AQA GCSE (9–1) Geography Workbook

WORKBOOK ANSWERS
AQA GCSE (9–1)
Geography Workbook
This Answers document provides suggestions for some of the possible answers that students
could give for the questions asked in the Workbook. They are not exhaustive and other
answers may be acceptable, but they are intended as a guide to give teachers and students
feedback.

Chapter 1: How Geography is assesses in Papers 1 and 2

Page 6
1 a 13.5°C b 14.3°C c 14.4°C

Page 7
2 The correct options are b, c, and e.
3 The correct options are b, d, and f.

Page 8
4 The correct option is c.
5 1050km SE of Mumbai
or 1400km SW of Kolkata.
6 A fairly regular pattern across India which includes a cluster of six around New Delhi.

Page 9
7 a Site B In rank order 15 12 11 8 7 7 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 So median = 4
b Site C In rank order 9 7 6 6 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 So median = 3

Page 10
8 a Range at site B = 15 – 1 = 14
b Range at site C = 9 – 1 = 8
9 a Interquartile range at B = 8 – 2 = 6
b Interquartile range at C = 6 – 1 = 5
 AQA GCSE (9–1) Geography Workbook

10
a Rest of Asia b India c Europe

Page 11
11 Headland
12 The stilts raise the living space above the height of a storm surge so keep people
safe from flooding. The shutters prevent the windows from being broken by wind or
waves during a storm so protect people from flying glass.

Page 12
13 Rapid urban growth leads to the growth of unplanned shanty towns. In a shanty town
the roads are not paved so footpaths will be very muddy in the rainy season. This
creates a social problem for the residents who will trample mud into their homes.
There is no rubbish collection so there is lots of rubbish which means that rats could
be attracted. This is a social problem because rats carry diseases that can be spread
to people. It is also an environmental problem because the plastic rubbish can be
dumped in rivers where it is carried into the ocean. It then becomes a hazard for
wildlife such as seals or sea birds that choke on the plastic rubbish.
Rapid urban growth of shanty towns also means that unplanned housing is built much
too close together so there is a risk that fire from a cooking stove could quickly
spread through the whole neighbourhood. This is a social problem because a fire
could kill residents and would certainly make them homeless, trapping them in
poverty.

Page 15
14
AO4 AO2 understanding Explain is the command word

Using Figure 14 and your own understanding, explain how regeneration creates social and
economic opportunities. [6 marks]

Social and economic opportunities

15 The open space is built using really strong and durable materials so it will be
sustainable. The space could be used for people to meet.
The station building provides an important transport link for people to come into the
centre of Birmingham. This means workers can get to work and shoppers can visit
businesses.
 AQA GCSE (9–1) Geography Workbook

Page 16
16 Regeneration occurs when old industries such as manufacturing or mining decline
and are replaced by new tertiary and quaternary sector industries such as leisure,
retailing, office space and financial or communications businesses. These new jobs
create many economic opportunities. The first of these are the jobs created by
construction of the new office buildings, shops and businesses and also construction
of transport infrastructure, like the station building seen in Figure 1.15. The next
economic opportunities are the jobs created in the new retail, leisure, financial and
technology businesses that are attracted into the area. In Figure 1.15 the
regeneration will have helped to create new jobs in the shops and offices in central
Birmingham.
Regeneration also creates social opportunities. Old derelict land is cleaned up
creating new open spaces such as parks, city squares or leisure spaces. These new
spaces create social opportunities as clean and safe places for people to meet, have
fun and exercise. In Figure 1.15 you can see that regeneration has created a small
urban square built with very strong materials, signage, CCTV and good lighting. This
will be a place where people can meet or walk through safely and without fear of
crime.

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17
Points Explanations Further explanation to add
depth
4. There are very few … so many people have to … so people have very little
latrines … share the same toilets … privacy and diseases could
be spread.
5. The roads are not … so they will be muddy in the … so it will be very difficult
paved … wet season and very dusty in for people to keep their
the dry season … homes clean.
6. There isn't enough … so the paths between the … so people may be afraid to
street lighting … houses will be dark … leave their homes at night
because of the fear of crime.

Page 23
19 a The student could add more detailed and specific facts. For example, that the Kyoto
Protocol is an international treaty that was adopted in 1997 to limit emissions and that
the meeting in Paris was held in 2015.

b The evaluation could be improved if the student explained more clearly why it is
difficult for international agreements to work. They could explain how the economies
of India, China and USA depend on industries like steel and construction that emit a
lot of CO2. Reducing emissions could badly affect jobs so any decision to reduce
emissions could make politicians very unpopular.

20 a This answer is better because the facts are more detailed, for example specific
details about the agreement made in Paris are given, such as the number of
countries involved and how individual countries like France are acting. It also
demonstrates better understanding of how the agreements may reduce emissions
and therefore have an impact on climate change.
 AQA GCSE (9–1) Geography Workbook

b The response would be improved if it made a more effective evaluation of

international agreements. The evaluation offers a brief argument and counter-
argument, but neither is very well developed.
c The response is written in very long sentences that should be broken into shorter
sentences using full stops. In the tenth line the response uses 'could of' which should
be 'could have'. In the eleventh line the response uses 'affect' when it should 'effect'.
The twelfth line needs commas adding between each item in the list.
 AQA GCSE (9–1) Geography Workbook

Chapter 2: Preparing for Paper 1

Page 24
1
Term Definition

tectonic plates Rigid sections of the Earth's crust.

plate margins Places where the Earth’s plates meet each other.

destructive Plate margins where plates are moving towards one another.

constructive Plate margins where plates are moving away from one
another.

conservative Plate margins where plates are sliding past one another.

2 The correct options are a, c and e.

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3
Number Labels for Figure 2.2

6 The magma reaches the surface, causing a volcanic eruption

2 There is friction between the oceanic and continental plates

5 Magma rises through the continental crust

1 The dense Nazca Plate is pulled into the mantle

4 The heat and friction cause oceanic crust and ocean floor sediment to melt

3 The friction is overcome, causing an earthquake

4
Primary effects Secondary effects
Volcanic eruptions ACFH BJ
Both K DEGIMN
Earthquake L

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5 The correct option is c.
6 One hazard created by volcanic eruption is ash. If the wind was blowing from the east
then Reykjavik could be covered in fine ash. Ash is very sharp, so it would irritate
people's eyes and would cause breathing difficulties. Also, flights could be delayed
which carry people and goods in and out of Iceland, so the tourist trade would be
disrupted and supermarkets wouldn't get supplies of fresh food like fruit and
 AQA GCSE (9–1) Geography Workbook

vegetables. This could have a negative effect on the economy. Businesses that rely
on tourism, like hotels and coach companies, would lose money and may have to lay
people off temporarily. The price of fresh food in the supermarkets would go up.
Another hazard would be the ground shaking during earthquakes, so some buildings
close to the epicentre could be damaged by cracks in walls or roof tiles slipping off.
This might have short-term impacts such as the danger of people being injured by
falling roof tiles or broken glass from windows, and long-term impacts such as the
cost of having to pay for repairs to the property. If roads or bridges are damaged,
then the earthquake would have financial costs for the wider economy as this
infrastructure would have to be repaired.

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7
Term Example

monitoring Making regular measurements of gases emitted from a volcano.

prediction Using data (like earth tremors) to estimate when a volcano might erupt.

monitoring Using seismometers to measure earth tremors.

protection Designing buildings so that they flex rather than collapse during an
earthquake.

monitoring Using buoys in the ocean to measure the height of a tsunami wave.

planning All emergency services know what to do in the event of an earthquake.

8 Weights on the roof act as a counterbalance so the amount of shaking is reduced.

Cross bracing stiffens the building so that it sways less during an earthquake.
There are several emergency staircases and exits so that large numbers of people
can be evacuated very quickly.
Large open areas around the building provide a safe place for evacuees and
emergency services to gather.
There are shock absorbers in the foundations so that some of the energy of the
earthquake is absorbed.
There are deep foundations into solid rock so that the building is not affected by
the movement of softer soils which can liquefy during an earthquake.
The strong steel frame with girders interlinked stiffens the building so that it sways
less during an earthquake.

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9 Buildings can be designed for protection against the effects of tectonic risks such as
earthquakes. For example, in a city like Tokyo which is at risk of large earthquakes,
buildings are designed using some of the features shown in Figure 2.4. There are
deep foundations into solid rock so that the building is not affected by the movement
of softer soils which can liquefy during an earthquake. The strong steel frame with
girders interlinked stiffens the building so that it sways less during an earthquake.
Large open areas around the building provide a safe place for evacuees and
emergency services to gather and a roof covers the area immediately outside the
building so people are not injured by broken glass as it falls from buildings. These
features are very useful in protecting people from the effects of earthquakes. This is
proven by the fact that less people are killed and injured in cities like Tokyo during an
 AQA GCSE (9–1) Geography Workbook

earthquake than in cities in poorer countries where these technologies are not so
widely used.

Monitoring can also be very useful at reducing tectonic risk, especially in volcanic
areas. For example, scientists make regular measurements of gases emitted from a
volcano and they use seismometers to measure earth tremors around the volcano.
They can then use this data to predict when a volcano might erupt because the
number of small earthquakes increases just before a volcanic eruption. These
shallow earthquakes are caused as the magma pushes its way towards the vent of
the volcano. Monitoring can be extremely useful in reducing tectonic risks from
volcanoes. Monitoring allows people living close to the volcano a warning in enough
time for them to be safely evacuated away from the danger area. On the other hand,
monitoring does not give people enough time to evacuate an area before a large
earthquake caused by plate movement.

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10 On the one hand I would say that tectonic hazards, such as earthquakes, are usually
more dangerous in poorer countries. This is because of a number of factors. Firstly,
buildings in poorer countries tend to be built more cheaply using materials like
concrete blocks that cannot sway or flex during an earthquake, so they collapse.
Secondly, poorer countries are less well prepared, so their emergency services find it
hard to cope with the effects of a large earthquake. An example of this would be in
Nepal after the 2015 earthquake in which 8,841 people died and over 16,000 people
were injured. The earthquake caused the collapse of tens of thousands of homes
making around 1 million people homeless. It also destroyed 26 hospitals meaning
that the emergency response was hindered.
On the other hand, earthquakes also occur in High Income Countries such as Greece
and Italy and sometimes the damage can be terrible. This is because older buildings
in these richer countries are not earthquake proof. They are built of brittle materials
like stone and concrete that collapse when the ground shakes violently. For example,
L'Aquila in Italy was badly affected in 2009: 308 people were killed, 1500 injured and
67,500 people were made homeless when many stone and concrete buildings
collapsed.
In conclusion I largely agree that tectonic hazards are more dangerous in poorer
countries. The evidence from deaths, injuries and homelessness due to large
earthquakes suggests that these countries are more badly affected.

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11

Letter Description

B The Earth heats the air above it. The air rises, creating an area of low pressure.

D The rising air reaches a boundary in the atmosphere called the tropopause. The
air spreads outwards towards the poles, creating winds high in the atmosphere.

A At about 30°N and 30°S the air starts to descend, creating an area of high
pressure.

C The air circulates back towards the Equator. This creates low-level winds in the
atmosphere called the trade winds.

12 The correct options are b and d.

 AQA GCSE (9–1) Geography Workbook

Page 31
13 Immediate responses
The supply of clean drinking water is needed. This is because drinking water is often
polluted after a tropical storm because flood water flushes sewage out of the drains
and mixes this foul water with clean water. You can clearly see foul water has flooded
the streets in Figure 2.6
Medicines are needed because people have been injured or become ill during the
storm. Also, medicines may be in short supply if hospitals or pharmacies have been
flooded.
Long-term responses
Infrastructure may need to be repaired because of damage caused by flooding or
strong winds. Power lines and telecommunication cables, like the ones Figure 2.6,
may have been brought down in the winds. These need to be repaired quickly so that
hospitals have power and the rescue services can communicate.
In the longer term the country may need better flood warning systems, perhaps using
satellite technologies, so that people can have more warning before the next storm. In
the long-term this may save lives.

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14

Term Example

protection Build storm shelters on stilts so they are above the storm surge.

prediction Use weather data to warn people when a tropical storm is approaching.

planning Refuse permission for new homes in areas at risk of coastal floods.

monitoring Take regular readings of water temperature, air temperature and air
pressure.

monitoring Launch weather satellites.

protection Strengthen river embankments so rivers hold more water.

protection Build coastal defences to prevent storm surges from flooding low-lying
coastal areas.

planning Make sure local people know what to do and where to go if there is a
flood.

planning Train fire-crew and police so they know what to do after a storm.

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15 On the one hand, it is possible to considerably reduce the impacts of extreme
weather in the UK using various management techniques. For example, the risks of
flooding caused by extreme low pressure creating a storm surge in the North Sea can
be managed to a large extent by hard engineering. For example, the Thames Barrier,
which cost over £500m has protected about 50 square miles of London from flooding
since 1984. The barrier can be closed when a storm surge has been predicted,
preventing the water in the Thames estuary from being driven over the banks of the
 AQA GCSE (9–1) Geography Workbook

River Thames and flooding large parts of the city. Nowadays, cheaper technologies
can also be used to protect people from the effects of extreme weather. Social media
can be used to warn people of hazards such as roads blocked by snow, ice or flood
water. People can retweet the messages so the warning can be spread quickly and
cheaply.
On the other hand, it is impossible to completely remove all risk from extreme
weather. Some events are so extreme, no amount of hard engineering can prevent
damage. A good example is in Carlisle which flooded in 2009 despite having flood
defences along the river. The area received a month's worth of rain over the first two
weeks of November and then extreme rainfall from 17–20 November. This was a very
unusual and rare event, so the flood defences were just not good enough to prevent
the flooding.
Overall, a mixture of monitoring, planning, prediction and protection strategies is
enough to reduce the risk of most weather events, but we cannot protect people from
the most extreme weather events.

Page 35
16 The correct responses are b, c and e.

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17

Cause Explanation Natural Human

Orbital The path taken by the Earth as it travels around the 

changes Sun varies over a 96,000-year cycle. This means
that the amount of solar energy received by the
Earth varies over time.

Volcanic Volcanoes emit SO2, which can cool the atmosphere 

eruptions by blocking the amount of solar energy received by
the Earth.

Deforestation Plants take CO2 from the atmosphere by 

photosynthesis and store it. When trees are
chopped down and burned, this store of CO2 is
released into the atmosphere.

Agriculture Rice farming, dairy farms and beef farms produce a 

lot of methane, which is a powerful greenhouse gas.

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18 On the one hand, it is possible for international agreements to have some impact on
the causes of climate change. Politicians and leaders of different countries can agree
to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases from their countries. An example of this
is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which
met in Paris in 2015. The Paris Agreement was signed by195 countries. Its aim is to
keep the increase in global temperature to less than 2°C above levels that existed
before the industrial age. International agreements are important because they force
governments to act. For example, France has promised to stop burning coal to make
energy and Volvo will stop making petrol engine cars so that vehicles have much
lower emissions.
 AQA GCSE (9–1) Geography Workbook

On the other hand, it is difficult for international agreements to make actual reductions
in CO₂ emissions because there is nothing to force countries to stick to their pledges.
International agreements only work if enough countries that emit large quantities of
greenhouse gases, such as the USA, India or China, actually keep to the targets.
Politicians may fail to do this because of pressure from voters. Scientists think that
most industrial countries are failing to meet their own targets.
I partially agree that international agreements are able to reduce the causes of
climate change because many governments have proved they can reduce emissions
by influencing energy producers, construction and manufacturing in their own
countries.

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19

CO2 O

20

Letter/number Explanation

4 Nutrients are stored in rocks.

D Weathering breaks down rocks and releases nutrients into the soil.

3 Nutrients are stored in the soil.

1 Nutrients are stored in the cells of the tree.

A Dead leaves and branches fall from the tree.

2 Nutrients are stored temporarily in the dead leaves and branches on the
forest floor.

B Beetles and earthworms break down the dead leaves. Bacteria and fungi
(decomposers) release the nutrients into the soil.

C Water dissolves the nutrients. The tree takes in the water and nutrients
through its roots.
 AQA GCSE (9–1) Geography Workbook

Page 39
21
Label How plants are adapted
D

Page 40
22 a, b
Points Explanations
1 The tropical rainforest … so tropical countries are able to create
stores a lot of carbon … wealth by exporting food crops leading to a
better balance of trade.
2 When trees are cut down … so when it is burned CO2 is released
the canopy is destroyed … into the atmosphere causing climate
change.
3 Large firms create … so interception is reduced leading to soil
commercial farms growing erosion and a reduction in soil fertility.
palm oil or oranges …
4 Large areas of rainforest … so the rainforest becomes more
are replaced by farms accessible, which means that more people
growing one crop, such as move in looking for work.
soy …
5 Deforestation allows … so the rich variety of plants is replaced
minerals such as iron ore to by just one species of plant, which means
be extracted … much less biodiversity.
6 Roads are built through … so well-paid jobs are created in mining
the forest to remove logs … and engineering, which leads to a demand
for better training and research.
 AQA GCSE (9–1) Geography Workbook

c Positive impacts: 3, 5
Negative impacts 1, 2, 4, 6

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23 Impacts on people
Deforestation creates jobs in the logging industry and then in other industries, like the
construction of roads and mining. Figure 2.10 shows that jobs have been created for
digger drivers so that roads can be built. These roads then allow logs to be taken out
of the forest so that even more trees can be cut down. So deforestation can have
positive impacts for people such as the creation of jobs.

Impacts on environment
Deforestation removes the canopy from the forest, so rainfall is no longer intercepted
by the leaves. After trees are cut down the rain can fall directly onto the soil causing
soil erosion on steep slopes, like the one shown in Figure 2.10. The soil may be
washed into a river where it is deposited, leading to flooding. Also, nutrients are easily
washed from the soil leaving the soil infertile. Deforestation also removes important
habitat for the many insects, birds and mammals that live in the rainforest. So
deforestation has negative impacts on the environment.

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24
Points Explanations
Hot desert temperatures are … so settlements are very remote, which
high. Average daytime means that access to education and health
temperature in Saudi Arabia is care can be difficult.
45°C …
Cold environments have … so 70% of energy is used to keep
extremely cold winters. The buildings cool using air conditioning, which
average temperature in uses huge amounts of energy.
Barrow in January is −30°C …
In northern Alaska the active … so seawater has to be desalinated, which
layer of soil thaws for two to is an expensive process that uses a lot of
three months in the summer … energy.
The Sahara is the size of … so the soil can become soft and mobile,
China, but has only 2.5 million which means that buildings can subside and
people … topple over.
There are many remote Alaska … so the engines of trucks need to be kept
Native villages with no access running, otherwise drivers are at risk if they
by road … break down in a remote place.
Saudi Arabia does not have … so at least 75 have no law enforcement,
enough rainfall to provide a which means that it can take over 24 hours
sustainable water supply … before police come to an emergency call.

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25 Hot desert environment
On the one hand, the extreme heat and inaccessibility of some hot desert regions
prevents economic activity. The Western Desert, USA, covers large parts of Arizona,
Utah and Nevada. Las Vegas is in the middle of this region. Economic development
 AQA GCSE (9–1) Geography Workbook

has been restricted in the parts of Nevada to the north of Las Vegas. This large area
has very few roads and daytime temperatures can be extreme. Consequently, the
area has a low population density and very few economic activities other than
extensive cattle ranches.
On the other hand, it is possible to overcome some of the physical challenges of hot
deserts with the use of technology. Las Vegas has a very strong tourist economy
based partly on the gaming industry. Dams on the Colorado make hydro-electric
power (HEP) so the city can have electricity which, among other things, is used for air
conditioning to control the extreme temperatures. Water from the Colorado is used in
the tourist industry and also to sprinkle lawns and create golf courses so that the
desert environment can be green.
In the long term, however, the amount of water being used from the Colorado cannot
be sustained so I have to agree with the statement. The over-use of water means
that, in the end, the physical challenges of heat and lack of water will make it
impossible for Las Vegas to continue to grow.

Cold environment
On the one hand, the extreme cold and inaccessibility of some cold regions prevents
economic activity. The cold environment of Alaska creates physical challenges that
prevent economic activity and, as a consequence, population densities across most
of the state are extremely low. For example, snow and ice make some roads
unusable for several months of the year. The process of solifluction occurs in the
summer months. This process takes place when the upper layers of the soil thaw out
and begin to slide over the frozen ground beneath. This movement in the soil has
negative impacts on the economy as it causes damage to buildings, roads and other
infrastructure such as water, sewerage and gas utilities. It can also damage the oil
pipelines that carry oil across Alaska from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez.
On the other hand, it is possible to overcome some of the physical challenges of cold
environments with the use of technology. The oil pipelines that cross Alaska, for
example, have been carefully designed to overcome the problems caused by the
challenges of cold and solifluction. The pipeline is raised off the ground so that it does
not freeze in the cold soil. The pipeline zig-zags across the landscape so that it is
flexible as it expands in the summer and contracts in the winter.
Overall, I largely disagree with the statement. The physical challenges of extreme
cold and inaccessibility have not prevented economic activity because technology
can overcome these challenges, but they have restricted economic growth.

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26 Coastal landscapes
a solution, attrition, hydraulic power
b longshore drift, solution (Note: solution is both a form of erosion and transportation)
c

Process Description

slumping A sudden movement of soil and unconsolidated (loose) rocks down a cliff
face.

attrition When pebbles bang into each other making them smaller and more
rounded.
 AQA GCSE (9–1) Geography Workbook

hydraulic When waves forcefully throw water against a cliff face, causing some of the
power cliff to be worn away.

26 River landscapes
a abrasion, hydraulic action, lateral erosion, vertical erosion
b traction
c

Process Description

traction When pebbles are rolled along the bed of a stream by the force of the water
flowing in the river.

lateral The sweeping motion of the water in a river, which widens each meander
erosion sideways.

abrasion When stones are thrown against the banks of the river, causing some of the
bank to be worn away.

26 Glacial landscapes
a plucking, abrasion
b bulldozing
c

Process Description

freeze-thaw A weathering process. Rocks are broken up when water gets into cracks,
freezes and pushes the rocks apart.

abrasion The sandpaper effect of stones, carried in the ice, scraping against rocks,
which deepens the U-shaped valley of a glacier.

plucking When rocks are pulled from the back wall of a corrie by the ice.

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28

Grid reference Feature

6215 Barmouth Bridge

6511 Lyn Cyri (a small lake)

6414 The village of Arthog

658134 A spot height of 224 metres

 AQA GCSE (9–1) Geography Workbook

615128 Fairbourne Station

29 The correct option is c

30

Grid Landform
reference

6511 Corrie lake (glacial)

6611 Arête (glacial)

6114 Coastal spit (coastal)

6012 Sandy beach (coastal)

6215 Estuary (river)

6512 V-shaped valley (river)

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31 a 749019
b 744019

32 WSW

Page 51
33 The river in Figure 2.15 is artificially straight so flood water moves quickly
downstream. This is an example of a hard engineering strategy. The benefit of this
strategy is that water quickly flows away from an area that could be damaged by
flooding such as the city centre of York. However, this type of engineering is
expensive to build and maintain. It quickly moves the water downstream and this may
cause flooding further down the drainage basin. This is another 'cost' that has to be
considered.
The trees on the river bank in Figure 2.15 are intercepting and storing water. This
increases the amount of time it takes for water to get into the river so discharge in the
river does not rise so quickly after heavy rain. This is an example of soft engineering.
The benefit of this strategy is that it is cheaper than hard engineering. Another benefit
is that it looks more natural and it provides habitats for wildlife. There are very few
'costs' to this strategy, but it probably wouldn't be enough on its own to protect York
from flooding.

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34 Coastal management has major benefits for coastal communities. Hard engineering
strategies such as sea walls, groynes and artificial reefs have the benefit of protecting
the coastline from erosion. This means that local people benefit because their homes
are safe. Businesses in seaside towns also benefit from having their property
protected thereby safeguarding jobs and investment in coastal communities. Other
 AQA GCSE (9–1) Geography Workbook

coastal management strategies, such as managed realignment of the coast, can

protect farm land and properties from the risk of coastal erosion and flooding.
However, coastal management strategies also have costs. There are financial costs
of building and maintaining the defences. Managed realignment is cheaper than
building a sea wall, but it has other 'costs' because this strategy sacrifices some low
value land to create a natural buffer of salt marsh that will protect farmland and
properties that are further inland. Finally, coastal management can have unintended
consequences for other coastal communities. Building groynes, for example, protects
the location where the groynes are constructed (a benefit) but, as the groynes
prevent the movement of sediment by longshore drift, they can reduce the amount of
sediment that is deposited further along the coast (a cost).

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35 Tourism in glaciated landscapes has many positive impacts. Tourism is a major
employer in places such as Snowdonia and the Lake District. Tourism creates jobs
directly in hotels, restaurants and at visitor attractions such as zip wires. Tourism also
creates jobs indirectly in glaciated areas because tourism creates a demand for local
products such as food grown by local farmers. It also creates demand for extra
services such as the bus or taxi services used by tourists. As a consequence, tourism
creates jobs and generates income which is spent and invested in the local economy
of glaciated landscapes. This creates a positive economic multiplier with money being
invested by businesses and local taxes being invested by the local councils.
Tourism can create negative impacts in glaciated landscapes. These include footpath
erosion, traffic congestion and litter. All of these have negative impacts on the
environment which cost money to repair so there are economic consequences too. In
some glaciated landscapes farm livestock such as sheep can be attacked and killed
by visitors’ dogs. This also has a negative economic impact. Overall, however, the
positive economic impacts greatly outweigh the negative impacts. This is proved
when parts of the countryside have been closed to visitors because of problems such
as foot and mouth disease. At these times the lack of visitors has caused massive
negative impacts on the rural economy.
 AQA GCSE (9–1) Geography Workbook

Chapter 3
Page 54
1 The correct options are a, c and f

Page 55
2 Push factors ACEFGIKL
Pull factors BDHJ

3
Points Explanations
Megacities have … so there is a range of jobs in
international airports and manufacturing with further opportunities
ports … for training and promotion for employees.
Universities are located in … so ordinary people have access to
megacities … safe drinking water, which means there
are fewer deaths at a young age.
Transnational companies … so there are opportunities for firms that
build factories and offices sell goods overseas to grow, which
in megacities … creates more jobs for local people.
Large cities in LICs and … so there are opportunities for people to
some NEEs continue to get degrees or vocational qualifications,
grow … which means they are more employable.
It is easier to provide … so there is the opportunity to get
water for an urban healthcare quickly, which might prevent
population than for people more serious health problems from
living in remote rural developing.
places …
You are never far away from … so there are always jobs available on
a health clinic or hospital in construction sites requiring all sorts of skilled
a large city … workers, from labourers to civil engineers.

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4 Unemployment is a challenge because it leads to poverty.
Slum housing is a challenge because it is below the standard that we expect for
healthy living and there is so much of it that it would be extremely expensive to
replace.
Air pollution is a challenge because it can cause asthma and other breathing
diseases that result in time taken off work and premature deaths.
Waste disposal is a challenge because the process of sorting waste is very labour
intensive. After waste has been sorted there is always some waste left that cannot be
recycled and which is harmful to people or the environment if it is not disposed of
properly. This is often expensive.
Access to health services is a challenge because health services are very
expensive and require huge investments.
Providing clean water is a challenge because clean water is essential for human
health. Many urban areas of LICs and NEEs are unplanned so were built without a
water supply to each house. Adding a water supply after a neighbourhood has
already been built is complicated and expensive.
 AQA GCSE (9–1) Geography Workbook

Sanitation is a challenge because it is essential for human health. Many urban areas
of LICs and NEEs are unplanned so were built without a sewer to each house.
Adding sewerage after a neighbourhood has already been built is complicated and
expensive.
Reducing crime is a challenge because criminal gangs use violence to control the
drugs trade in some LIC and NEE cities.

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5 The correct answer is 40 (there are no units)
6 The correct options are b and e.

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7 In the top box: Houses are made from scrap and recycled materials. Materials like tin
sheets are poorly insulated so the houses will be very hot.
In the lower box: The water is full of rubbish and plastic waste so there is a risk of
disease spreading. Also, the plastic waste could be carried downstream and enter the
oceans, so it will be a risk to wildlife.

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8
Term Definition
Commuter Someone who travels between their home and place of work.
Urban greening Planting trees or creating small parks within a town or city.
Greenfield Land that has never been built on before.
Brownfield Land that has been built on before and is now ready for
redevelopment.
Urban sprawl The growth of a town or city outwards into the countryside.
Deprivation A lack of work, money, good health, a reasonable home or
education.

9 Integrated transport creates benefits for people by being safe, convenient and
affordable. One aspect of integrated transport is cycle paths and walking routes
through a city, like the one shown in Figure 3.4. These are safe because pedestrians
are separated from cars so there is less risk of people being hit and injured by a car.
Another aspect of integrated transport is that various modes of transport are joined
up. For example, the cycle path shown in Figure 3.4 probably connects to a railway
station, metro-link, tram stop or bus route. This has the benefit of being convenient for
people who arrive in the city by train because they can continue their journey through
the city easily by bus, tram, tube, bicycle or on foot.
Integrated transport creates benefits for the economy by providing a relatively cheap,
fast and efficient way for commuters to get to work. By using integrated transport
commuters are able to avoid traffic congestion on the roads. This saves them time, so
they arrive at work on time and feeling less stressed. This has productivity benefits for
businesses that are located in towns and cities.
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10 Social deprivation is a challenge because it means that some people in society do
not have access to the things that everyone needs such as access to health care,
education or job opportunities.
Inequalities in housing are a challenge because it means that some people in
society do not have decent homes. They may suffer issues such as over-crowding or
live in homes that are cold and damp.
Dereliction is a challenge because old derelict buildings and derelict land can be
dangerous places that contain waste which may be hazardous.
Urban sprawl is a challenge because it uses up valuable farmland and makes
commuter journeys longer and longer for people who travel back into the city centre.
Building on brownfield sites is a challenge because they are often contaminated
with waste so are expensive to develop. This also increases the density of building
within urban areas by turning empty sites into sites that contain offices or homes. This
may increase the amount of traffic congestion within the town or city.
Building on greenfield sites is a challenge because it uses up green space that
could be used for recreation, farming or conservation of wildlife.
Waste disposal is a challenge because waste needs to be sorted before it can be
recycled or taken to landfill. The costs of sorting are sometimes greater than the
value of the scrap materials.

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11

Strategy Example

Urban transport Create cycle lanes and bus lanes.

Waste recycling Make householders sort their waste before it is collected.

Water conservation Make sure that all new houses have water meters.

Urban transport Add tramlines to existing city streets, e.g. in Nottingham.

Urban greening Create small pocket parks in inner city areas.

Urban transport Introduce a congestion charge – a payment to drive in the city

centre.

Energy conservation Encourage householders to use a smart meter.

12 Cities can be made more sustainable by improving urban transport, by adding cycle
paths for example. This is sustainable because it allows people to commute to work
safely without adding to the problem of traffic congestion on the road.
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13 On the one hand urban regeneration of the Olympic site in Stratford, London has
been largely successful in overcoming many environmental challenges and some
economic challenges too. The site had a lot of derelict land that had previously had
industrial use. Some of this land was badly contaminated by chemicals. Other land
had been used to store waste, such as a mountain of old fridges and freezers. The
environment has been transformed. The contamination and waste have been
removed. The environment has been improved by adding 22 miles of cycle ways and
footpaths, so people can enjoy a healthy lifestyle. Some economic challenges were
also overcome. The area suffered from deprivation and lacked skilled jobs. Since
regeneration 6,500 skilled jobs have been created.
On the other hand, regeneration of the Olympic site in London has failed to overcome
all the economic challenges. The athlete's village has been converted to create over
2800 new homes, many of these are affordable so that has helped to overcome the
problem of deprivation which was one of the main economic challenges facing the
area before regeneration. However, other tower blocks have been built around the
edge of the site. These are not affordable for locals and many have been sold to
overseas property investors which will have the effect of forcing local property prices
higher.
I largely agree that regeneration of the Olympic site in London has been successful in
overcoming environmental challenges, but it has been less successful in overcoming
the economic challenges that face the area.

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14

15 The correct options are b, d and f

16 It is important for LICs to improve education for girls because the graph provides
evidence that infant mortality is much lower in countries that have good female
education.
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17 Niger, Chad, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo
18 The countries with HDI of 0.65 and above are clustered in two regions of Africa:
 to the north of the Tropic of Cancer
 along the Tropic of Capricorn and to the south of this tropic.
There is one anomaly to this pattern: a single country that is on the Equator.

19

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20
Stage Description
3 Birth rate falls rapidly. The death rate is already quite low and continues to fall
steadily.
5 The population begins to fall as the death rate rises above the birth rate.
1 Both the birth rate and death rate are very high, so the population remains small.
4 Both the birth rate and death rate are low. The population is large but stops
growing.
2 The death rate falls rapidly but the birth rate remains high, so the population
begins to grow.

21
Term Definition
life expectancy The average age someone can expect to live to.
Human Development A measure of development that takes into account a
Index (HDI) country’s level of education, its wealth and its average life
expectancy.
birth rate The number of children born in one year for every 1,000
people in a country's population.
infant mortality The number of children who die before the age of one for
every 1,000 that are born.
Gross National Income An economic measure that represents the average income
in a country.
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22
Points Explanations
The status of women in … so people live longer and have fewer
most NEEs is improving, children, which means that the
which means women have a population stops growing (stage 4).
more equal place in
society …
Manufacturing and service … so education for girls improves and
industries have replaced better jobs become available, so
agriculture as the main form women choose to have fewer children
of employment in NEEs … (stage 3).
In HICs, healthcare is good … so deaths from cholera and typhoid
and many women choose to are falling, so death rates are falling
start their family later in life (stage 2).
…
In many LICs, pay is low … so fewer people work on farms and
and there are no social there is much less need for children to
benefits or pensions for poor work, so the birth rate falls (stage 3).
people …
In most LICs, access to … so infant mortality is falling, which
clean water is improving means that the death rate also falls
(although not everyone has (stage 3).
access to it) …
The use of mosquito nets in … so parents rely on their children to
LICs is preventing the help the family earn a living, so birth
spread of malaria among rates remain high (stage 2).
vulnerable people …

23
Strategy Point Explanation
Intermediate Some or all of the money owed … so that the country relies less
technology by a country is cancelled or on expensive imports of key
interest rates are lowered … goods.
Industrial Uses simple tools or machines … so the government has more
development … money available for
development projects.
International aid Investment is made in simple … so the poorest people can
manufacturing such as steel … start their own small business.
Fairtrade People who do not normally … so that they can be bought
qualify for loans from a normal cheaply and maintained at low
bank get a small loan … cost.
Debt relief Provides money and expertise … so that money can be spent
for a specific project, for on community schemes like
example clean water … clinics or schools.
Microfinance Buyers pay farmers a fair price … so that local people have
for produce such as bananas better health or education.
and they also pay extra money
…
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24 Advantages for the host: 1, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12
Advantages for the TNC: 2, 3, 4, 5, 10
Disadvantages for the host: 7
Disadvantages for the TNC: none

25 Between 100,000 and 249,000

26 The populations are large and increasingly wealthy, so Toyota will gain extra
customers who may buy their cars.
There may be no minimum wage, so Toyota is able to get some of the less skilled
jobs done cheaper than they would in Japan, so the company will make a bigger
profit.

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27 On the one hand tourism creates jobs in poorer countries so it is able to reduce the
development gap. Tunisia is a country in North Africa that has used a tourism
strategy to help close the development gap since the 1970s. Tourism employs over
370,000 people directly in holiday resorts along the Mediterranean coast, in hotels, at
seven airports and in restaurants. The economic benefits of tourism spread out into
the rest of Tunisia in an economic multiplier effect. For example, demand for food in
the tourist sector helps to create jobs in agriculture which supplies the hotels with
food. Tunisia's tourism strategy has helped to make Tunisia one of the wealthiest
countries in Africa.
On the other hand, tourism isn't the only reason for Tunisia's economic success. The
government has also invested in manufacturing industries since the 1970s. Jobs in
manufacturing tend to be more skilled and higher paid than tourism. Furthermore, a
lot of the money made by tourism leaks out of the country because a lot of the profits
made by tourism are taken out of the country by transnational companies that
arrange package holidays or that own the hotels where the tourists stay. What is
more, the tourist industry is vulnerable to disasters and terrorism threats. In 2015 a
terror attack on tourists in a Tunisian resort caused the collapse of visitor numbers for
the next 18 months. This proves that you cannot rely on tourism to provide
sustainable economic growth.
Overall, I partially agree that tourism is a strategy that can help reduce the
development gap if it used alongside other development strategies that improve
workers’ skills.

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28

Term Definition

Globalisation The process that links the economies of different countries around
the world.

Airport/port The amount of goods and people that can be moved through a
capacity port or airport.
 AQA GCSE (9–1) Geography Workbook

Science parks Locations where businesses set up their research operations.

Infrastructure Structures such as roads, bridges and communication systems

that are needed by the economy.

De-industrialisation The process that results in the decline of traditional manufacturing

industry.

29 Causes: decline of raw materials, cheaper labour overseas, cheap imports, lack of
investment
Effects: dereliction, unemployment, need for re-training, regional inequalities

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30
Label Feature
C Space for businesses to expand
E Housing nearby for the workforce
D Excellent road links to London
B Plenty of parking space
A Green, pleasant working environment
F Other businesses nearby who can supply services

31
Points Explanations
Other scientific and … so it’s easy for staff of a high-tech TNC
technology firms are to visit branches abroad.
located on the site …
The Science Park is close … so businesses can share expertise and
to Cambridge University experiences.
…
Cambridge is only 40 … so businesses can recruit highly
minutes from Stansted qualified graduate scientists and
Airport … engineers.
The Science Park is next … so young graduate workers will be able
to a major road system … to live close to their workplace.
Housing in Cambridge is … so components can be delivered quickly
cheaper than in London and efficiently.
…

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32 Road Improvements in road infrastructure can help businesses reduce costs and
increase their profits. Manufacturers use the Just in Time system. This means that
that component parts are delivered from their suppliers immediately before the parts
are needed. This system only works well if road networks are running efficiently
 AQA GCSE (9–1) Geography Workbook

without congestion or any hold-ups. Just In Time benefits the economy because
manufacturers don't have to pay expensive storage bills.

Rail Improvements in rail infrastructure can help the economy by helping

commuters get to work quickly, efficiently and without stress. The average commute
in London is 20 minutes longer than the average commute for the rest of the UK.
When Crossrail is completed, commuters from as far away as Reading, which is
about 40km west of central London, will be able to commute into London.

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33

Points Explanations Further explanation

Crops such as beans and

… so Kenyans are employed on
cut flowers are labour … which reduces poverty.
farms
intensive…

Farm land in Kenya that … which means that local

is used to grow beans … so less food is grown for sale people have to buy more
could be used to grow in local markets expensive imported food in
crops to feed Kenyans… the supermarkets.

Beans and fresh flowers … so are exported to buyers in … which contributes to

perish very quickly… Europe by airfreight global CO2 emissions.

Pesticides and … so some chemicals run off

… which pollute local rivers
insecticides are used to farms and into the local
and lakes.
keep crops healthy… environment

34 Much of our food is grown abroad and then imported into the UK. One reason for this
is the demand for fruit, flowers and vegetables all through the year. Many of these
crops can be grown in the UK, but only for a few weeks or months each year.
Products such as soft fruit (like raspberries and strawberries) and flowers have a very
short growing season in the UK. They perish quickly so they need to be transported
quickly by air to keep them fresh. They are imported from tropical countries (like
Kenya) or southern hemisphere countries (like South Africa). This raises a number of
environmental and social issues. For example, the carbon footprint of the goods that
are imported by airfreight is much higher than that of locally grown, but seasonal,
produce. However, other impacts of this are positive. The farms that grow produce
such as flowers, vegetables and fruit in Kenya employ thousands of people. Many
employees are women who would probably be unemployed if it wasn't for jobs on the
farms.

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35

Term Definition

Groundwater Water stored in soil and in the rocks.

 AQA GCSE (9–1) Geography Workbook

Aquifer Water trapped in porous rocks that can be used as a supply of

water.

Phosphates Chemicals used in agriculture that can pollute water in the

ground.

Abstraction The process of taking water from a river or from the ground.

Water transfer The use of rivers and pipes to move water from areas of water
scheme surplus to areas of water deficit.

36 The correct answer is 122.5 TWh.

37 The correct options are a, c and e.

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38 Large-scale agricultural developments in Almería, Spain have had many economic

advantages in the region. Large numbers of jobs have been created for low skilled
workers such as fruit picking and packing in massive greenhouses that grow crops
like tomatoes, peppers and cucumbers. The warm winter temperatures mean that
greenhouses have lower energy costs than they those located in northern parts of
Europe. New agribusinesses have located in the area so high-skilled jobs in research
and development have been created.

However, the development of large-scale agriculture in Almería has had negative

social and environmental impacts. Low skilled jobs in agriculture have attracted
thousands of migrants from Africa. Some of these are illegal migrants who are
exploited by traffickers. Another social disadvantage is that workers are exploited with
long hours, poor working conditions and very low pay. The development of these
farms has also had several disadvantages for the environment. These include the
over-abstraction of water from the ground and the huge amount of waste plastic
created by the farms.

39 China's South–North Water Transfer Project (SNWTP) transfers water from the
Yangtze River basin to the Yellow River basin in the north of China. This is an area of
water deficit where groundwater levels have been falling at a rate of 5 metres a year
because of over-abstraction. The main advantages of the SNWTP is that is solves the
problem of over-abstraction and provides water for homes, industrial growth and
irrigation on farms. The SNWTP has increased the amount of water available for use
in the cities of Beijing, Tianjin and Weihai.

However, the SNWTP has some disadvantages because of the negative impacts it is
having on people and the environment. The building of canals and reservoirs has
displaced thousands of people from their homes. Moving farmers from their homes
has caused anger and it has reduced the amount of good quality farmland that is
available for growing food. Furthermore, the Chinese authorities have had to find new
homes for these people who complain that the new land they are offered is not as
good as the land they have lost. For example, around 330,000 people were displaced
by the expansion of the Danjiagkou reservoir.

40 Russia has the world's largest reserve of natural gas with 44 trillion cubic metres. The
extraction of natural gas has a number of advantages. One environmental
advantage is that natural gas is a cleaner fuel than other fossil fuels because it has
lower carbon emissions than either coal or oil. It has economic advantages too. It is
easy to distribute via pipeline which allows Russia to export large quantities of gas to
 AQA GCSE (9–1) Geography Workbook

Europe, earning Russia valuable foreign exchange. It is a versatile fuel that can be
used for heating and also to generate electricity relatively cheaply.

However, the extraction of natural gas has some economic disadvantages. The
extraction process uses drilling, pumping and fracking. These processes can cause
minor earthquakes and ground subsidence which can damage buildings and
infrastructure on the ground above. Natural gas is highly flammable. Extraction can
be dangerous, leading to explosions and fire. The infrastructure needed for extraction
and distribution is rather expensive. In addition, the extraction and use of any fossil
fuel can have disadvantages for the environment. The most obvious of these is that
burning natural gas causes carbon dioxide to be released which is a greenhouse gas.

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41 Local schemes are usually an effective way to increase sustainable supplies of food
because they use relatively simple technology such as rice–fish culture where small
local fish are reared in the same paddy fields that are used to grow rice. The
technology is simple, so it is relatively cheap to install and maintain. The simplicity of
the scheme also means that local people can manage the scheme and fix any
problems with only a little training and without the need for complicated or expensive
equipment. However, local schemes are generally small scale, so they only supply
enough food for a small community which means they may not be effective in the
long term in areas where the population is growing quickly.

42 Local schemes are usually an effective way to increase sustainable supplies of water
because they use relatively simple technology such as using gravity to transfer water
by pipeline. The technology is simple, so it is relatively cheap to install and maintain.
The simplicity of the scheme also means that local people can manage the scheme
and fix any problems with only a little training and without the need for complicated or
expensive equipment. However, local schemes are generally small scale. so they
only supply enough water for a small community which means they may not be
effective in the long term in areas where the population is growing quickly.

43 Local schemes are usually an effective way to increase sustainable supplies of

energy because they use relatively simple technology such as micro-hydro. The
technology is simple, so it is relatively cheap to install and maintain. The simplicity of
the scheme also means that local people can manage the scheme and fix any
problems with only a little training and without the need for complicated or expensive
equipment. However, local schemes are generally small scale, so they only supply
enough energy for a small community which means they may not be effective in the
long term in areas where the population is growing quickly.
 AQA GCSE (9–1) Geography Workbook

Chapter 4: Preparing for Paper 3

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You are going to have to This is a yes/no type of

justify your decision (AO3) decision

1 Do you think the proposed development of a windfarm should go ahead?

Use evidence from the resources booklet and your own understanding to explain your
decision.

You will need to use your You will need to demonstrate

geographical skills to read your understanding of the
maps and graphs (AO4) issues (AO2)

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2 a Commuters would have to take a bus instead of the train so their journey to work
would take longer. People living on the seafront at Dawlish would need to get their
homes repaired so they would have the inconvenience of maybe moving out while the
work was done. Shop owners in Dawlish may find that fewer people stop in the town
while the repairs are carried out, so they lose some business.

b The repairs to the railway line, sea wall and promenade would have a negative
environmental impact on local residents because their lives would be disrupted by the
delivery of materials and the noise of construction during the building work. The
repairs to the track would have a negative economic impact on businesses in
Cornwall because fewer tourists would be able to visit Cornwall while the rail line was
being repaired. Consequently, there would be fewer people spending money in hotels
and restaurants in Cornwall.

c In the short term, local businesses in Dawlish might suffer a loss of trade because
the closure of the railway line and the reconstruction work might mean less people
shopping in Dawlish. In the longer term, when the repairs were finished, the number
of people shopping in Dawlish might recover. However, in the meantime, some
people may have found other places to do their shopping that they prefer so the
number of people spending money Dawlish might not bounce back to the same levels
as they were before February 2014.

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3 It would be difficult to count people accurately because people can move in any
direction in this pedestrian street, so some people could be missed or counted twice.

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4 The students would have to divide into eight teams, one for each location, and make
sure that each team counted pedestrians at exactly the same time and for exactly the
same length of time.
 AQA GCSE (9–1) Geography Workbook

5 Chart 1 is appropriate because each location is a different category. Bar charts are
suitable for categorical (or discrete) data but line graphs are not appropriate for
categorical data.

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6 The highest bipolar scores are in the northwest corner of the map. All three locations
in the southeast corner of the map received negative bipolar scores.

7 The map could be improved with the addition of a scale line or statement of scale.
Another improvement would be to name the streets shown on the map so that each
bipolar score can be located.