Motoring and Generation - Motoring: Difference between motoring and generation in DC machines

Generation: Motor Generator

Motor Generator
• Motoring and generation are two fundamental concepts •Motoring refers to the operation of a DC machine as an electric motor. In •Generation refers to the operation of a DC machine as an electric Electric current is used to Electric current is generated
Motor has dc current as an input Generator has dc current as an Electric
Input and energize the armature winding from the armature winding to
this mode, electrical power is supplied to the machine to produce and mechanical energy as an output and mechanical energy current
associated with the operation of DC (Direct Current) machines, generator. In this mode, mechanical work is applied to the machine, Output through the commutator. the commutator.
mechanical output or work. output. as an input.
such as DC motors and DC generators. causing it to generate electrical power. Rule Fleming Left Hand Rule Fleming Right Hand Rule
EMF is generated around the
•When voltage is applied to the armature of the DC motor, it generates a EMF
EMF is used to energize the coil coil and transmitted to the Operated by a current- Operated by mechanical force
• These concepts describe how these machines function when •When the shaft of the DC generator is mechanically rotated (e.g., by a (Electromotive Work carrying conductor in a that rotates the armature in a
magnetic field due to the flow of current in the coils (windings). to rotate the armature. load or another section of the
Force) principle magnetic field and generates magnetic field and generates
they are either consuming electrical power to produce prime mover like a steam turbine, waterwheel, or engine), it induces an circuit.
•The magnetic field interacts with the field produced by the stator's field Generator has a generated
forces. induced current.
mechanical work (motoring) or converting mechanical work electromotive force (EMF) in the armature coils. Motor has a generated EMF less The armature is supplied by The armature is rotated by a
winding (either permanent magnets or separate field windings) to create a EMF more than the voltage Armature
Generated EMF than the voltage across the
into electrical power (generation). •This EMF creates an electrical current, which can be used to power source terminal (EMF<V).
across the source terminal shaft
an electrical current in a mechanical energy in a
mechanical torque. (EMF>V). magnetic field. magnetic field.
external electrical loads or charge batteries. EMF
Eb = V – IaRa Eg = V + IaRa
Calculation

Motoring and generation Armature circuit equation for motoring Separately Excited DC Motor -
The main purpose of excitation in a DC machine is Self Excited DC Motor -
and generation- a. Shunt-Wound DC Machine:
 In separately excited DC motors, the supply is given to the field
The armature circuit equation for both motoring (electric motor - to establish and control the magnetic field, which is fundamental for • As the name implies self-excited, hence, in this type of motor, the
and armature windings separately.
operation) and generation (electric generator operation) in a direct current
converting electrical energy to mechanical energy (in the case of a motor) current in the windings is supplied by the machine or motor itself to •In a shunt-wound DC machine, the field winding (shunt field)
(DC) machine can be expressed using the following equation:  The main feature of this type of DC motor is that the current
or mechanical energy to electrical energy (in the case of a generator) establish the magnetic field in the field winding. is connected in parallel with the armature winding. They
Ea = V - Ia * Ra ± (Φ * N) through the armature doesn’t flow through the field windings
Where: while providing control, stability, and adaptability to different operating • This type of excitation is based on the feedback of the generated both receive the same supply voltage.
because the field winding is energized by a separate DC source.
Ea is the back electromotive force (EMF) generated in the armature coil.
conditions. electromotive force (EMF) to the field winding. •Shunt-wound machines have relatively constant speed
V is the applied voltage to the armature.
 This can be understood in a better way through the diagram given
characteristics and are commonly used in applications where
Ia is the armature current. below. There are three subtypes of self-excited DC machines:
Ra is the armature resistance. stable speed is required, such as in small generators and certain
Φ is the magnetic flux in the machine's magnetic field. types of industrial applications.
N is the speed of the machine (rotational speed in revolutions per minute, RPM).
 c. Compound-Wound DC Machine:
b. Series-Wound DC Machine:
•Compound-wound DC machines combine elements of both
 In series-wound DC motors, the field winding and the shunt and series winding.
armature coil are connected in series to the power •They have two sets of field windings: one connected in
supply. This means the same current flows through the parallel (shunt) and another in series with the armature.
coil and armature. Since these types of motors can work •Compound-wound machines offer a compromise between the
both with DC and AC, they are also called universal characteristics of shunt and series machines, providing good
• The parallel connection means that the current is split between the
two components. motors. Series-wound machines provide high starting torque but tend to have torque and speed regulation.
• A DC shunt motor has a constant speed that doesn’t change with  Series motors always rotate in the same direction, and •They are used in various industrial applications, including
poor speed regulation, making them suitable for applications like
varying mechanical loads.
their speed depends on the mechanical load. electric traction (e.g., locomotives). machine tools and rolling mills.

Where Torque Equation of Separately Excited DC motor

Relation Between Back EMF and Load Current - PARAMET Series Shunt Compound Permanent
N = Speed of DC motor ER Wound DC Wound DC Wound DC Magnet
• When the armature of the DC motor rotates under the influence of It is a mathematical equation that provides the torque value produced by
Motor Motor Motor DC(PMDC)
P = Number of pole If this motor is connected with a DC Source of terminal voltage V
the driving force, the armature of the conductors moves through the the motor at its shaft. it is given as Constructio Rotor, Field Rotor, Field
Rotor, Rotor with
φ = magnetic flux and a load Current I start to flow in the motor then due to internal n windings in windings in
Combined permanent
magnetic field and generates an electromotive force(emf) in them. Power Developed In armature = Mechanical Power Developed at the
Z = Number of Conductor armature resistance(R), a voltage will drop then We can write the series parallel series and magnets,
• The induced emf is in opposite direction to the externally applied shaft of DC motor shunt Stator with
A = Number of Parallel Path KVL equation for this motor like this windings windings
voltage and this induced voltage is known as back emf and denoted
• for a dc motor Number of Pole(P), Number of conductors (Z), and V = E+IR Advantages High Good speed Compromise Simple
by E. Emf induced in any DC motor is given by the formula starting regulation, between construction
Number Of Parallel Path (A) is constant hence we can replace this torque, Precise torque and , High
E=V - IR
emf equation in a general form By Removing all Constant By a new Suitable for control, speed efficiency,
k𝜙N =V - IR heavy loads Stable regulation Responsive
Constant K then Above equation shows torque equation of a separately excited DC motor. operation
 PARAMET Series Shunt Compound Permanent
ER Wound DC Wound DC Wound DC Magnet • The curve which gives the relation between field current (If) and • It is also known as magnetic characteristics or no-load
Motor Motor Motor DC(PMDC)
the generated voltage (E0) in the armature on no load is called saturation characteristics.
Disadvanta Limited Lower Complex Limited to
magnetic or open circuit characteristic of a DC generator.
ges speed starting control, low to • It shows the relation between the induced emf E0 at the no-load
control, torque, Efficiency moderate What is open circuit characteristics of separately excited DC • The plot of this curve is practically same for all types of
Inefficient at Efficiency may not be power, generator??? condition and the field current If at a constant speed.
high speeds, may not be optimal Limited generators, whether they are separately excited or self-excited
Prone to as high speed • For separately excited DC generator, the open circuit
overheating control characteristics is obtained by conducting an experiment
Application Electric Conveyor Rolling Toys, Small
vehicles, belts, mills, appliances, under no-load conditions.
Winches, Printing Industrial Fans
Elevators presses equipment

• At a constant speed, when the field current Process of voltage build up: What is the significance of Critical Field Resistance?
Conditions to build up voltage in shunt generator:
is increased from zero, the flux and hence • When the armature is rotated, the residual flux in field winding As clear from the figure above, if the field resistance is more than
1.The shunt winding should have residual magnetic field.
the induced emf increases. will induce small voltage in armature. the Critical Field Resistance then there will not be voltage build up
2.The direction of shunt winding and armature winding should be in
• The values of induced emf corresponding • The induced voltage in armature generates a flux and it will in DC Shunt Generator.
such a way that flux generated by them should aid together.
to the field current is measured and aid(add) with field flux and the net flux will increase further. See in the figure OA is shunt field resistance which is more than
3. The shunt winding should have critical winding resistance.
tabulated. From the tabulation, a graph is This process will be repeating until the actual treminal voltage is Critical Field Resistance OB (check by slope, slope of OA is more
drawn with field current as the x-axis and reached. than slope of OB), hence there is no voltage build up in DC Shunt
generated emf as the y-axis. • Once the terminal voltage is reached then the winding will get Generator.
saturated and hence there won't be any further increase in flux,
• The graph shows the open circuit characteristics of a separately excited
also the voltage gets constant.
DC generator
 Magnetic or Open Circuit Characteristic of Separately
Excited DC motor Internal or Total Characteristic of Separately Excited DC motor
There are generally three most important characteristic of DC
motor • The curve which gives the relation between field current The internal characteristic of the separately excited DC motor
(If) and the generated voltage (E0) in the armature on no is obtained by subtracting the drops due to armature reaction from no
1. Magnetic or Open Circuit Characteristic of Separately Excited
V-I characteristics of separately excited shunt motors. load is called magnetic or open circuit characteristic of load voltage.
DC Motor.
a DC Motor. This curve of actually generated voltage (Eg) will be slightly
2. Internal or Total Characteristic of Separately Excited DC Motor.
• The plot of this curve is practically same for all types of dropping.
3. External Characteristic of Separately Excited DC Motor.
motors, whether they are separately excited or self- Here, AC line in the diagram indicating the actually generated voltage
excited. This curve is also known as no load saturation (Eg) with respect to load current.
characteristic curve of DC motor. This curve is also called total characteristic of separately excited
DC motor.

External Characteristic of Separately Excited DC motor Torque-speed characteristics of separately excited dc shunt motor

• The external characteristic of the separately excited DC motor is • Here, AD line in the diagram is indicating the change in terminal
obtained by subtracting the drops due to ohmic loss (Ia Ra) in voltage(V) with increasing load current.
the armature from generated voltage (Eg). • It can be seen from figure that when load current increases then
• Terminal voltage(V) the terminal voltage decreases slightly.
(V) = Eg – Ia Ra. • This decrease in terminal voltage can be maintained easily by
• This curve gives the relation between the terminal voltage (V) increasing the field current and thus increasing the generated
and load current. voltage.
• The external characteristic curve lies below the internal • Therefore, we can get constant terminal voltage.
characteristic curve.
 Internal Characteristics
The speed-torque characteristics of a dc motor is a graph of torque Open Circuit Characteristics (O.C.C)
• The curve (A) in the plot shows the O.C.C of a series DC motor. • The internal characteristics of a DC series motor is the graph plotted
on X-axis versus the speed which is plotted on Y-axis.
• between generated EMF (Eg) on-load and the armature current.
As the torque is proportional to the armature current , the nature of It is the graph plotted between the generated EMF at no-load
V-I characteristics of separately excited series motors. • Because of the effect of armature reaction, the magnetic flux on-load
this characteristics is same as that of the speed-armature current and field current.
• The O.C.C can be obtained by disconnecting the field winding will be less than the flux at no-load.
characteristic shown in graph.
• Therefore, the generated EMF (E) under loaded condition will be less
From graph, at no load the torque produced by the motor is Ta0 & from the machine and is excited separately.
than the EMF generated (E0) at no-load.
the motor rotates at the no load speed N0.
• As a result of this, the internal characteristics curve lies just below the
As the load is increased, the torque requirement also increase.
open circuit characteristics [See the curve (B)].

• The speed –torque characteristics of a dc series motor is shown in Comparison of DC shunt & DC series Motors Comparison of Speed- Torque characteristics of DC shunt & DC series Motors
External Characteristics or Load Characteristics Torque-speed characteristics of separately excited series motor
above graph. S. parameter DC shunt motor DC series motor S.N parameter DC shunt motor DC series motor
• The external characteristics or load characteristics is the plot N.
• We know that, 01 Nature of
between the terminal voltage (V) and load current (IL}). 01 Connection of Field is in parallel Field is in series with characteristics
T ∝ Ia2 . field winding with with armature armature
• Since, the terminal voltage is less than the generated voltage due
armature
& N ∝ I1a
to armature and series field copper losses, which is given by, 02 Type of starter Three point Four point
V = E − Ia ( Ra + Rse ) Ia ∝ T 02 Relation between As load increases, T As load increases, torque
03 Torque developed Low High speed & torque increases & Speed increases & speed reduces
reduces slightly exponentially.
• Therefore, the external characteristics curve will lie below the 1 04 Applications Machine tool, Electric trains, crains,
& N∝ printing, pumps, Hoists, Conveyers
T 03 Reduction in speed Slightly reduction in Drastic reduction in speed
internal characteristics curve by an equal amount to voltage drop paper machine with increased load Speed takes place. takes place
• This shows that the speed decreases with increase in the value of
due to copper losses in the machine [see the curve (C)]. 04 Starting torque Moderately high Very high
torque that is with increase in load.
Speed control through armature voltage Method of Control:
Thus, there are three general methods of speed control of D.C. • The field winding is excited by the normal voltage hence Ish is
Basic Principle: Increasing Speed:
• The relationship given below gives the speed of a D.C. motor Motors. rated and constant in this method.
• The speed of a DC shunt motor is directly proportional to • To increase the motor's speed, we need to increase the armature
• Resistance variation in the armature circuit: This method is • Initially the rheostat position is minimum and rated voltage
the armature voltage and inversely proportional to the field voltage.
called armature resistance control or Rheostat control. gets applied across the armature.
current. • We can achieve this by adjusting the output voltage of an adjustable
• The above equation shows that the speed depends upon the • Variation of field flux Ф: This method is called field flux • So speed is also rated.
• By increasing or decreasing the armature voltage, you can power supply connected to the motor's armature terminals. As the
supply voltage V, the armature circuit resistance Ra, and the control.
increase or decrease the motor's speed while maintaining a armature voltage increases, the motor speeds up. • For a given load, armature current is fixed.
field flux Ф, which is produced by the field current. • Variation of the applied voltage.: This method is also called • So when extra resistance is added in the armature circuit,
constant field current. Decreasing Speed:
• Thus, there are three general methods of speed control of armature voltage control.
• To decrease the motor's speed, you reduce the armature voltage. Ia remains same and there is voltage drop across the resistance
D.C. Motors. • This can be done by lowering the output voltage of the power supply. added (Ia R).
As the armature voltage decreases, the motor slows down.

Losses in DC Machine – Copper Loss in DC Machine winding The load testing of DC machine
Advantages: Disadvantages:
 Speed control of a DC shunt motor through armature  In DC machine the energy loss takes place in the form of heat • The copper loss is caused by the ohmic resistance offered by the
• Load testing of DC machines is a method used to assess the
voltage is an effective and precise method for regulating energy. winding of the DC machine.
1.Precise Speed Control. 1)Reduced Torque at Lower Speeds performance and operational characteristics of direct current
motor speed in applications such as conveyor systems,  The losses occurs in the armature and field of the DC machine. • When the current flows through the winding the heat loss takes
2.Energy Efficiency 2) Potential Overheating (DC) motors or generators under specific load conditions. It
industrial machines, and fans. There are five types of losses place in the winding.
3.Smooth Operation 3) Limited Speed Range involves applying various loads to the machine to evaluate its
 It allows for smooth and continuous control over the 1. copper loss, • The heat loss is proportional to the square of the current and the
4.Simple Control Circuitry 4) Field Weakening response, efficiency, and reliability.
motor's speed while maintaining constant field current 2. brush loss, resistance of the winding.
5.Compatibility 5) Wasted Power • The load testing of DC machine is needed to determine the rating
for optimal motor performance. 3. iron loss, • The copper loss in the winding is I2R.
of a machine.
4. stray loss and Where, I is the current flowing through the winding and
• When we run a machine, then some energy is lost in the machine,
5. mechanical loss takes place in a DC machine. R is the resistance of the winding.
which converts into the heat and cause temperature rise.
 Back-to Back testing of DC machines.. • It requires two identical machines that are coupled to each
• If a machine produces too much heat then it can affect the Indirect Load Testing:
• Load testing can be considered both direct and indirect, other.
 Indirect load testing refers to assessing the DC machine's
insulation of the machine and ultimately it can cause the • Back-to-back testing of DC machines, also known as regenerative
depending on the specific objectives and methods used: • One of these two machines is operated as a generator to supply
breakdown of the machine. performance without applying a physical load directly to it.
Direct Load Testing: testing or Hopkinson's test .
the mechanical power to the motor and the other is operated as
• Therefore, the load must be set to a value that it can operate  Instead, it involves various analytical and diagnostic
 Direct load testing involves directly applying a known load to • Hopkinson's test is a method of testing the efficiency of DC
a motor to drive the generator.
within the temperature limit. techniques to evaluate the machine's condition and
machines.
the DC machine and measuring its response to that load. • The motor takes its input from the supply and the mechanical
• The maximum value of the load that can be delivered by the performance indirectly.
 This type of testing is typically more straightforward and • This test requires two identical shunt machines which are
output of the motor drives the generator. The electrical output
machine without any harm is called the continuous rating of  Indirect load testing may include analyzing historical data,
provides immediate and precise information about the machine's mechanically coupled and also connected electrically in parallel.
of the generator is used in supplying the input to the motor.
that machine. conducting diagnostic tests (e.g., insulation resistance tests,
performance. Therefore, the output of each machine is fed as input to the
vibration analysis), and performing calculations based on
other.
the machine's specifications and operational data.