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Quantifiers Notes

DMS QUANTIFIERS

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SHASHI N
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16 views

Quantifiers Notes

DMS QUANTIFIERS

Uploaded by

SHASHI N
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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prey. Kash sb Dept of Moctematics AIT, Tumkear. Open Statements :- We Present a fers Statements tovolving variables =, 4,2 etc. G>) peed s wee > qcx.y> 2 KAS RG @ yor, u,2d ¢ ayia 2” Stefement Of TS kthd ore called open these open Stedements tun out to be Steverments . Propostttoms fos spect fic Value tthe vartables tohich ts etther Tree CT) of False ced. ex: for a>, GD ECD @ par: tes PO? sa2es, Pesr* acs, p64d:.4.2 > are all TME grakements pred: 6 45- pemd: 7<5 are False Statements. @) q ce? les ce Oe THE 7 ig False | cu) oad (ny 03 4,5) a+l6= 25 is bee oCL2D \eu FA is Folse. Trfsa Stojement vortch @volves Oe Der 4on *- ishich can be etther tue OF or more Vartotsle false yz) are colled prectécales Note :- pcx, gtx. y, 20% Quantifiers + Oper centences tovolvdig veorcls Of the fom “ for ou” or * Gor come" With reference to Involved OTe coiled Quantifiers the vartebles | __N Universo! quantifiers! sentences Envolved }tth iomds Of the type for atll [for eversy Symisoltcally V With reference to the Varfables are calttecl Universas quant? fiers Esctstentia! quantifiers +- Sentences involved With Wwosds of the type fer some | these axsig. 1eitth Symbeticalty J ore Coiled Emtstenthod quantifiers . Quontigied Statement!” Any Statement Revolve Ltth elther of these too quantifiers TS called a Quantified Stetenenk- The ruth value ef a quantified Storement Genolved with ¥/g) ts- Ny Yor Cpeesy ts hue (1) ply her pas Is hue Bor every belong chg to a Set S. ts Sab Gi) dee Chews] ts False Corky OPED peo ts Bales for every qe belong hg too Ser S- es +t The Negeton OF quanktied Stosement TS what poory = I% Toho] wo fd Cpls = wa, Lopor] Problere Te A= 4023,4,54% ra 7 2, 3,4, ts the Un wversos set, cet or the truth values of Each OF the Follorothg erases ts nts, @) Groce A) Cota * yas 6 #!° gta THO ree none oF Thee ts equal RHs. ye observe ae pa ts false kor : : forth Ve et Poo ts False cr. Thus tre 2 quy Ler pated 2 2a5 pyci>- 1 2eas Pa Cad + le 4as 1 _ Pa c2>* a ees RCcSs>* as4as pg 6B>* a €as A. i hue fee every xe ; on n foth VNe et Roo tS et Thus, e “| 3 W) Let byC%> . oct sx+e =O Rye) slo s4e = ToS = ato Bea » &-lote = lO -l0 =O by Cd q-is+e =1s-1S =O Bocas 2 leraote = aQ-go 40 Pecs>) » as-asté = 640 foe obsene That Pac 15 sabsped foo Some _ These belergs fo A. Vatnen 4 %= 2,3 at bya ts tere CT. Trusa The tut value lohat te the tatth volue Of Yor, boo ond dx, Peas tshere pcx 1S the Stotement (> axteio GO) esto and te Universes Set Consisig OF Posihve Integers not exceedithg, A. ‘ Ler S= $0,2,2.43 ay Rex _ xPaio picid” \<10 pears A: I FIS pacers 4Pt° rcar: 162 lO Here 14,9 71° ts False & 171° is hue ‘mus the fut volue Of Woo ptx> ts False CFD ond (3x, Pes} is PRE D- Tarte Reto Tob. 3. Let ‘S' be the set of all tntegers representehg, the and Let pos, Gow, TCH be the OPeh sented as follows. qen: x2 aS , WA EZS pbniversal set Statements feprt Pew. oct+a 410, pte oun the buth votes OF the follosctg . bb Guy eo PCD na qc) @ bead a pts? vista qv peay 3 qca 0D SON. G) posed: Fae! prays Eel — Tee. Guy pears +a Zt Bea: Weee poesd: Te!10 me El v03>: 37S — Fale 23> Ks) yoo%c3) pcs> C3) Tv FE v uy pes> VOD om TU!E QS peas: HR zIO Qoo? eas Ss 210 — me qcar: 16 £25 nue pi: ope yt ofa) A044) Ee e F ts False pes> aca T T ope “« oqc4dd Qv) pero: Wa T e F F Fz pcad— 48> Away & False. " ww joatte the followers proposteron te the sqenbolle Som, and fAd ts Heaton. Srp all. tetangles OF rtght prongs qs equianguiar: cguby 2095” Sol? = So”; Let ‘s' be the Universad Ser consisting of cl the O! Let peer. oc fs o aseght angled qm. * BOD equianguiar toiangle Syrabotic Fors + [¥x poo) [vx oor] Poa aa) = eve a SpA eA aa wGrIge PA eT ~CPad =| PALMA = f¥apooy % [ax eo) gj anck there are Some 5. Wrtte down the Follooeng prope site in Symbolic feos and fad US negakKso = Foy all totegers nm, FD Ts MOE clivicible by & then m ts odd” so. Ler Z be he get of Tete all Integers be lhe bauversad Set. Ler pends ts divisible by 2 qem: 2 ts odd. Yo, Looper 3163 Symebolte Foro * w~tye feopemr— rend} Negaron 2) = dx = Lope 4075) f poq > prod => dn, wo Lop veto) pve, =A an pend A9acm? Jr farm * qe} There ext we masts some Totegers where, cliviscble by 2 and mits not odd. SP vst je the negation of the gollwcrg grosements. Zz is the Universes Set () Some rectangles ase SqUSTe qa) Aw yours se u and Some elders ite Sook bolt: Quy Fos OM geet! FO 9, DOS tategers johere ck-m> & Crop) ore v : cyan 2002/10) mts ast ke crete Every necrange tS 7 the ser oF Ot people: crcker 3x,9oo) rate lite FO co ft voe-bord % tax gon) son %S. pool V [vxe 4009) “come youngsters * elders cm’ Uke foot ball. GN) Let pees. Qotaxt) fo, Zis the sett all Tob]eyers Symbolic from, Gaez) (ax sxticto> Negatton ts, o { @xcez) caxtaxti oy) = Juez (axrraxti =od Fos Some Tateger, AX H2xX+1=0. WY ter Pe Peer; Ck ts odd Q= Yo,9>+ Cmon> Ts ode Re sCkm; Ckony ts Cven Piso, Zits the Set of oll totegers Sy embolic + C¥ km, nez) (CPAQ>— FI Negoton > ow {ev emne2) CpAQi PRY = Jk.mnez © {CPA RZ => Jkmece VY { ocpam@ Vv RY a J kmwee Prey A&R “There epdsts THEgers m,n Sach thar beth Ckem), ar odd and Cken> ts Hot even.” Crm-n> 4 For the bntverse of ol tategers, depie the FollePFQ peed. HO, qQoo: wets ocr. geck SALTS + scud: TS Aivisible by Waite lose tne Rott: Soom aca: KTS O Per B, ter: ts Arisible yt: quankRed Stotements fo Syenoolc @) Atleast one Toteger qs aren are Avisdote bys Gy Some even integess 6) Bree pseger ts either a Bas even ond & perpecr aquere Teen W mot asthe by 3. . thie by 7 Then Sis odch Or MOF Aw (wv) Ts 7% Ws C Tan 20109 chivisdble BY 3- SIP: = Is the set of Pntegers Ts the Universo} Set~ Syenbotic Sooo TS @) Jxez yoo Gy duez C4°%? A scx} @) geez Ca ¥ 900) oy vaez [Lg aremirs soo) > Y¥oxcez [hoqcad Vo bom —3sexs) 8. Negate and stemplify each Gf the folloodg Q> Yoo. Cpa” oqo} Qs dx. Tpoovaem — wcxd) Cyne acted Sol. Sel”) @y cod oc, Tp Aad 5 = Ix, me Tpaon 24rd = dx, oPwev qo) = dx, Tp asd ta the Fea. Negohor wy ~ lax A Porv god 3 vexrt) = vx ef peas VAD TOT co aoe Lok pear VFO v xo) var C pexd VAM 4 wscad Bo rH ~ wasate The Follondkss, propose Ch Symboue fsem ond gad US negoton - ce Pal tategers OF soonest} musmbers cand Some ad mumbers OS mot antegers.” ppec 2010) wy per PER” oc te an THCIST Qcn> oc tS a vororsd ure ber pro, ZS set & all Integer Qts ger OF all vobone) murnrber . oe sl® P= pem,n> Symbclic foo. [¥ocez good ny {ao 6g opor) Negohén ts, © 4 Wocez, aH] A faxes, opooly = (Axcez ago) Vv [Woceq pear) There @xists Some Treg wakones numbers oF OM qnxegers.” Fos the Followdre, statement, grate the Tavesse and Contra posisre + ThE Draverse CHOIA SS of all tntcgers- «< Tp om diides » and fren mm clivicles P” pm atvtdes pe Crune 20) 1 m diddes D manmdes P qr ac? R= romp = om divictes P syerbotic Soom * cpaar—® CRO4 is qm PP G@ cgavess @nar® TS Ro CPAS “rp mares P mde n ond tA OPO © = qc —6 Orn Cpcarv acer] A ope? = Moe, legcr? Y ww) = @.@ 4 = qear AL A> —srcax} coycad VeCay — @ car A feoqcas V ¥ca>] = sr —© Further, Yeo, TS 0) = scar eBCad —® Paq zs wqoeh %& © Scars wovcay Ss © COCA) — SCA = rads oscay —@ combi ©.@ scard A Txcax—3 OS@)] = OS Cad = doc, OSCxd Hena the Gusumens & Vaid. Deginitions Definitions and preags of Theorems Definition can be Understocd os a Steteneen> ot the meanthg & a word. je present all the three methods of proof In logtcat language usthg the wes ot tnference and Jaws af lbogtc- Direct proof :- We assurne PTS tose CT Hor 7 TSTMS cr: poo is pre CT). Tactireck prest » we assume 4s equivatent to. . we estonltsh cop ts he: — oP ccentva post eae? beg toe - wpkr PETS yer poq is ue CT. prof by Combsadtckio® t qs Fake CH worach ts eet 4 as False cr). tere ard estabush that P pre ASSUME per -voiens co Pts tue CT) and we Store wih qis false CF) is Solse CH. Since p fs already tue CT) WS arrive OF OD CHD « e@ ther poq ts bee CD. Therepore we Conc Disproot CFS quieo propesttian ap there exrst atleast OPe element Koes euch that bcoce> FS false then the touth vale Tats ts equivalent to provediing > counter Example disprwuing fhe gwen \ \ Further if Tne set “cS quncicts of Pero muMber Of elements, touthruness OF 2S the propos! [veces poe) can be justified veug yers ts tue for eresy 9¢ belenghg tp the gwen S- a ts callest mMethed of Exhaustion . tHe that Poo Tats metho 4. Gwe GM A Gy Aq prost «Ig nts ono even Integer tnieger.” Sol. Lee P* direct proof GW An tndirect Proot chon fps The Folloovrg, Stoterenr dol by confradt tren MS is an OF s even ftmplies Ihak NHI, FEZ G) Direct prot: ni = 2043 = ae+ot) N43 = 2004041 = 2he+) ager , which TS oad Thus Wis even thee M43 Ts odd. (u) Todirect proof. we assume thes coq fs Pte or pis Te Kg qis false. i pd tis an even integer a: pra is oP even integer nepear & eres = ater EOCe-2+1 = amt, ME That ts to Say thet misanodd tateger Lohieh ts equivaten’ xo cop being Prue. fe true. Bak oq OPES PHT OL — oP JHen ce poe is hue, Prvoy by conteattctten : ASsum bq ts false pis bve £4 1s foie Zp: nisean ever integer Gs O43 jon ever foteger merseae n= ar-3 eace-2> +! = awl mez ag to sey THO mts on oda tateger vonich, Koo P thor 7 Ton even co teats the popes por ts ee. 3 ts odd . n tadirect proof freck PIDoe ay 4 the Follow AY wer Gie a GQ AM Gn) A proof by contradtcko® Ses statement - «rep ts integer” is an oxi tnteger yp, bet bs O q: neq is oO oven tateger. NaIet | FEZ e ( @) Direct proof : O44 carer = Qotlo = = am (Say), stsE2 CE Thus , oF eo Tok oq ts ht Assan false . Gy Tadtrect proog + pis rue UTS Thak is n=am 3 Wt Ts even, Scop in hue cop ep fs re . we houre shu op OP = P34 p bene POL phe, is mis edd then O+4 oon ( Guy prog by conbadtelten : Agsure P7G TS False OF pts mre 4 pis Fake. p: nis anosd integer aq: caead ts oP odd 1oleger = as-8 = ate-4y =a ,mez tnteger tech nok the SOTO 3. Establish is Atvtstble oq 7 mumbers SP. we Shall USE the alrect HE rg xez, tren the sever consece mumbers Ore ma Ker x= xo! aig = Teta, mgs tet S ty = tot Xp = Hote Ase LetSs ¢ _ De = aot 6% jee a4 (mets) * (met E> = Txet4! = ¢%6et3> a1, ES Pros & c 6 yixe = aaa aonstble by 7 =o ize 5 Hence pooved - 4. Show Ih / at for all odd tategers @) The sun @) Th ot two ode! tntegerS ie even e Product of SX)? kugo oda tateger Ler “s) S be The set of ot! odd s Ts od a let xy €8 entegerts - acc amty ond GF anti m0 6% Now EKG = @mH) + cantt) = amtante g cmt ot! Thar is, act y Hat, sez => cca BS OVER ay sy St carey) C2048) = Amott am +aot! a (mot mart) = avr rez peg = 28+! a ey es odd Ss ewer thet ocez cxni> ts dwtstole by Ss, prove arreck OF i bhok ete te aiusible by Ss al? By aor, cane = os = oe sktl kez poo, aT cok 4 = aca toett et easKrlokt = eo cske ake sv thats, 244 eee amsdele by &

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