DESIGN OF HIGH-

RISE BUILDING AND

UNDERGROUND
TANK
Graduation Project 2

Submitted By:
Abdalla Abdelhamid Mohamed
1180330

Under Supervision of:

Dr. Hany Abdalla
Dr. Akram Turky
Eng. Ali Sabry

Cairo University
Faculty of Engineering
Page |
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Table of Contents
TABLE OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... III
LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................... X
1. UNIT 1 – HIGH RISE BUILDING ....................................................................................... 1
1.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1
1.2. STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA ............................................................................................ 2
1.2.1. Design Codes ....................................................................................................... 2
1.2.2. Design Stresses ................................................................................................... 2
1.2.3. Soil Properties ..................................................................................................... 2
1.2.4. Design Loads ....................................................................................................... 2
1.2.5. Load Combinations ............................................................................................. 3
1.2.6. Used Computer Software .................................................................................... 4
1.2.7. Strength of Material ........................................................................................... 4
1.3. ARCHITECTURAL PLANS ...................................................................................................... 5
1.3.1. Elevations:........................................................................................................... 5
1.3.2. Plans: .................................................................................................................. 6
1.4. STATICAL SYSTEM .............................................................................................................. 9
1.4.1. Basement: ........................................................................................................... 9
1.4.2. Ground and Typical Floors (1st to 9th): .............................................................. 10
1.4.3. Tenth Floor: ....................................................................................................... 11
1.4.4. Roof: .................................................................................................................. 12
1.5. PRELIMINARY DESIGN ...................................................................................................... 13
1.5.1. Typical Floor ...................................................................................................... 13
1.6. SLAB DESIGN .................................................................................................................. 20
1.6.1. Basement Slab : ................................................................................................ 20
1.6.2. Ground and Typical (1st to 9th) Slab : ................................................................ 35
1.6.3. Tenth Floor Slab : .............................................................................................. 61
1.6.4. Roof Slab : ......................................................................................................... 87
1.7. BEAM DESIGN ................................................................................................................ 99
1.7.1. Basement Floor : ............................................................................................... 99
1.7.2. Ground and Typical Floors : ............................................................................ 104
1.7.3. Roof : ............................................................................................................... 106
1.8. STAIR DESIGN ............................................................................................................... 108
1.8.1. Statical System:............................................................................................... 108
1.8.2. Load Calculation ............................................................................................. 109
1.8.3. Straining Action .............................................................................................. 109
1.8.4. Design: ............................................................................................................ 111
1.9. COLUMN DESIGN .......................................................................................................... 113

Page |i
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

1.9.1. Seismic Analysis: ............................................................................................. 113

1.9.2. Design: ............................................................................................................ 129
1.9.3. Punching Check: .............................................................................................. 132
1.10. WALL DESIGN .......................................................................................................... 134
1.10.1. Core Design: .................................................................................................... 134
1.10.2. Retaining Walls Design: .................................................................................. 144
1.11. RAMP DESIGN ......................................................................................................... 149
1.11.1. Statical System:............................................................................................... 149
1.11.2. Modeling: ........................................................................................................ 150
1.11.3. Analysis: .......................................................................................................... 152
1.11.4. Design: ............................................................................................................ 154
1.12. RAFT DESIGN ........................................................................................................... 157
1.12.1. Model Definition: ............................................................................................ 157
1.12.2. Analysis: .......................................................................................................... 159
1.12.3. Design: ............................................................................................................ 164
2. UNIT 2 – UNDERGROUND TANK................................................................................ 169
2.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 169
2.2. STATICAL SYSTEM .......................................................................................................... 170
2.3. MODEL DEFINITION ....................................................................................................... 171
2.3.1. Material: ......................................................................................................... 171
2.3.2. Section Definition:........................................................................................... 171
2.3.3. Applied Loads:................................................................................................. 173
2.3.4. Modelling: ....................................................................................................... 175
2.4. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS .................................................................................................. 176
2.4.1. Straining Actions: ............................................................................................ 176
2.4.2. Stresses: .......................................................................................................... 178
2.5. DESIGN ....................................................................................................................... 180
2.5.1. Reinforcement: ............................................................................................... 180
2.5.2. Punching: ........................................................................................................ 184
2.6. CHECKS ....................................................................................................................... 185
2.6.1. Uplift: .............................................................................................................. 185
2.6.2. Bearing Capacity: ............................................................................................ 185

P a g e | ii
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Table of Figures
Figure 1. Front Elevation ............................................................................................................ 5
Figure 2. Back Elevation ............................................................................................................. 5
Figure 3. Basement Architectural Plan ...................................................................................... 6
Figure 4. Ground Floor Architectural Plan ................................................................................. 7
Figure 5. Typical Floor Architectural Plan .................................................................................. 8
Figure 6. Basement Statical System ........................................................................................... 9
Figure 7. Ground and Typical Floors Statical System ............................................................... 10
Figure 8. Tenth Floor Statical System ...................................................................................... 11
Figure 9. Roof Statical System.................................................................................................. 12
Figure 10. Concrete Material Definition .................................................................................. 13
Figure 11. Beam Section Definition ......................................................................................... 14
Figure 12. Column Section Definition ...................................................................................... 14
Figure 14. Dropped Slab Section Definition ............................................................................. 15
Figure 13. Slab Section Definition ............................................................................................ 15
Figure 15. Wall Section Definition ........................................................................................... 16
Figure 16. Load Patterns .......................................................................................................... 16
Figure 17. Load Combination ................................................................................................... 17
Figure 18. 3D View of Preliminary Model ................................................................................ 17
Figure 19. Joint Labels .............................................................................................................. 18
Figure 20. Concrete Material Definition .................................................................................. 20
Figure 21. Frame Sections List ................................................................................................. 21
Figure 22. B2 Beam Section Property ...................................................................................... 21
Figure 23. C4 Column Section Property ................................................................................... 21
Figure 24. Slab Section Property .............................................................................................. 22
Figure 25. Slab Section Property .............................................................................................. 22
Figure 26. Wall Section Property ............................................................................................. 22
Figure 27. Load Patterns .......................................................................................................... 23
Figure 29. Ultimate Load Combination .................................................................................... 23
Figure 28. Load Combination List ............................................................................................ 23
Figure 30. Basement SAFE Model ............................................................................................ 24
Figure 31. Slab Mesh Properties .............................................................................................. 25
Figure 32. Wall Mesh Properties ............................................................................................. 25
Figure 33. Basement Floor Mesh ............................................................................................. 25
Figure 32. Wall Mesh Properties ............................................................................................. 25
Figure 35. Basement M11 Contour.......................................................................................... 26
Figure 36. Basement M22 Contour.......................................................................................... 27
Figure 37. Basement Uz Contour ............................................................................................. 28
Figure 38. Basement Long Term Uz Contour ........................................................................... 29

P a g e | iii
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Figure 39. M11 Contour with Bottom RFT Mesh ..................................................................... 30

Figure 40. M11 Contour with Top RFT Mesh ........................................................................... 31
Figure 41. M11 Contour with Top RFT Mesh + Additional RFT ............................................... 31
Figure 42. M22 Contour with Bottom RFT Mesh ..................................................................... 32
Figure 43. M22 Contour with Top RFT Mesh ........................................................................... 33
Figure 44. M22 Contour with Top RFT Mesh + Additional RFT ............................................... 33
Figure 45. Basement Long Term Uz Contour ........................................................................... 34
Figure 46. Concrete Material Definition .................................................................................. 35
Figure 47. Rebar Steel Material Definition .............................................................................. 35
Figure 48. Prestressing Steel Material Definition .................................................................... 35
Figure 49. Frame Sections List ................................................................................................. 36
Figure 50. B2 Beam Section Property ...................................................................................... 36
Figure 51. C4 Column Section Property ................................................................................... 36
Figure 52. Slab Section Property .............................................................................................. 37
Figure 53. Dropped Slab Section Property............................................................................... 37
Figure 54. Wall Section Property ............................................................................................. 37
Figure 55. Load Patterns .......................................................................................................... 38
Figure 56. Load Combination List ............................................................................................ 38
Figure 57. Ground and Typical ADAPT Model.......................................................................... 39
Figure 58. Stress Limits in Tendons.......................................................................................... 40
Figure 59.Tendons Distribution ............................................................................................... 40
Figure 60. X-Support Lines ....................................................................................................... 41
Figure 61. Y-Support Lines ....................................................................................................... 41
Figure 62. Tendon 64 Profile and Stresses .............................................................................. 41
Figure 63. Slab and Wall Mesh Properties ............................................................................... 42
Figure 64. Ground and Typical Floor Mesh .............................................................................. 42
Figure 65. X-Direction Top Initial Stresses ............................................................................... 43
Figure 66. Y-Direction Top Initial Stresses ............................................................................... 44
Figure 67. X-Direction Bottom Initial Stresses ......................................................................... 45
Figure 68. Y-Direction Bottom Initial Stresses ......................................................................... 46
Figure 69. X-Direction Top Sustained Load Stresses................................................................ 47
Figure 70. Y-Direction Top Sustained Load Stresses ................................................................ 48
Figure 71. X-Direction Bottom Sustained Load Stresses ......................................................... 49
Figure 72. Y-Direction Bottom Sustained Load Stresses.......................................................... 50
Figure 73. X-Direction Top Total Load Stresses ....................................................................... 51
Figure 74. Y-Direction Top Total Load Stresses ....................................................................... 52
Figure 75. X-Direction Bottom Total Load Stresses ................................................................. 53
Figure 76. Y-Direction Bottom Total Load Stresses ................................................................. 54
Figure 77. X-Direction Top Total Load Deformation ................................................................ 55

P a g e | iv
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Figure 78. Y-Direction Top Total Load Deformation ................................................................ 56

Figure 79. Deformation Contour in Z-Direction ....................................................................... 57
Figure 80. Tendons Elongation ................................................................................................ 58
Figure 81. RFT Mesh for Ground and Typical Floors................................................................ 59
Figure 82. Deformation Contour in Z-Direction ....................................................................... 60
Figure 83. Concrete Material Definition .................................................................................. 61
Figure 84. Rebar Steel Material Definition .............................................................................. 61
Figure 85. Prestressing Steel Material Definition .................................................................... 61
Figure 86. Frame Sections List ................................................................................................. 62
Figure 87. B2 Beam Section Property ...................................................................................... 62
Figure 88. C4 Column Section Property ................................................................................... 62
Figure 89. Slab Section Property .............................................................................................. 63
Figure 90. Wall Section Property ............................................................................................. 63
Figure 91. Load Patterns .......................................................................................................... 64
Figure 92. Load Combination List ............................................................................................ 64
Figure 93. Tenth Floor ADAPT Model ...................................................................................... 65
Figure 94. Stress Limits in Tendons.......................................................................................... 66
Figure 95.Tendons Distribution ............................................................................................... 66
Figure 96. X-Support Lines ....................................................................................................... 67
Figure 97. Y-Support Lines ....................................................................................................... 67
Figure 98. Tendon 64 Profile and Stresses .............................................................................. 67
Figure 99. Slab and Wall Mesh Properties ............................................................................... 68
Figure 100. Tenth Floor Mesh .................................................................................................. 68
Figure 101. X-Direction Top Initial Stresses ............................................................................. 69
Figure 102. Y-Direction Top Initial Stresses ............................................................................. 70
Figure 103. X-Direction Bottom Initial Stresses ....................................................................... 71
Figure 104. Y-Direction Bottom Initial Stresses ....................................................................... 72
Figure 105. X-Direction Top Sustained Load Stresses.............................................................. 73
Figure 106. Y-Direction Top Sustained Load Stresses .............................................................. 74
Figure 107. X-Direction Bottom Sustained Load Stresses ....................................................... 75
Figure 108. Y-Direction Bottom Sustained Load Stresses........................................................ 76
Figure 109. X-Direction Top Total Load Stresses ..................................................................... 77
Figure 110. Y-Direction Top Total Load Stresses ..................................................................... 78
Figure 111. X-Direction Bottom Total Load Stresses ............................................................... 79
Figure 112. Y-Direction Bottom Total Load Stresses ............................................................... 80
Figure 113. X-Direction Top Total Load Deformation .............................................................. 81
Figure 114. Y-Direction Top Total Load Deformation .............................................................. 82
Figure 115. Deformation Contour in Z-Direction ..................................................................... 83
Figure 116. Tendons Elongation .............................................................................................. 84

Page |v
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Figure 117. RFT Mesh for Tenth Floor ..................................................................................... 85

Figure 118. Deformation Contour in Z-Direction ..................................................................... 86
Figure 119. Concrete Material Definition ................................................................................ 87
Figure 120. B1 Beam Section Property .................................................................................... 88
Figure 121. C5 Column Section Property ................................................................................. 88
Figure 122. Slab Section Property ............................................................................................ 88
Figure 123. Load Patterns ........................................................................................................ 89
Figure 124. Load Combination List .......................................................................................... 89
Figure 125. Ultimate Load Combination .................................................................................. 89
Figure 126. Roof SAFE Model................................................................................................... 90
Figure 127. Slab Loads ............................................................................................................. 90
Figure 128. Slab Mesh Properties ............................................................................................ 91
Figure 129. Roof Floor Mesh.................................................................................................... 91
Figure 130. Roof M11 Contour ................................................................................................ 92
Figure 131. Roof M22 Contour ................................................................................................ 92
Figure 132. Roof Uz Contour.................................................................................................... 93
Figure 133. Roof Long Term Uz Contour.................................................................................. 94
Figure 134. M11 Contour with Bottom RFT Mesh ................................................................... 95
Figure 135. M11 Contour with Top RFT ................................................................................... 96
Figure 136. M22 Contour with Bottom RFT Mesh ................................................................... 97
Figure 137. Roof Long Term Uz Contour.................................................................................. 98
Figure 138. Basement Beams M33 Values .............................................................................. 99
Figure 139. Basement Beams V22 Values.............................................................................. 100
Figure 140. Beam Sample ...................................................................................................... 101
Figure 141. Two Span Beam Detailing ................................................................................... 104
Figure 142. Ground and Typical Floor Beams M33 Values .................................................... 104
Figure 143. Ground Typical Floor Beams V22 Values ............................................................ 105
Figure 144. Roof Floor Beams M33 Values ............................................................................ 106
Figure 145. Roof Floor Beams V22 Values ............................................................................. 106
Figure 146. Roof Continuous Beam Detailing ........................................................................ 107
Figure 147. Stair Statical System ............................................................................................ 108
Figure 148. Stair Flight Section .............................................................................................. 109
Figure 149. Flight Loads ......................................................................................................... 109
Figure 150. Flight BMD and SFD ............................................................................................ 109
Figure 151. Landing Loads...................................................................................................... 110
Figure 152. Stair Reinforcement ............................................................................................ 112
Figure 153. Stair Section Y-Y .................................................................................................. 112
Figure 152. Seismic Zonation Map ......................................................................................... 115
Figure 155. Type 1 Response Spectrum ................................................................................. 117

P a g e | vi
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Figure 156. EQx Properties .................................................................................................... 118

Figure 157. EQy Properties .................................................................................................... 118
Figure 158. Response Spectrum Function ............................................................................. 119
Figure 159. Mass Source Data ............................................................................................... 119
Figure 160. RESx Load Pattern ............................................................................................... 120
Figure 161. RESx Load Case.................................................................................................... 120
Figure 162. RESy Load Pattern ............................................................................................... 121
Figure 163. RESy Load Case ................................................................................................... 121
Figure 164. Typical Floor Diaphragm ..................................................................................... 122
Figure 165. Load Combinations List ....................................................................................... 125
Figure 166. Earthquake X Load Combination ........................................................................ 125
Figure 167. Seismic Ultimate X Load Combination ................................................................ 125
Figure 168. Story Drifts in X-Direction ................................................................................... 126
Figure 169. Story Drifts in Y-Direction ................................................................................... 126
Figure 170. Frame Design Preferences .................................................................................. 129
Figure 171. Columns PMM Interaction Ratio ........................................................................ 130
Figure 172. Ninth Floor Punching Shear D/C Ratio ............................................................... 132
Figure 173. Tenth Punching Shear D/C Ratio......................................................................... 133
Figure 174. Pier Label List ...................................................................................................... 134
Figure 175. Pier Label Assignment ......................................................................................... 134
Figure 176. Pier Sections List ................................................................................................. 135
Figure 177. Core 1 Section Data............................................................................................. 135
Figure 178. Core 1 Reinforcement ......................................................................................... 136
Figure 179. Core 2 Reinforcement ......................................................................................... 136
Figure 180. Core 1 M22 Diagram ........................................................................................... 137
Figure 181. Core 1 M33 Diagram ........................................................................................... 137
Figure 182. Core 1 Normal Force Diagram ............................................................................ 138
Figure 183. Core 2 M22 Diagram ........................................................................................... 139
Figure 184. Core 2 M33 Diagram ........................................................................................... 139
Figure 185. Core 2 Normal Force Diagram ............................................................................ 140
Figure 186. Shear Wall Design Preferences ........................................................................... 141
Figure 187. Core 1 D/C Ratios ................................................................................................ 142
Figure 188. Core 2 D/C Ratios ................................................................................................ 142
Figure 189. Core 1 Reinforcement Detailing ......................................................................... 143
Figure 190. Core 2 Reinforcement Detailing ......................................................................... 143
Figure 191. Fixed – Hinged Retaining Wall ............................................................................ 144
Figure 192. Fixed – Free Retaining Wall ................................................................................ 144
Figure 193. Concrete Data ..................................................................................................... 145
Figure 194. Wall Section Definition ....................................................................................... 145

P a g e | vii
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Figure 195. Fixed – Hinged Model ......................................................................................... 146

Figure 196. Fixed – Free Model ............................................................................................. 146
Figure 197. Fixed – Hinged BMD............................................................................................ 147
Figure 198. Fixed – Free BMD ................................................................................................ 147
Figure 199. Fixed – Hinged Normal Force .............................................................................. 147
Figure 200. Fixed – Free Normal Force .................................................................................. 147
Figure 201. Retaining Wall Reinforcement Detailing ............................................................ 148
Figure 202. Ramp Statical System .......................................................................................... 149
Figure 203. Concrete Properties ............................................................................................ 150
Figure 204. Concrete Properties ............................................................................................ 150
Figure 205. Load Patterns ...................................................................................................... 151
Figure 206. Slab Loads ........................................................................................................... 151
Figure 207. Load Combination List ........................................................................................ 151
Figure 208. Ramp M11 Contour............................................................................................. 152
Figure 209. Ramp M22 Contour............................................................................................. 152
Figure 210. Ramp Short Term Uz Contour ............................................................................. 153
Figure 211. Ramp Long Term Uz Contour .............................................................................. 153
Figure 212. Ramp M11 Contour with RFT Bottom Mesh ...................................................... 154
Figure 213. Ramp M11 Contour with RFT Top Mesh ............................................................ 154
Figure 214. Ramp M22 Contour with RFT Bottom Mesh ...................................................... 155
Figure 215. Ramp M22 Contour with RFT Top Mesh ............................................................ 155
Figure 216. Ramp Long Term Uz Contour .............................................................................. 156
Figure 217. Raft Section Property .......................................................................................... 157
Figure 218. Area Spring Property........................................................................................... 158
Figure 219. Area Spring Assignment ...................................................................................... 158
Figure 220. Soil Pressure Contour.......................................................................................... 159
Figure 221. Raft Maximum M11 Contour .............................................................................. 160
Figure 222. Raft Maximum M11 Contour .............................................................................. 161
Figure 223. Raft Minimum M22 Contour............................................................................... 162
Figure 224. Raft Maximum M22 Contour .............................................................................. 163
Figure 225. M11 Contour with Top RFT Mesh ....................................................................... 164
Figure 226. M11 Contour with Bottom RFT Mesh ................................................................. 165
Figure 227. M11 Contour with Bottom RFT Mesh and Additional ........................................ 165
Figure 228. M22 Contour with Top RFT Mesh ....................................................................... 166
Figure 229. M22 Contour with Bottom RFT Mesh ................................................................. 167
Figure 230. M22 Contour with Bottom RFT Mesh and Additional ........................................ 167
Figure 231. Punching Shear D/C Ratio ................................................................................... 168
Figure 232. Tank Plan ............................................................................................................. 170
Figure 233. Tank Section ........................................................................................................ 170

P a g e | viii
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Figure 234. Concrete Material Definition .............................................................................. 171

Figure 235. Column Section Definition .................................................................................. 171
Figure 236. Slab Section Definition ........................................................................................ 172
Figure 237. Raft Section Definition ........................................................................................ 172
Figure 238. Wall Section Definition ....................................................................................... 173
Figure 239. Load Patterns ...................................................................................................... 173
Figure 240. Load Combination ............................................................................................... 174
Figure 241. Joint Pattern List ................................................................................................. 174
Figure 242. Pressure Assignment........................................................................................... 174
Figure 243. Meshing Options ................................................................................................. 175
Figure 244. 3D View of Tank Model without Roof ................................................................ 175
Figure 245. Vertical Strip 1 Sections ...................................................................................... 176
Figure 246. Vertical Strip 2 Sections ...................................................................................... 177
Figure 247. Horizontal Strip Sections..................................................................................... 177
Figure 248. Empty S11 Stresses ............................................................................................. 178
Figure 249. Empty S22 Stresses ............................................................................................. 178
Figure 250. Full S11 Stresses .................................................................................................. 179
Figure 251. Full S22 Stresses .................................................................................................. 179
Figure 252. M11 Contour with Bottom Mesh........................................................................ 182
Figure 253. M11 Contour with Top Mesh .............................................................................. 182
Figure 254. M22 Contour with Bottom Mesh........................................................................ 183
Figure 255. M22 Contour with Top Mesh .............................................................................. 183
Figure 256. Normal Force on Column inside Tank................................................................. 184

P a g e | ix
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

List of Tables
Table 1. Preliminary Model Column Reactions........................................................................ 18
Table 2. Preliminary Column Design ........................................................................................ 19
Table 3. Basement Floor Beams Flexural Design ................................................................... 103
Table 4. Basement Floor Beams Shear Design....................................................................... 103
Table 5. Basement Floor Beams Reinforcement ................................................................... 103
Table 6. Ground Typical Floor Beams Flexural Design ........................................................... 105
Table 7. Ground Typical Floor Beams Shear Design .............................................................. 105
Table 8. Roof Beams Flexural Design ..................................................................................... 107
Table 9. Roof Beams Shear Design ........................................................................................ 107
Table 10. Stair Data ................................................................................................................ 108
Table 11. Stair Load Calculation ............................................................................................. 109
Table 12. Flight Straining Actions .......................................................................................... 109
Table 13. Landing Straining Actions ....................................................................................... 110
Table 14. Shear Stresses ........................................................................................................ 110
Table 15. Response Modification Factors .............................................................................. 114
Table 16. Importance Factor .................................................................................................. 114
Table 17. Soil C Properties ..................................................................................................... 115
Table 18. Zones Seismic Effect ............................................................................................... 116
Table 19. Egypt Cities Seismic Zones ..................................................................................... 116
Table 20. Type 1 Response Spectrum Variables .................................................................... 117
Table 21. Live Load Reduction Factor .................................................................................... 119
Table 22. Base Reactions ....................................................................................................... 123
Table 23. Scaled Base Reactions ............................................................................................ 123
Table 24. Modal Mass Participation Ratios ........................................................................... 124
Table 25. Story Height and Normal Force .............................................................................. 127
Table 26. P-Delta Check in X-Direction .................................................................................. 127
Table 27. P-Delta Check in Y-Direction .................................................................................. 128
Table 28. Column Sections ..................................................................................................... 131
Table 29. Retaining Wall Straining Actions ............................................................................ 148
Table 30. Retaining Wall Design ............................................................................................ 148
Table 31. Straining Actions for Vertical Strip 1 ...................................................................... 176
Table 32. Straining Actions for Vertical Strip 2 ...................................................................... 177
Table 33. Straining Actions for Horizontal Strip..................................................................... 177
Table 34. Reinforcement for Vertical Strip 1 ......................................................................... 180
Table 35. Design of Section 14 using Excel ............................................................................ 180
Table 36. Reinforcement for Vertical Strip 2 ......................................................................... 181
Table 37. Design of Section 6 using Excel .............................................................................. 181
Table 38. Punching for Column .............................................................................................. 184

Page |x
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Introduction

1. Unit 1 – High Rise Building
1.1. Introduction
This report has all of the structural design aspects used for designing of a high-rise building
project. These aspects are Design Codes, Structural Systems, Materials, Loads , Combinations
and Design Methods. The aim is to fully design and detail a reinforced concrete structure that
is safe and economic. The design must also meet all the requirements of the Egyptian Code
of Practice. The building consists of a basement, ground floor, 10 typical floors and a roof. The
statical system used for the building is a flat slab system for the basement, post tension flat
slabs for the ground and typical floors and a solid slab system for the roof. These slabs will all
be supported on reinforced concrete columns. For the lateral load resisting system, cores will
be used. The area of the building is equal to [21 x 24] meter square with a total height of 35.7
meters above the ground.
The building is a skeleton type composed of reinforced concrete slabs, beams, columns, and
core walls. Shallow foundations will be used. The foundation system was selected according
to the available geotechnical data and was chosen to be raft foundation. The soil properties
of bearing capacity and the modulus of sub-grade reaction (k) are given

Page |1
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Structural Design Criteria

1.2. Structural Design Criteria

1.2.1. Design Codes

Structural design and analysis will be in accordance with the following Codes and Standards:
- ECP203-2020 Egyptian Code of Practice for Design and Construction of Concrete
Structures.
- ECP201-2012 Egyptian Code of Practice for Loads.
- Eurocode 8 2004.
- BS 8110-97.

1.2.2. Design Stresses

The design stresses shall be following the applicable codes. Reinforced concrete structures
will follow the ECP Code and manuals.

1.2.3. Soil Properties

1.2.3.1. Bearing Capacity

According to the project data, the soil bearing capacity shall be taken as 300
KN/m2.

1.2.3.2. Modulus of Subgrade Reaction

The modulus of subgrade reaction could be approximately taken as 100 times
the bearing capacity as 30000 KN/m3

1.2.4. Design Loads

The loads that are considered in structural design are:
- Own Weight: dead load that will be calculated automatically using program.
- Live Load: will be taken as 2 KN/m2 for all partitions except for terraces, stairs,
kitchens, and bathrooms it will be taken as 3 KN/m2.
- Flooring Loads: dead load that will be taken as 2 KN/m2 for all partitions except for
bathrooms it will be taken as 3 KN/m2 and for Roof it will be taken as 4.5 KN/m2 .
- Masonry Wall Loads: the density of the bricks shall be taken as 18 KN/m3 and the walls
will be distributed over the entire floor due to the flat slab system. It is a dead load
and will be taken as 2 KN/m2.

Page |2
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Structural Design Criteria

- Seismic Load: will be taken according to Egyptian Code of Practice for Loads. The
parameters shall be taken as:
• Location: Cairo
Zone 3: aG = 0.15g
Type 1 Response Spectrum
• Soil Subclass: Type C
• Residential Building:
γI : Importance Factor = 1
Ω : Live Load Factor = 0.25
• Flat Slab System with Cores:
R: Response Modification Factor = 5
• Post Tension Slab System:
η: Damping Factor = 1.05

1.2.5. Load Combinations

The load combinations that will be used shall be taken from the Egyptian Code of Practice
ECP203-2020.
o Ultimate Limit State Combinations:
- Gravity Load Combinations:
• 1.4 Dead Load + 1.6 Live Load
- Seismic Load Combination:
Seismic = X + 0.3 Y or Y + 0.3 X
• 1.12 Dead Load + 0.25 Live Load + Seismic
• 0.9 Dead Load + Seismic
o Serviceability Limit State Combinations:
- Short Term Deflection Combinations:
• Dead Load + Live Load
- Flat Slab Long Term Deflection Combinations:
• 1.8 Dead Load + Live Load
- Solid Slab Long Term Deflection Combinations:
• 3 Dead Load + Live Load
- Beam Long Term Deflection Combinations:
• 2.76 Dead Load + Live Load
The members will be designed according to the ULS and checked for serviceability according
to the SLS.

Page |3
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Structural Design Criteria

1.2.6. Used Computer Software

The structural analysis and design will be created using the following computer software:
- SAFE 20: For flat slab and solid slab design.
- ADAPT Builder 2019: For post tensioned slab design.
- Excel Sheets: For beam, stairs, and preliminary column design.
- ETABS 20: For column and core design under seismic load. Design of Raft.
- SAP2000 23: For retaining wall design.
- AutoCAD 2023: For plans, sections, and detailing.

1.2.7. Strength of Material

1.2.7.1. Plain Concrete

The minimum cube Compressive Strength at 28 days shall be:
- fcu = 25 KN/mm2 for PC of Raft

1.2.7.2. Reinforced Concrete

The minimum cube Compressive Strength at 28 days shall be:
- fcu = 30 KN/mm2 for beams, stairs, solid, and flat slabs.
- fcu = 40 KN/mm2 for beams, stairs, cores, raft, retaining wall, ramp, and all slabs.

1.2.7.3. Reinforcing Steel Bars

The minimum yield stress for rebars shall be:
- fy = 400 KN/mm2 for Longitudinal Bars
- fy = 240 KN/mm2 for Longitudinal Bars

Page |4
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Architectural Plans

1.3. Architectural Plans

1.3.1. Elevations:

Figure 1. Front Elevation Figure 2. Back Elevation

Page |5
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Architectural Plans

1.3.2. Plans:

Figure 3. Basement Architectural Plan

Page |6
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Architectural Plans

Figure 4. Ground Floor Architectural Plan

Page |7
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Architectural Plans

Figure 5. Typical Floor Architectural Plan

Page |8
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Statical System

1.4. Statical System

1.4.1. Basement:
The statical system used for the basement shall be a flat slab system.

Figure 6. Basement Statical System

Page |9
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Statical System

1.4.2. Ground and Typical Floors (1st to 9th):

The statical system used for the ground and typical floors shall be a post tensioned slab
system.

Figure 7. Ground and Typical Floors Statical System

P a g e | 10
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Statical System

1.4.3. Tenth Floor:

The statical system will be similar to the other typical floor. However, it will not include any
dropped slabs.

Figure 8. Tenth Floor Statical System

P a g e | 11
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Statical System

1.4.4. Roof:
The statical system used for the roof shall be a solid slab system.

Figure 9. Roof Statical System

P a g e | 12
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Preliminary Design

1.5. Preliminary Design

1.5.1. Typical Floor

1.5.1.1. Dimensioning:
Before designing the structure, concrete dimensions shall be assumed.

1.5.1.1.1. Beams and Slabs:

The Egyptian Code of Practice provides some guidelines and assumptions that can be used for
beams and slabs thickness:
• Simple Beams: 𝑙𝑙/10
using the largest span, the thickness shall be 600 mm.
• Continuous Beams: 𝑙𝑙/12
using the largest span, the thickness shall be 600 mm.
• Flat Slabs without drops: 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿/30
using the largest span, the thickness shall be 250 mm
• Solid Slabs: 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿/35
using the largest span, the thickness shall be 160 mm

1.5.1.1.2. Columns:
For Columns, a simple one-story model was made in SAFE to get the preliminary dimensions.
The story used for this modelling was the typical floor. Dimensions from the Architectural
plans were used in the modelling process.

1.5.1.1. Model Definition:

1.5.1.1.1. Material:

Figure 10. Concrete Material Definition

P a g e | 13
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Preliminary Design

1.5.1.1.2. Section Definition:
• Frames

Figure 11. Beam Section Definition

Figure 12. Column Section Definition

P a g e | 14
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Preliminary Design

• Slabs

Figure 14. Slab Section Definition

Figure 13. Dropped Slab Section Definition

P a g e | 15
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Preliminary Design

• Walls

Figure 15. Wall Section Definition

1.5.1.2. Applied Loads:

Figure 16. Load Patterns

P a g e | 16
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Preliminary Design

1.5.1.3. Load Combination:

Figure 17. Load Combination

1.5.1.4. Modelling:

Figure 18. 3D View of Preliminary Model

P a g e | 17
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Preliminary Design

1.5.1.5. Analysis:
Table 1. Preliminary Model Column Reactions

FZ
Story Label Output Case
kN
Base 1 U1 (1.4DL + 1.6LL) 745.2554
Base 71 U1 (1.4DL + 1.6LL) 456.8515
Base 72 U1 (1.4DL + 1.6LL) 412.2664
Base 74 U1 (1.4DL + 1.6LL) 407.2628
Base 10 U1 (1.4DL + 1.6LL) 365.6998
Base 14 U1 (1.4DL + 1.6LL) 362.5887
Base 73 U1 (1.4DL + 1.6LL) 361.9211
Base 5 U1 (1.4DL + 1.6LL) 298.7544
Base 16 U1 (1.4DL + 1.6LL) 298.5024
Base 11 U1 (1.4DL + 1.6LL) 264.8539
Base 18 U1 (1.4DL + 1.6LL) 264.7805
Base 12 U1 (1.4DL + 1.6LL) 235.7263
Base 8 U1 (1.4DL + 1.6LL) 234.119
Base 13 U1 (1.4DL + 1.6LL) 234.0218
Base 9 U1 (1.4DL + 1.6LL) 231.402
Base 7 U1 (1.4DL + 1.6LL) 195.0008
Base 4 U1 (1.4DL + 1.6LL) 194.9091
Base 2 U1 (1.4DL + 1.6LL) 188.0778
Base 67 U1 (1.4DL + 1.6LL) 142.4232
Base 69 U1 (1.4DL + 1.6LL) 123.1158
Base 68 U1 (1.4DL + 1.6LL) 95.656
Figure 19. Joint Labels Base 3 U1 (1.4DL + 1.6LL) 95.4174
Base 6 U1 (1.4DL + 1.6LL) 95.3158
Base 70 U1 (1.4DL + 1.6LL) 57.8952

1.5.1.6. Design:
As this model only constitutes for 1 out of the 12 floors and to take into effect the seismic
effect, these reactions are adjusted using the approximate equation:

𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 12 × 1.2 × 𝐹𝐹𝑧𝑧

To get the concrete dimensions, the equation of short column was used. Area of
reinforcement was assumed to be 0.15% of the area of concrete:

𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 0.35 × 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 × (𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 − 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 ) + 0.67 × 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 × 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠

P a g e | 18
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Preliminary Design

Using the above equations, the preliminary columns that shall be used are:

Table 2. Preliminary Column Design

No. Column Information Initial design Final Design

Label Type PU (KN) μ (%) b (mm) t (mm) RFT b t RFT
6 Corner 1372.54752 1.50% 300 257 10 ∅ 18 300 800 10 ∅ 18
3 Corner 1374.01056 1.50% 300 258 10 ∅ 18 300 800 10 ∅ 18
2 Edge 2708.32032 1.50% 300 507 10 ∅ 18 300 800 10 ∅ 18
4 Edge 2806.69104 1.50% 300 526 10 ∅ 18 300 800 10 ∅ 18
7 Edge 2808.01152 1.50% 300 526 10 ∅ 18 300 800 10 ∅ 18
9 Interior 3332.1888 1.50% 300 624 10 ∅ 18 300 800 10 ∅ 18
13 Interior 3369.91392 1.50% 300 631 10 ∅ 18 300 800 10 ∅ 18
8 Interior 3371.3136 1.50% 300 631 10 ∅ 18 300 800 10 ∅ 18
12 Interior 3394.45872 1.50% 300 636 10 ∅ 18 300 800 10 ∅ 18
18 Edge 3812.8392 1.50% 300 714 10 ∅ 18 300 800 10 ∅ 18
11 Edge 3813.89616 1.50% 300 714 10 ∅ 18 300 800 10 ∅ 18
16 Interior 4298.43456 1.50% 350 690 14 ∅ 18 350 900 14 ∅ 18
5 Interior 4302.06336 1.50% 350 691 14 ∅ 18 350 900 14 ∅ 18
14 Interior 5221.27728 1.50% 350 838 14 ∅ 18 350 1000 14 ∅ 18
10 Interior 5266.07712 1.50% 350 845 14 ∅ 18 350 1000 14 ∅ 18
1 Interior 10731.67776 1.50% 450 1340 20 ∅ 22 450 1400 20 ∅ 22

The previous column dimensions and reinforcement will be used as a guideline for the actual
design process. They will be checked again after slab and beam design. This will be also under
seismic load combinations.

1.5.1.6.1. Preliminary Column Models:

• C1: 300x800 mm with Reinforcement of 10 T 18

• C2: 350x900 mm with Reinforcement of 14 T 18
• C3: 350x1000 mm with Reinforcement of 14 T 18
• C4: 400x1450 mm with Reinforcement of 20 T 22

P a g e | 19
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design - Basement

1.6. Slab Design

1.6.1. Basement Slab :

This floor is designed as a flat slab with beams around the openings and stairs. It also contains
drops for bathrooms. The slab was designed using SAFE.

1.6.1.1. Model Definition:

1.6.1.1.1. Materials:

Figure 20. Concrete Material Definition

P a g e | 20
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design - Basement

1.6.1.1.2. Section Definition:
• Frames

Figure 21. Frame Sections List

Figure 22. B2 Beam Section Property

Figure 23. C4 Column Section Property

P a g e | 21
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design - Basement

• Slabs

Figure 24. Slab Section Property

Figure 25. Slab Section Property

• Walls

Figure 26. Wall Section Property

P a g e | 22
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design - Basement

1.6.1.2. Applied Loads:

Figure 27. Load Patterns

1.6.1.3. Load Combination:

Figure 29. Load Combination List

Figure 28. Ultimate Load Combination

P a g e | 23
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design - Basement

1.6.1.4. Modelling:
This modelling was done by inserting DXF file into SAFE and assigning sections and openings.

Figure 30. Basement SAFE Model

P a g e | 24
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design - Basement

1.6.1.1. Analysis and Results:

1.6.1.1.1. Meshing:

Figure 31. Slab Mesh Properties Figure 34.

32. Wall Mesh Properties

Figure 33. Basement Floor Mesh

P a g e | 25
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design - Basement

1.6.1.1.2. Ultimate Limit State:
• Moment:
o M11:

Figure 35. Basement M11 Contour

Maximum M11 = 28 KN.m/m

Minimum M11 = - 71.1 KN.m/m

P a g e | 26
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design - Basement

o M22:

Figure 36. Basement M22 Contour

Maximum M22 = 25.5 KN.m/m

Minimum M22 = - 58.6 KN.m/m

P a g e | 27
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design - Basement

1.6.1.1.3. Service Limit State:

• Short Term Deflection:

Figure 37. Basement Uz Contour

Maximum Deflection = 1.58 mm

P a g e | 28
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design - Basement

• Long Term Deflection:

𝜉𝜉
𝛼𝛼 = ≈ 1.8
1 + 50𝜇𝜇′
∆𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = (1 + 𝛼𝛼)∆𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 + ∆𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿

Figure 38. Basement Long Term Uz Contour

Maximum Deflection = 3.94 mm

P a g e | 29
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design - Basement

1.6.1.2. Design:

1.6.1.2.1. Reinforcement:
b = 1000 mm, fcu = 40 MPa, fy = 400 MPa
o M11:
• Maximum:
𝑑𝑑 = 225 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
assume 𝐽𝐽 = 0.826
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 6𝑇𝑇10/𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 471.24 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
0.6
× 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑑𝑑 = 337.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 375 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
0.15% × 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑡𝑡 = 375 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 > 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 × 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 × 𝐽𝐽 × 𝑑𝑑
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = = 35 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾. 𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚
106
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 > 𝑀𝑀𝑈𝑈 = 28 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾. 𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐶𝐶1 = 7.61
Use Bottom Mesh of 6T10/m’

Figure 39. M11 Contour with Bottom RFT Mesh

P a g e | 30
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design - Basement

 Minimum:
𝑑𝑑 = 225 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
assume 𝐽𝐽 = 0.826
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 6𝑇𝑇10/𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 471.24 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
0.6
× 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑑𝑑 = 337.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 375 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
0.15% × 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑡𝑡 = 375 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 > 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 × 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 × 𝐽𝐽 × 𝑑𝑑
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = = 35 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾. 𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚
106
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 < 𝑀𝑀𝑈𝑈 = 71 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾. 𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐶𝐶1 = 7.61
Use Bottom Mesh of 6T10/m’ with Additional Mesh above columns
6T10/m’

Figure 40. M11 Contour with Top RFT Mesh Figure 41. M11 Contour with Top RFT Mesh +
Additional RFT

P a g e | 31
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design - Basement

o M22:
• Maximum:
𝑑𝑑 = 225 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
assume 𝐽𝐽 = 0.826
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 6𝑇𝑇10/𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 471.24 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
0.6
× 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑑𝑑 = 337.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 375 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
0.15% × 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑡𝑡 = 375 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 > 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 × 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 × 𝐽𝐽 × 𝑑𝑑
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = = 35 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾. 𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚
106
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 > 𝑀𝑀𝑈𝑈 = 25.5 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾. 𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐶𝐶1 = 7.61
Use Bottom Mesh of 6T10/m’

Figure 42. M22 Contour with Bottom RFT Mesh

P a g e | 32
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design - Basement

 Minimum:
𝑑𝑑 = 225 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
assume 𝐽𝐽 = 0.826
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 6𝑇𝑇10/𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 471.24 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
0.6
× 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑑𝑑 = 337.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 375 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
0.15% × 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑡𝑡 = 375 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 > 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 × 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 × 𝐽𝐽 × 𝑑𝑑
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = = 35 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾. 𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚
106
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 < 𝑀𝑀𝑈𝑈 = 58.6 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾. 𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐶𝐶1 = 7.61
Use Bottom Mesh of 6T10/m’ with Additional Mesh above columns
6T10/m’

Figure 43. M22 Contour with Top RFT Mesh Figure 44. M22 Contour with Top RFT Mesh +
Additional RFT

P a g e | 33
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design - Basement

1.6.1.2.2. Deflection:
According to ECP203 2020, the allowable deflec�on is:
∆𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 < 𝐿𝐿𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 /250 = 4000/250 = 16 mm
∆𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 3.94 mm

Figure 45. Basement Long Term Uz Contour

P a g e | 34
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Ground and Typical

1.6.2. Ground and Typical (1st to 9th) Slab :

This floor is designed as a post tensioned slab with beams around the openings and stairs. It
also contains drops for bathrooms. The slab was designed using ADAPT Builder.

1.6.2.1. Model Definition:

1.6.2.1.1. Materials:

Figure 46. Concrete Material Definition

Figure 47. Rebar Steel Material Definition

Figure 48. Prestressing Steel Material Definition

P a g e | 35
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Ground and Typical

1.6.2.1.2. Section Definition:
• Frames

Figure 49. Frame Sections List

Figure 50. B2 Beam Section Property

Figure 51. C4 Column Section Property

P a g e | 36
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Ground and Typical

• Slabs

Figure 52. Slab Section Property

Figure 53. Dropped Slab Section Property

• Walls

Figure 54. Wall Section Property

P a g e | 37
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Ground and Typical

1.6.2.2. Applied Loads:

Figure 55. Load Patterns

1.6.2.3. Load Combination:

Figure 56. Load Combination List

P a g e | 38
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Ground and Typical

1.6.2.4. Modelling:
This modelling was done by inserting DXF file into ADAPT and assigning sections and openings.

1.6.2.4.1. Modelling Concrete Sections:

Figure 57. Ground and Typical ADAPT Model

P a g e | 39
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Ground and Typical

1.6.2.4.2. Defining Prestressing Tendons:

1.6.2.4.2.1. Allowable Stresses:

Figure 58. Stress Limits in Tendons

1.6.2.4.2.2. Tendon Distribution:

Due to the plan’s small spans except for the top having 7m span, the tendons were distributed
uniformly along the x-axis and y-axis with spacing of 1.5 m. This is the maximum spacing
according to the ECP201-2020.

Figure 59.Tendons Distribution

P a g e | 40
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Ground and Typical

1.6.2.4.1. Creating Support Lines:

Figure 60. X-Support Lines Figure 61. Y-Support Lines

1.6.2.4.2. Tendon Profiles:

These profiles were created manually to match the shape of the support line and how the
bending moment diagram could look like.

Figure 62. Tendon 64 Profile and Stresses

P a g e | 41
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Ground and Typical

1.6.2.5. Analysis and Results:

1.6.2.5.1. Meshing:

Figure 63. Slab and Wall Mesh Properties

Figure 64. Ground and Typical Floor Mesh

P a g e | 42
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Ground and Typical

1.6.2.5.2. Initial Loading :
• Stresses:
o Top:
 X-Direction

Figure 65. X-Direction Top Initial Stresses

P a g e | 43
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Ground and Typical

 Y-Direction

Figure 66. Y-Direction Top Initial Stresses

P a g e | 44
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Ground and Typical

o Bottom:
 X-Direction

Figure 67. X-Direction Bottom Initial Stresses

P a g e | 45
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Ground and Typical

 Y-Direction

Figure 68. Y-Direction Bottom Initial Stresses

P a g e | 46
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Ground and Typical

1.6.2.5.1. Sustained Loading :
• Stresses:
o Top:
 X-Direction

Figure 69. X-Direction Top Sustained Load Stresses

P a g e | 47
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Ground and Typical

 Y-Direction

Figure 70. Y-Direction Top Sustained Load Stresses

P a g e | 48
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Ground and Typical

o Bottom:
 X-Direction

Figure 71. X-Direction Bottom Sustained Load Stresses

P a g e | 49
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Ground and Typical

 Y-Direction

Figure 72. Y-Direction Bottom Sustained Load Stresses

P a g e | 50
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Ground and Typical

1.6.2.5.2. Total Service Loading :
• Stresses:
o Top:
 X-Direction

Figure 73. X-Direction Top Total Load Stresses

P a g e | 51
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Ground and Typical

 Y-Direction

Figure 74. Y-Direction Top Total Load Stresses

P a g e | 52
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Ground and Typical

o Bottom:
 X-Direction

Figure 75. X-Direction Bottom Total Load Stresses

P a g e | 53
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Ground and Typical

 Y-Direction

Figure 76. Y-Direction Bottom Total Load Stresses

P a g e | 54
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Ground and Typical

• Deformations:
 X-Direction

Figure 77. X-Direction Top Total Load Deformation

P a g e | 55
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Ground and Typical

 Y-Direction

Figure 78. Y-Direction Top Total Load Deformation

P a g e | 56
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Ground and Typical

1.6.2.5.3. Long Term Deflection :
• Deflection:

Figure 79. Deformation Contour in Z-Direction

P a g e | 57
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Ground and Typical

o Tendon Elongation :

Figure 80. Tendons Elongation

P a g e | 58
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Ground and Typical

1.6.2.1. Design:

1.6.2.1.1. Reinforcement:
The code requires there be minimum ordinary reinforcement using the following
equation:
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 0.00075 × 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 × 𝐿𝐿 = 188 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
Use Top and Bottom Mesh of T10mm @ 300mm
The plan does not require additional reinforcement

Figure 81. RFT Mesh for Ground and Typical Floors

P a g e | 59
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Ground and Typical

1.6.2.1.2. Deflection:
According to ECP203 2020, the allowable deflec�on is:
∆𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 < 𝐿𝐿𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 /250 = 2000/450 = 4.44 mm
∆𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 7.9 mm > Allowable
Unsafe. Use camber = 2.5 mm

Figure 82. Deformation Contour in Z-Direction

P a g e | 60
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Tenth Floor

1.6.3. Tenth Floor Slab :

This floor is designed as a post tensioned slab with beams around the openings and stairs.
The slab was designed using ADAPT Builder.

1.6.3.1. Model Definition:

1.6.3.1.1. Materials:

Figure 83. Concrete Material Definition

Figure 84. Rebar Steel Material Definition

Figure 85. Prestressing Steel Material Definition

P a g e | 61
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Tenth Floor

1.6.3.1.2. Section Definition:
• Frames

Figure 86. Frame Sections List

Figure 87. B2 Beam Section Property

Figure 88. C4 Column Section Property

P a g e | 62
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Tenth Floor

• Slabs

Figure 89. Slab Section Property

• Walls

Figure 90. Wall Section Property

P a g e | 63
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Tenth Floor

1.6.3.2. Applied Loads:

Figure 91. Load Patterns

1.6.3.3. Load Combination:

Figure 92. Load Combination List

P a g e | 64
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Tenth Floor

1.6.3.4. Modelling:
This modelling was done by inserting DXF file into ADAPT and assigning sections and openings.

1.6.3.4.1. Modelling Concrete Sections:

Figure 93. Tenth Floor ADAPT Model

P a g e | 65
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Tenth Floor

1.6.3.4.2. Defining Prestressing Tendons:

1.6.3.4.2.1. Allowable Stresses:

Figure 94. Stress Limits in Tendons

1.6.3.4.2.2. Tendon Distribution:

Due to the plan’s small spans except for the top having 7m span, the tendons were distributed
uniformly along the x-axis and y-axis with spacing of 1.5 m. This is the maximum spacing
according to the ECP201-2020.

Figure 95.Tendons Distribution

P a g e | 66
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Tenth Floor

1.6.3.4.3. Creating Support Lines:

Figure 96. X-Support Lines Figure 97. Y-Support Lines

1.6.3.4.4. Tendon Profiles:

These profiles were created manually to match the shape of the support line and how the
bending moment diagram could look like.

Figure 98. Tendon 64 Profile and Stresses

P a g e | 67
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Tenth Floor

1.6.3.5. Analysis and Results:

1.6.3.5.1. Meshing:

Figure 99. Slab and Wall Mesh Properties

Figure 100. Tenth Floor Mesh

P a g e | 68
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Tenth Floor

1.6.3.5.2. Initial Loading :
• Stresses:
o Top:
 X-Direction

Figure 101. X-Direction Top Initial Stresses

P a g e | 69
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Tenth Floor

 Y-Direction

Figure 102. Y-Direction Top Initial Stresses

P a g e | 70
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Tenth Floor

o Bottom:
 X-Direction

Figure 103. X-Direction Bottom Initial

Stresses

P a g e | 71
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Tenth Floor

 Y-Direction

Figure 104. Y-Direction Bottom Initial Stresses

P a g e | 72
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Tenth Floor

1.6.3.5.3. Sustained Loading :
• Stresses:
o Top:
 X-Direction

Figure 105. X-Direction Top Sustained Load Stresses

P a g e | 73
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Tenth Floor

 Y-Direction

Figure 106. Y-Direction Top Sustained Load Stresses

P a g e | 74
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Tenth Floor

o Bottom:
 X-Direction

Figure 107. X-Direction Bottom Sustained Load Stresses

P a g e | 75
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Tenth Floor

 Y-Direction

Figure 108. Y-Direction Bottom Sustained Load Stresses

P a g e | 76
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Tenth Floor

1.6.3.5.4. Total Service Loading :
• Stresses:
o Top:
 X-Direction

Figure 109. X-Direction Top Total Load Stresses

P a g e | 77
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Tenth Floor

 Y-Direction

Figure 110. Y-Direction Top Total Load Stresses

P a g e | 78
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Tenth Floor

o Bottom:
 X-Direction

Figure 111. X-Direction Bottom Total Load Stresses

P a g e | 79
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Tenth Floor

 Y-Direction

Figure 112. Y-Direction Bottom Total Load Stresses

P a g e | 80
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Tenth Floor

• Deformations:
 X-Direction

Figure 113. X-Direction Top Total Load Deformation

P a g e | 81
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Tenth Floor

 Y-Direction

Figure 114. Y-Direction Top Total Load Deformation

P a g e | 82
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Tenth Floor

1.6.3.5.5. Long Term Deflection :
• Deflection:

Figure 115. Deformation Contour in Z-Direction

P a g e | 83
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Tenth Floor

o Tendon Elongation :

Figure 116. Tendons Elongation

P a g e | 84
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Tenth Floor

1.6.3.6. Design:

1.6.3.6.1. Reinforcement:
The code requires there be minimum ordinary reinforcement using the following
equation:
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 0.00075 × 𝑡𝑡𝑠𝑠 × 𝐿𝐿 = 188 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
Use Top and Bottom Mesh of T10mm @ 300mm
The plan does not require additional reinforcement

Figure 117. RFT Mesh for Tenth Floor

P a g e | 85
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Tenth Floor

1.6.3.6.2. Deflection:
According to ECP203 2020, the allowable deflec�on is:
∆𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 < 𝐿𝐿𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 /250 = 2000/450 = 4.44 mm
∆𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 4.24 mm < Allowable

Figure 118. Deformation Contour in Z-Direction

P a g e | 86
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Roof

1.6.4. Roof Slab :

This floor is designed as a solid slab. It also contains drops for bathrooms. The slab was
designed using SAFE.

1.6.4.1. Model Definition:

1.6.4.1.1. Materials:

Figure 119. Concrete Material Definition

P a g e | 87
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Roof

1.6.4.1.2. Section Definition:
• Frames

Figure 120. B1 Beam Section Property

Figure 121. C5 Column Section Property

• Slabs

Figure 122. Slab Section Property

P a g e | 88
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Roof

1.6.4.2. Applied Loads:

Figure 123. Load Patterns

1.6.4.3. Load Combination:

Figure 124. Load Combination List

Figure 125. Ultimate Load Combination

P a g e | 89
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Roof

1.6.4.4. Modelling:
This modelling was done by inserting DXF file into SAFE and assigning sections and openings.

Figure 126. Roof SAFE Model

Figure 127. Slab Loads

P a g e | 90
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Roof

1.6.4.5. Analysis and Results:

1.6.4.5.1. Meshing:

Figure 128. Slab Mesh Properties

Figure 129. Roof Floor Mesh

P a g e | 91
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Roof

1.6.4.5.2. Ultimate Limit State:
• Moment:
o M11:

Figure 130. Roof M11 Contour

Maximum M11 = 18.44 KN.m/m

Minimum M11 = - 17.08 KN.m/m
o M22:

Figure 131. Roof M22 Contour

Maximum M22 = 19.46 KN.m/m

P a g e | 92
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Roof

1.6.4.5.3. Service Limit State:
• Short Term Deflection:

Figure 132. Roof Uz Contour

Maximum Deflection = 3.846 mm

P a g e | 93
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Roof

• Long Term Deflection:

𝜉𝜉
𝛼𝛼 = ≈ 1.76
1 + 50𝜇𝜇′
∆𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = (1 + 𝛼𝛼)∆𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 + ∆𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿

Figure 133. Roof Long Term Uz Contour

Maximum Deflection = 11.14 mm

P a g e | 94
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Roof

1.6.4.6. Design:

1.6.4.6.1. Reinforcement:
b = 1000 mm, fcu = 40 MPa, fy = 400 MPa
o M11:
• Maximum:
𝑑𝑑 = 135 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
assume 𝐽𝐽 = 0.826
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 6𝑇𝑇10/𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 471.24 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
0.6
× 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑑𝑑 = 202.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 240 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
0.15% × 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑡𝑡 = 240 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 > 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 × 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 × 𝐽𝐽 × 𝑑𝑑
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = = 21.02 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾. 𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚
106
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 > 𝑀𝑀𝑈𝑈 = 18.44 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾. 𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐶𝐶1 = 6.36
Use Bottom Mesh of 6T10/m’

Figure 134. M11 Contour with Bottom RFT Mesh

P a g e | 95
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Roof

 Minimum:
𝑑𝑑 = 135 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
assume 𝐽𝐽 = 0.826
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 6𝑇𝑇10/𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 471.24 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
0.6
× 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑑𝑑 = 202.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 240 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
0.15% × 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑡𝑡 = 240 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 > 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 × 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 × 𝐽𝐽 × 𝑑𝑑
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = = 21.02 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾. 𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚
106
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 > 𝑀𝑀𝑈𝑈 = 17.08 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾. 𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐶𝐶1 = 6.53
Use Top RFT of 6T10/m’ on top middle support region

Figure 135. M11 Contour with Top RFT

P a g e | 96
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Roof

o M22:
• Maximum:
𝑑𝑑 = 135 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
assume 𝐽𝐽 = 0.826
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 6𝑇𝑇10/𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 471.24 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
0.6
× 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑑𝑑 = 202.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 240 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
0.15% × 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑡𝑡 = 240 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 > 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 × 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 × 𝐽𝐽 × 𝑑𝑑
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = = 21.02 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾. 𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚
106
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 > 𝑀𝑀𝑈𝑈 = 19.46 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾. 𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐶𝐶1 = 6.12
Use Bottom Mesh of 6T10/m’

Figure 136. M22 Contour with Bottom RFT Mesh

P a g e | 97
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Slab Design – Roof

1.6.4.6.2. Deflection:
According to ECP203 2020, the allowable deflec�on is:
∆𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 < 𝐿𝐿𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 /250 = 3680/250 = 14.72 mm
∆𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 11.14 mm

Figure 137. Roof Long Term Uz Contour

P a g e | 98
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Beam Design

1.7. Beam Design

1.7.1. Basement Floor :

Using the same model as the slab design, the beams will be designed using excel sheet.

1.7.1.1. Analysis and Results:

Figure 138. Basement Beams M33 Values

P a g e | 99
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Beam Design

Figure 139. Basement Beams V22 Values

P a g e | 100
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Beam Design

1.7.1.2. Design:

1.7.1.2.1. Reinforcement:

Figure 140. Beam Sample

• Positive Moment:

b = 250 mm, fcu = 40 MPa, fy = 400 MPa

𝑑𝑑 = 750 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = 110 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾. 𝑚𝑚

𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 × 𝐵𝐵
𝐶𝐶1 = 𝑑𝑑� = 7.15
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢

𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝐶𝐶1 − 𝐽𝐽 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝐽𝐽 = 0.826

𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 × 106
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = = 443.91 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 × 𝐽𝐽 × 𝑑𝑑

⎧ 0.225�𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
⎪𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � × 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑑𝑑 = 667.04 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 577.08 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
⎨ 2
1.3 × 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 577.08 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
⎪
⎩ 0.18% × 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑡𝑡 = 360 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 577.08 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑

P a g e | 101
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Beam Design

• Negative Moment:

b = 250 mm, fcu = 40 MPa, fy = 400 MPa

𝑑𝑑 = 750 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = 176 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾. 𝑚𝑚

𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 × 𝐵𝐵
𝐶𝐶1 = 𝑑𝑑� = 5.65
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢

𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝐶𝐶1 − 𝐽𝐽 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝐽𝐽 = 0.826

𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 × 106
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = = 710.25 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 × 𝐽𝐽 × 𝑑𝑑

⎧ 0.225�𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
⎪𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � × 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑑𝑑 = 667.04 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑓 𝑦𝑦
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 667.04 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
⎨ 1.3 × 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 923.3 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
⎪
⎩ 0.18% × 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑡𝑡 = 360 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 > 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 , 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
• Shear:

b = 250 mm, fcu = 40 MPa, fy = 240 MPa

𝑑𝑑 = 750 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑄𝑄𝑢𝑢 = 90.1 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾
𝑄𝑄𝑢𝑢 × 103
𝑞𝑞𝑢𝑢 = = 0.48 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑏 × 𝑑𝑑

𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑞𝑞𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 0.16 × � = 0.826 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐

𝑞𝑞𝑢𝑢 < 𝑞𝑞𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 , 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓/𝒎𝒎′

P a g e | 102
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Beam Design

Table 3. Basement Floor Beams Flexural Design

Table 4. Basement Floor Beams Shear Design

Table 5. Basement Floor Beams Reinforcement

P a g e | 103
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Beam Design

1.7.1.2.2. Detailing:

Figure 141. Two Span Beam Detailing

1.7.2. Ground and Typical Floors :

1.7.2.1. Analysis and Results:

Figure 142. Ground and Typical Floor Beams M33 Values

P a g e | 104
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Beam Design

Figure 143. Ground Typical Floor Beams V22 Values

1.7.2.2. Design:

Table 6. Ground Typical Floor Beams Flexural Design

Table 7. Ground Typical Floor Beams Shear Design

P a g e | 105
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Beam Design

1.7.3. Roof :

1.7.3.1. Analysis and Results:

Figure 144. Roof Floor Beams M33 Values

Figure 145. Roof Floor Beams V22 Values

P a g e | 106
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Beam Design

1.7.3.2. Design:

Table 8. Roof Beams Flexural Design

Table 9. Roof Beams Shear Design

1.7.3.2.1. Detailing:

Figure 146. Roof Continuous Beam Detailing

P a g e | 107
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Stair Design

1.8. Stair Design

1.8.1. Statical System:

The stairs were designed using an excel sheet. The statical system can be seen below:

Figure 147. Stair Statical System

Table 10. Stair Data

INPUT DATA:
fcu= 40 MPa
fy= 400 MPa
R 0.17 m
S 0.27 m
H 0.2 m
Cover 0.05 m
Stair Horizontal dimension
W 1.1 m.
V 0.1 m.
L1 0.9 m.
L2 2.4 m.
L3 0.7 m.
Live load 3 KN/m²
Dead Load
2 KN/m²
(Flooring)

P a g e | 108
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Stair Design

1.8.2. Load Calculation

Table 11. Stair Load Calculation
ow of landing = 2.5 * H = 5 KN/m²
ow of flight = 2.5*H+2.5*1/2*R = 7.12 KN/m²

Wu (Landing) = 1.4 * owL + 1.4*DL + 1.6 * LL

Wu (Landing) = 14.60 KN/m²

Wu (Flight) = 1.4 * owF /cos Φ + 1.4*DL / cos Φ + 1.6 * LL

Wu (Flight) = 19.90 KN/m²

Landing Between floors level

WuL= Wu (Landing) * w Figure 148. Stair Flight Section
WuL= 16.06 KN/m²

1.8.3. Straining Action

1.8.3.1. Flight:
Table 12. Flight Straining Actions
WuF= Wu (Flight) * W 21.89 KN/m
RF1= 43.03 KN
RF2 = 20.74 KN
X zero shear 1.397 m
Mumax 19.15 KN.m
M (Landing) 3.93 KN.m

Figure 149. Flight Loads Figure 150. Flight BMD and SFD

P a g e | 109
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Stair Design

1.8.3.2. Landing:
Table 13. Landing Straining Actions

WuL = 13.14 KN/m

RuF = 18.85 KN/m
RL2= 35.85 KN
MuL2 = 20.09 KN.m

Figure 151. Landing Loads

1.8.3.3. Shear Stresses:

Table 14. Shear Stresses

qu1 = RF / (w*d) 0.199 MPa

qu2 = RL2 / (L1*d) 0.275 MPa

P a g e | 110
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Stair Design

1.8.4. Design:

1.8.4.1. Flexure:
b = 1000 mm, fcu = 40 MPa, fy = 400 MPa
𝑑𝑑 = 165 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
• For M1
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = 3.95 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾. 𝑚𝑚

𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 × 𝑏𝑏
𝐶𝐶1 = 𝑑𝑑� = 16.61
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢

𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝐶𝐶1 − 𝐽𝐽 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝐽𝐽 = 0.826

𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 × 106
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = = 72.46 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 × 𝐽𝐽 × 𝑑𝑑
0.6
× 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑑𝑑 = 270 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 360 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
0.18% × 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑡𝑡 = 360 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 360 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 , 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏/𝒎𝒎′
• For M2
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = 19.15 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾. 𝑚𝑚

𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 × 𝑏𝑏
𝐶𝐶1 = 𝑑𝑑� = 7.17
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢

𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝐶𝐶1 − 𝐽𝐽 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝐽𝐽 = 0.826

𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 × 106
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = = 359.27 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 × 𝐽𝐽 × 𝑑𝑑
0.6
× 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑑𝑑 = 270 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 360 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
0.18% × 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑡𝑡 = 360 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 360 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 , 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓/𝒎𝒎′

P a g e | 111
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Stair Design

• For M3
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = 20.09 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾. 𝑚𝑚

𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 × 𝑏𝑏
𝐶𝐶1 = 𝑑𝑑� = 7.18
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢

𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝐶𝐶1 − 𝐽𝐽 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝐽𝐽 = 0.826

𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 × 106
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = = 392.1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 × 𝐽𝐽 × 𝑑𝑑
0.6
× 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑑𝑑 = 270 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 360 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
0.18% × 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑡𝑡 = 360 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 392.1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 , 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓/𝒎𝒎
1.8.4.2. Shear:
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑞𝑞𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 0.16� = 0.826 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 > 𝑞𝑞𝑢𝑢1 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑞𝑞𝑢𝑢2 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐
1.8.4.3. Reinforcement Detailing:

Figure 153. Stair Section Y-Y

Figure 152. Stair Reinforcement

P a g e | 112
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Column Design

1.9. Column Design

The column design was done using ETABS. This is due to the fact that to design the columns
of a high rise building we need to take into effect the seismic loads.

1.9.1. Seismic Analysis:

All structures shall be designed for seismic loads in accordance with (ECP-201, Chapter 8).
Seismic loads are calculated in accordance with the requirements of the Egyptian Code for
calculating Loads (ECP 201) seismic zone 3.

1.9.1.1. Design Criteria

• Equivalent Lateral Forces Method

It is a static analysis method where the structure behaves in a linearly elastic manner under
reduced lateral forces at the design level that cause the same maximum base shear of the
design earthquake described by its design response spectrum. These equivalent lateral forces
are distributed over the total height of the structure at the floor levels.
• Multi-Modal Response Spectrum Method
Multi-modal response spectrum (MMRS) method is similar to the ELF method but using the
fundamental and higher modes of vibration. MMRS is the repetition of ELF method for each
vibration mode starting from fundamental mode and using similar steps of analysis for each
rth mode based on the corresponding modal properties to determine the “Modal Responses.”

P a g e | 113
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Column Design

1.9.1.2. Structural System

The structural system of the current building can be classified as a RC Shear Walls (R = 5.0)

Table 15. Response Modification Factors

1.9.1.3. Importance Factor

The structure is a residential building; thus, the importance factor is 1.

Table 16. Importance Factor

P a g e | 114
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Column Design

1.9.1.4. Soil Type

According to the given data, the soil subclass is “ Subclass C ”.

Table 17. Soil C Properties

1.9.1.5. Seismic Acceleration

The project is in Cairo (Zone 3 according to ECP201). The seismic horizontal ground
acceleration "aG" is determined to be 0.15 g. The Response Spectrum is Type 1.

Figure 154. Seismic Zonation Map

P a g e | 115
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Column Design

Table 18. Zones Seismic Effect

Table 19. Egypt Cities Seismic Zones

P a g e | 116
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Column Design

Figure 155. Type 1 Response Spectrum

Table 20. Type 1 Response Spectrum Variables

1.9.1.6. Characteristics Period

According to ECP, the characteristic period for the structure can be assumed for preliminary
seismic design using the following equation.
𝑇𝑇1 = 𝐶𝐶𝑡𝑡 × 𝐻𝐻 3/4
For shear wall building , Ct = 0.05. The total height of building 38.3 m
𝑇𝑇1 = 0.05 × 38.33/4 = 0.77 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
And the code gives an upper limit for computed period to not exceed:
1.2 × 𝑇𝑇1 = 1.2 × 0.77 = 0.933 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

P a g e | 117
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Column Design

1.9.1.7. Seismic Load Definition

Defining Equivalent Static and Response Spectrum load patterns. The code requires to take
5% in all directions.
• EQx:

Figure 156. EQx Properties

• EQy:

Figure 157. EQy Properties

P a g e | 118
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Column Design

o Define Response Spectrum Function:

Figure 158. Response Spectrum Function

o Defining Mass Source:
Table 21. Live Load Reduction Factor

Figure 159. Mass Source Data

P a g e | 119
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Column Design

• RESx

Figure 160. RESx Load Pattern

Figure 161. RESx Load Case

P a g e | 120
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Column Design

• RESy

Figure 162. RESy Load Pattern

Figure 163. RESy Load Case

P a g e | 121
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Column Design

1.9.1.8. Assigning Diaphragm

Rigid diaphragms are assigned at each floor.

Figure 164. Typical Floor Diaphragm

P a g e | 122
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Column Design

1.9.1.9. Scaling Base Shear

The code dictates that the Multi-Modal Response Spectrum Analysis method can be used if
its base reaction exceeds 85% of the Equivalent Static method. In the following table the
Reactions will be compared without scaling:
Table 22. Base Reactions
Output Case Case Type FX FY
kN kN
EQx LinStatic -1360.8717 -0.00002934
EQy LinStatic 0.000009717 -1360.8715
RESx LinRespSpec 1100.5258 75.0114
RESy LinRespSpec 75.0113 1040.2349
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
= 0.809 < 0.85
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑋𝑋 = 0.85 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
= 0.764 < 0.85
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑌𝑌 = 0.85 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
Use a factor of 1.12 for both cases
Table 23. Scaled Base Reactions

Output Case Case Type FX FY

kN kN
EQx LinStatic -1360.8717 -0.00002934
EQy LinStatic 0.000009717 -1360.8715
RESx LinRespSpec 1234.4464 84.1394
RESy LinRespSpec 84.1393 1166.8189

𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
= 0.907 > 0.85
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
= 0.857 > 0.85
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
Seismic Design will be done using the Multi-Modal Response Spectrum method.

P a g e | 123
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Column Design

1.9.1.10. Modal Mass Participation Ratio

Table 24. Modal Mass Participation Ratios
Case Mode Period UX UY SumUX SumUY
Modal 1 2.821 0.1137 0.005 0.1137 0.005
Modal 2 1.805 0.0034 0.6209 0.1171 0.6259
Modal 3 1.196 0.4986 0.0008 0.6157 0.6267
Modal 4 0.772 0.0323 0.0008 0.6479 0.6276
Modal 5 0.414 0.0002 0.1556 0.6481 0.7831
Modal 6 0.359 0.0022 0.0006 0.6503 0.7838
Modal 7 0.267 0.1574 0.000003187 0.8077 0.7838
Modal 8 0.214 0.0018 0.000005777 0.8096 0.7838
Modal 9 0.176 0 0.0556 0.8096 0.8394
Modal 10 0.165 0.0027 0 0.8122 0.8394
Modal 11 0.165 0.0022 0 0.8144 0.8394
Modal 12 0.162 0.0007 0 0.8152 0.8394
Modal 13 0.162 0.0004 0 0.8155 0.8394
Modal 14 0.147 0.002 0 0.8175 0.8394
Modal 15 0.141 0.0006 0 0.8181 0.8394
Modal 16 0.141 0.0001 0 0.8182 0.8394
Modal 17 0.123 0.0464 8.227E-07 0.8646 0.8394
Modal 18 0.111 0.0017 0.000002078 0.8662 0.8394
Modal 19 0.106 0.0002 0 0.8664 0.8394
Modal 20 0.106 0.00001198 0 0.8664 0.8394
Modal 21 0.103 0 0.0283 0.8664 0.8677
Modal 22 0.089 0.0002 0 0.8667 0.8677
Modal 23 0.079 0.025 6.118E-07 0.8916 0.8677
Modal 24 0.076 0.0001 0 0.8917 0.8677
Modal 25 0.076 0.000005073 0 0.8917 0.8677
Modal 26 0.075 0.00003044 5.129E-07 0.8917 0.8677
Modal 27 0.071 0 0.0175 0.8917 0.8852
Modal 28 0.066 0.0003 0 0.892 0.8852
Modal 29 0.059 0.0004 0 0.8924 0.8852
Modal 30 0.059 0.0157 0 0.9081 0.8852
Modal 31 0.056 0.00003971 0 0.9081 0.8852
Modal 32 0.056 0.000001636 0 0.9081 0.8852
Modal 33 0.054 0.0001 0.00002153 0.9082 0.8853
Modal 34 0.054 0 0.0128 0.9082 0.8981
Modal 35 0.047 0.0129 0 0.921 0.8981
Modal 36 0.044 0 0.0108 0.921 0.9089

SumUX and SumUY > 0.9 then the minimum number of modes is 36.

P a g e | 124
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Column Design

1.9.1.11. Load Combinations

Figure 165. Load Combinations List

Figure 166. Earthquake X Load Combination

Figure 167. Seismic Ultimate X Load Combination

P a g e | 125
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Column Design

1.9.1.12. Story Drift Checks

o X-Direction:

Figure 168. Story Drifts in X-Direction

𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 0.002495 × 0.7 × 5 × 0.5 = 0.00437 < 0.005 (𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆)
o Y-Direction:

Figure 169. Story Drifts in Y-Direction

𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 0.001817 × 0.7 × 5 × 0.5 = 0.00318 < 0.005 (𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆)

P a g e | 126
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Column Design

1.9.1.13. P-Delta Check

Table 25. Story Height and Normal Force

General
Height P
# Story
mm kN
0 --- --- ---
1 Basement 3300 45591.0514
2 Ground 3150 40799.8827
3 1st 2950 37004.347
4 2nd 2950 33251.985
5 3rd 2950 29497.7536
6 4th 2950 25743.5222
7 5th 2950 22028.0095
8 6th 2950 18316.4324
9 7th 2950 14604.8553
10 8th 2950 10934.5782
11 9th 2950 7264.6035
12 10th 2950 3594.6289
Table 26. P-Delta Check in X-Direction

X-Direction
Rx = 5 Final Action Consider P-Δ effect ν = 0.5 0.005 h
Vx Dx Ddx θx Drift Check
Action
kN mm mm 0.2315 Dx ν Check
0 0 --- --- --- --- ---
1328.594 0.483 1.6905 0.0176 Neglect P-Δ effect 0.84525 Safe
1288.5529 2.618 9.163 0.0921 Neglect P-Δ effect 4.5815 Safe
1189.5943 4.55 15.925 0.1679 Use Factor of 1.2 7.9625 Safe
1067.889 5.511 19.2885 0.2036 Consider P-Δ effect 9.64425 Safe
940.4187 6.089 21.3115 0.2266 Consider P-Δ effect 10.65575 Safe
839.623 6.363 22.2705 0.2315 Consider P-Δ effect 11.13525 Safe
774.2563 6.455 22.5925 0.2179 Consider P-Δ effect 11.29625 Safe
743.0508 6.357 22.2495 0.1859 Use Factor of 1.23 11.12475 Safe
713.4901 6.125 21.4375 0.1488 Use Factor of 1.17 10.71875 Safe
658.2181 5.83 20.405 0.1149 Use Factor of 1.13 10.2025 Safe
540.3165 5.446 19.061 0.0869 Neglect P-Δ effect 9.5305 Safe
331.8505 5.027 17.5945 0.0646 Neglect P-Δ effect 8.79725 Safe

According to ECP, the P-Delta effect should be considered

P a g e | 127
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Column Design

Table 27. P-Delta Check in Y-Direction
Y-Direction
Use Factor of
Ry = 5 Final Action Use Factor of 1.19 ν = 0.5
1.19
Vy Dy Ddy θy Drift Check
Action
kN mm mm 0.1626 Dx ν Check
0 0 --- --- --- --- ---
1318.4785 0.093 0.3255 0.0034 Neglect P-Δ effect 0.16275 Safe
1300.2056 2.527 8.8445 0.0881 Neglect P-Δ effect 4.42225 Safe
1235.7167 3.686 12.901 0.131 Use Factor of 1.15 6.4505 Safe
1165.1087 4.508 15.778 0.1526 Use Factor of 1.18 7.889 Safe
1090.4785 5.067 17.7345 0.1626 Use Factor of 1.19 8.86725 Safe
1016.8599 5.406 18.921 0.1624 Use Factor of 1.19 9.4605 Safe
933.2363 5.593 19.5755 0.1566 Use Factor of 1.19 9.78775 Safe
843.3809 5.632 19.712 0.1451 Use Factor of 1.17 9.856 Safe
748.158 5.581 19.5335 0.1293 Use Factor of 1.15 9.76675 Safe
653.0517 5.535 19.3725 0.11 Use Factor of 1.12 9.68625 Safe
534.2185 5.416 18.956 0.0874 Neglect P-Δ effect 9.478 Safe
357.4801 5.24 18.34 0.0625 Neglect P-Δ effect 9.17 Safe

As it is required to take P-Delta into effect, the option must be applied in ETABS.

P a g e | 128
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Column Design

1.9.2. Design:
After the seismic analysis, the columns were designed under the aforementioned load
combination. The code used for designing in ETABS was the BS 8110-97. While changing
material reduction and utilization factors as can be seen below.

Figure 170. Frame Design Preferences

P a g e | 129
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Column Design

The columns gotten from preliminary design were used in this model and as can be seen in
the figure below. They were safe and did not need changing.

Figure 171. Columns PMM Interaction Ratio

P a g e | 130
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Column Design

Table 28. Column Sections

The Column Sections are:

o C1: 300x800 mm, with RFT 10T18
o C2: 350x900 mm, with RFT 14T18
o C3: 350x1000 mm, with RFT 14T18
o C4: 400x1450 mm, with RFT 20T20
o C5: 250x400 mm, with RFT 6T18 (Roof only)
Note that the columns sections will be reduced every 3 stories. The reductions will be 5 or 10
cm from one side. The reduced sections can be seen in the above table.

P a g e | 131
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Column Design

1.9.3. Punching Check:

After applying the actual columns after design, the slabs were checked again for punching.
The punching will be checked in ETABS using ACI 318-19.

1.9.3.1. Basement:
All columns are connected to beams. Therefore, there is no need to check punching.

1.9.3.2. Ground and Typical Floors:

The most critical story will have the smallest sections. This shall be the 9th Typical floor.

Figure 172. Ninth Floor Punching Shear D/C Ratio

P a g e | 132
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Column Design

1.9.3.1. Ground and Typical Floors:

Figure 173. Tenth Punching Shear D/C Ratio

P a g e | 133
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Wall Design

1.10. Wall Design

1.10.1. Core Design:

1.10.1.1. Defining Peir Labels:

Core is assigned as a pier label in ETABS because it is more appropriate to assign the pier to
the height of wall resulting in better calculations of shear and moments. Core is designed to
carry normal force (N), and moments x & y (M22 & M33).

Figure 174. Pier Label List

Figure 175. Pier Label Assignment

P a g e | 134
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Wall Design

1.10.1.2. Defining Pier Sections:

The reinforcement was defined in the pier section tab.

Figure 176. Pier Sections List

Figure 177. Core 1 Section Data

P a g e | 135
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Wall Design

Figure 178. Core 1 Reinforcement

Figure 179. Core 2 Reinforcement

P a g e | 136
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Wall Design

1.10.1.3. Analysis:
o Core 1
• Moment:

Figure 180. Core 1 M22 Diagram Figure 181. Core 1 M33 Diagram

P a g e | 137
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Wall Design

• Normal:

Figure 182. Core 1 Normal Force Diagram

P a g e | 138
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Wall Design

o Core 2:
• Moment:

Figure 183. Core 2 M22 Diagram Figure 184. Core 2 M33 Diagram

P a g e | 139
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Wall Design

• Normal:

Figure 185. Core 2 Normal Force Diagram

P a g e | 140
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Wall Design

1.10.1.4. Design:
The core was designed using BS 8110-97 using a lower utilization factor.

Figure 186. Shear Wall Design Preferences

P a g e | 141
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Wall Design

The Design must ensure that the Demand (D) to Capacity (C) Ratio is less than 1. As can be
seen in the figures below, both Core 1 and Core 2 do not reach 1. This means the assumed
reinforcement (5T10/m’) is more than adequate.

Figure 187. Core 1 D/C Ratios Figure 188. Core 2 D/C Ratios

P a g e | 142
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Wall Design

1.10.1.5. Reinforcement Detailing:

Figure 189. Core 1 Reinforcement Detailing

Figure 190. Core 2 Reinforcement Detailing

P a g e | 143
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Wall Design

1.10.2. Retaining Walls Design:

1.10.2.1. Statical System

There are walls connected to the slab and others that are free from the top. Both were
designed.

Figure 191. Fixed – Hinged Retaining Wall Figure 192. Fixed – Free Retaining Wall

P a g e | 144
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Wall Design

1.10.2.2. Modeling:
• Material:

Figure 193. Concrete Data

• Section:

Figure 194. Wall Section Definition

P a g e | 145
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Wall Design

• Model:

Figure 195. Fixed – Hinged Model Figure 196. Fixed – Free Model

P a g e | 146
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Wall Design

1.10.2.3. Analysis:
• Bending Moment:

Figure 197. Fixed – Hinged BMD Figure 198. Fixed – Free BMD
• Normal Force:

Figure 199. Fixed – Hinged Normal Force Figure 200. Fixed – Free Normal Force

P a g e | 147
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Wall Design

1.10.2.4. Design:
• Straining Actions:
Table 29. Retaining Wall Straining Actions
Wall Section Mu (KN.m/m) Pu (KN/m)
1 6.79 - 34.6
Fixed - Hinged
2 15.04 - 46.1
Fixed – Free 3 37.8 -72.3

• Design

Table 30. Retaining Wall Design

1.10.2.5. Reinforcement Detailing:

Figure 201. Retaining Wall Reinforcement Detailing

P a g e | 148
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Ramp Design

1.11. Ramp Design

1.11.1. Statical System:

The ramp is supported by retaining walls on both sides and by the raft from the bottom.

Figure 202. Ramp Statical System

P a g e | 149
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Ramp Design

1.11.2. Modeling:
The ramp was modeled using SAP2000.

1.11.2.1. Model Definition:

• Material Properties:

Figure 203. Concrete Properties

• Slab Section:

Figure 204. Concrete Properties

P a g e | 150
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Ramp Design

1.11.2.2. Applied Loads:

Figure 205. Load Patterns

Figure 206. Slab Loads

1.11.2.3. Load Combinations

Figure 207. Load Combination List

P a g e | 151
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Ramp Design

1.11.3. Analysis:
• Moment
o M11:

Figure 208. Ramp M11 Contour

Maximum = 20.874 KN.m
Minimum = -21.768 KN.m

o M22:

Figure 209. Ramp M22 Contour

Maximum = 7.503 KN.m
Minimum = -19.051 KN.m

P a g e | 152
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Ramp Design

• Deflection
o Short Term:

Figure 210. Ramp Short Term Uz Contour

Maximum = 0.4254 mm

o Long Term:

Figure 211. Ramp Long Term Uz Contour

Maximum = 1.003 mm

P a g e | 153
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Ramp Design

1.11.4. Design:

1.11.4.1. Flexure:
M11:
𝑑𝑑 = 175 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
assume 𝐽𝐽 = 0.826
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 5𝑇𝑇10/𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 392.699 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
0.6
× 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑑𝑑 = 262.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 300 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
0.15% × 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑡𝑡 = 300 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 > 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 × 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 × 𝐽𝐽 × 𝑑𝑑
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = = 22.7 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾. 𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚
106
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 > 𝑀𝑀𝑈𝑈 = 20.807 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾. 𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐶𝐶1 = 6.84
Use Mesh 5T10/m Top and Bottom

Figure 212. Ramp M11 Contour with RFT Bottom Mesh

Figure 213. Ramp M11 Contour with RFT Top Mesh

P a g e | 154
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Ramp Design

M22:
𝑑𝑑 = 175 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
assume 𝐽𝐽 = 0.826
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 5𝑇𝑇10/𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 392.699 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
0.6
× 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑑𝑑 = 262.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 300 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
0.15% × 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑡𝑡 = 300 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 > 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 × 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 × 𝐽𝐽 × 𝑑𝑑
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = = 22.7 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾. 𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚
106
𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 > 𝑀𝑀𝑈𝑈 = 19.051 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾. 𝑚𝑚/𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐶𝐶1 = 6.95
Use Mesh 5T10/m Top and Bottom

Figure 214. Ramp M22 Contour with RFT Bottom Mesh

Figure 215. Ramp M22 Contour with RFT Top Mesh

P a g e | 155
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Ramp Design

1.11.4.2. Deflection:
According to ECP203 2020, the allowable deflec�on is:
∆𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 < 𝐿𝐿𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 /250 = 3250/250 = 13 mm
∆𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 1.009 mm

Figure 216. Ramp Long Term Uz Contour

P a g e | 156
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Raft Design

1.12. Raft Design

1.12.1. Model Definition:

The model shall be the same as columns model. However, some new definitions
will be made. The foundation level shall be - 4.00 m below ground level. The
bearing capacity was given in the project description as 300 KPa.
1.12.1.1. Raft Section:
The raft thickness will be assumed to be 10 times the number of floors. This gives
a thickness of 1200 mm.

Figure 217. Raft Section Property

1.12.1.2. Soil Subgrade Reaction

The modulus of subgrade reaction could be approximately taken as 100 times
the bearing capacity as 30000 KN/m3

P a g e | 157
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Raft Design

Figure 218. Area Spring Property

Figure 219. Area Spring Assignment

P a g e | 158
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Raft Design

1.12.2. Analysis:

1.12.2.1. Bearing Capacity:

The soil pressure shall be checked to see if it does not exceed the bearing
capacity.

Figure 220. Soil Pressure Contour

𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 < 300 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆

P a g e | 159
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Raft Design

1.12.2.2. Bending Moment

• Moment:
o Minimum M11:

Figure 221. Raft Maximum M11 Contour

P a g e | 160
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Raft Design

o Maximum M11:

Figure 222. Raft Maximum M11 Contour

P a g e | 161
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Raft Design

o Minimum M22:

Figure 223. Raft Minimum M22 Contour

P a g e | 162
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Raft Design

o Maximum M22:

Figure 224. Raft Maximum M22 Contour

P a g e | 163
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Raft Design

1.12.3. Design:

1.12.3.1. Reinforcement:
b = 1000 mm, fcu = 40 MPa, fy = 400 MPa
o M11:
Minimum:
𝑑𝑑 = 1130 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = 168 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾. 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 × 𝐵𝐵
𝐶𝐶1 = 𝑑𝑑� = 17.44
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢
𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝐶𝐶1 − 𝐽𝐽 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝐽𝐽 = 0.826
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 × 106
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = = 449.98 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 × 𝐽𝐽 × 𝑑𝑑
0.6
× 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑑𝑑 = 1695 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 1800 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
0.15% × 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑡𝑡 = 1800 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 1800 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖/𝒎𝒎′

Figure 225. M11 Contour with Top RFT Mesh

P a g e | 164
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Raft Design

• Maximum:
𝑑𝑑 = 1130 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
• 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = 1300 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾. 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐×𝐵𝐵
• 𝐶𝐶1 = 𝑑𝑑� 𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢
= 6.268

• 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝐶𝐶1 − 𝐽𝐽 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝐽𝐽 = 0.826

𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 ×106
• 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = = 3481.97 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 ×𝐽𝐽×𝑑𝑑

0.6
× 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑑𝑑 = 1695 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
• 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 1800 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
0.15% × 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑡𝑡 = 1800 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 3481.97 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖/𝒎𝒎′
𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖/𝒎𝒎′ 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄

Figure 227. M11 Contour with Bottom RFT Mesh

Figure 226. M11 Contour with Bottom RFT Mesh
and Additional

P a g e | 165
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Raft Design

o M22:
Minimum:
𝑑𝑑 = 1130 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = 148 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾. 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 × 𝐵𝐵
𝐶𝐶1 = 𝑑𝑑� = 18.577
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢
𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝐶𝐶1 − 𝐽𝐽 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝐽𝐽 = 0.826
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 × 106
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = = 396.41 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 × 𝐽𝐽 × 𝑑𝑑
0.6
× 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑑𝑑 = 1695 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 1800 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
0.15% × 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑡𝑡 = 1800 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 1800 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩𝑩 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖/𝒎𝒎′

Figure 228. M22 Contour with Top RFT Mesh

P a g e | 166
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Raft Design

Maximum:
𝑑𝑑 = 1130 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 = 1300 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾. 𝑚𝑚

𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 × 𝐵𝐵
𝐶𝐶1 = 𝑑𝑑� = 6.268
𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢

𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝐶𝐶1 − 𝐽𝐽 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐. 𝐽𝐽 = 0.826

𝑀𝑀𝑢𝑢 × 106
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = = 3481.97 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 × 𝐽𝐽 × 𝑑𝑑
0.6
× 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑑𝑑 = 1695 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 1800 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
0.15% × 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑡𝑡 = 1800 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 3481.97 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖/𝒎𝒎′
𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖/𝒎𝒎′ 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄

Figure 230. M22 Contour with Bottom RFT Mesh

Figure 229. M22 Contour with Bottom RFT Mesh
and Additional

P a g e | 167
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 1 – High Rise Building Raft Design

1.12.3.2. Punching:
Like in slabs, punching in raft can be critical in some cases.

Figure 231. Punching Shear D/C Ratio

P a g e | 168
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 2 – Underground Tank Introduction

2. Unit 2 – Underground Tank

2.1. Introduction
This report contains all of the structural design aspects used for designing of an underground
tank. These aspects are Design Codes, Structural Systems, Materials, Loads , Combinations
and Design Methods. The objective is to fully design and detail a reinforced concrete structure
that is safe and economic. The design must also meet all the requirements of the Egyptian
Code of Practice. The statical system used for the building is a flat slab system for the roof of
the tank. The area of the tank is equal to [14 x 23] meter square with a total height of 4.9
meters.

P a g e | 169
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 2 – Underground Tank Statical System

2.2. Statical System

Figure 232. Tank Plan

Figure 233. Tank Section

P a g e | 170
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 2 – Underground Tank Model Definition

2.3. Model Definition

2.3.1. Material:

Figure 234. Concrete Material Definition

2.3.2. Section Definition:

• Frames:

Figure 235. Column Section Definition

P a g e | 171
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 2 – Underground Tank Model Definition

• Slabs:

Figure 236. Slab Section Definition

• Raft:

Figure 237. Raft Section Definition

P a g e | 172
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 2 – Underground Tank Model Definition

• Walls:

Figure 238. Wall Section Definition

2.3.3. Applied Loads:

2.3.3.1. Load Patterns

Figure 239. Load Patterns

P a g e | 173
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 2 – Underground Tank Model Definition

2.3.3.2. Load Combination:

Figure 240. Load Combination

2.3.3.3. Joint Pattern

To define pressure applied on walls and floors, joint patterns must be defined.

Figure 241. Joint Pattern List

Figure 242. Pressure Assignment

P a g e | 174
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 2 – Underground Tank Model Definition

2.3.4. Modelling:

2.3.4.1. Meshing:

Figure 243. Meshing Options

Figure 244. 3D View of Tank Model without Roof

P a g e | 175
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 2 – Underground Tank Analysis and Results

2.4. Analysis and Results

2.4.1. Straining Actions:

The straining actions needed for design are the Normal Force and Bending Moment on the
wall. These are taken from 2 different cases: Empty and Full.

2.4.1.1. Vertical Strip 1:

Figure 245. Vertical Strip 1 Sections

Table 31. Straining Actions for Vertical Strip 1

Bending Moment (KN.m) Normal Force (KN)

Section t (mm)
Inner Outer Inner Outer
1 0 - -56 - 300
2 - 12 - -92 300
3 -20 - -118 - 300
4 0 27 -25 -47 400
5 -28 - 2 - 400
6 - 40 -53 -54 400
7 -10 - 45 - 400
8 - 60 - -30 400
9 -30 - 44 - 400
10 - 15 - -20 300
11 -4 - -37 - 300
12 - 27 - -55 300
13 0 26 -27 -29 300
14 -4 42 -46 -60 300
15 0 34 -74 -63 300

P a g e | 176
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 2 – Underground Tank Analysis and Results

2.4.1.2. Vertical Strip 2:

Figure 246. Vertical Strip 2 Sections

Table 32. Straining Actions for Vertical Strip 2
Bending Moment (KN.m) Normal Force (KN)
Section t (mm)
Inner Outer Inner Outer
1 - 33 -30 -30 300
2 -2 40 -40 -55 300
3 -3 33 -80 -60 300
4 -3 33 45 -53 400
5 -25 - 58 -50 400
6 - 60 -35 53 400

2.4.1.3. Horizontal Strip:

The walls of the tanks had a minimum rectangularity ratio of 4.67 >> 2. This resulted in the
horizontal strip have small straining actions.

Figure 247. Horizontal Strip Sections

Table 33. Straining Actions for Horizontal Strip
Bending Moment (KN.m) Normal Force (KN)
Section t (mm)
Inner Outer Inner Outer
1 - 3 -45 -30 300
2 -2.5 - -22 -51 300

P a g e | 177
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 2 – Underground Tank Analysis and Results

2.4.2. Stresses:
The tank shall not be cracked in the working limit state . This means that the tension stresses
will need to be less than:
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ≤ 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.6�𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 , 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝜂𝜂 = 1. 4
𝜂𝜂
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ≤ 2.35 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
• Empty Load Case:

Figure 248. Empty S11 Stresses

Figure 249. Empty S22 Stresses

P a g e | 178
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 2 – Underground Tank Analysis and Results

• Full Load Case:

Figure 250. Full S11 Stresses

Figure 251. Full S22 Stresses

As can be seen, the stresses do not exceed the allowable tension stresses. This means that
the assumed thickness is adequate.

P a g e | 179
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 2 – Underground Tank Design

2.5. Design

2.5.1. Reinforcement:
From the previous straining action and using an excel used for water section.

2.5.1.1. Vertical Strip 1:

Table 34. Reinforcement for Vertical Strip 1
Bending Moment (KN.m) Normal Force (KN) Reinforcement
Section t (mm)
Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer
1 0 - -56 - 300 5T12 5T12
2 - 12 - -92 300 5T12 5T12
3 -20 - -118 - 300 5T12 5T12
4 0 27 -25 -47 400 5T16 5T16
5 -28 - 2 - 400 5T16 5T16
6 - 40 -53 -54 400 5T16 5T16
7 -10 - 45 - 400 5T16 5T16
8 - 60 - -30 400 5T16 5T16
9 -30 - 44 - 400 5T16 5T16
10 - 15 - -20 300 5T12 5T12
11 -4 - -37 - 300 5T12 5T12
12 - 27 - -55 300 5T12 5T12
13 0 26 -27 -29 300 5T12 5T12
14 -4 42 -46 -60 300 5T12 5T16
15 0 34 -74 -63 300 5T12 5T12

Table 35. Design of Section 14 using Excel

P a g e | 180
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 2 – Underground Tank Design

2.5.1.2. Vertical Strip 2:

Table 36. Reinforcement for Vertical Strip 2
Bending Moment (KN.m) Normal Force (KN) Reinforcement
Section t (mm)
Inner Outer Inner Outer Inner Outer
1 - 33 -30 -30 300 6T12 6T12
2 -2 40 -40 -55 300 6T12 6T16
3 -3 33 -80 -60 300 6T12 6T12
4 -3 33 45 -53 400 6T12 6T12
5 -25 - 58 -50 400 6T16 6T16
6 - 60 -35 53 400 6T16 6T18

Table 37. Design of Section 6 using Excel

2.5.1.3. Horizontal Strip:

Due to the small straining actions (M < 5KN.m/m and N < 10 KN/m), the minimum
reinforcement was used of 5T12/m’.

P a g e | 181
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 2 – Underground Tank Design

2.5.1.4. Top Flat Slab:

A mesh of 6T12/m’ top and bottom was used. The diagram was straining actions
were checked after applying the mesh.
• M11

Figure 252. M11 Contour with Bottom Mesh

Figure 253. M11 Contour with Top Mesh

An additional mesh will be added to the top mesh at the columns.

P a g e | 182
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 2 – Underground Tank Design

• M22

Figure 254. M22 Contour with Bottom Mesh

Figure 255. M22 Contour with Top Mesh

An additional mesh will be added to the top mesh at the columns.

P a g e | 183
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 2 – Underground Tank Design

2.5.2. Punching:
The most critical is the top slab with thickness 200 mm.

Figure 256. Normal Force on Column inside Tank

Table 38. Punching for Column

P a g e | 184
 Cairo University, Faculty of Engineering
Credit Hour System
Structural Engineering Department

Unit 2 – Underground Tank Design

2.6. Checks

2.6.1. Uplift:
Load Case Base Reaction (KN)
Dead 7933.949
Ground Water Pressure -4387.24

The Egyptian Code of Practice requires that for uplift, a factor of safety 1.5.
𝑊𝑊𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝐹𝐹. 𝑂𝑂. 𝑆𝑆. = = 1.808 > 1.5 SAFE
𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈

2.6.2. Bearing Capacity:

The allowable bearing capacity was 250 KPa.

Maximum pressure = 102.2 KPa < 250 KPa SAFE

P a g e | 185