
✔ During the Nazi regime in
wants us to follow them. In case we do
not greet the person, we are assumed to Germany, many individuals were
be mannerless or rude. singled out as deviants- Jews,
gypsies, the disabled,
3. In Class homosexuals, and other “non-
Majority Wins! is the well-said phrase in Aryans”.
every area of life, be the elections or in
the class. When we asked for an opinion
in the class, we mostly agree with what Theoretical Perspectives on
the majority is saying. Though we might Deviance
have any other idea, we agree with the
majority because we don't want to feel ⮚ Biological and Psychological
different from other students. Theories- Consider deviance as
being influenced by biological
factors such as genetics, but this
DEVIANCE view have been largely
discredited.
■ Defined as a behavior that elicits
a strong negative reaction from
⮚ Sociologist believe that
group members and involves
actions that violate commonly conformity and deviance are
held social norms. closely tied concepts and that
social influences such as
■ The word deviance connotes odd socioeconomic status and
or unacceptable behavior, but in relationship power define how
the sociological sense of the individuals react to authority and
word, Deviance is simply any behave in certain situations.
violation of society’s norms.
Deviance can range from
something minor, such as a traffic 1. Structural strain theory
violation, to something major,
such as murder. Argues that the tensions and strains
between socially-approved goals and
Example:
an individual’s ability to meet them staff, and soon enough, he
will lead to deviance. develops a reputation as a
“troublemaker.”
Example:
4. Conflict perspective
A construction worker who has
been trying to gain employment for Analyzes deviance in the framework
months but is unable to do so will of competing interests between
have increasing frustration with social groups and the maintenance
society. The worker aspires to of power among the elites.
socially-approved goals and gain
lawful employment, but society’s ✔ This view considers concepts of
inability to provide him the means to deviance as a reflection of
gain employment may force him into society’s inequalities as those
less-desirable means of livelihood or who are less powerful in societies
even crime. or minorities are more likely to be
2. Subcultural view considered as deviants or
criminals.
Points to the emergence of
deviant behavior within certain Explain why celebrities such as
groups in society of subcultures. The Chris Brown and Paris Hilton, or
set of values and behavior prevalent once-powerful politicians such as
within these groups makes them Eliot Spitzer and Tom DeLay, can
very prone to engage in deviant or commit crimes and suffer little or no
criminal behavior. legal retribution.

The subculture view or sociological 5. Broken windows theory

studies of gangs and youth culture Suggests a direct relationship
which determine that these group between social disorder and
tended to celebrate defiance, deviance, and that maintaining even
delinquency, and nonconformity as an appearance of order is sufficient
traits that define their identity as a to discourage deviance.
group.
3. Labeling theory
Social Control and Sanctions
Believes that there is no actually
deviance in society; deviance only Social Control
emerges when society begins ■ Is defined as any systematic
labeling certain actions as “deviant” means and practices used to
or “undesirable”. maintain norms, rules, and
Troublemaker! law; regulate conflict and
discourage deviant behavior.
The student is reprimanded
frequently by teachers and school
 ■ Sanctions- are most common human person as deserving of
means of social control, and are liberties and protections by virtue
often to address conflicts and of his or her human dignity.
violations of social norms.
Human rights are considered to have
2 types of sanctions: the following characteristics:
1. Formal sanctions - are those
✔ UNIVERSAL because they
provided for the laws and other
regulations in society. Laws formally belong to all human beings
designate certain deviant behaviors regardless of race, religion,
as crimes, and prescribe sanctions gender, and other characteristics.
for such act. The adoption and ✔ FUNDAMENTAL since they
enforcement of laws serve to
cannot be taken away from any
reinforce accepted social norms, as
human being.
well as define deviant behaviors that
merit punishment is society. ✔ INDIVISIBLE as various rights
2. Informal sanctions- are most are interrelated and given equal
commonly imposed by smaller importance.
societies, communities, or groups. ✔ ABSOLUTE since they cannot be
There are no set laws or regulations
qualified and are considered
that define the nature of the group or
basic necessities for living a
society.
genuine life.
The Universal Declaration of Human
Most common forms of informal Rights
sanctions: The Universal Declaration of
Human Rights (UDHR) is a milestone
1.Ostracism document in the history of human rights.
2. Social stigma Drafted by representatives with different
legal and cultural backgrounds from all
regions of the world, the Declaration
L6: HUMAN DIGNITY AND HUMAN was proclaimed by the United Nations
RIGHTS General Assembly resolution in Paris on
Human Dignity 10 December 1948 (General Assembly
resolution 217 A) as a common
- Refers to the idea that a person standard of achievements for all peoples
has the innate right to be valued, and all nations. It sets out, for the first
respected, and treated well. time fundamental human rights to be
universally protected and it has been
Human Rights
translated into 500 languages.
- Are legal, social, and ethical
principles that consider the
- The United Nations (UN) came the country or territory to which a
into being in 1945, shortly after person belongs, whether it be
the end of World War II. independent, trust, non-self-
- The stated purpose of the UN is governing or under any other
to bring peace to all nations of limitation of sovereignty.
the world. After World War II, a
committee of persons headed by
Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt, the wife Article 3. The Right to Life
of US President Franklin D.
Roosevelt, wrote a special Everyone has the right to life, liberty
document which “declares” the and security of person.
rights that everyone in the entire
world should have--the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights. Article 4. No Slavery
Today there are 192 member No one shall be held in slavery or
states of the UN, all of whom servitude; slavery and the slave
have signed on in agreement trade shall be prohibited in all their
with the Universal Declaration of forms.
Human Rights.

Article 5. No Torture
Article 1. We Are All Born Free &
Equal No one shall be subjected to torture
or to cruel, inhuman or degrading
All human beings are born free and treatment or punishment.
equal in dignity and rights. They are
endowed with reason and
conscience and should act towards Article 6. You Have Rights No
one another in a spirit of Matter Where You Go
brotherhood.
Everyone has the right to recognition
everywhere as a person before the
Article 2. Don’t Discriminate law.

Everyone is entitled to all the rights

and freedom set forth in this Article 7. We’re All Equal Before
Declaration, without distinction of the Law
any kind, such as race, colour, sex,
language, religion, political or other All are equal before the law and are
opinion, national or social origin, entitled without any discrimination to
property, birth or other status. equal protection of the law. All are
Furthermore, no distinction shall be entitled to equal discrimination in
made on the basis of the political, violation of this Declaration and
jurisdictional or international status of
against any incitement to such was committed. Nor shall a heavier
discrimination. penalty be imposed than the one that
was applicable at the time the penal
offence was committed.
Article 8. Your Human Rights Are
Protected by Law
Article 12. The Right to Privacy
Everyone has the right to an
effective remedy by the competent No one shall be subjected to
national tribunals for acts violating arbitrary interference with his
the fundamental rights granted him privacy, family, home or
by the constitution or by law. correspondence, nor to attacks upon
his honour and reputation. Everyone
has the right to the protection of the
Article 9. No Unfair Detainment law against such interference or
attacks.
No one shall be subjected to
arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.
Article 13. Freedom to Move

Article 10. The Right to Trial (1) Everyone has the right to
freedom of movement and residence
Everyone is entitled in full equality to within the borders of each state.
a fair and public hearing by an
independent and impartial tribunal, in (2) Everyone has the right to leave
the determination of his rights and any country, including his own, and
obligations and of any criminal to return to his country.
charge against him.

Article 14. The Right to Seek a

Article 11. We’re Always Innocent Safe Place to Live
Till Proven Guilty
(1) Everyone has the right to seek
(1) Everyone charged with a penal and to enjoy in other countries
offence has the right to be presumed asylum from persecution.
innocent until proved guilty according
(2) This right may not be invoked in
to law in a public trial at which he
the case of prosecutions genuinely
has had all the guarantees
arising from non-political crimes or
necessary for his defense.
from acts contrary to the purposes
(2) No one shall be held guilty of any and principles of the United Nations.
penal offence on account of any act
or omission which did not constitute
a penal offence, under national or Article 15. Right to a Nationality
international law, at the time when it
 (1) Everyone has the right to a or belief in teaching, practice, worship
nationality and observance.
(2) No one shall be arbitrarily
deprived of his nationality nor denied
Article 19. Freedom of Expression
the right to change his nationality.
Everyone has the right to freedom of
opinion and expression; this right
Article 16. Marriage and Family includes freedom to hold opinions
without interference and to seek, receive
(1) Men and women of full age
and impart information and ideas
without any limitation due to race,
through any media and regardless of
nationality or religion, have the right
frontiers.
to marry and to found a family. They
are entitled to equal rights as to
marriage during marriage and at its
Article 20. The Right to Public
dissolution.
Assembly
(2) Marriage shall be entered into
(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of
only with the free and full consent of
peaceful assembly and association.
the intending spouses.
(2) No one may be compelled to belong
(3) The family is the natural and
to an association.
fundamental group unit of society
and is entitled to protection by
society and the State.
Article 21. The Right to Democracy
(1) Everyone has the right to take part in
Article 17. The Right to Your Own the government of his country, directly
Things or through feely chosen representatives.
(1) Everyone has the right to own (2) Everyone has the right of his equal
property alone as well as in access to public service in his country.
association with others.
(3) The will of the people shall be the
(2) No one shall be arbitrary basis of the authority of government;
deprived of his property. this will shall be expressed in periodic
and genuine elections which shall be
Article 18. Freedom of Thought
universal and equal suffrage and shall
Everyone has the right to freedom of be held by secret vote or by equivalent
thought, conscience and religion; this free voting procedures.
right includes freedom to change his
religion or belief, and freedom, either
alone or in community with others and n Article 22. Social Security
public or private, to manifest his religion
Everyone, as a member of society, has well-being of himself and of his family,
the right to social security and is entitled including food, clothing, housing and
to realization, through national effort and medical care and necessary social
international cooperation and in services, and the right to security in the
accordance with the organization and event of unemployment, sickness,
resources of each State, of the disability, widowhood, old age or other
economic, social and cultural rights lack of livelihood in circumstances
indispensable for his dignity and the free beyond his control.
development of his personality.
(2) Motherhood and childhood are
entitled to special care and assistance.
All children, whether born in or out of
Article 23. Workers’ Rights
wedlock, shall enjoy the same social
(1) Everyone has the right to work, to protection.
free choice of employment, to just and
favourable conditions of work and to
protection against unemployment. Article 26. The Right to Education
(2) Everyone, without any discrimination (1) Everyone has the right to education.
has the right to equal pay for equal Education shall be free, at least in the
work. elementary and fundamental stages.
Elementary education shall be
(3) Everyone who works has the right to
compulsory. Technical and professional
just and favourable remuneration
education shall be made generally
ensuring for himself and his family an
available and higher education shall be
existence worthy of human dignity, and
equally accessible to all on the basis of
supplemented, if necessary, by other
merit.
means of social protection.
(2) Education shall be directed to the full
(4) Everyone has the right to form and to
development of the human personality
join trade unions for the protection of his
and to the strengthening of respect for
interests.
human rights and fundamental
freedoms. It shall promote
understanding, tolerance and friendship
Article 24. The Right to Play among all nations, racial or religious
Everyone has the right to rest and groups, and shall further the activities of
leisure, including reasonable limitation the United Nations for the maintenance
of working hours and periodic holidays of peace.
with pay. (3) Parents have a prior right to choose
the kind of education that shall be given
to their children.
Article 25. Food and Shelter for All
(1) Everyone has the right to a standard
of living adequate for the health and Article 27. Copyright
(1) Everyone has the right freely to Article 30. No One Can Take Away
participate in the cultural life of the Your Human Rights
community, to enjoy the arts and to
Nothing in this Declaration may be
share in scientific advancement and its
interpreted as implying for any State,
benefits.
group or person any right to engage in
(2) Everyone has the right to the any activity or to perform any act aimed
protection of the moral and material at the destruction of any if the rights and
interests resulting from any scientific, freedoms set forth herein.
literary or artistic production of which he
is the author.

Article 28. A Fair and Free World

Everyone is entitled to social and
international order in which the rights
and freedoms set forth in this
Declaration can be fully realized.

Article 29. Responsibility

(1) Everyone has duties to the
community in which alone the free and
full development of his personality is
possible.
(2) In the exercise of his rights and
freedoms, everyone shall be subject
only to such limitations as are
determined by law solely for the purpose
of securing due recognition and respect
fr the rights and freedoms of others and
of meeting the just requirements of
morality, public order and the general
welfare in a democratic society.
(3) These rights and freedoms may in
no case be exercised contrary to the
purposes and principles of the United
Nations.