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KCL and KVL

Lab Report forKVL KCL

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64 views5 pages

KCL and KVL

Lab Report forKVL KCL

Uploaded by

fearlessfalcon145
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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I.

0INTRODUCTION:
Kirchhoff's current law states that the current flowing into a node must be equal to the
current flowing out of it. This helps in evaluation of voltage across resistors/circuit elements
in a parallel circuit (current differs in parallel circuit and is same in series circuit circuit).

Mathematically, 𝑖 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 − 𝑖3 − 𝑖4 or 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 = 𝑖3 + 𝑖4

Kirchhoff's voltage law states that the sum of voltages around a loop is zero or the sum of
voltage rises equals the sum of voltage drops around a loop. This helps in evaluation of
voltage across resistors/circuit elements in a series circuit (voltage differs in series circuit and
is same in parallel circuit).

Mathematically, 𝑣𝑠 = 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + 𝑣3 or −𝑣𝑠 + 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + 𝑣3 = 0

By using KVL and if the values of resistances are known, current can be evaluated in a series
circuit as follows:

𝑣𝑠 = 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + 𝑣3

∴ 𝑣 = 𝑖𝑅

𝑣𝑠 = 𝑖(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 )
𝑣𝑠
𝑖=
𝑅𝑒

II.0OBJECTIVES:
The main objective of this experiment is to:
1. Study and verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
2. Study and verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law
3. Studying and verifying both laws theoretically and experimentally
4. Error evaluation by comparing the theoretical and experimental values
III.0TASK:
Apparatus: 3 resistors, bread board, power supply (DC source), probe wires, 2 circuit wires
(to attach with power supply wires and then insert into the bread board), 2 wires (to connect
the power supply with the bread board), multimeter

Procedure:
1. Connect the wires (positive and negative) with the terminals of the power supply.
Then Attach two circuit wires with the other two ends (of wire connected with the
power supply). Then connect the power supply, multimeter and bread board with
electricity and turn the switch on.
2. First, evaluate the resistances of the resistors using ohmmeter i.e. convert the
multimeter into an ohmmeter and then directly connect the probe tips with the ends of
the resistors. Record these values in a table.
3. Then, perform the below explained two tasks.

Task 1: Verifying Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law


1. Put resistors in series combination on the bread board.
2. Set the power supply to 5V then 10V and finally 10V. Close the circuit by attaching
power supply wires on the bread board.

3. Convert the multimeter into voltmeter.


4. Place the probe tips across the ends of each resistor to measure voltage across it.
5. Record the voltages across all three resistors in a table then add and record their sum.
6. Evaluate error percentage by using this formula. 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 (%) =
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝑉)−𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
× 100
𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒(𝑉)

Task 2: Verifying Kirchhoff’s Current Law


1. Put two resistors in series and one parallel w.r.t both on the bread board.
2. Set the power supply to 5V then 10V and finally 10V. Close the circuit by attaching
power supply wires on the bread board.

3. Convert multimeter into ammeter.


4. Break the circuits (by displacing the power supply wires and then a resistor end) and
then place probe tips at the displaced end and on the end of adjacent resistor to
measure current across all the three resistors.
5. Record the current across all three resistors in a table. It will be observed that a
resistor in series will divide the current between the other two resistors (one in parallel
and one in series).
IV.0CALCULATIONS:

The following table records the theoretical and experimental values of the resistors used in this
experiment.

RESISTORS RESISTANCE
Red, violet, black, golden 28.05Ω
Brown, green, red, golden 1500Ω
Green, blue, red, golden 5569Ω
Brown, red, red, golden 1200Ω

KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW


The following table records the experimental values for voltages across the resistors
connected in series:

SOURCE VOLTAGE TOTAL ERROR


RESISTANCE
(Voltage) (RESISTORS) VOLTAGE (%)
28.05Ω 0.01925V

1500Ω 1.067V
5V 5.066V 1.3%
5569Ω 3.98V

28.05Ω 0.038V

1500Ω 2.12V
10V 10.038V 0.38%
5569Ω 7.88V

28.05Ω 0.078V

1500Ω 4.49V
20V 20.068V 0.34%
5569Ω 15.5V
KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW
The following table records the experimental values for currents across the resistors
connected:
SOURCE
RESISTANCE CURRENT (RESISTORS)
(Voltage)
𝑅1 =1200Ω 𝐼1 =1.80mA

𝐼2 =1.45mA
5V 𝑅2 =1500Ω
𝑅3 =5569Ω 𝐼3 =1.79mA

𝑅1 =1200Ω 𝐼1 =3.75mA

𝑅2 =1500Ω 𝐼2 =3.05mA
10V
𝑅3 =5569Ω 𝐼3 =0.72mA

𝑅1 =1200Ω 𝐼1 =8.18mA

𝑅2 =1500Ω 𝐼2 =6.75mA
20V
𝑅3 =5569Ω 𝐼3 =1.423mA

V.0CONCLUSION:
It can be concluded from above experiments:
• Voltage is divided among the load in series circuit.
• Current is divided as it enters a node. The sum of currents leaving the
node equals the value of current entering the node.

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